Rna precursors. Medical search

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying histidine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.

An endoribonuclease that is specific for double-stranded RNA. It plays a role in POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL RNA PROCESSING of pre-RIBOSOMAL RNA and a variety of other RNA structures that contain double-stranded regions.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.

Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid from ATP. May be due to the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) or polynucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.19). EC 2.7.7.19.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).

A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.

RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Physiologically inactive substances that can be converted to active enzymes.

A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.

The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.

Endopeptidases that are specific for AMYLOID PROTEIN PRECURSOR. Three secretase subtypes referred to as alpha, beta, and gamma have been identified based upon the region of amyloid protein precursor they cleave.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).

The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.

Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of RNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the T lymphocyte lineage.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Small RNAs found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC).

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Short RNA, about 200 base pairs in length or shorter, that does not code for protein.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A sub-subclass of endopeptidases that depend on an ASPARTIC ACID residue for their activity.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A class of untranslated RNA molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, CHROMATIN REMODELING, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.

Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.

An RNA-containing enzyme that plays an essential role in tRNA processing by catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of TRANSFER RNA precursors. It removes the extra 5'-nucleotides from tRNA precursors to generate mature tRNA molecules.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.

The cells in the erythroid series derived from MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS or from the bi-potential MEGAKARYOCYTE-ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS which eventually give rise to mature RED BLOOD CELLS. The erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by ERYTHROPOIETIN, and then further differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS when stimulated by other factors.

A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

In vivo expression of the nucleolar group I intron-encoded I-dirI homing endonuclease involves the removal of a spliceosomal intron. (1/3744)

The Didymium iridis DiSSU1 intron is located in the nuclear SSU rDNA and has an unusual twin-ribozyme organization. One of the ribozymes (DiGIR2) catalyses intron excision and exon ligation. The other ribozyme (DiGIR1), which along with the endonuclease-encoding I-DirI open reading frame (ORF) is inserted in DiGIR2, carries out hydrolysis at internal processing sites (IPS1 and IPS2) located at its 3' end. Examination of the in vivo expression of DiSSU1 shows that after excision, DiSSU1 is matured further into the I-DirI mRNA by internal DiGIR1-catalysed cleavage upstream of the ORF 5' end, as well as truncation and polyadenylation downstream of the ORF 3' end. A spliceosomal intron, the first to be reported within a group I intron and the rDNA, is removed before the I-DirI mRNA associates with the polysomes. Taken together, our results imply that DiSSU1 uses a unique combination of intron-supplied ribozyme activity and adaptation to the general RNA polymerase II pathway of mRNA expression to allow a protein to be produced from the RNA polymerase I-transcribed rDNA. (+info)

A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (2/3744)

Premature translation termination codon (PTC)-mediated effects on nuclear RNA processing have been shown to be associated with a number of human genetic diseases; however, how these PTCs mediate such effects in the nucleus is unclear. A PTC at nucleotide (nt) 2018 that lies adjacent to the 5' element of a bipartite exon splicing enhancer within the NS2-specific exon of minute virus of mice P4 promoter-generated pre-mRNA caused a decrease in the accumulated levels of P4-generated R2 mRNA relative to P4-generated R1 mRNA, although the total accumulated levels of P4 product remained the same. This effect was seen in nuclear RNA and was independent of RNA stability. The 5' and 3' elements of the bipartite NS2-specific exon enhancer are redundant in function, and when the 2018 PTC was combined with a deletion of the 3' enhancer element, the exon was skipped in the majority of the viral P4-generated product. Such exon skipping in response to a PTC, but not a missense mutation at nt 2018, could be suppressed by frame shift mutations in either exon of NS2 which reopened the NS2 open reading frame, as well as by improvement of the upstream intron 3' splice site. These results suggest that a PTC can interfere with the function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner and that the PTC is recognized in the nucleus. (+info)

Selection and characterization of pre-mRNA splicing enhancers: identification of novel SR protein-specific enhancer sequences. (3/3744)

Splicing enhancers are RNA sequences required for accurate splice site recognition and the control of alternative splicing. In this study, we used an in vitro selection procedure to identify and characterize novel RNA sequences capable of functioning as pre-mRNA splicing enhancers. Randomized 18-nucleotide RNA sequences were inserted downstream from a Drosophila doublesex pre-mRNA enhancer-dependent splicing substrate. Functional splicing enhancers were then selected by multiple rounds of in vitro splicing in nuclear extracts, reverse transcription, and selective PCR amplification of the spliced products. Characterization of the selected splicing enhancers revealed a highly heterogeneous population of sequences, but we identified six classes of recurring degenerate sequence motifs five to seven nucleotides in length including novel splicing enhancer sequence motifs. Analysis of selected splicing enhancer elements and other enhancers in S100 complementation assays led to the identification of individual enhancers capable of being activated by specific serine/arginine (SR)-rich splicing factors (SC35, 9G8, and SF2/ASF). In addition, a potent splicing enhancer sequence isolated in the selection specifically binds a 20-kDa SR protein. This enhancer sequence has a high level of sequence homology with a recently identified RNA-protein adduct that can be immunoprecipitated with an SRp20-specific antibody. We conclude that distinct classes of selected enhancers are activated by specific SR proteins, but there is considerable sequence degeneracy within each class. The results presented here, in conjunction with previous studies, reveal a remarkably broad spectrum of RNA sequences capable of binding specific SR proteins and/or functioning as SR-specific splicing enhancers. (+info)

Substrate specificities of SR proteins in constitutive splicing are determined by their RNA recognition motifs and composite pre-mRNA exonic elements. (4/3744)

We report striking differences in the substrate specificities of two human SR proteins, SF2/ASF and SC35, in constitutive splicing. beta-Globin pre-mRNA (exons 1 and 2) is spliced indiscriminately with either SR protein. Human immunodeficiency virus tat pre-mRNA (exons 2 and 3) and immunoglobulin mu-chain (IgM) pre-mRNA (exons C3 and C4) are preferentially spliced with SF2/ASF and SC35, respectively. Using in vitro splicing with mutated or chimeric derivatives of the tat and IgM pre-mRNAs, we defined specific combinations of segments in the downstream exons, which mediate either positive or negative effects to confer SR protein specificity. A series of recombinant chimeric proteins consisting of domains of SF2/ASF and SC35 in various combinations was used to localize trans-acting domains responsible for substrate specificity. The RS domains of SF2/ASF and SC35 can be exchanged without effect on substrate specificity. The RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) of SF2/ASF are active only in the context of a two-RRM structure, and RRM2 has a dominant role in substrate specificity. In contrast, the single RRM of SC35 can function alone, but its substrate specificity can be influenced by the presence of an additional RRM. The RRMs behave as modules that, when present in different combinations, can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on splicing, depending upon the specific substrate. We conclude that SR protein-specific recognition of specific positive and negative pre-mRNA exonic elements via one or more RRMs is a crucial determinant of the substrate specificity of SR proteins in constitutive splicing. (+info)

A novel genetic screen for snRNP assembly factors in yeast identifies a conserved protein, Sad1p, also required for pre-mRNA splicing. (5/3744)

The assembly pathway of spliceosomal snRNPs in yeast is poorly understood. We devised a screen to identify mutations blocking the assembly of newly synthesized U4 snRNA into a functional snRNP. Fifteen mutant strains failing either to accumulate the newly synthesized U4 snRNA or to assemble a U4/U6 particle were identified and categorized into 13 complementation groups. Thirteen previously identified splicing-defective prp mutants were also assayed for U4 snRNP assembly defects. Mutations in the U4/U6 snRNP components Prp3p, Prp4p, and Prp24p led to disassembly of the U4/U6 snRNP particle and degradation of the U6 snRNA, while prp17-1 and prp19-1 strains accumulated free U4 and U6 snRNA. A detailed analysis of a newly identified mutant, the sad1-1 mutant, is presented. In addition to having the snRNP assembly defect, the sad1-1 mutant is severely impaired in splicing at the restrictive temperature: the RP29 pre-mRNA strongly accumulates and splicing-dependent production of beta-galactosidase from reporter constructs is abolished, while extracts prepared from sad1-1 strains fail to splice pre-mRNA substrates in vitro. The sad1-1 mutant is the only splicing-defective mutant analyzed whose mutation preferentially affects assembly of newly synthesized U4 snRNA into the U4/U6 particle. SAD1 encodes a novel protein of 52 kDa which is essential for cell viability. Sad1p localizes to the nucleus and is not stably associated with any of the U snRNAs. Sad1p contains a putative zinc finger and is phylogenetically highly conserved, with homologues identified in human, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidospis, and Drosophila. (+info)

Pseudouridine mapping in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) reveals that pseudouridine synthase pus1p exhibits a dual substrate specificity for U2 snRNA and tRNA. (6/3744)

Pseudouridine (Psi) residues were localized in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs (UsnRNAs) by using the chemical mapping method. In contrast to vertebrate UsnRNAs, S. cerevisiae UsnRNAs contain only a few Psi residues, which are located in segments involved in intermolecular RNA-RNA or RNA-protein interactions. At these positions, UsnRNAs are universally modified. When yeast mutants disrupted for one of the several pseudouridine synthase genes (PUS1, PUS2, PUS3, and PUS4) or depleted in rRNA-pseudouridine synthase Cbf5p were tested for UsnRNA Psi content, only the loss of the Pus1p activity was found to affect Psi formation in spliceosomal UsnRNAs. Indeed, Psi44 formation in U2 snRNA was abolished. By using purified Pus1p enzyme and in vitro-produced U2 snRNA, Pus1p is shown here to catalyze Psi44 formation in the S. cerevisiae U2 snRNA. Thus, Pus1p is the first UsnRNA pseudouridine synthase characterized so far which exhibits a dual substrate specificity, acting on both tRNAs and U2 snRNA. As depletion of rRNA-pseudouridine synthase Cbf5p had no effect on UsnRNA Psi content, formation of Psi residues in S. cerevisiae UsnRNAs is not dependent on the Cbf5p-snoRNA guided mechanism. (+info)

p53 represses ribosomal gene transcription. (7/3744)

Induction of the tumor suppressor protein p53 restricts cellular proliferation. Since actively growing cells require the ongoing synthesis of ribosomal RNA to sustain cellular biosynthesis, we studied the effect of p53 on ribosomal gene transcription by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). We have measured rDNA transcriptional activity in different cell lines which either lack or overexpress p53 and demonstrate that wild-type but not mutant p53 inhibits cellular pre-rRNA synthesis. Conversely, pre-rRNA levels are elevated both in cells which express mutant p53 and in fibroblasts from p53 knock-out mice. Transient transfection assays with a set of rDNA deletion mutants demonstrate that intergenic spacer sequences are dispensable and the minimal rDNA promoter is sufficient for p53-mediated repression of Pol I transcription. However, in a cell-free transcription system, recombinant p53 does not inhibit rDNA transcription, indicating that p53 does not directly interfere with the basal Pol I transcriptional machinery. Thus, repression of Pol I transcription by p53 may be a consequence of p53-induced growth arrest. (+info)

The C-terminal region of hPrp8 interacts with the conserved GU dinucleotide at the 5' splice site. (8/3744)

A U5 snRNP protein, hPrp8, forms a UV-induced crosslink with the 5' splice site (5'SS) RNA within splicing complex B assembled in trans- as well as in cis-splicing reactions. Both yeast and human Prp8 interact with the 5'SS, branch site, polypyrimidine tract, and 3'SS during splicing. To begin to define functional domains in Prp8 we have mapped the site of the 5'SS crosslink within the hPrp8 protein. Immunoprecipitation analysis limited the site of crosslink to the C-terminal 5060-kDa segment of hPrp8. In addition, size comparison of the crosslink-containing peptides generated with different proteolytic reagents with the pattern of fragments predicted from the hPrp8 sequence allowed for mapping of the crosslink to a stretch of five amino acids in the C-terminal portion of hPrp8 (positions 1894-1898). The site of the 5'SS:hPrp8 crosslink falls within a segment spanning the previously defined polypyrimidine tract recognition domain in yPrp8, suggesting that an overlapping region of Prp8 may be involved both in the 5'SS and polypyrimidine tract recognition events. In the context of other known interactions of Prp8, these results suggest that this protein may participate in formation of the catalytic center of the spliceosome. (+info)

The miR-129 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression. This microRNA was first ... doi:10.1261/rna.2146903. PMC 1370382. PMID 12554859. Wu J, Qian J, Li C, et al. (May 2010). "miR-129 regulates cell ... Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Meyer J, Borkhardt A, Tuschl T (2003). "New microRNAs from mouse and human". RNA. 9 (2): 175-9. doi ... Lagos-Quintana, M; Rauhut R; Meyer J; Borkhardt A; Tuschl T (2003). "New microRNAs from mouse and human". RNA. 9 (2): 175-179. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-129_microRNA_precursor_family

In molecular biology, miR-194 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA gene that regulated gene expression. Its expression ... MIR194-1 Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Meyer J, Borkhardt A, Tuschl T (Feb 2003). "New microRNAs from mouse and human". RNA. 9 (2 ... Page for mir-194 microRNA precursor family at Rfam miRBase family MIPF0000055 v t e (GO template errors, MicroRNA, MicroRNA ... The mature microRNA is processed from the longer hairpin precursor by the Dicer enzyme. In this case, the mature sequence is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-194_microRNA_precursor_family

Li Y, Zhang M, Chen H, Dong Z, Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M, Huang S (2010). "Ratio of miR-196s to HOXC8 messenger RNA correlates ... Page for mir-196 microRNA precursor family at Rfam MIPF0000031 v t e (GO template errors, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families ... The hairpin precursors are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation-their extents are not known. In this ... miR-196 is a non-coding RNA called a microRNA that has been shown to be expressed in humans (MI0000238, MI0000279) and mice ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-196_microRNA_precursor_family

RNA. 15 (2): 287-93. doi:10.1261/rna.1211209. PMC 2648717. PMID 19096044. Xie M, Li M, Vilborg A, Lee N, Shu MD, Yartseva V, ... The precursor hairpin of miR-484 is transcribed directly and contains a 7-methylguanylated cap. The biogenesis of miR-484 is ... In molecular biology mir-484 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-484 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Orphaned articles from September 2015, All orphaned articles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-484_microRNA_precursor_family

The miR-199 microRNA precursor is a short non-coding RNA gene involved in gene regulation. miR-199 genes have now been ... RNA. 9 (2): 180-6. doi:10.1261/rna.2141503. PMC 1370383. PMID 12554860. MIPF0000040 Ambros V (December 2001). "microRNAs: tiny ... Submitted to RNA Biology.[verification needed] Loebel DA, Tsoi B, Wong N, Tam PP (June 2005). "A conserved noncoding intronic ... Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Meyer J, Borkhardt A, Tuschl T (February 2003). "New microRNAs from mouse and human". RNA. 9 (2): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-199_microRNA_precursor

The miR-16 microRNA precursor family is a group of related small non-coding RNA genes that regulates gene expression. miR-16, ... Metzler M, Wilda M, Busch K, Viehmann S, Borkhardt A (2004). "High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children ... RNA. 15 (2): 249-54. doi:10.1261/rna.1301109. PMC 2648711. PMID 19144909. Shanmugam N, Reddy MA, Natarajan R (2008). "Distinct ... Eis PS, Tam W, Sun L, Chadburn A, Li Z, Gomez MF, Lund E, Dahlberg JE (2004). "Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-16_microRNA_precursor_family

The miR-34 microRNA precursor family are non-coding RNA molecules that, in mammals, give rise to three major mature miRNAs. The ... The human miR-34a precursor is transcribed from chromosome 1. The miR-34b and miR-34c precursors are co-transcribed from a ... RNA. 9 (2): 180-6. doi:10.1261/rna.2141503. PMC 1370383. PMID 12554860. Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA (Aug 2003). "Embryonic ... The precursor miRNA stem-loop is processed in the cytoplasm of the cell, with the predominant miR-34 mature sequence excised ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-34_microRNA_precursor_family

RNA Biology. 9 (3): 242-8. doi:10.4161/rna.19160. PMC 3384581. PMID 22336713. Leaman D, Chen PY, Fak J, Yalcin A, Pearce M, ... Mir-2 hairpin precursor sequences are highly conserved, in particular in their 3' arm in which the first 10 nucleotides are ... MicroRNAs from this family are produced from the 3' arm of the precursor hairpin. Leaman et al. showed that the miR-2 family ... Functional mir-2 microRNAs come from the 3' arm of the precursors, and most of them have the same Drosha processing point. That ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-2_microRNA_precursor

For the miR-29 precursor, the 3' arm of the precursor RNA yields the overwhelmingly predominant product (miR-29 or miR-29-3p), ... The miR-29 microRNA precursor, or pre-miRNA, is a small RNA molecule in the shape of a stem-loop or hairpin. Each arm of the ... Either arm of the precursor may yield a mature RNA, although either the 3' (3p) or the 5' (5p) arm is preferentially processed ... This "pri-miRNA" may contain one or more precursor hairpins, which are freed from the pri-miRNA by the nuclear enzyme Drosha. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-29_microRNA_precursor

In molecular biology mir-28 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Ono M, Scott MS, Yamada K, Avolio F, Barton GJ, Lamond AI (May 2011). "Identification of human miRNA precursors that resemble ... MicroRNA Akbas F, Coskunpinar E, Aynaci E, Oltulu YM, Yildiz P (August 2012). "Analysis of serum micro-RNAs as potential ... Page for mir-28 microRNA precursor family at Rfam (Orphaned articles from February 2017, All orphaned articles, Rfam pages ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-28_microRNA_precursor_family

Kinniburgh AJ, Mertz JE, Ross J (July 1978). "The precursor of mouse beta-globin messenger RNA contains two intervening RNA ... Group I and group II introns are found in genes encoding proteins (messenger RNA), transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA in a very ... Wan R, Bai R, Zhan X, Shi Y (2020). "How is precursor messenger RNA spliced by the spliceosome?". Annual Review of Biochemistry ... Padgett RA, Grabowski PJ, Konarska MM, Seiler S, Sharp PA (1986). "Splicing of messenger RNA precursors". Annual Review of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron

Pardee AB (May 1954). "Nucleic Acid Precursors and Protein Synthesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m7G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has ... The primary RNA transcript of a gene is cleaved at the poly-A addition site, and 100-200 A's are added to the 3' end of the RNA ... Transcription is when RNA is copied from DNA. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA

In molecular biology mir-344 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... The pre-miR-344 is transcribed directly as a precursor microRNA hairpin and thus contains a 5' m7G-cap. MicroRNA Lee ST, Chu K ... Page for mir-344 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Rfam pages needing a picture, All stub articles, Genetics stubs, ... capped microRNA precursors that generate a single microRNA". Cell. 155 (7): 1568-80. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.027. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-344_microRNA_precursor_family

MicroRNAs (miR) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. MiR cluster 23/27/24 ... Orphaned articles from November 2019, All orphaned articles, Non-coding RNA). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-27b_microRNA_precursor

MicroRNA (miRNA) precursor miR156 is a family of plant non-coding RNA. This microRNA has now been predicted or experimentally ... In plants the precursor sequences may be longer, and the carpel factory (caf) enzyme appears to be involved in processing. In ... Page for mir-156 microRNA precursor at Rfam MIPF0000008 v t e (GO template errors, MicroRNA, All stub articles, Molecular and ... The extents of the hairpin precursors are not generally known and are estimated based on hairpin prediction. The products are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-156_microRNA_precursor

A continuous chemical reaction network in water and under high-energy radiation can generate precursors for early RNA. In 2022 ... "RNA-DNA Chimeras in the Context of an RNA World Transition to an RNA/DNA World". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 ( ... evolution experiments of self-replicating RNA showed how RNA may have evolved to diverse complex molecules in RNA world ... The RNA evolved to a "replicator network comprising five types of RNAs with diverse interactions" such as cooperation for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios

Burge CB, Tuschl T, Sharp PA (1999). "Splicing of Precursors to mRNAs by the Spliceosomes". The RNA World. CSH Monographs. Vol ... U1 spliceosomal RNA, U2 spliceosomal RNA, U4 spliceosomal RNA, U5 spliceosomal RNA, and U6 spliceosomal RNA. Their nomenclature ... These are small RNA molecules that play an essential role in RNA biogenesis and guide chemical modifications of ribosomal RNAs ... They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_nuclear_RNA

"A continuous reaction network that produces RNA precursors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (24): 13267- ... "New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Mapped Out: A high resolution gene map reveals many viral RNAs with unknown functions and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April–June_2020_in_science

The plant mir-166 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA gene. This microRNA (miRNA) has now been predicted or ... In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3' arm of the precursor, and both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice genomes contain ... Page for mir-166 microRNA precursor at Rfam MIPF0000004 v t e (GO template errors, MicroRNA, All stub articles, Molecular and ... microRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22 nucleotide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-166_microRNA_precursor

Salzman DW, Shubert-Coleman J, Furneaux H (2007). "P68 RNA helicase unwinds the human let-7 microRNA precursor duplex and is ... 2008). "Lin-28 interaction with the let-7 precursor loop mediates regulated microRNA processing". RNA. 14 (8): 1539-49. doi: ... and was later shown to be part of a much larger class of non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs. miR-98 microRNA precursor from human ... RNA. 10 (10): 1586-94. doi:10.1261/rna.7122604. PMC 1370645. PMID 15337850. Vella MC, Choi EY, Lin SY, Reinert K, Slack FJ ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let-7_microRNA_precursor

"Distinguishing Closely Related Amyloid Precursors Using an RNA Aptamer". Molecular Biophysics. 289 (39). Retrieved 2021-05-04. ... These nucleic acid molecules can exhibit cognate base-pairing to produce sections of double-stranded DNA or RNA within the ... Optimer ligands are short synthetic oligonucleotide molecules composed of DNA or RNA that bind to a specific target molecule. ... Optimer ligands are composed of single-stranded DNA or RNA polymers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimer_ligand

miR-101 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression. Expression of miR-101 has been validated ... Page for mir-101 microRNA precursor family at Rfam miRBase family MIPF0000046 v t e (GO template errors, MicroRNA, MicroRNA ... The precursor microRNA is a stem-loop structure of about 70 nucleotides in length that is processed by the Dicer enzyme to form ... precursor families, All stub articles, Molecular and cellular biology stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-101_microRNA_precursor_family

RNA Biology. 11 (4): 281-94. doi:10.4161/rna.28141. PMC 4075512. PMID 24643020. Bar-Eli M (May 2011). "Searching for the ' ... miR-214 is a vertebrate-specific family of microRNA precursors. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the ... precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference. miR-214 is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-214

siRNAs come from long dsRNA precursors derived from a variety of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) precursors, such as sense and ... RNA. 10 (3): 544-50. doi:10.1261/rna.5235104. PMC 1370948. PMID 14970398. Zhou H, Hu H, Lai M (Dec 2010). "Non-coding RNAs and ... RNA-dependent RNA polymerases) or RDRs. Growing understanding of small RNA gene-silencing mechanisms involving dsRNA-mediated ... including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA). RNA silencing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_silencing

Tempel S, Tahi F (2012). "A fast ab-initio method for predicting miRNA precursors in genomes". Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (11): 955- ... AbiF RNA motif ARRPOF RNA motif List of RNA structure prediction software Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z ... Homology search refers to the process of searching a sequence database for RNAs that are similar to already known RNA sequences ... Some types of RNAs have shared properties that algorithms can exploit. For example, tRNAscan-SE is specialized to finding tRNAs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics_discovery_of_non-coding_RNAs

Tempel S, Tahi F (June 2012). "A fast ab-initio method for predicting miRNA precursors in genomes". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 ... November 2007). "Semiautomated improvement of RNA alignments". RNA. 13 (11): 1850-1859. doi:10.1261/rna.215407. PMC 2040093. ... U4 spliceosomal RNA and U6 spliceosomal RNA bind to each other forming part of the spliceosome and many small bacterial RNAs ... Notes RNA Non-coding RNA RNA structure Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software Comparison of software for molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RNA_structure_prediction_software

Ono M, Scott MS, Yamada K, Avolio F, Barton GJ, Lamond AI (May 2011). "Identification of human miRNA precursors that resemble ... It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA. SNORD88 belongs to the C/D box class ... Page for Small nucleolar RNA SNORD88 at Rfam Entry for SNORD88 at snoRNABase v t e (GO template errors, Non-coding RNA, All ... In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD88 (also known as HBII-180) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA_SNORD88

The miR-24 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression. microRNAs are transcribed as ~ ... In this case the mature sequence comes from the 3' arm of the precursor. The mature products are thought to have regulatory ... Page for mir-24 microRNA precursor family at Rfam miRBase family MIPF0000041 v t e (GO template errors, MicroRNA, MicroRNA ... 70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a mature ~22 nucleotide product. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-24_microRNA_precursor_family

Nitriles, key molecular precursors of the RNA World scenario, are among the most abundant chemical families in the universe and ... Although RNA is fragile, some ancient RNAs may have evolved the ability to methylate other RNAs to protect them. If the RNA ... The RNA world hypothesis places RNA at center-stage when life originated. The RNA world hypothesis is supported by the ... As a consequence a cell must have the ability to make RNA before it can make DNA. The chemical properties of RNA make large RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

"Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism". Nature Chemistry. 7 (4): 301-307. ... Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate ... propose pyrophosphite to have been used by early cellular life for energy storage and it might have been a precursor to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring

Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of replication. Translation takes place by leaky scanning and RNA ... FUT2 fucosyltransferase transfers a fucose sugar to the end of the ABO(H) precursor in gastrointestinal cells and saliva glands ... Molecular evolutionary analyses of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region in Norovirus genogroup II Front Microbiol Victoria M ... Since there is no RNA in this particle, it is incapable of reproducing and cannot cause an infection. The norovirus can survive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

Some viruses can encode proteins that bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to prevent the activity of RNA-dependent protein ... Liu YJ (2005). "IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors". Annual Review ... RNA interference technology tools such as siRNA or vector-based reagents can either silence or stimulate interferon pathways. ... The superinduced human beta interferon messenger RNA was prepared by Tan's lab for Cetus corp. to clone the human beta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

... the total number of RNA domains in the clan is 112. miR-137 is located on chromosome 1p22 within the non-protein-coding RNA ... It is transcribed as a non-coding primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, which is then processed into precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA ... miR-137 belongs to the miR-137 clan (a clan is group of two or more RNA families that have arisen from a single evolutionary ... This binding in turn results in an inhibition of translation of the target protein or degradation of the target messenger RNA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

In molecular biology mir-198 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-198 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Rfam pages needing a picture, All stub articles, Genetics stubs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-198_microRNA_precursor_family

In molecular biology mir-542 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-542 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Rfam pages needing a picture, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families, ... "Micro-RNA signature of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in endometrial carcinosarcoma". The Journal of Pathology. 223 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-542_microRNA_precursor_family

Typically, UBLs are expressed as inactive precursors and must be activated by proteolysis of the C-terminus to expose the ... RNA splicing, and cellular differentiation. Ubiquitin itself was first discovered in the 1970s and originally named "ubiquitous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-like_protein

This compound has a nanomolar affinity for the miRNA hairpin precursor selectively over other sequences. Targaprimir-96 was ... RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA by Small Organic ... Additionally, HIV-1 RNA has been targeted extensively in vitro by RNA-binding small molecules. In 2007, Miller and coworkers ... An NMR structure of the RNA in complex with DB213, showed that the small molecule bound to the major groove of the RNA duplex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-targeting_small_molecule_drugs

15d-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and its PGD2 precursor have been demonstrated to suppress hair growth in studies of mouse and human follicular ... eIF4A: eIF4A is an RNA helicase is essential for protein translation. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 forms an adduct with cysteine 264 in ... with a cyclopenenone ring replacing the cyclopentaonon rings or their precursors and a newly established electrophilic site at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins

Why not these? In molecular biology mir-188 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression ... Page for mir-188 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Orphaned articles from June 2013, All orphaned articles, Rfam pages ... needing a picture, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families, All stub articles, Genetics stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-188_microRNA_precursor_family

In molecular biology mir-580 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-580 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Orphaned articles from June 2017, All orphaned articles, Rfam pages ... needing a picture, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families, All stub articles, Genetics stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-580_microRNA_precursor_family

Turmel M, Gutell RR, Mercier JP, Otis C, Lemieux C (July 1993). "Analysis of the chloroplast large subunit ribosomal RNA gene ... Xu M, Southworth MW, Mersha FB, Hornstra LJ, Perler FB (December 1993). "In vitro protein splicing of purified precursor and ... Szczepanek T, Lazowska J (July 1996). "Replacement of two non-adjacent amino acids in the S.cerevisiae bi2 intron-encoded RNA ... Yang J, Zimmerly S, Perlman PS, Lambowitz AM (May 1996). "Efficient integration of an intron RNA into double-stranded DNA by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_homing_endonuclease_cutting_sites

The N-terminal peptide is cleaved (split) from the zymogen enzyme precursor by another enzyme to release an active enzyme. The ... This is a potent enzyme inhibitor, in this case preventing the RNA polymerase II enzyme from transcribing DNA. The algal toxin ... This mechanism occurs in the pancreas, which synthesises many digestive precursor enzymes known as zymogens. Many of these are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

In molecular biology mir-765 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-765 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Rfam pages needing a picture, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-765_microRNA_precursor_family

June 2011). "Precursor miR-886, a novel noncoding RNA repressed in cancer, associates with PKR and modulates its activity". RNA ... In biology, a probe is a single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of interest. RNA probes can ... This technique is sometimes called "break-apart FISH". Single-molecule RNA FISH, also known as Stellaris® RNA FISH or smFISH, ... Chen KH, Boettiger AN, Moffitt JR, Wang S, Zhuang X (April 2015). "RNA imaging. Spatially resolved, highly multiplexed RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be ... The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor ... microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression ... The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIR195

The protein is initially synthesized as an inactive 33-kDa precursor. This precursor is activated by proteolytic cleavage of ... The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the conserved DNA/RNA non-specific ββα-Me-finger nuclease family and possesses a ... This protein is capable of generating the RNA primers required by DNA polymerase gamma to initiate replication of mitochondrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENDOG

In molecular biology mir-708 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-708 microRNA precursor family at Rfam (Orphaned articles from March 2016, All orphaned articles, Rfam pages ... needing a picture, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-708_microRNA_precursor_family

RNA - RNA virus - RNA-binding protein - RNA-directed DNA polymerase - rod outer segment - rough ER sarcoplasmic reticulum - ... protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - protein targeting - protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

These non-coding RNA molecules form tRNA molecules after being processed, and this is dependent on tRNA-intron lyase to splice ... Peebles CL, Gegenheimer P, Abelson J (February 1983). "Precise excision of intervening sequences from precursor tRNAs by a ... RNA endonuclease have shown to have conserved base pairing to some introns, despite previous assumptions that introns were not ... RNase A is another enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the P-O5' bond of RNA specifically after pyrimidine residues, which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA-intron_endonuclease

As the target RNA molecule and the exogenous RNA molecule are treated with the correct ligase, RNA chimeras form. This results ... "Structural alteration in mutant precursors of the yeast tRNALeu3 gene which behave as defective substrates for a highly ... method of RNA cleavage and method of RNA cleavage and recombination. In 2003, the RNA cleavage method first exposes the target ... thus this method can also be used for recombining RNA molecules in order to alter RNA function and hence gene expression. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauco_Tocchini-Valentini

On 25 October 1916, 6 aircraft (including Farman HF 27 and Nieuport 12s) of RNAS Wing 2 arrived in Romania from Imbros as part ... Un precursor al aviației romanești (in Romanian) (1st ed.). Valeriu Avram (2013). "Din Istoria Aripilor Românești 1910-1916" ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Air_Corps

In molecular biology mir-431 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-431 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Orphaned articles from June 2017, All orphaned articles, Rfam pages ... needing a picture, MicroRNA, MicroRNA precursor families, All stub articles, Genetics stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-431_microRNA_precursor_family

Wang YH, Yu XH, Luo SS, Han H (2015-10-08). "Comprehensive circular RNA profiling reveals that circular RNA100783 is involved ... and a 2020 review reported that CD8+ T-cell precursors, specific for the most rare and less frequently present antigens shed ... micro-RNAs MiR-181a) The elderly frequently present with non-specific signs and symptoms, and clues of focal infection are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosenescence

... the most in a known negative-sense RNA plant virus. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, glycoprotein precursor, nucleocapsid, and ... Adarsh K. Gupta (2018). "Octapartite negative-sense RNA genome of High Plains wheat mosaic virus encodes two suppressors of RNA ... The genome of HPWMoV was shown to encode two suppressors of RNA silencing, to counter antiviral defense of the host wheat ... Adarsh K. Gupta (2019). "P7 and P8 proteins of High Plains wheat mosaic virus, a negative-strand RNA virus, employ distinct ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Plains_wheat_mosaic_emaravirus

Jiang T, Guerrier-Takada C, Altman S (2001). "Protein-RNA interactions in the subunits of human nuclear RNase P." RNA. 7 (7): ... "Entrez Gene: POP1 processing of precursor 1, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit (S. cerevisiae)". Glazov, EA; Zankl, A; Donskoi, M; ... RNA. 12 (7): 1373-82. doi:10.1261/rna.2293906. PMC 1484433. PMID 16723659. This article incorporates text from the United ... Pluk H, van Eenennaam H, Rutjes SA, Pruijn GJ, van Venrooij WJ (Apr 1999). "RNA-protein interactions in the human RNase MRP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP1_(gene)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIR517C

The L segment, 6.8-12 kb in length, encodes the L protein which functions primarily as the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ... The M segment, 3.2-4.9 kb in length, encodes a glycoprotein precursor polyprotein that is co-translationally cleaved into the ... RNAs suggest a prime-and-realign mechanism for the initiation of RNA synthesis". Journal of Virology. 69 (9): 5754-5762. doi: ... The virally encoded RNA polymerase is also found in the interior. By mass, the virion is greater than 50% protein, 20-30% lipid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus

VPg-containing precursor at the 3' end of positive- or negative-strand RNA for production of full-length RNA. Determinants of ... strand RNA genome is replicated through a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is formed using viral RNA-dependent RNA ... Genomic RNAs of picornaviruses possess multiple RNA elements, and they are required for both negative- and positive-strand RNA ... Precursor proteins also have an effect on VPg-CRE specificity and stability. The upper RNA stem loop, to which VPg binds, has a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus

miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be ... The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor ... MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression ... The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA_210

In molecular biology mir-711 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other ... Page for mir-711 microRNA precursor family at Rfam v t e (Rfam pages needing a picture, All stub articles, Genetics stubs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-711_microRNA_precursor_family

Long non-coding RNA AK058003, as a precursor of miR-15a, interacts with HuR to inhibit the expression of γ-synuclein in ... Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as critical players in multiple cancers and lncRNAs are tightly linked to ... Collectively, lncRNA-AK058003 can reduce the expression of mRNA stabilizing protein HuR and act as a precursor of miR-15a to ... we demonstrated that lncRNA-AK058003 is very likely to be a precursor of miR-15a. ...

https://www.oncotarget.com/article/14276/

Frog oocytes synthesize and completely process the precursor polypeptide to virion structural proteins after microinjection of ... The 60-70S RNA aggregate or its 30-40S RNA subunits obtained by heat or formamide treatment possess the same ability to serve ... The processing pattern of virus-specific precursor polypeptides is the same in X. laevis oocytes as in chick embryo fibroblasts ... process the precursor polypeptide to virion structural proteins after microinjection of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA. Journal ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1227331

Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development and aging in rat. Journal of Cell ... Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development and aging in rat. In: Journal of ... Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development and aging in rat. / Pagani, Franco; ... Dive into the research topics of Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/tissue-specific-splicing-pattern-of-fibronectin-messenger-rna-pre

"RNA Precursors" by people in this website by year, and whether "RNA Precursors" was a major or minor topic of these ... RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during ... "RNA Precursors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production ...

https://profiles.jefferson.edu/display/17570

RNA polymerase basic subunit; PA, RNA polymerase acidic subunit; M, matrix gene; NS, nonstructural gene.. †Boldface text ... Infection with Possible Precursor of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in a Child, China, 2013 Lili Ren1, Xuelian Yu1, Baihui Zhao1 ... Infection with Possible Precursor of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in a Child, China, 2013. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/8/14-0325-t2

Distribution of the Messenger RNA Coding for the Common Precursor of Corticotropin and beta-Lipotropin within the Bovine ... Distribution of the messenger RNA coding for the common precursor of corticotropin and beta-lipotropin within the bovine ... Distribution of the Messenger RNA Coding for the Common Precursor of Corticotropin and beta-Lipotropin within the Bovine ... Efficient translation of tobacco mosaic virus RNA and rabbit globin 9S RNA in a cell-free system from commercial wheat germ ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40223509

Protein Precursors / metabolism* * RNA, Messenger / metabolism * Rats, Sprague-Dawley Substances * Hypothalamic Hormones ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31917877/

PR:000004116 amyloid-beta A4 precursor protein-binding family A member 2 ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1261791

Dicer cuts (cleaves) precursor RNA molecules to produce miRNA.. MicroRNAs control gene expression by blocking the process of ... In the first step of making a protein from a gene, another type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed and acts as the ... Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Feb;10(2):94-108. doi: 10.1038/nrg2504. Citation on PubMed or ... The Dicer protein aids in the production of a molecule called microRNA (miRNA). MicroRNAs are short lengths of RNA, a chemical ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/dicer1/

2020) Structural insight into precursor ribosomal RNA processing by ribonuclease MRP. Science 369(6504):656-663. ... MRP is a conserved eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex that plays essential roles in precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) ... In contrast to RNase P, which selectively cleaves transfer RNA-like substrates, it has remained a mystery how RNase MRP ... These structures and the results of biochemical studies reveal that coevolution of both protein and RNA subunits has ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000275516

In most bacteria, ribosomal RNA is transcribed as a single polycistronic precursor that is first processed by RNase III. This ... Double-stranded Nucleic AcidsLoop-Loop Interactions RNA-RNA Kissing ComplexesDNA-RNA Kissing ComplexesDouble RNA-RNA Kissing ... The interaction of the TAR RNA element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with a 2-O-methyl analogue of an RNA ... Identification of a structural element of the hepatitis C virus minus strand RNA involved in the initiation of RNA synthesis ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fabien-Darfeuille

A novel interaction between dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 and the NS4A-2K-4B precursor is required for viral RNA ... A novel interaction between dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 and the NS4A-2K-4B precursor is required for viral RNA ...

https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa55237

... we previously distinguished relatively quiescent stem-like precursor state from the more aggressive progenitor-like precursor ... Collectively, our findings show that a STAT3-driven precursor state transition, mediated by SLUG, may prime BTSCs to initiate ... Targeting the STAT3/SLUG pathway may maintain BTSCs in a quiescent stem-like precursor state, delaying recurrence and improving ... In the present study, we hypothesized that progenitor-like BTSCs arise from stem-like precursors through a mesenchymal ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/11/11/1635

... precursors. Enrichment of vmDA precursors via cell sorting is required to ensure high safety and efficacy of the cell therapy. ... which was preferentially expressed in vmDA precursors. TPBG-targeted cell sorting enriched FOXA2+LMX1A+ vmDA precursors and ... Our approach is an efficient way to obtain enriched bona fide vmDA precursors, which could open a new avenue for effective PD ... These data are consistent with the increased RNA expression of SOX6, a marker of A9 DA precursors, in the TPBG+ group (Fig. 3d ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-021-00204-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=03810317-b0f5-40d2-82b2-c04fbee3a59e

Besides protein-coding RNAs, there are different types of non-coding RNAs that modulate complex molecular and cellular ... RNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods greatly promoted the study of ncRNAs, which revealed ncRNAs essential ... including coding and non-coding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. In this review, we discuss the distinct types of ncRNAs, including ... piRNAs are processed in a Dicer-independent manner from single-stranded RNA precursors [40] and they only function through ...

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jib-2019-0027/html

38.1 Mature Ribosomal RNA Is Generated by the Cleavage of a Precursor Molecule 38.2 Transfer RNA Is Extensively Processed 38.3 ... Messenger RNA Use Is Subject to Regulation The Stability of Messenger RNA Also Can Be Regulated Small RNAs Can Regulate mRNA ... 36.1 Cellular RNA Is Synthesized by RNA Polymerases Genes Are the Transcriptional Units RNA Polymerase Is Composed of Multiple ... Small Nuclear RNAs in Spliceosomes Catalyze the Splicing of mRNA Precursors Clinical Insight Mutations That Affect Pre-mRNA ...

https://www.ecampus.com/biochemistry-short-course-4th-tymoczko/bk/9781319114633

In vivo structure-function analysis of human Dicer reveals directional processing of precursor miRNAs. RNA. 2012;18:1116-22. [ ... cleaving precursor double-stranded RNAs into their active forms. Loss-of-function germline pathogenic variants in DICER1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK196157/

Patulin also inhibited the incorporation of tritium labeled precursors into protein and RNA. The authors indicate that this ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=chromium&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=51&RecNo=510&View=f&

A precursor to a building block of DNA or RNA. Nucleosides must be chemically changed into nucleotides before they can be used ... In HIV, optimal viral suppression is measured as the reduction of viral load (HIV RNA) to undetectable levels and is the goal ... A retroviral enzyme which converts genetic material from RNA into DNA, an essential step in the lifecycle of HIV. Several ... had HIV RNA below 50 copies/ml and were therefore eligible for part two, as did 87.1% of those taking Delstrigo. ...

https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jul-2019/islatravir-plus-doravirine-may-offer-new-dual-therapy-option

MA participates in HIV-1 assembly as membranotropic part of Gag precursor as well as an individual protein spliced from Gag ... MA mutated variant M4 which contains two changed amino acids in N-terminal regions is also associated with viral RNA, but it is ... is a multifunctional structural protein localized on N terminus of Gag precursor p55. ... Keywords: HIV-1 Matrix Protein; Gag Precursor P55; Cytoskeleton; Viral RNA; Transport of Viral Complex; ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/29300.html

... intracellular staining of ZIKV RNA was more pronounced in spermatogenic precursors (spermatocytes and spermatogonia) than in ... Thirty to fifty percent of men with confirmed ZIKV infection shed ZIKV RNA in their semen, and prolonged viral RNA shedding in ... mosquitoes, ZIKV RNA is detectable in blood and semen of infected individuals for weeks or months, during which time sexual and ... However, viral RNA is usually detectable for longer than infectious virus is present. We determined the frequency of isolation ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v10issue30.html

Selective 2′ hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) analysis of the mutant RNAs revealed only mild effects on ... Selective 2 hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) analysis of the mutant RNAs revealed only mild effects on ... Interestingly, the deletion of bpPurines revealed an additional severe defect on RNA propagation that was independent of... ... Interestingly, deletion of bpPurines revealed an additional severe defect on RNA propagation that was independent of the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.595410/full

Antifatigue, ATP, DNA & RNA precursors, Circulation, Organ protective functions. Polysaccharides (Glucans, cordyglucans, ...

https://firstendurance.com/blogs/articles/understanding-tibet-s-secret-to-superhuman-performance

... a precursor to RNA. Researchers believe that supplementing with uridine supports healthy brain cell maintenance, thereby ...

https://www.vagarights.com/best-nootropics/

The CRISPR-associated DNA-cleaving enzyme Cpf1 also processes precursor CRISPR RNA ... RNA sequencing uncovers antisense RNAs and novel small RNAs in Streptococcus pyogenes ... CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III ... An overview of RNAs with regulatory functions in gram-positive bacteria. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), Basel: ...

https://www.umu.se/en/staff/emch0006/?flik=publikationer

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy. Inclisiran is a double-stranded small interfering RNA conjugated on sense strand with ... the principal apolipoprotein of LDL and its metabolic precursor, VLDL. [6] Note the following:. * Reduces LDL, ApoB, total ... In hepatocytes, inclisiran utilizes the RNA interference mechanism and directs catalytic breakdown of mRNA for proprotein ... These agents target messenger RNA for apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100, ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172172

Programming RNA: The Future of Medicine - Carolyn Dean MD ND ... a precursor to RNA), which is found in Brewers yeast. This ... RnA Drops help make perfect cells via RNA through Chromosome 14 affecting DNA. ReNew, which is highly concentrated RnA Drops is ... which is a nucleotide precursor to RNA, but not DNA. And, the formula for RnA Drops includes bakers yeast, with its uridine ... Programming RNA: The Future of Medicine - Carolyn Dean MD ND. Monday, August 06, 2012 by: Dr. Carolyn Dean. Tags: RNA, future ...

https://www.naturalnews.com/036733_RNA_future_of_medicine_Carolyn_Dean.html

MiRNA genes are first transcribed by RNA polymerase II into long, capped, and polyadenylated primary miRNA precursors (pri- ... which involves long non-coding RNAs, referred to as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), acting as miRNA sponges [146]. Whether ... V. N. Kim, J. Han, and M. C. Siomi, "Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals," Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 10, no. ... G. A. Calin, C. D. Dumitru, M. Shimizu et al., "Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/642916/

It inhibited the incorporation of amino acids and precursors of RNA, but not that of acetate, by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. ...

https://www.drugs.com/answers/can-mupirocin-2-ointment-be-used-on-a-skin-fungus-449546.html

The core RNA polymerase complex consists of five subunits (two alpha, one beta, one beta-prime and one omega) and is sufficient for transcription elongation and termination but is unable to initiate transcription. (embl.de)
RNA synthesis follows after the attachment of RNA polymerase to a specific site, the promoter, on the template DNA strand. (embl.de)
RNA polymerase I: located in the nucleoli, synthesises precursors of most ribosomal RNAs. (embl.de)
RNA polymerase II: occurs in the nucleoplasm, synthesises mRNA precursors. (embl.de)
RNA polymerase III: also occurs in the nucleoplasm, synthesises the precursors of 5S ribosomal RNA, the tRNAs, and a variety of other small nuclear and cytosolic RNAs. (embl.de)
In archaebacteria, there is generally a single form of RNA polymerase which also consist of an oligomeric assemblage of 10 to 13 polypeptides. (embl.de)
Proteins containing this domain also include transcription factor S (TFS), a protein related in size and sequence to DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit M, and in sequence and function to the much larger eukaryotic transcription factor IIS (TFIIS). (embl.de)
Structure of the gene encoding the 14.5 kDa subunit of human RNA polymerase II. (embl.de)
2011) Biochemical characterization of enterovirus 71 3D RNA polymerase. (jenabioscience.com)
EPIGENE predicted TUs were enriched for RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) at the transcription start site (TSS) and in gene body indicating that they are indeed transcribed. (uni-marburg.de)
Although dengue virus genome replication occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, it has been shown that the NS5 protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) is hyperphosphorylated at a late stage in infection and localized to the cell nucleus. (who.int)
miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. (antibodypedia.com)
Sox9 interacts with the Med12/Trap230 subunit of the mediator complex to stimulate RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription in chondrocytes. (heightquest.com)

After microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with RNA from avian myeloblastosis virus, viral structural proteins p27, p19, p15, and p12 are formed by a sequence of posttranslational cleavages of a high-molecular-weight precursor polypeptide. (duke.edu)
In HIV, optimal viral suppression is measured as the reduction of viral load (HIV RNA) to undetectable levels and is the goal of antiretroviral therapy. (aidsmap.com)
in association with viral genome RNA. (scirp.org)
The stringent protocol includes the detection of both viral DNA and RNA, as well as p16 INK4a staining ( https://hpv-ahead.iarc.fr/ ). (who.int)

Frog oocytes synthesize and completely process the precursor polypeptide to virion structural proteins after microinjection of avian myeloblastosis virus RNA. (duke.edu)
As important key players in gene regulatory networks, ncRNAs work with other biomolecules, including coding and non-coding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. (degruyter.com)
Together these pathways produce some of the most important materials in modern cells, including ATP - the molecule cells use to drive their machinery, the sugars that form DNA and RNA, and the molecules needed to make fats and proteins. (newscientist.com)
Proteins need to interact in a complex manner for a so-called "messenger RNA" (mRNA) to be created in human cells from a precursor molecule. (mpg.de)
However, an intermediate step is necessary before new proteins can be created: "First the DNA must be transcribed: A chain-like precursor RNA is produced which is an exact copy of the DNA. (mpg.de)
The proteins involved in reading out and transcribing DNA into precursor RNA are already known to scientists. (mpg.de)
The discovery of the RNA self-splicing group I intron provided the first demonstration that not all enzymes are proteins. (rcsb.org)
The N-terminal region is associated serves directly as a template for the synthesis with the RNA capping reaction that puts a of the virus proteins. (who.int)
Once the mRNAs are born and progressively become mature, they come out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they serve as precursors to proteins via a complex cellular process termed translation. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Previously, almost all kinds of messenger RNAs that move between the nucleus and cytoplasm were thought to be utilized for the production of the corresponding proteins. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Researchers have now found that the cells are better off if they transport the precursor mRNAs to the appropriate sites of the function of their respective proteins rather than if they make the proteins at any random location. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Since the production of one copy of a given protein requires a lot of energy, it is a better strategy for the cells to send and target the precursor mRNAs to the site of action of the corresponding proteins rather than producing the proteins before mRNA arrives on-site. (advancedsciencenews.com)
Because phosphorus is an essential element for DNA, RNA, several ubiquitous cofactors, and phosphorylated proteins, Pi-limitation has major affects on cellular metabolism and physiology. (biomedcentral.com)

Dicer cuts (cleaves) precursor RNA molecules to produce miRNA. (medlineplus.gov)
RNA molecules adopt defined structural conformations that are essential to exert their function. (researchgate.net)
perhaps even generating the molecules needed to make RNA, and that cells later incorporated these processes - but there was little evidence to support this. (newscientist.com)
it also influences small, non-coding RNA molecules like NikS. (labroots.com)
Aspartic acid also combines with other amino acids to form molecules that absorb toxins and remove them from the bloodstream, aids the function of RNA and DNA, and helps to protect the liver. (hammernutrition.com)
The results of a study from researchers from Institut Pasteur illustrate how small non-coding RNAs can act as epigenetic molecules capable of transmitting traits across generation, over and above the information encoded in our genomes. (pasteur.fr)
Overall, their discoveries advance the concept that small RNAs serve as epigenetic molecules that transmit traits across generations. (pasteur.fr)
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs, preserved throughout the evolution, able to regulate gene expression through repression of translation or degradation of target molecules of messenger RNA. (bvsalud.org)
The Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory of the Origin and Evolution of Life postulates that the first molecules of life (the fundamental molecules) were, at their origin, pigments dissipatively structured through photochemical and chemical reactions on the surface of the oceans from simpler and more common precursor molecules in water under the solar long-wavelength UVC (205-285 nm) light of the Archean. (encyclopedia.pub)
archea, bacteria, eukaryote) as possible, as efficiently as possible, and from an as limited set of precursor molecules as possible. (encyclopedia.pub)
they rely on the unsettling premise that Nature found an apparently unique, almost miraculous, chemical reaction set 3.9 billion years ago, endowing these molecules with Darwinian like characteristics of reproduction with small variation and selection based on either efficacy of molecular precursor sequestration or molecular stability. (encyclopedia.pub)
Today, how the fundamental molecules of life could have been synthesized from simpler common precursor molecules, before the existence of the complex bio-synthetic pathways, is considered basically a solved problem in origin of life research. (encyclopedia.pub)

2020) Structural insight into precursor ribosomal RNA processing by ribonuclease MRP. (yeastgenome.org)

Ribonuclease (RNase) MRP is a conserved eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex that plays essential roles in precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing and cell cycle regulation. (yeastgenome.org)
This double-stranded specific RNase cleaves two large stems flanking the 23S and 16S rRNA mature sequences, liberating three 16S, 23S and 5S rRNA precursors, which are further processed by other ribonucleases. (researchgate.net)
Since the discovery of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) in the late 1950s, varieties of RNA species have gradually surfaced, which revealed an unsuspected non-coding world. (degruyter.com)

As a template for protein synthesis, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have become the major research focus for a long time, while non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were considered as by-products of massive transcription with less biological meaning. (degruyter.com)
spliced from Gag precursor soon after its synthesis. (scirp.org)
there are peptides such as mersacidin that inhibits cell wall synthesis by interaction with peptidoglycan precursors. (medscape.com)
The RNA synthesis process continues until a termination sequence is reached. (embl.de)
1990s the frequency of outbreaks of dengue the replicative form (RF), which is the fever have escalated, mirroring the situation recycling template for the synthesis of new in the neighbouring regions and elsewhere plus strand RNA. (who.int)
These abnormalities are due to impaired DNA synthesis and, to a lesser extent, RNA and protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
Methionine, in turn, is required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a methyl group donor used in many biological methylation reactions, including the methylation of sites in DNA and RNA. (medscape.com)

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as critical players in multiple cancers and lncRNAs are tightly linked to cancer progression. (oncotarget.com)

However, this approach requires large quantities of mRNAs making the identification of highly unstable regulatory RNAs (like microRNA precursors) difficult. (uni-marburg.de)

First, the chains of the mRNA precursors are cleaved at a specific point to create uniform products. (mpg.de)

MicroRNAs are short lengths of RNA, a chemical cousin of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
It is in this context that the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs), a particular class of small noncoding RNAs, has rapidly become apparent [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (antibodypedia.com)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são pequenos RNAs não-codantes, conservados ao longo da evolução, capazes de regular a expressão gênica através da degradação ou repressão da tradução de moléculas-alvo de RNA mensageiro. (bvsalud.org)

We have used suppressor genetics to identify factors that interact with Saccharomyces cerevisiae U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). (umn.edu)

The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. (antibodypedia.com)
The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. (antibodypedia.com)
This study performs a literature review of miRNA, focusing on aspects related to biogenesis, mechanisms of action and potential role of these small RNAs in oral carcinogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
microRNA (miRNA) constitutes a class of small non-coding RNAs, which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and progression of tumors. (esmo.org)

A genomic-library based discovery of a novel, possibly synthetic, acid-tolerance mechanism in Clostridium acetobutylicum involving non-coding RNAs and ribosomal RNA processing. (jefferson.edu)
Eukaryotic transcription from different genomic regions and RNA processing produce various ncRNA species. (degruyter.com)
Both purine-rich sequences have earlier been proposed to act as potentially redundant Gag binding sites to initiate the process of MPMV genomic RNA (gRNA) packaging. (frontiersin.org)
Genomic studies show that only a small proportion of transcribed RNAs represent messenger RNAs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
7654 /organism="Norovirus GI" /mol_type="genomic RNA" /db_xref="taxon:122928" 5'UTR 1. (cdc.gov)

However, extensive research in the last two decades addressing the fate of the messenger RNAs following their transport into the cytoplasm suggest that a significant fraction of total cellular mRNAs do not immediately engage in translation (protein production). (advancedsciencenews.com)
In a recent review published in WIRES RNA , Drs Biswadip Das, Anusha Chaudhuri, and Subhadeep Das from Jadavpur University presented a detailed account of movements of mRNAs in the baker's yeast, exploring various kinds of transporting mRNAs, the cellular carriers who transport these messages, and the disease consequences if these RNAs do not get managed to localize to their appropriate locations. (advancedsciencenews.com)

Most of the "house keeping" ncRNA families (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs) and a large class of regulatory RNAs (in particular miRNAs) have characteristic structures which perform an evolutionary conserved function. (biomedcentral.com)
O presente estudo realiza uma revisão da literatura sobre miRNAs, enfocando aspectos relacionados à biogênese, mecanismos de ação e o papel potencial desses pequenos RNAs na carcinogênese oral. (bvsalud.org)
Como os miRNAs podem regular mais de um RNAm-alvo 33 , estima-se que estes pequenos RNAs controlem a expressão de aproximadamente 30% dos genes que codificam proteínas 23 . (bvsalud.org)
O presente estudo realiza uma revisão da literatura sobre miRNAs, enfocando aspectos relacionados à biogênese, mecanismos de ação e o papel potencial dessas pequenas moléculas de RNA na carcinogênese oral. (bvsalud.org)

Besides protein-coding RNAs, there are different types of non-coding RNAs that modulate complex molecular and cellular processes. (degruyter.com)
DNA methylation profiles), and transcriptomic (RNA expression profiles) differences between tumors that improve their classification in distinct molecular subtypes [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Discovery of hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH), considered one of the essential building blocks of RNA ribonucleotides, towards the molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. (inta-csic.es)
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases, whose molecular masses vary in size from 500 to 700kDa, contain two non-identical large (>100kDa) subunits and an array of up to 12 different small (less than 50kDa) subunits. (embl.de)
The corresponding messenger RNAs contain the same open reading frame encoding a 125 amino acid residue protein, with a calculated molecular weight of 14,523 Da. (embl.de)
With the knowledge of the different functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of this small RNA during infection and the associated bacterial signaling pathways, we can gain new targets for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies,' said the senior study author Professor Cynthia Sharma, the Chair for Molecular Infection Biology II at Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg. (labroots.com)
Finally, they have dissected the molecular mechanism by which small RNAs antisense to histone genes are generated and transmitted across generations in piRNA mutants. (pasteur.fr)
The characterization and molecular cloning of the double-stranded RNA genome of an Australian strain of infectious bursal disease virus. (nchu.edu.tw)

Collectively, lncRNA-AK058003 can reduce the expression of mRNA stabilizing protein HuR and act as a precursor of miR-15a to suppress γ-synuclein-mediated cell proliferation and the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. (oncotarget.com)
The MTS assay revealed that cell proliferation was significantly reduced after transient transfection of miR-331-3p precursor and/or NACC1 siRNA in UC cells. (esmo.org)

for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production. (jefferson.edu)
On a side note, the process used to produce the Pfizer/Biontech and Moderna vaccines is much simpler: "The mRNA is created according to the same principle, but in contrast to the human cell, very simple enzymes are used and the complicated conversion of a precursor into the mature mRNA can be avoided," says Wahle in conclusion. (mpg.de)

Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is a precursor lesion of pancreatic cancer and progresses according to adenoma-carcinoma sequence. (biogps.org)

In most bacteria, ribosomal RNA is transcribed as a single polycistronic precursor that is first processed by RNase III. (researchgate.net)
Ribosomal RNA adenine dimethylase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Identification of genes that function in the biogenesis and localization of small nucleolar RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (jefferson.edu)
Results Epigenetic regulation of mucin genes determines the phenotype of PDAC precursors. (bmj.com)
In eukaryotes, there are three different forms of DNA-directed RNA polymerases transcribing different sets of genes. (embl.de)
Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans they show that the inheritance of small RNAs antisense to histone genes adversely affect the fertility of worms across generations until they become sterile. (pasteur.fr)
In addition, they have demonstrated that the transmission of a pool of small RNAs antisense to histone genes into wild-type worms epigenetically affects their fertility. (pasteur.fr)

Eukaryotic cells are also known to contain separate mitochondrial and chloroplast RNA polymerases. (embl.de)

The 60-70S RNA aggregate or its 30-40S RNA subunits obtained by heat or formamide treatment possess the same ability to serve as template in X. laevis oocytes. (duke.edu)
These structures and the results of biochemical studies reveal that coevolution of both protein and RNA subunits has transformed RNase MRP into a distinct ribonuclease that processes single-stranded RNAs by recognizing a short, loosely defined consensus sequence. (yeastgenome.org)
Most RNA polymerases are multimeric enzymes and are composed of a variable number of subunits. (embl.de)

DNA-directed RNA polymerases EC 2.7.7.6 (also known as DNA-dependent RNA polymerases) are responsible for the polymerisation of ribonucleotides into a sequence complementary to the template DNA. (embl.de)

L-Citrulline is a precursor for the endogenous production of l-arginine. (hammernutrition.com)

During the course of evolution, the structure of a given RNA can be maintained via compensatory base-pair changes that occur among covarying nucleotides in paired regions. (researchgate.net)
Nucleosides must be chemically changed into nucleotides before they can be used to make DNA or RNA. (aidsmap.com)
The COOL studies are focused on understanding how the precursors of building blocks of nucleotides (phosphates, sugars and nucleobases) can form in space. (inta-csic.es)
2011) Nucleotides affect neurogenesis and dopaminergic differentiation of mouse fetal midbrain-derived neural precursor cells. (jenabioscience.com)
Unpaired nucleotides on the stem of microRNA precursor are important for precise cleavage by Dicer-like 1 in Arabidopsis. (omu.ac.jp)

In addition, U1 RNA coimmunoprecipitates with Prp40, indicating that Prp40 is bound to the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle in vivo. (umn.edu)
Transcriptomic Profiling of Non-coding Nuclear Small RNAs (EQUIPMENT SUPPORT). (usherbrooke.ca)

Extracellular Vesicle RNA: A Universal Mediator of Microbial Communication? (umu.se)

In contrast to RNase P, which selectively cleaves transfer RNA-like substrates, it has remained a mystery how RNase MRP recognizes its diverse substrates. (yeastgenome.org)

EPR has a programme to estimate and monitor changes in the global burden of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as its precursor cirrhosis, attributable to HBV and HCV infection. (who.int)

Patulin also inhibited the incorporation of tritium labeled precursors into protein and RNA. (cdc.gov)
It inhibited the incorporation of amino acids and precursors of RNA, but not that of acetate, by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. (drugs.com)

It turns out that this information is engraved in the messenger RNA sequence itself, which are dubbed RNA localization elements or RNA zip codes. (advancedsciencenews.com)

For safe and efficient clinical application, it is desirable to remove unwanted cells (e.g., non-vmDA cells, uncommitted proliferating neural precursors, and other actively proliferating cells) as much as possible. (nature.com)

RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. (jefferson.edu)

Type I toxin-antitoxin (T1TA) systems constitute a large class of genetic modules with antisense RNA (asRNA)-mediated regulation of gene expression. (researchgate.net)

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in a wide spectrum of regulatory functions. (biomedcentral.com)

for example, it has been demonstrated that members of the buforines and cathelicidins family are able to cross the membrane and, in the cytosol, they can bind to DNA and RNA by electrostatic charges, interfering with vital processes. (medscape.com)
Being that HIV reduces immunologic activity, the intraoral environment is a prime target for chronic secondary infections and inflammatory processes, and therefore, because these may be precursors to cancer, squamous carcinomatous lesions like the one depicted here. (cdc.gov)

Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. (medlineplus.gov)
These small RNAs orchestrate the expression of the genome at the posttranscriptional level and adapt the protein output to various intracellular or extracellular stimuli. (hindawi.com)
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has received significant attention in connection with RNAi therapies due to its capacity to silence traditionally undruggable targets. (justia.com)
More specifically, clinical translation of therapies based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been hampered by its comprehensively poor pharmacokinetic properties that necessitate molecule modifications and complex delivery strategies. (justia.com)
Researchers have now learned that a small bacterial RNA molecule called NikS is regulating many of these factors. (labroots.com)
In Australia, small, enveloped, single-stranded (ss) and dengue epidemics have occurred positive polarity RNA viruses. (who.int)
In comparison with microarray, deep sequencing has several advantages, the major one being its application in comprehensively identifying and profiling small RNA populations that were previously unknown. (biomedcentral.com)

HIV-1 matrix protein (MA) is a multifunctional structural protein localized on N terminus of Gag precursor p55. (scirp.org)

A retroviral enzyme which converts genetic material from RNA into DNA, an essential step in the lifecycle of HIV. (aidsmap.com)
The ~11 kb ss (+) RNA genome of domains that contain enzyme activities that dengue virus is capped at the 5' end but not are crucial for the replicative cycle of the poly-adenylylated and upon uncoating, virus. (who.int)

Cell-free translation product containing corticotropin and beta-endorphin encoded by messenger RNA from anterior lobe and intermediate lobe of bovine pituitary. (wikidata.org)
In the first step of making a protein from a gene, another type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed and acts as the blueprint for protein production. (medlineplus.gov)
An intermediate messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is first produced from the gene via a process termed transcription that takes place in the cell nucleus. (advancedsciencenews.com)

Enrichment of vmDA precursors via cell sorting is required to ensure high safety and efficacy of the cell therapy. (nature.com)
Furthermore, enrichment of vmDA precursors would promote the efficacy of cell transplantation. (nature.com)

βA1-42 results from hydrolysis of the amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase in a process known as the amyloidogenic pathway. (intechopen.com)

A distinguishing feature of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) packaging signal RNA secondary structure is a single-stranded purine-rich sequence (ssPurines) in close vicinity to a palindromic stem loop (Pal SL) that functions as MPMV dimerization initiation site (DIS). (frontiersin.org)

LOCUS NC_001959 7654 bp ss-RNA linear VRL 13-AUG-2018 DEFINITION Norovirus GI, complete genome. (cdc.gov)

EPIGENE predicted TUs more precisely compared to existing chromatin segmentation and RNA-seq based approaches across multiple human cell lines. (uni-marburg.de)
the BMP-2 inhibitor Noggin represses Sox9 expression in limb bud chondrogenic precursors while inducing the ligament/tendon-speciﬁc transcription factor Scx" "the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of p300 has the potential to facilitate transcriptional activity by modulating the chromatin structure. (heightquest.com)

We collected normal and neoplastic epithelial cells from frozen tissue sections (normal main pancreatic duct, IPMA, IPMC, and invasive carcinoma originating in IPMN) by laser microdissection, extracted total RNA from them, and analyzed their gene expression profiles using Affymetrix microarrays. (biogps.org)

The pipeline utilises sequence similarity to ncRNA databases (blast), structure similarity to Rfam (RaveNnA) as well as multiple alignments to predict conserved novel putative RNA structures (RNAz). (biomedcentral.com)
Using the pipeline we identified known RNA structures in 137 contigs and single reads (conreads), and predicted high confidence RNA structures in non-protein coding regions of additional 1,262 conreads. (biomedcentral.com)
Besides recovering several of the already annotated functional RNA structures, we predicted a large number of high confidence conserved secondary structures in polyadenylated porcine transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)

Interestingly, the deletion of bpPurines revealed an additional severe defect on RNA propagation that was independent of the presence or absence of ssPurines or the gRNA structure of the region. (frontiersin.org)

expressed in middle/late meiosis,IV" YDR525W 1 5 7 YDR525W "Ydr525wp,IV" YDR526C 1 5 8 YDR526C "Ydr526cp,IV" YER187W 1 5 9 YER187W "similar to killer toxin,V" YER188W 1 5 10 YER188W "Yer188wp,V" YER190W 1 5 11 YER190W "Yrf1-2p,V" YFL002C 1 5 12 YFL002C "ATP-dependent RNA helicase,VI" YFL002W-B 1 5 13 YFL002W-B "TyA gag protein. (davidson.edu)

Design Targeted and whole-genome low-coverage sequencing, genome-wide methylation and transcriptome analyses were applied on a final collective of 122 morphologically well-characterised low-grade and high-grade PDAC precursors, including intestinal and gastric intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN). (bmj.com)
Current methods for identifying genome-wide active transcription units (TUs) use RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). (uni-marburg.de)

Yet, the roles that fat cells and their precursors play in the bone marrow environment remain largely unknown. (elifesciences.org)
these findings establish the concept that marrow adipocyte precursors (including MALP cells) play active roles in bone physiology and regeneration. (elifesciences.org)
More mature RBC precursors are destroyed in the bone marrow prior to entering the blood stream (intramedullary hemolysis). (medscape.com)
While IAEMH is associated with severe anaemia due to intravascular haemolysis caused by red cell invasion, oxidative injury, auto-antibodies, and/or pathogen-haem interaction, IAIMH is associated with haemophagocytic tri-lineage destruction of haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow. (bvsalud.org)

Hepatitis C and HIV detection by blood RNA-sequencing in cohort of smokers. (cdc.gov)

As a result, samples obtained using anti-ALCAM antibodies contain many cell types besides vmDA precursors. (nature.com)

RNA Precursors" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)

Results showed that Pi limitation facilitates up-regulation of Pi-associated metabolism, RNA degradation, and triacylglycerol biosynthesis while down-regulation of ribosome biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Our data suggest that Pi limitation activates Pi-related metabolism, RNA degradation, and TAG biosynthesis while inhibits ribosome biosynthesis and TCA cycle, leading to enhanced carbon fluxes into lipids. (biomedcentral.com)

This property can be utilized in comparative genomics approaches to recognize such functional RNAs [ 10 - 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Conclusions PDAC precursors with gastric and intestinal phenotype are heterogeneous in terms of morphology, genetic and epigenetic profile. (bmj.com)

Rapid degradation of condensin I and condensin II - two essential regulators of mitotic chromosome structure - revealed that both complexes are individually required for cell division in precursor lymphocytes, but not in their differentiated peripheral lymphocyte derivatives. (elifesciences.org)

Anatomy31

Organisms17

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes73

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

In vivo expression of the nucleolar group I intron-encoded I-dirI homing endonuclease involves the removal of a spliceosomal intron. (1/3744)

A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (2/3744)

Selection and characterization of pre-mRNA splicing enhancers: identification of novel SR protein-specific enhancer sequences. (3/3744)

Substrate specificities of SR proteins in constitutive splicing are determined by their RNA recognition motifs and composite pre-mRNA exonic elements. (4/3744)

A novel genetic screen for snRNP assembly factors in yeast identifies a conserved protein, Sad1p, also required for pre-mRNA splicing. (5/3744)

Pseudouridine mapping in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spliceosomal U small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) reveals that pseudouridine synthase pus1p exhibits a dual substrate specificity for U2 snRNA and tRNA. (6/3744)

p53 represses ribosomal gene transcription. (7/3744)

The C-terminal region of hPrp8 interacts with the conserved GU dinucleotide at the 5' splice site. (8/3744)

RNA Precursors

Nucleic Acid Precursors

RNA

RNA, Ribosomal

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional

RNA Splicing

RNA, Viral

RNA, Small Interfering

Protein Precursors

RNA, Messenger

Base Sequence

RNA, Bacterial

RNA, Small Nuclear

RNA, Transfer

RNA Editing

RNA, Transfer, His

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Endoribonucleases

Molecular Sequence Data

Cell Nucleolus

RNA, Fungal

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases

RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear

Uridine

Ribonuclease III

Transcription, Genetic

RNA, Small Nucleolar

Formycins

Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase

Ribonucleases

RNA Interference

RNA Viruses

Ribonucleoproteins

Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor

RNA, Double-Stranded

Cell Nucleus

Escherichia coli

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Poly A

RNA, Catalytic

Mutation

Kinetics

RNA Folding

RNA Polymerase II

Tritium

Endonucleases

Molecular Weight

HeLa Cells

Cell Line

Ribosomes

Enzyme Precursors

RNA Helicases

RNA Stability

RNA, Antisense

Amino Acid Sequence

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Plasmids

Genes

DNA

RNA, Untranslated

Blotting, Northern

Substrate Specificity

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

RNA Caps

Sequence Analysis, RNA

RNA, Plant

Escherichia coli Proteins

DNA Restriction Enzymes

RNA, Protozoan

RNA, Neoplasm

RNA Ligase (ATP)

DEAD-box RNA Helicases

Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases

Cell Differentiation

Protein Biosynthesis

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

RNA Polymerase III

RNA Polymerase I

Cells, Cultured

RNA, Nuclear