Rna messenger. Medical search

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.

Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.

A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.

RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.

Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).

Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)

A reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of RNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic.

Short RNA, about 200 base pairs in length or shorter, that does not code for protein.

Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

Small RNAs found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC).

The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A class of untranslated RNA molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, CHROMATIN REMODELING, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin.

Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.

A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Messenger RNA that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. Distinguish from RNA, UNTRANSLATED which refers to non-messenger RNA, i.e. RNA that does not code for protein.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.

Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.

Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.

Sequences within RNA that regulate the processing, stability (RNA STABILITY) or translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNA.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.-

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/126162)

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (2/126162)

The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region. (+info)

Difference between mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin and primiparous mice. (3/126162)

Mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin mice are similar to those from primiparous mice in several respects. However, there is one known difference. The cells from the mature virgin must traverse the cell cycle in order to become competent to make casein and enzymatically active alpha-lactalbumin in vitro; those from the primiparous animal can make these proteins without first traversing the cycle. In this regard, cells from human placental lactogen- and prolactin-treated mature virgins are, after involution, similar to those from primiparous mice. The developemental block in the cells from the mature virgin, imposed by preventing cell cycle traversal, has been partially delineated. It does not appear to reside at the levels of ultrastructural maturation or the formation of casein messenger RNA. Rather, the lesion is postranscriptional and may be at the level of translation, or posttranslational modification, or both. (+info)

Factor VII deficiency rescues the intrauterine lethality in mice associated with a tissue factor pathway inhibitor deficit. (4/126162)

Mice doubly heterozygous for a modified tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) allele (tfpi delta) lacking its Kunitz-type domain-1 (TFPI+/delta) and for a deficiency of the factor VII gene (FVII+/-) were mated to generate 309 postnatal and 205 embryonic day 17.5 (E17. 5) offspring having all the predicted genotypic combinations. Progeny singly homozygous for the tfpidelta modification but with the wild-type fVII allele (FVII+/+/TFPIdelta/delta), and mice singly homozygous for the fVII deficiency and possessing the wild-type tfpi allele (FVII-/-/TFPI+/+), displayed previously detailed phenotypes (i.e., a high percentage of early embryonic lethality at E9.5 or normal development with severe perinatal bleeding, respectively). Surprisingly, mice of the combined FVII-/-/TFPIdelta/delta genotype were born at the expected mendelian frequency but suffered the fatal perinatal bleeding associated with the FVII-/- genotype. Mice carrying the FVII+/-/TFPIdelta/delta genotype were also rescued from the lethality associated with the FVII+/+/TFPIdelta/delta genotype but succumbed to perinatal consumptive coagulopathy. Thus, the rescue of TFPIdelta/delta embryos, either by an accompanying homozygous or heterozygous FVII deficiency, suggests that diminishment of FVII activity precludes the need for TFPI-mediated inhibition of the FVIIa/tissue factor coagulation pathway during embryogenesis. Furthermore, the phenotypes of these combined deficiency states suggest that embryonic FVII is produced in mice as early as E9.5 and that any level of maternal FVII in early-stage embryos is insufficient to cause a coagulopathy in TFPIdelta/delta mice. (+info)

TIF1gamma, a novel member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 family. (5/126162)

We report the cloning and characterization of a novel member of the Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1 (TIF1) gene family, human TIF1gamma. Similar to TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, the structure of TIF1beta is characterized by multiple domains: RING finger, B boxes, Coiled coil, PHD/TTC, and bromodomain. Although structurally related to TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, TIF1gamma presents several functional differences. In contrast to TIF1alpha, but like TIF1beta, TIF1 does not interact with nuclear receptors in yeast two-hybrid or GST pull-down assays and does not interfere with retinoic acid response in transfected mammalian cells. Whereas TIF1alpha and TIF1beta were previously found to interact with the KRAB silencing domain of KOX1 and with the HP1alpha, MODI (HP1beta) and MOD2 (HP1gamma) heterochromatinic proteins, suggesting that they may participate in a complex involved in heterochromatin-induced gene repression, TIF1gamma does not interact with either the KRAB domain of KOX1 or the HP1 proteins. Nevertheless, TIF1gamma, like TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, exhibits a strong silencing activity when tethered to a promoter. Since deletion of a novel motif unique to the three TIF1 proteins, called TIF1 signature sequence (TSS), abrogates transcriptional repression by TIF1gamma, this motif likely participates in TIF1 dependent repression. (+info)

Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. (6/126162)

Previously we demonstrated the expression of the long form of the leptin receptor in rodent pancreatic beta-cells and an inhibition of insulin secretion by leptin via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Here we examine pancreatic islets isolated from pancreata of human donors for their responses to leptin. The presence of leptin receptors on islet beta-cells was demonstrated by double fluorescence confocal microscopy after binding of a fluorescent derivative of human leptin (Cy3-leptin). Leptin (6.25 nM) suppressed insulin secretion of normal islets by 20% at 5.6 mM glucose. Intracellular calcium responses to 16.7 mM glucose were rapidly reduced by leptin. Proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in islets was inhibited by leptin at 11.1 mM, but not at 5.6 mM glucose. Leptin also reduced proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid levels that were increased in islets by treatment with 10 nM glucagon-like peptide-1 in the presence of either 5.6 or 11.1 mM glucose. These findings demonstrate direct suppressive effects of leptin on insulin-producing beta-cells in human islets at the levels of both stimulus-secretion coupling and gene expression. The findings also further indicate the existence of an adipoinsular axis in humans in which insulin stimulates leptin production in adipocytes and leptin inhibits the production of insulin in beta-cells. We suggest that dysregulation of the adipoinsular axis in obese individuals due to defective leptin reception by beta-cells may result in chronic hyperinsulinemia and may contribute to the pathogenesis of adipogenic diabetes. (+info)

Differential stability of the DNA-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit mRNA in human glioma cells. (7/126162)

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) functions in double-strand break repair and immunoglobulin [V(D)J] recombination. We previously established a radiation-sensitive human cell line, M059J, derived from a malignant glioma, which lacks the catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) of the DNA-PK multiprotein complex. Although previous Northern blot analysis failed to detect the DNA-PKcs transcript in these cells, we show here through quantitative studies that the transcript is present, albeit at greatly reduced (approximately 20x) levels. Sequencing revealed no genetic alteration in either the promoter region, the kinase domain, or the 3' untranslated region of the DNA-PKcs gene to account for the reduced transcript levels. Nuclear run-on transcription assays indicated that the rate of DNA-PKcs transcription in M059J and DNA-PKcs proficient cell lines was similar, but the stability of the DNA-PKcs message in the M059J cell line was drastically (approximately 20x) reduced. Furthermore, M059J cells lack an alternately spliced DNA-PKcs transcript that accounts for a minor (5-20%) proportion of the DNA-PKcs message in all other cell lines tested. Thus, alterations in DNA-PKcs mRNA stability and/or the lack of the alternate mRNA may result in the loss of DNA-PKcs activity. This finding has important implications as DNA-PKcs activity is essential to cells repairing damage induced by radiation or radiomimetric agents. (+info)

Alternative sulfonylurea receptor expression defines metabolic sensitivity of K-ATP channels in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. (8/126162)

ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels couple the metabolic state to cellular excitability in various tissues. Several isoforms of the K-ATP channel subunits, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) and inwardly rectifying K channel (Kir6.X), have been cloned, but the molecular composition and functional diversity of native neuronal K-ATP channels remain unresolved. We combined functional analysis of K-ATP channels with expression profiling of K-ATP subunits at the level of single substantia nigra (SN) neurons in mouse brain slices using an RT-multiplex PCR protocol. In contrast to GABAergic neurons, single dopaminergic SN neurons displayed alternative co-expression of either SUR1, SUR2B or both SUR isoforms with Kir6.2. Dopaminergic SN neurons expressed alternative K-ATP channel species distinguished by significant differences in sulfonylurea affinity and metabolic sensitivity. In single dopaminergic SN neurons, co-expression of SUR1 + Kir6.2, but not of SUR2B + Kir6.2, correlated with functional K-ATP channels highly sensitive to metabolic inhibition. In contrast to wild-type, surviving dopaminergic SN neurons of homozygous weaver mouse exclusively expressed SUR1 + Kir6.2 during the active period of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Therefore, alternative expression of K-ATP channel subunits defines the differential response to metabolic stress and constitutes a novel candidate mechanism for the differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in response to respiratory chain dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. (+info)

1. Influenza (flu): Caused by the influenza virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
2. HIV/AIDS: Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is an RNA virus that attacks the body's immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
3. Hepatitis B: Caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is an RNA virus that infects the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cancer.
4. Measles: Caused by the measles virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause fever, cough, and a rash.
5. Rabies: Caused by the rabies virus, which is an RNA virus that attacks the central nervous system and can cause brain damage and death.
6. Ebola: Caused by the Ebola virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the blood vessels and can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding.
7. SARS-CoV-2: Caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause COVID-19.

RNA virus infections are often difficult to treat and can be highly contagious, so it's important to take precautions to prevent transmission and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Krebs 2 carcinoma is considered to be an aggressive form of cancer, and it is often difficult to treat successfully. It can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the liver, bones, and brain.

The following are some of the key features of Krebs 2 carcinoma:

1. KRAS mutations: The presence of a specific mutation in the KRAS gene is used to diagnose Krebs 2 carcinoma. This mutation can be found in approximately 20-30% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs).
2. Aggressive behavior: Krebs 2 carcinoma is an aggressive form of cancer that tends to grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body.
3. Limited treatment options: There are limited treatment options for Krebs 2 carcinoma, particularly if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Surgery may be possible in some cases, but chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often used as well.
4. Poor prognosis: The prognosis for patients with Krebs 2 carcinoma is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%.
5. Genetic heterogeneity: Krebs 2 carcinoma can be genetically heterogeneous, meaning that there can be a range of different mutations present in the cancer cells. This can make it difficult to develop effective treatments for the disease.

Overall, Krebs 2 carcinoma is an aggressive and difficult-to-treat form of cancer that affects the lungs. It is characterized by KRAS mutations and limited treatment options, and has a poor prognosis.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

Word count: 190

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

There are two main types of thalassemia: alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia. Alpha-thalassemia is caused by abnormalities in the production of the alpha-globin chain, which is one of the two chains that make up hemoglobin. Beta-thalassemia is caused by abnormalities in the production of the beta-globin chain.

Thalassemia can cause a range of symptoms, including anemia, fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as heart failure, liver failure, and bone deformities. Thalassemia is usually diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of hemoglobin and other proteins in the blood.

There is no cure for thalassemia, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the severity of anemia. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Preventive measures for thalassemia include genetic counseling and testing for individuals who are at risk of inheriting the disorder. Prenatal testing is also available for pregnant women who are carriers of the disorder. In addition, individuals with thalassemia should avoid marriage within their own family or community to reduce the risk of passing on the disorder to their children.

Overall, thalassemia is a serious and inherited blood disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. However, with proper treatment and management, individuals with thalassemia can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risk of complications.

The term "Sarcoma 180" was coined by a German surgeon named Otto Kunkel in the early 20th century. He described this type of cancer as a highly malignant tumor that grows slowly but is resistant to treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The exact cause of Sarcoma 180 is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. The disease typically affects middle-aged adults and is more common in men than women.

The symptoms of Sarcoma 180 can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body and be fatal.

Treatment for Sarcoma 180 usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.

In summary, Sarcoma 180 is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects connective tissue and has a poor prognosis. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of this condition and its symptoms in order to provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

Neuroblastoma is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development and growth of nerve cells. The cancerous cells are often sensitive to chemotherapy, but they can be difficult to remove surgically because they are deeply embedded in the nervous system.

There are several different types of neuroblastoma, including:

1. Infantile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children under the age of one and is often more aggressive than other types of the cancer.
2. Juvenile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children between the ages of one and five and tends to be less aggressive than infantile neuroblastoma.
3. Adult neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in adults and is rare.
4. Metastatic neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver.

Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Bone pain
* Swelling in the abdomen or neck
* Constipation
* Increased heart rate

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for neuroblastoma usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for neuroblastoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the age of the child, and the stage of the disease. In general, the younger the child and the more aggressive the treatment, the better the prognosis.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:

1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several symptoms of RA, including:

1. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet
2. Swollen and warm joints
3. Redness and tenderness in the affected areas
4. Fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite
5. Loss of range of motion in the affected joints
6. Firm bumps of tissue under the skin (rheumatoid nodules)

RA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and physical therapy can also be helpful in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

There is no cure for RA, but early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Types of experimental neoplasms include:

* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.

The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.

Viremia is a condition where the virus is present in the bloodstream, outside of infected cells or tissues. This can occur during the acute phase of an infection, when the virus is actively replicating and spreading throughout the body. Viremia can also be seen in chronic infections, where the virus may persist in the blood for longer periods of time.

In some cases, viremia can lead to the development of antibodies against the virus, which can help to neutralize it and prevent its spread. However, if the viremia is not controlled, it can cause serious complications, such as sepsis or organ damage.

Diagnosis of viremia typically involves laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which can detect the presence of virus in the blood. Treatment of viremia depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of any related complications.

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

Plasmacytoma is a type of plasma cell dyscrasia, which is a group of diseases that affect the production and function of plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infections. In plasmacytoma, the abnormal plasma cells grow and multiply out of control, leading to a tumor.

There are several subtypes of plasmacytoma, including:

* solitary plasmacytoma: A single tumor that occurs in one location.
* multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the bones and is characterized by an overgrowth of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow.
* extramedullary plasmacytoma: A tumor that occurs outside of the bone marrow, such as in soft tissue or organs.

Plasmacytoma is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and biopsy. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to destroy the abnormal cells. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor.

Plasmacytoma is a relatively rare cancer, but it can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if left untreated. It is important for patients with symptoms of plasmacytoma to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that typically are partially complementary to sequences in metazoan messenger RNAs. Binding ... A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m7G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has ... that are targeted to specific messenger RNAs by a combination of cis-regulatory sequences on the RNA and trans-acting RNA- ... In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA

... , often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and ... Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription known as precursor messenger RNA, mature mRNA consists exclusively of ... RNA splicing removes the non-coding RNA introns leaving behind the exons, which are then spliced and joined together to form ... ", "mature RNA" or "mRNA". The production of a mature mRNA molecule occurs in 3 steps: During capping, a 7-methylguanosine ...

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Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle Messenger RNA Precursor mRNA Hieronymus, Haley; Pamela A. Silver (2004-12-01). "A ... Messenger RNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) is mRNA with bound proteins. mRNA does not exist "naked" in vivo but is always ... When mRNA is being synthesized by RNA polymerase, this nascent mRNA is already bound by RNA 5′ end 7-methyl-guanosine capping ... Spirin, Alexander (March 1979). "Messenger ribonucleoproteins (informosomes) and RNA-binding proteins". Molecular Biology ...

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RNA vaccines often, but not always, use nucleoside-modified messenger RNA. The delivery of mRNA is achieved by a coformulation ... When introduced into human tissue, the vaccine contains either self-replicating RNA or messenger RNA (mRNA), which both cause ... Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H (October 2019). "Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development". Nano Today ... Platforms developed in 2020 involved nucleic acid technologies (nucleoside-modified messenger RNA and DNA), non-replicating ...

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... is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed ... Eukaryotes splice many protein-coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, splice rarely ... Eul J, Patzel V (Oct 2013). "Homologous SV40 RNA trans-splicing". RNA Biology. 10 (11): 1689-1699. doi:10.4161/rna.26707. PMID ... This results in a mature messenger RNA with a missing section of an exon. In this way, a point mutation, which might otherwise ...

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A case-control study of hospitalized patients found that the blood plasma levels of CMTM5 protein and CMTM5 messenger RNA (i.e ...

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... using the sequence information in a messenger RNA. Nucleotides are made from amino acids, carbon dioxide and formic acid in ... Many viruses have an RNA genome, such as HIV, which uses reverse transcription to create a DNA template from its viral RNA ... RNA in ribozymes such as spliceosomes and ribosomes is similar to enzymes as it can catalyze chemical reactions. Individual ... The two nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are polymers of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a ...

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The superinduced human beta interferon messenger RNA was prepared by Tan's lab for Cetus corp. to clone the human beta ... Some viruses can encode proteins that bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to prevent the activity of RNA-dependent protein ... clinical trials and the preparation of small amounts of interferon messenger RNA to clone the human alpha and beta interferon ... RNA interference technology tools such as siRNA or vector-based reagents can either silence or stimulate interferon pathways. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

This binding in turn results in an inhibition of translation of the target protein or degradation of the target messenger RNA. ... the total number of RNA domains in the clan is 112. miR-137 is located on chromosome 1p22 within the non-protein-coding RNA ... miR-137 belongs to the miR-137 clan (a clan is group of two or more RNA families that have arisen from a single evolutionary ... In molecular biology, miR-137 (or microRNA-137) is a short non-coding RNA molecule that functions to regulate the expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNAs RNA polymerase II: transcribes genes encoding messenger RNA and certain small nuclear RNAs and ... microRNA RNA polymerase III: transcribes genes encoding transfer RNA, 5s ribosomal RNAs and other small RNAs General ... An activated enhancer begins transcription of its RNA before activating a promoter to initiate transcription of messenger RNA ... For transcription to take place, the enzyme that synthesizes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

... non-messenger RNAs in mouse". The EMBO Journal. 20 (11): 2943-2953. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.11.2943. PMC 125495. PMID 11387227. ... It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA. SNORD111 belongs to the C/D box class ... Page for Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD111 at Rfam Entry for SNORD111 at snoRNABase v t e (GO template errors, Non-coding RNA, All ... In molecular biology, Small Nucleolar RNA SNORD111 (also known as HBII-82) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA_SNORD111

... cell cycle regulation and subnuclear organisation of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing. SON contains various domains such as ... Aberrant SON-mediated RNA splicing results from the accumulation of mis-spliced transcripts. The mis-spliced RNA products are ... In wild-type ESCs, SON binding to the RNA transcripts of pluripotency regulating genes such as PRDM14 and OCT4 results in ... RNA analyses from affected individuals with ZTTK syndrome confirmed the downregulation of genes essential for neuronal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTTK_syndrome

"Entrez Gene: RBMX RNA binding motif protein, X-linked". Hofmann Y, Wirth B (Aug 2002). "hnRNP-G promotes exon 7 inclusion of ... "A receptor for activated C kinase is part of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes associated with polyA-mRNAs in neurons". The ... RNA. 8 (4): 426-39. doi:10.1017/S1355838202021088. PMC 1370266. PMID 11991638. Hofmann Y, Wirth B (Aug 2002). "hnRNP-G promotes ... a novel relative of SAM68 that interacts with an RNA-binding protein implicated in spermatogenesis". Human Molecular Genetics. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBMX

... the part of a gene that is likely to contain the sequence for the messenger RNA and protein, to be cloned and expressed as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomics

It is most commonly used as a co-factor in eukaryotes and functions as an important functional key in enzymes like RNA ... Magnesium has also been noted as a possible secondary messenger for neural transmissions. Magnesium acts as an allosteric ... Feig AL, Uhlenbeck OC (1999). "The role of metal ions in RNA biochemistry" (PDF). Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Series. 37: 287- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology)

In most cases eukaryotic pre-messenger(m)RNA 3 prime ends are processed in two coordinated steps. First there is a site- ... 1996). "The RNA 3' cleavage factors CstF 64 kDa and CPSF 100 kDa are concentrated in nuclear domains closely associated with ... 2005). "Human Fip1 is a subunit of CPSF that binds to U-rich RNA elements and stimulates poly(A) polymerase". EMBO J. 23 (3): ... 1997). "The C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II couples mRNA processing to transcription". Nature. 385 (6614): 357-61. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPSF1

... it causes synthesis of messenger RNA, while when one is turned off, a protein must bind to the gene. He was posthumously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Novick

SXL regulates pre-messenger RNA in males to differentially splice MSLs and result in the appropriate increase in X chromosome ... Female embryos have an accumulation of Xist RNA on one of the two X chromosomes, beginning around the 8-cell stage. Xist RNA ... One example is MHM (male hypermethylated) RNA, an Xist-like long noncoding RNA that is expressed only in female chickens (ZW). ... Xist RNA is tightly associated with the Xi and it is required for X Chromosome Inactivation to occur in cis. Knockout studies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation

December 1999). "Guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA is a biomarker for recurrent stage II colorectal cancer". Annals of Internal ... In biology, a probe is a single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of interest. RNA probes can ... This technique is sometimes called "break-apart FISH". Single-molecule RNA FISH, also known as Stellaris® RNA FISH or smFISH, ... June 2011). "Precursor miR-886, a novel noncoding RNA repressed in cancer, associates with PKR and modulates its activity". RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

The creation of proteins involve messenger RNA molecules from the genes encoded within DNA. Both the generation of RNA and ... Vogel has shown that both processes, the generation of RNA and the arrangement of RNA into proteins, are important. She ... demonstrated that the process of generating RNA from DNA is pulsed-like: brief spikes of activity that relax to a ground state ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Vogel

... non-messenger RNAs in mouse". The EMBO Journal. 20 (11): 2943-53. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.11.2943. PMC 125495. PMID 11387227. Page ... It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA". ACA57 was originally cloned from a ... In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 (also known as U99 and MBI-64) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which ... for Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 at Rfam Entry for U99 at snoRNABase v t e (GO template errors, Small nuclear RNA, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA_SNORA57

RNA - RNA virus - RNA-binding protein - RNA-directed DNA polymerase - rod outer segment - rough ER sarcoplasmic reticulum - ... satellite DNA - scientific notation - SDS-PAGE - second messenger - second messenger system - secondary structure - secretin - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Her prior research suggested that messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding S protein could be used to excite the immune response to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett

Additional proteins including RNA polymerase are then recruited to the NR/DNA complex that transcribe DNA into messenger RNA. ... The nuclear receptor/DNA complex then recruits other proteins that transcribe DNA downstream from the HRE into messenger RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor

This enzyme is part of the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and when methotrexate binds the enzyme, it renders it inactive, so that it ... Any metabolic or chemical messenger system can potentially be affected by this principle, but several classes of competitive ... cannot synthesize DNA and RNA. The cancer cells are thus unable to grow and divide. Another example: prostaglandin are made in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_inhibition

... non-messenger RNAs in mouse". The EMBO Journal. 20 (11): 2943-53. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.11.2943. PMC 125495. PMID 11387227. ... Page for Small nucleolar RNA SNORA62 at Rfam v t e (GO template errors, Small nuclear RNA, All stub articles, Molecular and ... Mishra RK, Eliceiri GL (May 1997). "Three small nucleolar RNAs that are involved in ribosomal RNA precursor processing". ... In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA62 (E2) belongs to the H/ACA class of snoRNAs. E2 is involved in the processing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA_SNORA62

... the viral L protein is also thought to have an endonuclease activity that cleaves cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for the ... The L segment, 6.8-12 kb in length, encodes the L protein which functions primarily as the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ... RNAs suggest a prime-and-realign mechanism for the initiation of RNA synthesis". Journal of Virology. 69 (9): 5754-5762. doi: ... The virally encoded RNA polymerase is also found in the interior. By mass, the virion is greater than 50% protein, 20-30% lipid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus

"MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations". MESSENGER Mission News. September 30, 2009. Archived ... American biochemist who discovered transfer RNA (tRNA) (b. 1921). 6 October - Ruth L. Kirschstein, American pathologist and ... 29 September - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its final flyby of Mercury, decreasing velocity enough for its orbital capture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_science

Messenger RNA Levels in Skeletal and Smooth Muscles: The objective of this experiment was to measure certain messenger RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_2044

"Global gene expression analysis of the living human fetus using cell-free messenger RNA in amniotic fluid". JAMA. 293 (7): 836- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_W._Bianchi

... and are able to initiate translation in the middle of a messenger RNA. The viral particle binds to cell surface receptors. Cell ... strand RNA genome is replicated through a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is formed using viral RNA-dependent RNA ... Genomic RNAs of picornaviruses possess multiple RNA elements, and they are required for both negative- and positive-strand RNA ... The genome RNA is unusual because it has a protein on the 5' end that is used as a primer for transcription by RNA polymerase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus

Sakakibara M, Mukai T, Hori K (1985). "Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone for human aldolase: a messenger RNA in the liver". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase_A

Therefore, to avoid cell death, a transfer messenger RNA (ssrA) tag was included in the plasmid downstream of the cas9 gene. In ... In DNA replication, RNA primers must be inserted along the lagging strand so that DNA polymerase is able to synthesize the ... Jiang, Wenyan; Bikard, David; Cox, David; Zhang, Feng; Marraffini, Luciano A. (2013-03-01). "RNA-guided editing of bacterial ... called single guide RNA (sgRNA). After expression is induced, Cas9 is able to identify the target DNA sequence of the cellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-SCAR_(Scarless_Cas9_Assisted_Recombineering)_Genome_Editing

The main, universal system involves transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and SmpB. The tRNA first binds to the ribosome like a tRNA, ... Pseudobase Recode (RNA, Gene expression, Cis-regulatory RNA elements, Molecular genetics). ... Kontos H, Napthine S, Brierley I (December 2001). "Ribosomal pausing at a frameshifter RNA pseudoknot is sensitive to reading ... Somogyi P, Jenner AJ, Brierley I, Inglis SC (November 1993). "Ribosomal pausing during translation of an RNA pseudoknot". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_pause

The rs1050891 (939A>G, 3′-UTR) variant leads to increased enzymatic activity (messenger RNA stability), while rs758252808 (c. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_N-methyltransferase

PRO-MERIT (Prostate Cancer Messenger RNA Immunotherapy) (PRO-MERIT). The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... BNT112 consists of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA [or RNA]) targeting 5 antigens expressed in de novo and metastatic prostate ... The RNA-LPX cancer vaccine induces activation of both the adaptive immune system (vaccine antigen-specific CD8+/CD4+ T cell) as ... The RNA molecules are immune-pharmacologically optimized for high stability, translational efficiency and presentation on major ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04382898

Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mothers Milk Jennifer M Nelson 1 , Katherine E Fleming-Dutra 2 , Dana Meaney-Delman 3 ... Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mothers Milk Jennifer M Nelson et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2023. . ... Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mothers Milk-Reply. Hanna N, Clauss C, Krilov LR. Hanna N, et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Apr 1;177(4):439 ... Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mothers Milk-Reply. Hanna N, Clauss C, Krilov LR. Hanna N, et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Apr 1;177(4):439 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36805617

To investigate the effect of RNA oxidation on normal cellular functions, we studied the translation of nonoxidized and oxidized ... Oxidized messenger RNA induces translation errors Mikiei Tanaka et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007. . ... Oxidized messenger RNA induces translation errors Mikiei Tanaka 1 , P Boon Chock, Earl R Stadtman ... Ono H, Saito H. Ono H, et al. RNA Biol. 2023 Jan;20(1):588-602. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2244791. RNA Biol. 2023. PMID: ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17190801

... messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from rat brains or from cat muscles was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. This led to the ... Poly(A)+ messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from rat brains or from cat muscles was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. This led ... Voltage-Operated Channels Induced by Foreign Messenger RNA in Xenopus Oocytes *Gundersen, C. B. ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983RSPSB.220..131G/abstract

To Collaborate With Karolinska Institute And Karolinska University Hospital On Discovery Of New Messenger RNA Therapeutics™ - ... Moderna is pioneering messenger RNA Therapeutics, an entirely new in vivo drug technology that produces human proteins or ... To Collaborate With Karolinska Institute And Karolinska University Hospital On Discovery Of New Messenger RNA Therapeutics™. ... for the discovery and development of innovative drugs using Modernas messenger RNA (mRNA) Therapeutics technology. mRNA ...

https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/moderna-therapeutics-inc-to-collaborate-with-karolinska-institute-and-karolinska-university-hospital-on-discovery-of-new-messenger-rna-therapeutics-/?keywords=moderna

Messenger RNA - a novel approach for coronavirus vaccines In late 2019 a new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 appeared in East ... Messenger RNA. The first two vaccines approved in Canada, the United States and many high-income countries are made by Moderna ... Book traversal links for Messenger RNA - a novel approach for coronavirus vaccines. Previous ... Scientists with these companies have used a technology not previously used in vaccines called messenger RNA (mRNA). This type ...

https://www.catie.ca/treatmentupdate-239/messenger-rna-a-novel-approach-for-coronavirus-vaccines

We examined the ability of lon antisense RNA to inhibit the production of endogenous lon protease and increase the protein ... USING ANTISENSE MESSENGER RNA TO DOWNREGULATE LON MEDIATED PROTEOLYSIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ... We examined the ability of lon antisense RNA to inhibit the production of endogenous lon protease and increase the protein ...

https://drum.lib.umd.edu/items/0d49bf8c-3157-4d80-982e-96e6860b3605

Real-world data on heterologous boosting with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination are ... and neutralizing antibody titers before and after messenger RNA-1273 booster dot plot showing before and after messenger RNA- ... and neutralizing antibody titers before and after messenger RNA-1273 booster dot plot showing before and after messenger RNA- ... and neutralizing antibody titers before and after messenger RNA-1273 booster dot plot showing before and after messenger RNA- ...

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/108/1/article-p115.xml?rskey=7SDI10&result=1

New Discoveries on the Function of Extracellular Messenger RNA. Professor Sachie Hiratsuka of the Institute for Biomedical ... and Molecular Biology at Shinshu University School of Medicine has newly discovered that extracellular messenger RNA (mRNA) of ...

https://www.shinshu-u.ac.jp/institution/ibs/english/topics/department-of-biotechnology/new-discoveries-on-the-functio.html

The Instant Messenger that used to connect to RNA Server Edition to allow users to create their own online chat networks. ... Gmail Instant Messenger, Myspace Instant Messenger, Nokia 3500c Instant Messenger, Google Instant Messenger, Gmail Instant ... Aol Instant Messenger 5.8, Soapbox Instant Messenger, Advanced Instant Messengers Pa, Facebook Mobile Instant Messenger, ... Understealth Instant Messenger 1.0. SNAPSHOT. The Instant Messenger that used to connect to RNA Server Edition to allow users ...

http://www.topshareware.com/Understealth-Instant-Messenger-download-13638.htm

CX-024414 (single-stranded, 5-capped messenger RNA (mRNA) produced using a cell-free in vitro transcription from the ... CX-024414 (single-stranded, 5-capped messenger RNA (mRNA) produced using a cell-free in vitro transcription from the ... CX-024414 (single-stranded, 5-capped messenger RNA (mRNA) produced using a cell-free in vitro transcription from the ...

https://www.medicines.ie/active-ingredients/cx-024414-single-stranded-5-capped-messenger-rna-mrna-produced-using-a-cell-free-in-vitro-transcription-from-the-corresponding-dna-templates-encoding-the-viral-spike-s-protein-of-sars-cov-2--25806

Mainly studied in non-coding RNAs, ribonucleoside modifications have more recently been described in messenger RNAs (mRNAs), ... Acetylation of cytidine in messenger RNA promotes translation efficiency. Friday, September 14, 2018. - Poster Session V ... Initially discovered in transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ac4C prevalence and locations transcriptome-wide has not ... Using a combination of chemical biology, RNA biology and antibody-based approaches, we identified N4-acetylcytidine as a novel ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2018/posters/acetylation-cytidine-messenger-rna-promotes-translation-efficiency

Nature Medicine Reports Elimination of Large Tumors in Mice by Messenger RNA-Encoded Bispecific Antibodies ... DNA, RNA & Cells. * Nature Medicine Reports Elimination of Large Tumors in Mice by Messenger RNA-Encoded Bispecific Antibodies ... RNA-Targeted Novel Drug Modalities Based on RNA Editing, Epitranscriptomics, Direct RNA Targeting, Splicing Modulation, ... RNA-Targeted Novel Drug Modalities Based on RNA Editing, Epitranscriptomics, Direct RNA Targeting, Splicing Modulation, ...

https://pipelinereview.com/index.php/2017061364945/DNA-RNA-and-Cells/Nature-Medicine-Reports-Elimination-of-Large-Tumors-in-Mice-by-Messenger-RNA-Encoded-Bispecific-Antibodies.html

Application of messenger RNA expression of Chromogranin A to a biological marker for the suicide/non-suicide discrimination. ... We investigated whether the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) of the chromogranin A (CgA) protein, which is a high sensitive ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-24590857/

Real-world data on heterologous boosting with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination are ... Antibody Responses and Reactogenicity of a Heterologous, Full-Dose Messenger RNA-1273 Booster in Heavily SARS-CoV-2-Exposed ... Antibody Responses and Reactogenicity of a Heterologous, Full-Dose Messenger RNA-1273 Booster in Heavily SARS-CoV-2-Exposed ... Real-world data on heterologous boosting with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination are ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/1311593?628f0838-05a1-11ee-9b15-0633602177b2

title = "Messenger RNA editing and the genetic code",. abstract = "Messenger RNA editing is defined as a process leading to ... keywords = "Apolipoprotein B, RNA modification, genetic code, messenger RNA editing, paramyxoviruses, plant mitochondria, ... Messenger RNA editing and the genetic code. / Cattaneo, R. In: Experientia, Vol. 46, No. 11-12, 12.1990, p. 1142-1148.. ... Messenger RNA editing is defined as a process leading to predetermined modifications of the coding region of a primary gene ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/messenger-rna-editing-and-the-genetic-code

... ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/11675018-942-two-messenger-rnas-and-five-isoforms-for-po66-cbp-a-galectin-8-homolog-in-a-human-lung-carcinoma-cell-line/

Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development and aging in rat. F Pagani, F Pagani ... F Pagani, L Zagato, C Vergani, G Casari, A Sidoli, F E Baralle; Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/113/5/1223/14153/Tissue-specific-splicing-pattern-of-fibronectin

... messenger RNA, Mount Sinai NIH Brain and Tissue Repository, prefrontal cortex, Religious Orders Study, RNA, RNA map, RNA ... messenger RNA, mRNA, muscle, muscular dystrophy, RNA, RNA sequencing, single-cell analysis, single-cell RNA sequencing ... Tags: angiogenesis, blood vessels, breast cancer, cancer, endothelial cells, messenger RNA, MicroRNA, miR-30c, oncology, RNA, ... you knew which kinds of letters to program into the messenger RNA vaccine. Would you explain how this vaccine, its messenger ...

https://directorsblog.nih.gov/tag/messenger-rna/

Distinguish from RNA, UNTRANSLATED which refers to non-messenger RNA, i.e. RNA that does not code for protein. ... Messenger, Stored" by people in this website by year, and whether "RNA, Messenger, Stored" was a major or minor topic of these ... "RNA, Messenger, Stored" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Messenger RNA that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/24257

... by molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA molecules then travel to the cytoplasm, where they act as templates for protein ...

https://www.einsteinmed.edu/research-briefs/2457/imaging-the-life-cycle-of-messenger-rna/

RNA, Messenger. Genre(s):. Archival Materials. Articles. Copyright:. The National Library of Medicine believes this item to be ... Messenger RNA: An Evaluation. Contributor(s):. Singer, Maxine. Leder, Philip. Annual Review of Biochemistry. Publication:. ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584644X281-doc

https://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101584644X281

Normal expression of proteins derived from spliced messenger RNAs. Sidney Strickland*, Robert A. Lamb. *Corresponding author ... Normal expression of proteins derived from spliced messenger RNAs. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/infection-of-mouse-teratocarcinoma-stem-cells-with-influenza-viru/fingerprints/

Selective elimination of messenger RNA prevents an incidence of untimely meiosis」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。 ... These messenger RNAs contain a cis-acting region - which we call the DSR - that confers this removal via binding to a YTH- ... These messenger RNAs contain a cis-acting region - which we call the DSR - that confers this removal via binding to a YTH- ... These messenger RNAs contain a cis-acting region - which we call the DSR -

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/selective-elimination-of-messenger-rna-prevents-an-incidence-of-u

Comprehensive RNA-Seq-based study and metabolite profiling to identify genes involved in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Linum ... A tool for optimizing messenger RNA sequence *Anna K. Blakney. Nature * News & Views , 29 May 2023. ...

https://www.nature.com/subjects/biotechnology?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d062e015-ae9f-47a5-a8f9-ef20bfc92321

RNA, Messenger - Codon, Terminator PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * Potential limitations of ... Suppression of eukaryotic translation termination by selected RNAs Journal Article * Suppression of nonsense mutations in cell ... RNA, Messenger - Codon PubMed MeSh Term narrower concept * RNA, Messenger - Codon, Nonsense PubMed MeSh Term ...

https://vivo.colorado.edu/display/meshid_D13.444.735.544.355.250

Messenger RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.. Topol, Eric J. Cell ; 184(6): 1401, 2021 03 18. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-33740443

MRNA Vaccines Protein Molecules TRNA Induces Moderna Heterologous Gene Expression Precursor Genetic Sequence Proteins Viruses Cells Genes Modifications Profiles Cell Subject Translation Study Delivery Time Topic Recent Make

BNT112 consists of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA [or RNA]) targeting 5 antigens expressed in de novo and metastatic prostate cancer that are separately complexed with liposomes to form serum-stable RNA lipoplexes (RNA-LPX). (clinicaltrials.gov)
To investigate the effect of RNA oxidation on normal cellular functions, we studied the translation of nonoxidized and oxidized luciferase mRNA in both rabbit reticulocyte lysate and human HEK293 cells. (nih.gov)
Poly(A) + messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from rat brains or from cat muscles was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. (harvard.edu)
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. and STOCKHOLM, Sweden , Oct. 16, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Moderna Therapeutics today announced a strategic, long-term collaboration with Karolinska Institutet (KI) and Karolinska University Hospital (KUH) for the discovery and development of innovative drugs using Moderna's messenger RNA (mRNA) Therapeutics technology. (biospace.com)
Scientists with these companies have used a technology not previously used in vaccines called messenger RNA (mRNA). (catie.ca)
Antispike binding antibody (Bab) titers before messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 booster and time since most recent "spike antigen exposure. (ajtmh.org)
Antispike binding antibody (Bab) titers before and after messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 booster. (ajtmh.org)
Professor Sachie Hiratsuka of the Institute for Biomedical Sciences/Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Shinshu University School of Medicine has newly discovered that extracellular messenger RNA (mRNA) of a particular sequence binds to receptors on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and becomes internalized into the nucleus. (shinshu-u.ac.jp)
Using a combination of chemical biology, RNA biology and antibody-based approaches, we identified N4-acetylcytidine as a novel mRNA modification that is catalyzed by the N-acetyltransferase enzyme NAT10. (nih.gov)
We investigated whether the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) of the chromogranin A (CgA) protein, which is a high sensitive marker of the psychological stress, improve precision of the suicide/non-suicide discrimination. (nii.ac.jp)
Real-world data on heterologous boosting with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination are limited. (ox.ac.uk)
Researchers use it to detect and analyze all the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules in a biological sample, in this case individual human cells from a wide range of tissues, organs, and individuals who voluntarily donated their tissues. (nih.gov)
In transcription, the protein-making information encoded in genes within a cell's nucleus is copied, or transcribed, by molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA). (einsteinmed.edu)

Detection of Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Human Breast Milk. (nih.gov)
Messenger RNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. (bvsalud.org)

This type of RNA encodes the instructions for making a key piece, or protein, of SARS-CoV-2. (catie.ca)
We examined the ability of lon antisense RNA to inhibit the production of endogenous lon protease and increase the protein yield and activity of a model recombinant protein, organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). (umd.edu)
RNA that does not code for protein. (uchicago.edu)
These messenger RNAs contain a cis-acting region - which we call the DSR - that confers this removal via binding to a YTH-family protein Mmi1. (elsevier.com)
Their experiments ultimately proved that messenger RNA, which transcribes genetic information from DNA, directs protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
Messenger RNA converts the information contained within DNA into a protein. (nih.gov)
2022. Bipartite interaction sites differentially modulate RNA-binding affinity of a protein complex essential for germline stem cell self-renewal. (nih.gov)

The RNA molecules are immune-pharmacologically optimized for high stability, translational efficiency and presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Initially discovered in transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ac4C prevalence and locations transcriptome-wide has not been studied. (nih.gov)

The RNA-LPX cancer vaccine induces activation of both the adaptive immune system (vaccine antigen-specific CD8+/CD4+ T cell) as well as the innate immune system (TLR7 agonism of single-stranded RNA). (clinicaltrials.gov)

Moderna is pioneering messenger RNA Therapeutics, an entirely new in vivo drug technology that produces human proteins or antibodies inside patient cells, which are in turn secreted or active intracellularly. (biospace.com)

Antibody Responses and Reactogenicity of a Heterologous, Full-Dose Messenger RNA-1273 Booster in Heavily SARS-CoV-2-Exposed CoronaVac-Vaccinated Health-Care Workers in Indonesia: A Real-World Observational Study. (ox.ac.uk)

These nanoformulations facilitate in vivo delivery, enabling gene suppression with small-interfering RNA, gene expression with messenger RNA, or permanent genetic editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. (nih.gov)

Tissue-specific splicing pattern of fibronectin messenger RNA precursor during development and aging in rat. (rupress.org)

Cattaneo, R 1990, ' Messenger RNA editing and the genetic code ', Experientia , vol. 46, no. 11-12, pp. 1142-1148. (elsevier.com)
Nirenberg's work with synthetic RNA and E. coli provided the basis for his genetic research in the early 1960s. (nih.gov)

Using their new pipeline, Regev and team built an atlas including more than 200,000 single-cell RNA sequence profiles from eight tissue types collected from 16 individuals. (nih.gov)

That is, messenger RNA transmits the DNA messages that prescribe the assembly of amino acids into the complex proteins that drive living processes. (nih.gov)
The unusually long messenger RNA forms clumps inside the cell that interfere with the production of many other proteins. (medlineplus.gov)

Editing processes different from splicing have been defined in mammalian cells, in RNA viruses, and in mitochondria of trypanosomes, higher plants and vertebrates. (elsevier.com)

Similarly, when the researchers blocked the function of DENND1A.V2 in theca cells from women with PCOS, androgen levels in those cells dropped sharply, as did to the activity of other genes that make androgen and the levels of messenger RNA needed to produce androgens. (nih.gov)
The cells from women with PCOS also contained higher levels of the messenger RNA for DENND1A.V2. (nih.gov)

By quantifying these RNA messages, researchers can capture the thousands of genes that any given cell actively expresses at any one time. (nih.gov)
Comprehensive RNA-Seq-based study and metabolite profiling to identify genes involved in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Linum album Kotschy ex Boiss. (nature.com)

Ribonucleoside modifications expand the metabolic and regulatory functions of RNA. (nih.gov)
Mainly studied in non-coding RNAs, ribonucleoside modifications have more recently been described in messenger RNAs (mRNAs), where they form the basis of the epitranscriptome. (nih.gov)
Messenger RNA editing is defined as a process leading to predetermined modifications of the coding region of a primary gene transcript. (elsevier.com)

Below are the most recent publications written about "RNA, Messenger, Stored" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)

Two messenger RNAs and five isoforms for Po66-CBP, a galectin-8 homolog in a human lung carcinoma cell line. (nih.gov)
Among its many advances, Regev's team optimized single-cell RNA sequencing for use on cell nuclei isolated from frozen tissue. (nih.gov)

RNA, Messenger, Stored" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)

Messenger RNA that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. (uchicago.edu)

One or more doses of the messenger RNA shots increased the risk of the bleeding in women aged 12 to 74, Swedish researchers reported in the study, published on May 3 by the British Medical Journal . (dailyhonker.com)

Dan Anderson will describe his work on the combinatorial development of nanoparticulate, intracellular delivery systems for RNA therapy and gene editing. (nih.gov)
Nucleic acid delivery systems for RNA therapy and gene editing / Dan Anderson. (nih.gov)

use a hyphen in the term real-time, but do not use an en dash between reverse transcription and PCR. (cdc.gov)

RNA sequencing is a topic that's been mentioned frequently on this blog in a range of research areas, from neuroscience to skin rashes . (nih.gov)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "RNA, Messenger, Stored" by people in this website by year, and whether "RNA, Messenger, Stored" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)

Making the HCA possible are recent technological advances in RNA sequencing. (nih.gov)

Understealth Instant Messenger offers all of the necessary features to make communication on the internet as easy as possible. (topshareware.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms19

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes75

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (1/126162)

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (2/126162)

Difference between mammary epithelial cells from mature virgin and primiparous mice. (3/126162)

Factor VII deficiency rescues the intrauterine lethality in mice associated with a tissue factor pathway inhibitor deficit. (4/126162)

TIF1gamma, a novel member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 family. (5/126162)

Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. (6/126162)

Differential stability of the DNA-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit mRNA in human glioma cells. (7/126162)

Alternative sulfonylurea receptor expression defines metabolic sensitivity of K-ATP channels in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. (8/126162)

RNA, Messenger

RNA

RNA, Small Interfering

RNA, Viral

RNA Splicing

RNA Editing

Second Messenger Systems

RNA, Ribosomal

RNA, Bacterial

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases

RNA Interference

RNA Viruses

RNA, Double-Stranded

RNA, Catalytic

RNA Folding

RNA Polymerase II

RNA Stability

RNA, Fungal

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional

Base Sequence

RNA, Transfer

RNA, Antisense

RNA Helicases

Nucleic Acid Conformation

RNA Precursors

RNA, Small Nuclear

RNA, Untranslated

RNA Caps

Molecular Sequence Data

Protein Biosynthesis

RNA, Neoplasm

Sequence Analysis, RNA

RNA, Plant

RNA, Protozoan

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

RNA Ligase (ATP)

DEAD-box RNA Helicases

Poly A

RNA-Binding Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Polyribosomes

Transcription, Genetic

RNA Transport

RNA Polymerase III

Cell Line

RNA Polymerase I

RNA, Guide

RNA, Nuclear

Ribonucleoproteins

RNA, Ribosomal, 28S

RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mutation

Blotting, Northern

Escherichia coli

Gene Expression Regulation

DNA

Ribonucleases

Kinetics

RNA, Ribosomal, 23S

Cells, Cultured

Uridine

Oligoribonucleotides

Ribosomes

Gene Expression

RNA, Spliced Leader

RNA, Satellite

HeLa Cells

Cell-Free System

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Binding Sites

Protein Binding

Virus Replication

RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear

Signal Transduction

RNA, Archaeal

Cell Nucleus

Templates, Genetic

Polymerase Chain Reaction

RNA 3' End Processing