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Nucleic Acid ConformationRNARNA, Small InterferingRNA, ViralRNA EditingRNA SplicingRNA, RibosomalRNA, BacterialDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesRNA VirusesRNA InterferenceRNA, MessengerRNA, Double-StrandedRNA, CatalyticRNA FoldingRNA Polymerase IIRNA, FungalRNA StabilityRNA, AntisenseRNA HelicasesRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalRNA, TransferRNA, Small NuclearRNA PrecursorsRNA, UntranslatedBase SequenceRNA CapsSequence Analysis, RNARNA, PlantMolecular Sequence DataRNA, ProtozoanRNA, NeoplasmRNA Ligase (ATP)DEAD-box RNA HelicasesMutationRNA Polymerase IIIRNA Polymerase IRNA, NuclearRNA, GuideRNA, Ribosomal, 28SRNA, Ribosomal, 18SRNA, Ribosomal, 23SRNA-Binding ProteinsEscherichia coliRNA TransportCell LineRNA, Spliced LeaderRNA, SatelliteDNARNA, Ribosomal, 16SAmino Acid SequenceNucleic Acid HybridizationProtein BiosynthesisVirus ReplicationRNA, ArchaealTranscription, GeneticBinding SitesProtein BindingOligoribonucleotidesModels, MolecularHeLa CellsRNA CleavageKineticsRNA, Heterogeneous NuclearRNA, Small CytoplasmicTemplates, GeneticRibonucleoproteinsRibonucleasesRNA 3' End ProcessingGenome, ViralRNA, Small UntranslatedPromoter Regions, GeneticPoly APlasmidsRNA, Ribosomal, 5.8SSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCell NucleusRNA, Long NoncodingRNA, Small NucleolarDNA PrimersRNA Virus InfectionsUridineRNA, ComplementaryReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionTranscription FactorsBase PairingEndoribonucleasesGene Expression RegulationPolymerase Chain ReactionRNA, ChloroplastSingle-Strand Specific DNA and RNA EndonucleasesSequence Homology, Amino AcidProtein Structure, TertiaryOligonucleotidesDNA, ViralPhenotypePlant VirusesRNA, HelminthNucleic Acid DenaturationBlotting, Northern
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
RNA Editing
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
RNA Splicing
The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
RNA Viruses
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
RNA, Catalytic
RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.
RNA Folding
The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.
RNA Polymerase II
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA, Fungal
Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA Stability
The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.
RNA, Antisense
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
RNA Helicases
A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
RNA, Small Nuclear
Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.
RNA Precursors
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.
RNA, Untranslated
RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
RNA Caps
Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
Sequence Analysis, RNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
RNA, Plant
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA, Protozoan
Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA, Neoplasm
RNA present in neoplastic tissue.
RNA Ligase (ATP)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.
DEAD-box RNA Helicases
A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
RNA Polymerase III
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA Polymerase I
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA, Nuclear
RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.
RNA, Guide
Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
RNA, Ribosomal, 23S
Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
RNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
RNA Transport
The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
RNA, Spliced Leader
The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).
RNA, Satellite
Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Protein Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Virus Replication
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
RNA, Archaeal
Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Oligoribonucleotides
A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
RNA Cleavage
A reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of RNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear
Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.
RNA, Small Cytoplasmic
Small RNAs found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC).
Templates, Genetic
Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.
Ribonucleoproteins
Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).
Ribonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
RNA 3' End Processing
The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.
Genome, Viral
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
RNA, Small Untranslated
Short RNA, about 200 base pairs in length or shorter, that does not code for protein.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Poly A
A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
RNA, Long Noncoding
A class of untranslated RNA molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, CHROMATIN REMODELING, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin.
RNA, Small Nucleolar
Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.
DNA Primers
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
RNA Virus Infections
Uridine
RNA, Complementary
Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Transcription Factors
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
Base Pairing
Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.
Endoribonucleases
A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
RNA, Chloroplast
Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Oligonucleotides
Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Plant Viruses
Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
RNA, Helminth
Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Blotting, Northern
Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Double-Blind Method
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Gene Silencing
Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Ribosomes
Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
RNA, Transfer, Phe
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
Substrate Specificity
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
Recombinant Proteins
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
RNA, Transfer, Lys
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Nuclear Proteins
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
DNA, Complementary
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
5' Untranslated Regions
The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.
Genes
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Conserved Sequence
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Genes, Viral
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Mutagenesis
Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
3' Untranslated Regions
The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.
RNA, Transfer, Tyr
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Cytoplasm
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Models, Genetic
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
HIV-1
The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Mammalian staufen is a double-stranded-RNA- and tubulin-binding protein which localizes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (1/2793)

Staufen (Stau) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein involved in mRNA transport and localization in Drosophila. To understand the molecular mechanisms of mRNA transport in mammals, we cloned human (hStau) and mouse (mStau) staufen cDNAs. In humans, four transcripts arise by differential splicing of the Stau gene and code for two proteins with different N-terminal extremities. In vitro, hStau and mStau bind dsRNA via each of two full-length dsRNA-binding domains and tubulin via a region similar to the microtubule-binding domain of MAP-1B, suggesting that Stau cross-links cytoskeletal and RNA components. Immunofluorescent double labeling of transfected mammalian cells revealed that Stau is localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), implicating this RNA-binding protein in mRNA targeting to the RER, perhaps via a multistep process involving microtubules. These results are the first demonstration of the association of an RNA-binding protein in addition to ribosomal proteins, with the RER, implicating this class of proteins in the transport of RNA to its site of translation.  (+info)

RNA binding by the novel helical domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein requires its dimer structure and a small number of specific basic amino acids. (2/2793)

The RNA-binding/dimerization domain of the NS1 protein of influenza A virus (73 amino acids in length) exhibits a novel dimeric six-helical fold. It is not known how this domain binds to its specific RNA targets, one of which is double-stranded RNA. To elucidate the mode of RNA binding, we introduced single alanine replacements into the NS1 RNA-binding domain at specific positions in the three-dimensional structure. Our results indicate that the dimer structure is essential for RNA binding, because any alanine replacement that causes disruption of the dimer also leads to the loss of RNA-binding activity. Surprisingly, the arginine side chain at position 38, which is in the second helix of each monomer, is the only amino-acid side chain that is absolutely required only for RNA binding and not for dimerization, indicating that this side chain probably interacts directly with the RNA target. This interaction is primarily electrostatic, because replacement of this arginine with lysine had no effect on RNA binding. A second basic amino acid, the lysine at position 41, which is also in helix 2, makes a strong contribution to the affinity of binding. We conclude that helix 2 and helix 2', which are antiparallel and next to each other in the dimer conformation, constitute the interaction face between the NS1 RNA-binding domain and its RNA targets, and that the arginine side chain at position 38 and possibly the lysine side chain at position 41 in each of these antiparallel helices contact the phosphate backbone of the RNA target.  (+info)

Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (3/2793)

The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). This process is triggered by surface receptors specific for inflammatory cytokines or for conserved patterns characteristic of infectious agents. Here we show that human DCs are activated by influenza virus infection and by double-stranded (ds)RNA. This activation results not only in increased antigen presentation and T cell stimulatory capacity, but also in resistance to the cytopathic effect of the virus, mediated by the production of type I interferon, and upregulation of MxA. Because dsRNA stimulates both maturation and resistance, DCs can serve as altruistic antigen-presenting cells capable of sustaining viral antigen production while acquiring the capacity to trigger naive T cells and drive polarized T helper cell type 1 responses.  (+info)

Activation of target-tissue immune-recognition molecules by double-stranded polynucleotides. (4/2793)

Abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II in various tissues is associated with autoimmune disease. Autoimmune responses can be triggered by viral infections or tissue injuries. We show that the ability of a virus or a tissue injury to increase MHC gene expression is duplicated by any fragment of double-stranded (ds) DNA or dsRNA introduced into the cytoplasm of nonimmune cells. Activation is sequence-independent, is induced by ds polynucleotides as small as 25 bp in length, and is not duplicated by single-stranded polynucleotides. In addition to causing abnormal MHC expression, the ds nucleic acids increase the expression of genes necessary for antigen processing and presentation: proteasome proteins (e.g., LMP2), transporters of antigen peptides; invariant chain, HLA-DM, and the costimulatory molecule B7.1. The mechanism is different from and additive to that of gamma-interferon (gammaIFN), i.e., ds polynucleotides increase class I much more than class II, whereas gammaIFN increases class II more than class I. The ds nucleic acids also induce or activate Stat1, Stat3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-kappaB, the class II transactivator, RFX5, and the IFN regulatory factor 1 differently from gammaIFN. CpG residues are not responsible for this effect, and the action of the ds polynucleotides could be shown in a variety of cell types in addition to thyrocytes. We suggest that this phenomenon is a plausible mechanism that might explain how viral infection of tissues or tissue injury triggers autoimmune disease; it is potentially relevant to host immune responses induced during gene therapy.  (+info)

Molecular characterization of two endogenous double-stranded RNAs in rice and their inheritance by interspecific hybrids. (5/2793)

We completely sequenced 13,936 nucleotides (nt) of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of wild rice (W-dsRNA). A single long open reading frame (13,719 nt) containing the conserved motifs of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA helicase was located in the coding strand. The identity between entire nucleotide sequence of W-dsRNA and that of the dsRNA of temperate japonica rice (J-dsRNA, 13,952 nt) was 75.5%. A site-specific discontinuity (nick) was identified at nt 1,197 from the 5' end of the coding strand of W-dsRNA. This nick is also located at nt 1,211 from the 5' end in the coding strand of J-dsRNA. The dsRNA copy number was increased more than 10-fold in pollen grains of both rice plants. This remarkable increase may be responsible for the highly efficient transmission of J-dsRNA via pollen that we already reported. J-dsRNA and W-dsRNA were also efficiently transmitted to interspecific F1 hybrids. Seed-mediated dsRNA transmission to F2 plants was also highly efficient when the maternal parent was wild rice. The efficiency of dsRNA transmission to F2 plants was reduced when the maternal parent was temperate japonica rice; however, the reduced rates in F2 plants were returned to high levels in F3 plants.  (+info)

Precise packaging of the three genomic segments of the double-stranded-RNA bacteriophage phi6. (6/2793)

Bacteriophage phi6 has a genome of three segments of double-stranded RNA. Each virus particle contains one each of the three segments. Packaging is effected by the acquisition, in a serially dependent manner, of the plus strands of the genomic segments into empty procapsids. The empty procapsids are compressed in shape and expand during packaging. The packaging program involves discrete steps that are determined by the amount of RNA inside the procapsid. The steps involve the exposure and concealment of binding sites on the outer surface of the procapsid for the plus strands of the three genomic segments. The plus strand of segment S can be packaged alone, while packaging of the plus strand of segment M depends upon prior packaging of S. Packaging of the plus strand of L depends upon the prior packaging of M. Minus-strand synthesis begins when the particle has a full complement of plus strands. Plus-strand synthesis commences upon the completion of minus-strand synthesis. All of the reactions of packaging, minus-strand synthesis, and plus-strand synthesis can be accomplished in vitro with isolated procapsids. Live-virus constructions that are in accord with the model have been prepared. Mutant virus with changes in the packaging program have been isolated and analyzed.  (+info)

The complete genome sequence of the major component of a mild citrus tristeza virus isolate. (7/2793)

The genome of the Spanish mild isolate T385 of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was completely sequenced and compared with the genomes of the severe isolates T36 (Florida), VT (Israel) and SY568 (California). The genome of T385 was 19,259 nt in length, 37 nt shorter than the genome of T36, and 33 and 10 nt longer than those of VT and SY568, respectively, but their organization was identical. T385 had mean nucleotide identities of 81.3, 89.3 and 94% with T36, VT and SY568, respectively. The 3' UTR had over 97% identity in all isolates, whereas the 5' UTR of T385 had 67% identity with VT, 66.3% with SY568 and only 42.5% with T36. In the coding regions, the nucleotide differences between T385 and VT were evenly distributed along the genome (around 90% identity); this was not observed between T385 and the other isolates. T385 and T36 had nucleotide identities around 90% in the eight 3'-terminal ORFs of the genome, but only 72.3% in ORF 1a, a divergence pattern similar to that reported previously for T36 and VT. T385 and SY568 had nucleotide identities close to 90% in the 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of the genome, whereas the central region had over 99% identity. Our data suggest that the central region in the SY568 genome results from RNA recombination between two CTV genomes, one of which was almost identical to T385.  (+info)

New defective RNAs from citrus tristeza virus: evidence for a replicase-driven template switching mechanism in their generation. (8/2793)

Defective RNAs (D-RNAs) ranging in size from 1968 to 2759 nt were detected in four citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates by hybridization of electroblotted dsRNAs with two probes specific for the 5'- and 3'-terminal genomic regions. The RNAs that hybridized with both probes were eluted, cloned and sequenced. Comparison with the sequences of the corresponding genomic regions of the helper virus showed, in all cases, over 99% nucleotide identity and direct repeats of 4-5 nt flanking or in the vicinity of the junction sites. The presence of the repeats from two separate genome locations suggests a replicase-driven template switching mechanism for the generation of these CTV D-RNAs. Two of the CTV isolates that differed greatly in their pathogenicity contained an identical D-RNA, suggesting that it is unlikely that this D-RNA is involved in symptom modulation, which may be caused by another factor.  (+info)

Brenda Bass | The Pew Charitable TrustsBrenda Bass | The Pew Charitable Trusts
Research in my laboratory is focused on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-its biologic functions and the proteins that bind it to mediate these functions. Our studies are divided between two dsRNA-mediated pathways: RNA editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), and gene-silencing (e.g., RNA interference). For both pathways we perform in vitro studies to answer mechanistic questions, and in vivo studies in C. elegans to understand biologic function. dsRNA binding proteins (dsRBPs) bind tightly to dsRNA of any sequence, and a dsRNA substrate for one dsRBP is also a substrate for others. Thus, dsRNA-mediated pathways intersect, and we also study how RNA editing affects dsRNA-mediated processes such as gene-silencing.ADARs deaminate adenosines in double-stranded regions of cellular and viral RNAs to create the nucleoside inosine. Several years ago my laboratory made the surprising discovery that the predominant site of editing by ADARs is not in codons, but in long double-stranded ...
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/pew-biomedical-scholars/directory-of-pew-scholars/1990/brenda-bass
Direct Transfer of Synthetic Double-Stranded RNA into Protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana | SpringerLinkDirect Transfer of Synthetic Double-Stranded RNA into Protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana | SpringerLink
Double-stranded (ds) RNA interference (RNAi) is widely used as a reverse genetic approach for functional analysis of plant genes. Constitutive or transient RNAi effects in plants have been achieved vi
https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007%2F978-1-61779-123-9_8
Kv2.1 antibody | Emerging Understanding of Bcl-2 BiologyKv2.1 antibody | Emerging Understanding of Bcl-2 Biology
In mammals, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can mediate sequence-specific RNA interference, activate sequence-independent interferon response, or undergo RNA editing by adenosine deaminases. dsRNA expression represents a hidden danger in transient transfection experiments and must be taken into account during interpretation of experimental results. Introduction Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a unique structure with important biological effects. Viruses often give rise to dsRNA during their life cycle; therefore, dsRNA is recognized by a vertebrate cell as a hallmark of viral presence (reviewed in [1]). dsRNA can also arise endogenously in a cell, being formed upon basepairing between complementary transcripts or by intramolecular pairing within a transcript, thus forming a hairpin. In mammalian cells, dsRNA can enter three pathways: RNA interference (RNAi), RNA editing, and the interferon response. RNAi mediates sequence-specific RNA degradation guided by 22 nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) ...
http://bcl-2-protein.com/tag/kv2-1-antibody/
Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy on RNA interference
RNAi is an RNA-dependent gene silencing process that is controlled by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and is initiated by short double-stranded RNA molecules in a cells cytoplasm, where they interact with the catalytic RISC component argonaute.[5] When the dsRNA is exogenous (coming from infection by a virus with an RNA genome or laboratory manipulations), the RNA is imported directly into the cytoplasm and cleaved to short fragments by Dicer. The initiating dsRNA can also be endogenous (originating in the cell), as in pre-microRNAs expressed from RNA-coding genes in the genome. The primary transcripts from such genes are first processed to form the characteristic stem-loop structure of pre-miRNA in the nucleus, then exported to the cytoplasm. Thus, the two dsRNA pathways, exogenous and endogenous, converge at the RISC.[6] Exogenous dsRNA initiates RNAi by activating the ribonuclease protein Dicer,[7] which binds and cleaves double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in plants, or short hairpin ...
http://hitchhikersgui.de/RNA_interference
RNA interference - WikipediaRNA interference - Wikipedia
RNAi is an RNA-dependent gene silencing process that is controlled by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and is initiated by short double-stranded RNA molecules in a cells cytoplasm, where they interact with the catalytic RISC component argonaute.[5] When the dsRNA is exogenous (coming from infection by a virus with an RNA genome or laboratory manipulations), the RNA is imported directly into the cytoplasm and cleaved to short fragments by Dicer. The initiating dsRNA can also be endogenous (originating in the cell), as in pre-microRNAs expressed from RNA-coding genes in the genome. The primary transcripts from such genes are first processed to form the characteristic stem-loop structure of pre-miRNA in the nucleus, then exported to the cytoplasm. Thus, the two dsRNA pathways, exogenous and endogenous, converge at the RISC.[6]. Exogenous dsRNA initiates RNAi by activating the ribonuclease protein Dicer,[7] which binds and cleaves double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in plants, or short hairpin ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi
Novel bat influenza virus NS1 proteins bind double-stranded RNA and antagonize host innate immunity - Zurich Open Repository...Novel bat influenza virus NS1 proteins bind double-stranded RNA and antagonize host innate immunity - Zurich Open Repository...
TrendTerms displays relevant terms of the abstract of this publication and related documents on a map. The terms and their relations were extracted from ZORA using word statistics. Their timelines are taken from ZORA as well. The bubble size of a term is proportional to the number of documents where the term occurs. Red, orange, yellow and green colors are used for terms that occur in the current document; red indicates high interlinkedness of a term with other terms, orange, yellow and green decreasing interlinkedness. Blue is used for terms that have a relation with the terms in this document, but occur in other documents ...
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/119371/
In vivo trans-specific gene silencing in fungal cells by in planta expression of a double-stranded RNA | BMC Biology | Full TextIn vivo trans-specific gene silencing in fungal cells by in planta expression of a double-stranded RNA | BMC Biology | Full Text
Self-complementary RNA transcripts form a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that triggers a sequence-specific mRNA degradation, in a process known as RNA interference (RNAi), leading to gene silencing. In vascular plants, RNAi molecules trafficking occur between cells and systemically throughout the plant. RNAi signals can spread systemically throughout a plant, even across graft junctions from transgenic to non-transgenic stocks. There is also a great interest in applying RNAi to pathogenic fungi. Specific inhibition of gene expression by RNAi has been shown to be suitable for a multitude of phytopathogenic filamentous fungi. However, double-stranded (ds)RNA/small interfering (si)RNA silencing effect has not been observed in vivo. This study demonstrates for the first time the in vivo interference phenomenon in the pathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides, in which expression of an individual fungal transgene was specifically abolished by inoculating mycelial cells in transgenic tobacco plants engineered
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-8-27
7:39 am7:39 am
The claims of the Tuschl II patents are directed to methods of preparing a particular type of double-stranded RNA molecule that can mediate RNAi, Saris wrote. The molecule has a 3 overhang, a sequence of nucleotides on one end of an RNA strand that hangs over the other RNA strand and make up a double-stranded RNA molecule ...
https://www.courthousenews.com/spar-over-gene-silencing-patent-is-a-federal-case/
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. - PubMed - NCBIPotent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486653?dopt=Abstract
Go to Exportin-5 mediates nuclear export of minihelix-containing RNAs.
The adenovirus VA1 RNA (VA1.), a 160-nucleotide (nt)- long RNA transcribed by RNA polymerase III, is efficiently exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of infected cells, where it antagonizes the interferon-induced antiviral defense system. We recently reported that nuclear export of VA1 is mediated by a cis-acting RNA export motif, called minihelix, that comprises a double-stranded stem (> 14 nt) with a base-paired 5′ end and a 3-8-nt protruding 3′ end. RNA export mediated by the minibelix motif is Ran-dependent, which indicates the involvement of a karyopherin-related factor (exportin) that remained to be determined. Here we show using microinjection in Xenopus laevis oocytes that VA1 is transported to the cytoplasm by exportin-5, a nuclear transport factor for double-stranded RNA binding proteins. Gel retardation assays revealed that exportin-5 directly interacts with VA1 RNA in a RanGTP-dependent manner. More generally, in vivo and in vitro competition experiments using various ...
https://www.igmm.cnrs.fr/publication/exportin-5-mediates-nuclear-export-of-minihelix-containing-rnas/
Receptor-dsRNA-Receptor | Science SignalingReceptor-dsRNA-Receptor | Science Signaling
Toll-like receptors recognize molecules associated with pathogens and initiate inflammatory responses. For example, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), an intermediate viral replication. The TLR3 ectodomain binds as a dimer to dsRNA, but the molecular basis for signaling remains unclear. Liu et al. now report the structure of a complex between two mouse TLR3 ectodomains and dsRNA. Two horseshoe-shaped TLR3-ectodomain monomers bind to opposite faces of the dsRNA through their N and C termini and dimerize through their C termini so that the N termini are at opposite ends of the linear dsRNA molecule. This dimerization mode could mediate signal transduction by facilitating dimerization of the receptor cytoplasmic domains.. L. Liu, I. Botos, Y. Wang, J. N. Leonard, J. Shiloach, D. M. Segal, D. R. Davies, Structural basis of Toll-like receptor 3 signaling with double-stranded RNA. Science 320, 379-381 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]. ...
http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/1/16/ec140
Using RNAi to identify and validate novel drug targets: targeting human kinases with an siRNA library - Drug Discovery World ...Using RNAi to identify and validate novel drug targets: targeting human kinases with an siRNA library - Drug Discovery World ...
1 Fire,A, Xu, S, Montgomery, MK, Kostas, SA, Driver, SE, and Mello, CC (1998). Potent and specific genetic interference by doublestranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391: 806-811. 2 Kennerdell, JR and Carthew, RW (1998). Use of dsRNAmediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway. Cell 95: 1017-1026. 3 Hammond, SM, Caudy,AA, Hannon, GJ (2001). Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing by Double-stranded RNA. Nature Rev Gen 2: 110-119. 4 Elbashir,SM,Harborth,J, Lendeckel,W,Yalcin,A,Weber,K, and Tuschl,T (2001).Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells.Nature 411:494-498.. 5 McManus, MT and Sharp, PA (2002). Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs. Nature Rev Genet 3:737-747. 6 Gonczy,P, Echeverri,C,Oegema, K, Coulson,A, Jones, SJ, Copley, RR, Duperon, J,Oegema,J, Brehm, M, Cassin, E, Hannak, E, Kirkham, M, Pichler, S, Flohrs, K, Goessen,A, Leidel, S,Alleaume,AM,Martin,C, Ozlu, N, ...
https://www.ddw-online.com/using-rnai-to-identify-and-validate-novel-drug-targets-targeting-human-kinases-with-an-sirna-library-1743-200404/
RIOK3-mediated phosphorylation of MDA5 interferes with its assembly and attenuates the innate immune response.RIOK3-mediated phosphorylation of MDA5 interferes with its assembly and attenuates the innate immune response.
Takashima K., Oshiumi H., Takaki H., Matsumoto M., Seya T.. MDA5 is a cytoplasmic viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensor and triggers type I interferon (IFN) production. MDA5 assembles along viral dsRNA, leading to the formation of an MDA5 filament required for activating the MAVS adaptor. A recent study has revealed that PP1α and PP1γ phosphatases are responsible for dephosphorylating MDA5 and are essential for its activation. Here, we identified RIO kinase 3 (RIOK3) as a protein kinase that phosphorylates the MDA5 C-terminal region. RIOK3 knockout strongly enhanced type I IFN and IFN-inducible gene expression following measles virus infection. Conversely, the ectopic expression of RIOK3 or a phosphomimetic MDA5-S828D mutation attenuated MDA5-mediated signaling. Moreover, RIOK3-mediated MDA5 phosphorylation impaired MDA5 multimer formation, indicating that MDA5 C-terminal phosphorylation interferes with MDA5 filament formation and suppresses its signaling. Our data revealed a regulatory ...
https://www.uniprot.org/citations/25865883
Octamer-binding factor 6 (Oct-6/Pou3f1) is induced by interferon and contributes to dsRNA-mediated transcriptional responses |...Octamer-binding factor 6 (Oct-6/Pou3f1) is induced by interferon and contributes to dsRNA-mediated transcriptional responses |...
In this study we report for the first time expression of Oct-6 in fibroblasts and macrophages. We show that Oct-6 is induced by IFNβ and IFNγ, but not by IL-6. Expression of Oct-6 in response to IFNβ occurs mainly via the canonical Jak/Stat signalling cascade and is dependent on the presence of Stat1 and to a lesser extent on Tyk2. Notably, we observed delayed and low levels of Oct-6 induction in the absence of Stat1 in response to high dose of exogenous IFNβ, suggesting that additional IFN activated factors can mediate Oct-6 induction. Oct-6 is also expressed during viral infection and after treatment with the synthetic dsRNA analogue poly(I:C), in both cases mediated by autocrine/paracrine IFNα/β signalling. Using ChIP technology, we show that Stat1 directly binds to the Oct-6 promoter at around 387 to 481 bp upstream of the transcription start site, a region containing three conserved Stat1 consensus binding sites (i.e. two GAS sites and one imperfect ISRE). The presence of GAS and ISRE ...
https://bmccellbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2121-11-61
Arabidopsis RNASE THREE LIKE2 modulates the expression of protein-coding genes via 24-nucleotide small interfering RNA-directed...Arabidopsis RNASE THREE LIKE2 modulates the expression of protein-coding genes via 24-nucleotide small interfering RNA-directed...
Elvira-Matelot E, Hachet M, Shamandi N, Comella P, Saez-Vasquez J, Zytnicki M, Vaucheret H. The Arabidopsis RTL2 is an RNASE THREE LIKE protein with one RNAseIII domain and two dsRNA-binding domains. Its transient over-expression in plants is known to enhance the production of exogenous siRNAs. Here the authors investigate its role in the production of endogenous siRNAs.. The ectopic expression of RTL2 stimulates the production of siRNAs from artificial and natural Inverted Repeats constructs. Both its domains are necessary for the RTL2-dependent production of siRNAs from dsRNAs. Contrarily, in other cases the over-expression of RTL2 reduces the production of siRNAs from dsRNAs. The opposite effect of RTL2 on dsRNA substrates likely depends on the structure and/or sequence of the dsRNAs.. Interestingly, the over-expression of RTL2 also stimulates the production of RNA molecules larger than 24 nts from artificial and natural Inverted Repeats constructs. The authors also demonstrate that RTL2 ...
http://sites.psu.edu/axtell/2016/02/10/arabidopsis-rnase-three-like2-modulates-the-expression-of-protein-coding-genes-via-24-nucleotide-small-interfering-rna-directed-dna-methylation/
ARGONAUTE1 is required for efficient RNA interference in Drosophila embryos | PNASARGONAUTE1 is required for efficient RNA interference in Drosophila embryos | PNAS
Many species, across a wide phylogenetic range, respond to aberrant/foreign RNA by degrading endogenous mRNA in a sequence-specific manner (1). This phenomenon, broadly referred to as posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), can be triggered by the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) [RNA interference (RNAi)], transformation with sense transgenes (cosuppression/quelling), or viral infection (2). RNAi acts as a cellular defense against parasitic nucleic acids and provides a fortuitous technique for biologists to reduce or eliminate a gene activity (3). RNAi-like mechanisms are also involved in the production of small noncoding RNAs that control developmental timing (4, 5). A better understanding of RNAi may then shed light on genome defense and endogenous developmental pathways.. The molecular mechanisms underlying RNAi are beginning to be elucidated. dsRNA is processed into small double-stranded fragments of 21-25 nucleotides, called small interfering RNA (siRNA; refs. 6-8), by the ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/99/10/6889?ijkey=2b6d8d33c21e921c9e33682deb8a414fadddb59d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
RCSB PDB - 6ZLC: Non-specific dsRNA recognition by wildtype H7N1 RNA-binding domainRCSB PDB - 6ZLC: Non-specific dsRNA recognition by wildtype H7N1 RNA-binding domain
As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.
https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6ZLC
The RNA interference revolutionThe RNA interference revolution
The discovery of double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing has rapidly led to its use as a method of choice for blocking a gene, and has turned it into one of the most discussed topics in cell biology. Although still in its infancy, the field of RNA interference has already produced a vast array of results, mainly in Caenorhabditis elegans, but recently also in mammalian systems. Micro-RNAs are short hairpins of RNA capable of blocking translation, which are transcribed from genomic DNA and are implicated in several aspects from development to cell signaling. The present review discusses the main methods used for gene silencing in cell culture and animal models, including the selection of target sequences, delivery methods and strategies for a successful silencing. Expected developments are briefly discussed, ranging from reverse genetics to therapeutics. Thus, the development of the new paradigm of RNA-mediated gene silencing has produced two important advances: knowledge of a basic cellular ...
http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/21216
local PubMed
Staufen1 (STAU1)-mediated mRNA decay (SMD) degrades mammalian-cell mRNAs that bind the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein STAU1 in their 3 untranslated region. We report a new motif, which typifies STAU homologs from all vertebrate classes, that is responsible for human STAU1 (hSTAU1) homodimerization. Our crystal structure and mutagenesis analyses reveal that this motif, which we named the Staufen-swapping motif (SSM), and the dsRNA-binding domain 5 (RBD5) mediate protein dimerization: the two SSM alpha-helices of one molecule interact primarily through a hydrophobic patch with the two RBD5 alpha-helices of a second molecule. RBD5 adopts the canonical alpha-beta-beta-beta-alpha fold of a functional RBD, but it lacks residues and features required to bind duplex RNA. In cells, SSM-mediated hSTAU1 dimerization increases the efficiency of SMD by augmenting hSTAU1 binding to the ATP-dependent RNA helicase hUPF1. Dimerization regulates keratinocyte-mediated wound healing and many ...
https://oca.weizmann.ac.il/pmbin/getpm?pmid=23524536
Patrice DUNOYER - Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes
CLAVEL M., PÉLISSIER T., MONTAVON T., TSCHOPP M.A., POUCH-PÉLISSIER M.N., DESCOMBIN J., JEAN V., DUNOYER P., BOUSQUET-ANTONELLI C. and DERAGON J.M.. Evolutionary history of double-stranded RNA binding proteins in plants: identification of new cofactors involved in easiRNA biogenesis. Plant Molecular Biology, 91(26858002):131-147, 2016. ...
http://www.ibmp.cnrs.fr/annuaire/patrice-dunoyer/?lang=en
Transcriptional silencing and promoter methylation triggered by double‐stranded RNA | The EMBO Journal
We have demonstrated that NOSpro dsRNA can trigger methylation and transcriptional inactivation of homologous copies of the NOSpro in trans. In addition, this NOSpro dsRNA is degraded into small RNAs ∼23 nt in length, similar to the dsRNA degradation products observed with PTGS systems in plants (Hamilton and Baulcombe, 1999) and an RNAi in vitro system in Drosophila (Zamore et al., 2000). The production of these small RNAs indicates that at least some of the NOSpro dsRNA, which is synthesized in the nucleus, enters the same pathway as cytoplasmic dsRNAs involved in PTGS/RNAi. Therefore, the degradation process is not restricted to dsRNAs containing sequences that are normally transcribed (untranslated and coding regions) and targeted to mRNA. The similar fate of these dsRNAs strengthens the link between RNA‐mediated TGS and PTGS. dsRNA can trigger either the sequence‐specific RNA degradation step of PTGS/RNAi or DNA methylation, which can lead to TGS if promoter sequences are involved. ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/19/19/5194
1rss - Proteopedia, life in 3D1rss - Proteopedia, life in 3D
BACKGROUND: Ribosomal protein S7, a crucial RNA-binding component of the ribosome, is one of two proteins that initiates assembly of the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is required for proper folding of a large 3 domain of 16S ribosomal RNA. S7 regulates its own synthesis by binding to its own mRNA. This ability of S7 to bind both messenger and ribosomal RNAs makes determination of its mode of RNA recognition particularly interesting. RESULTS: The crystal structure of S7 from Thermus thermophilus was determined by a two-wavelength anomalous diffraction experiment using the LIII edge of mercury. The S7 structure consists of a bundle of six helices and an extended beta hairpin between helices 3 and 4, with two or more RNA-binding sites on its surface. The hairpin, along with portions of helices 1, 4 and 6, forms a large, positively charged, concave surface that has the appropriate curvature and dimensions to bind double-stranded RNA. A second putative RNA-binding site comprises parts of loop 2 and the ...
http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1rss
SIDT1 - SID1 transmembrane family member 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SIDT1 gene & proteinSIDT1 - SID1 transmembrane family member 1 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - SIDT1 gene & protein
In vitro binds long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (500 and 700 base pairs), but not dsRNA shorter than 300 bp. Not involved in RNA autophagy, a process in which RNA is directly imported into lysosomes in an ATP-dependent manner, and degraded.
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NXL6
Activation of gene expression by double-stranded RNAs | HSTalksActivation of gene expression by double-stranded RNAs | HSTalks
Click to launch & play an online audio visual presentation by Prof. Long-Cheng Li on Activation of gene expression by double-stranded RNAs, part of a collection of online lectures.
https://hstalks.com/t/3494/activation-of-gene-expression-by-double-stranded-r/?biosci
Max Planck Society - eDoc ServerMax Planck Society - eDoc Server
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved defence mechanism whereby genes are specifically silenced through degradation of messenger RNAs; this process is mediated by homologous double-stranded (ds)RNA molecules. In invertebrates, long dsRNAs have been used for genome-wide screens and have provided insights into gene functions. Because long dsRNA triggers a nonspecific interferon response in many vertebrates, short interfering (si)RNA or short hairpin (sh)RNAs must be used for these organisms to ensure specific gene silencing. Here we report the generation of a genome-scale library of endoribonuclease-prepared short interfering (esi)RNAs from a sequence-verified complementary DNA collection representing 15,497 human genes. We used 5,305 esiRNAs from this library to screen for genes required for cell division in HeLa cells. Using a primary high-throughput cell viability screen followed by a secondary high content videomicroscopy assay, we identified 37 genes required for cell ...
http://edoc.mpg.de/230601
RFP-TrapRFP-Trap
RNAi refers to dsRNA-induced gene silencing, a cellular process that degrades RNA homologous to one strand of the dsRNA [1, 2]. The intermediates of long dsRNA-initiated RNAi are double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNA), typically 21-23 nucleotide (nt) long. The siRNAs, when introduced into cells, can be used to silence genes in mammalian systems where long dsRNAs prompt protein kinase R (PKR), RNase L, and interferon activities that result in non-specific RNA degradation and general shutdown of protein synthesis [3]. siRNAs can either be chemically synthesized then directly transfected into cells or can be generated inside the cell by introducing vectors that express short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) precursors of siRNAs. The process of shRNA into functional siRNA involves cellular RNAi machinery that naturally process genome encoded microRNAs (miRNA) that are responsible for cellular regulation of gene expression by modulating mRNA stability, translation, and chromatin structures ...
http://blog.allelebiotech.com/tag/rfp-trap/
RNA interference in honeybees: off-target effects caused by dsRNA | SpringerLinkRNA interference in honeybees: off-target effects caused by dsRNA | SpringerLink
RNA interference involves the targeted knockdown of mRNA triggered by complementary dsRNA molecules applied to an experimental organism. Although this technique has been successfully used in honeybees
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13592-011-0092-y
MIT Researchers Develop Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral - SlashdotMIT Researchers Develop Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral - Slashdot
Researchers from MIT have cobbled together a chimerical protein called DRACO that causes virus-infected cells to self destruct. Cell defenses already recognize long double-stranded RNA, a form of genetic material not normally produced in mammals, but which is a starting or intermediate step for mos...
https://developers.slashdot.org/submission/1765852/mit-researchers-develop-broad-spectrum-anti-viral
State-of-the-art modified RNAi compounds for therapeutics. - Semantic ScholarState-of-the-art modified RNAi compounds for therapeutics. - Semantic Scholar
In recent years, the recognition of non-protein coding RNAs as a functional effector of genetic expression has been highlighted by the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is an intracellular phenomenon that enables the eukaryotic cell to utilize double-stranded RNA molecules to silence gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. The short interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway has been intensively investigated and continues to serve as the basis for the development of potent molecular genetic tools. The power of this technology is most clearly evidenced by the fact that siRNA effector molecules can be chemically synthesized and exogenously delivered to specifically target and silence any gene of choice. This capability enables not only basic research, but also opens the door to a new therapeutic modality. Furthermore, the introduction of certain chemical modifications to siRNA effectors can produce a more robust knockdown of gene expression, hence, optimizing serum stability and increasing target
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/State-of-the-art-modified-RNAi-compounds-for-thera-Carstea-Hough/64b15ec338b6a912ea2a530f21ea7a9a771c0170
Patent US6506559 - Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA - Google PatentsPatent US6506559 - Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA - Google Patents
A process is provided of introducing an RNA into a living cell to inhibit gene expression of a target gene in that cell. The process may be practiced ex vivo or in vivo. The RNA has a region with double-stranded structure. Inhibition is sequence-specific in that the nucleotide sequences of the duplex region of the RNA and of a portion of the target gene are identical. The present invention is distinguished from prior art interference in gene expression by antisense or triple-strand methods.
http://www.google.com/patents/US6506559?dq=7493558
José Ruiz CastónJosé Ruiz Castón
Relevant publications in the last five years:. - D. Luque, J.R. Castón; Cryo-electron microscopy for the study of virus assembly; Nature Chemical Biology 2020, 16, 231.. - M.V. de Ruiter, R. Klem, D. Luque, J.J.L.M. Cornelissen, J.R. Castón; Structural nanotechnology: three-dimensional cryo-EM and its use in the development of nanoplatforms for in vitro catalysis Nanoscale 2019, 11, 4130.. - C.P. Mata, J. Mertens, J. Fontana, D. Luque, C. Allende-Ballestero, D. Reguera, B.L. Trus, A.C. Steven, J.L. Carrascosa, J.R. Castón; The RNA-binding protein of a double-stranded RNA virus acts like a scaffold protein; J. Virol. 2018, 92, e00968.. - C.P. Mata, D. Luque, J. Gómez-Blanco, J.M. Rodríguez, J.M. González, N. Suzuki, S.A. Ghabrial, J.L. Carrascosa, B.L. Trus, J.R. Castón; Acquisition of functions on the outer capsid surface during evolution of double-stranded RNA fungal viruses; PLOS Pathog. 2017, 13, e1006755.. - R.M. Putri, C. Allende-Ballestero, D. Luque, R. Klem, K.-A. Rousou, ...
https://www.nanobiocargo.org/index.php/en/p2-jos%C3%A9-ruiz-cast%C3%B3n-en
RNA Interference: A Versatile Tool for Functional Genomics and Unraveling the Genes Required for Viral Disease Resistance in...RNA Interference: A Versatile Tool for Functional Genomics and Unraveling the Genes Required for Viral Disease Resistance in...
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful reverse genetics technology used to unravel the functions of genes. It uses viruses as vectors to carry targeted plant genes. The virus vector is used to induce RNA-mediated silencing of a gene or genes in the host plant. The process of silencing is triggered by dsRNA molecules, the mechanism is explained in this chapter. Over the years a large number of viruses have been modified for use as VIGS vectors and a list of these vectors is also included. As the name suggests, virus-induced gene silencing uses the host plants natural defense mechanisms against viral infection to silence plant genes. VIGS is methodologically simple and is widely used to determine gene functions, including disease resistance, abiotic stress, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and signal transduction pathways. Here, we made an attempt to describe the basic underlying molecular mechanism of VIGS, the methodology and various experimental requirements, as well as its ...
http://journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30197
IMP: Integrative Multi-species Prediction
GO:0016246. The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation (silencing) both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes. ...
http://imp.princeton.edu/predictions/process/fly-context-global/3493/?gene=144101
BMRB Entry 15117BMRB Entry 15117
Authors: Yin, Cuifeng; Montelione, Gaetano. Citation: Yin, Cuifeng; Khan, Javed; Swapna, Gurla; Ertekin, Asli; Krug, Robert; Tong, Liang; Montelione, Gaetano. Conserved surface features form the double-stranded RNA binding site of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from influenza A and B viruses. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 20584-20592 (2007).. Assembly members: ...
http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/data_library/summary/index.php?bmrbId=15117
Gene Expression | News Behind the Neuroscience NewsGene Expression | News Behind the Neuroscience News
What happened? Was 21mer length optimal?. Their findings were quite unexpected: they observed that synthetic RNA duplexes 25-30 nucleotides in length could be up to 100-fold more potent than corresponding 21mer siRNAs. Why? The 27mers were later shown to be a substrate for Dicer, and were processed down to 21mer size. Drs. Rossi and Behlke theorize that increased potency may result from forcing the system to interact with Dicer, which then invokes a natural RISC loading pathway that is denied to 21mer RNAs. The 27mers primed the Dicer pump, resulting in better access of the 21mer product for RISC.. This meant that less siRNA would be needed for gene silencing - i.e., that the RNAs were more potent and could be used at lower dose. Important for many reasons among them less toxicity and lower research expense.. Please see: Dong Ho Kim, Mark Behlke, Scott Rose, Mi-Sook Chang, Sangdun Choi & John Rossi. Synthetic dsRNA Substrates Enhance SiRNA Potency and Efficacy Nature Biotechnology. Published ...
http://neuromics.net/tag/gene-expression/
IB2003002828 CONJUGATE FOR DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA SEQUENCE RELEASING AND METHODS THEREOFIB2003002828 CONJUGATE FOR DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA SEQUENCE RELEASING AND METHODS THEREOF
This patent search tool allows you not only to search the PCT database of about 2 million International Applications but also the worldwide patent collections. This search facility features: flexible search syntax; automatic word stemming and relevance ranking; as well as graphical results.
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2004007721
The Infidel Express: AIDS CuredThe Infidel Express: AIDS Cured
As part of the PANACEA (for Pharmacological Augmentation of Nonspecific Anti-pathogen Cellular Enzymes and Activities) project, researchers from MIT Lincoln Laboratory have developed and demonstrated a novel broad-spectrum antiviral approach, called DRACO (for Double-stranded RNA [dsRNA] Activated Caspase Oligomerizer). DRACO selectively induces apoptosis, or cell suicide, in cells containing any viral dsRNA, rapidly killing infected cells without harming uninfected cells. As a result, DRACO should be effective against virtually all viruses, rapidly terminating a viral infection while minimizing the impact on the patient ...
http://tomsneurosis.blogspot.com/2011/08/aids-cured.html
US6033850A - Electrochemical denaturation of double-stranded nucleic acid - Google Patents
Double stranded nucleic acid is denatured by subjecting a solution thereof to a voltage applied between electrodes spaced by no more than 1.5 mm in a time not previously achievable in electrochemical denaturation. PCR is practiced isothermally by periodic application of voltage to produce denaturation. Electrochemical cells and kits for use in the process are provided.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6033850?oq=6859936
DI-fusion Differential effects of various double-stranded RNAs on...
DI-fusion, le Dépôt institutionnel numérique de lULB, est loutil de référencementde la production scientifique de lULB.Linterface de recherche DI-fusion permet de consulter les publications des chercheurs de lULB et les thèses qui y ont été défendues.
http://difusion.ulb.ac.be/vufind/Record/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/164602/Details
How to extract 20 bp dsRNA? - siRNA, microRNA and RNAiHow to extract 20 bp dsRNA? - siRNA, microRNA and RNAi
yes i am working with iRNA and i got a protocol to separate them, working with the supernatant of a simple RNA extraction,and after several steps with LiCl, ethanol and phenol-chlorophorm to wash it i can detect with a blot. But because dsRNA is not that easy to get this way, i need to process around 3 gr of roots and it is not always enough, without saying that i need to do several samples at the time. So, i was wondering if there is another way to do it. Maybe using some column ...
http://www.protocol-online.org/biology-forums/posts/8392.html
małe interferujące rna (sirna) | Kwartalnik PBKmałe interferujące rna (sirna) | Kwartalnik PBK
The possibility of blocking the expression of selected genes raises great hopes for the treatment of incurable diseases so far , such as neurodegenerative diseases , autoimmune diseases and cancer . The RNA molecule due to its biochemical properties of a promising therapeutic tool . The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi ) started the new tests for inhibition of expression of selected genes by small interfering RNA ( siRNA) in mammalian cells. This technique uses a natural process of gene silencing the expression of double-stranded RNA -dependent . ...
https://pbkom.eu/en/keywordsen/ma%C5%82e-interferuj%C4%85ce-rna-sirna
SearchSearch
1. Viruses and other informational parasites are a fact of life 304. 2. Evolution drives diversity in viral strategies and host interactions 304. 3. Cellular defense often involves recognizing nucleic acid structures that are indicative of unwanted information duplication 305. 3.1 Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 305. 3.2 Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) 305. 3.3 Unspliced mRNAs 306. 3.4 Polycistronic mRNAs 306. 3.5 Multi-copy DNAs 306. 3.6 Other structures 306. 4. dsRNA as a case study: building a multilevel response to foreign structure 306. 5. Getting there is half the fun: disseminated immunity in RNAi 308. 6. Viruses strike back … so why do we still get sick? 308. Cells face a constant struggle against unwanted instructions that arrive in the form of viruses and transposons. At the core of this battle are two issues: how can cellular machinery recognize certain informational molecules as unwanted and how can the cell use this recognition to effectively silence malicious genetic activity. While ...
https://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Andrew%20Fire&eventCode=SE-AU
RNAi Therapeutics: December 2009RNAi Therapeutics: December 2009
Silence (as most others) has been mostly troubled by the Tuschl and Kreutzer-Limmer patents that make it very difficult for them to find dsRNA lengths to exploit their issued Atu-siRNA design pattern without having to to get a license from Alnylam: blunt-ended dsRNAs with alternate 2-O-methyl modified RNAs. Atu-027 for example, the combined companys lead candidate for solid cancers that has entered phase I studies this summer, is a 23bp dsRNA and Tuschl I should be a formidable challenge here. Intradigm, like RXi/Invitrogens non-Dicer dsRNAs before (rxRNA solo/Stealth), chose to minimize Tuschl-KL problems by opting for a 25bp blunt-end design, and Silences alternating 2-O-methylation pattern IP might give those a proprietary touch. As I cannot find any evidence that Intradigm currently has any access to 25bp structure-specific patents aside from Fire-Mello, I wonder how extensive the siRNA design IP access to the Zamore (University of Massachusetts) patent estate really is. Zamores ...
http://rnaitherapeutics.blogspot.com.au/2009/12/
RNAi Methodlogy for Genomics CourseRNAi Methodlogy for Genomics Course
RNA interference (RNAi) is a way to block the production of any gene product. To produce this effect, all you have to do is to introduce double-stranded RNA that is complementary in sequence to your targted gene. RNAi was developed first in the worm C. elegans and there are many good web sites where you can learn more about the metod and what has been learned using RNAi. ...
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/method/RNAi.html
RNAi Therapeutics: December 2007RNAi Therapeutics: December 2007
Johnston further reported that the shRNAs were at least as efficient as the corresponding siRNAs with some of the IC50s in the low picomolar range. I am curious how this will translate into in vivo uses for example because shRNAs, unlike classical siRNAs and Rossi-type two-stranded Dicer-substrates, contain the double-stranded RNA within one molecule which should make this structure thermodynamically quite stable. A potential disadvantage is that it is so much more expensive to synthetically make the ~42-55 nucleotide hairpin RNAs since cost and purity of manufacturing RNAs increases more than linearly after you reach a certain size, say 25 nucleotides. While these studies mostly used RNAs generated through biochemical synthesis in the test tube using recombinant phage RNA polymerases, for the clinic they are working together with Agilent to generate the same RNAs to scale. I say the same here since the phage polymerase leaves a triphosphate 5 end while chemical synthesis does not. This is ...
http://rnaitherapeutics.blogspot.com.au/2007/12/
TWiV 465: Theodora the explorer | This Week in VirologyTWiV 465: Theodora the explorer | This Week in Virology
Theodora Hatziioannou discusses a macaque model for AIDS, and how a cell protein that blocks HIV-1 infection interacts with double-stranded RNA.
https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-465/
Inhibition of Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR by Vaccinia Virus E3: Role of Complex Formation and the E3 N...Inhibition of Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR by Vaccinia Virus E3: Role of Complex Formation and the E3 N...
The fact that coimmunoprecipitation of PKR with E3 was dependent on Lys-167 and Arg-168 in the E3 DRBM suggests that PKR resides in heteromeric complexes containing both E3 and dsRNA. This seems at odds with the dsRNA sequestration model, in which E3 prevents PKR from interacting with dsRNA, and more consistent with the notion that E3 inhibits PKR via heterocomplex formation. It could be argued that E3 and PKR do not directly interact with one another in these complexes but simply bind independently to the same dsRNA molecules. To explain our coimmunoprecipitation results by this hypothesis, the numbers of dsRNA and E3 molecules would have to be nearly equivalent in yeast cells. If dsRNA molecules were in large molar excess of E3, then PKR would most frequently bind to dsRNA molecules lacking E3. If E3 was in large molar excess of dsRNA, it would compete with PKR for limited dsRNA binding sites (as suggested by the dsRNA sequestration model). In either case, most of the PKR would not be ...
https://mcb.asm.org/content/18/12/7304?ijkey=d06698f2e38f05920198005f523aef1080b69713&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
The war against the interferon-induced dsRNA-activated protein kinase: can viruses win? - Semantic ScholarThe war against the interferon-induced dsRNA-activated protein kinase: can viruses win? - Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar extracted view of The war against the interferon-induced dsRNA-activated protein kinase: can viruses win? by Michael G. Katze
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-war-against-the-interferon-induced-dsRNA-activ-Katze/151490435807533f2d8fc513930e8818e852ee80
Mutants of the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) lacking double-stranded RNA binding domain I can act as transdominant...Mutants of the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) lacking double-stranded RNA binding domain I can act as transdominant...
Recently we reported that introduction of catalytically inactive PKR molecules into NIH 3T3 cells causes malignant transformation and the development of tumors in nude mice. We have proposed that PKR may be a tumor suppressor gene possibly because of its translational inhibitory properties. We have now designed and characterized a number of PKR mutants encoding proteins that retain their catalytic competence but are mutated in their regulatory double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domains (RBDs). RNA binding analysis revealed that PKR proteins either lacking or with point mutations in the first RBD (RBD-1) bound negligible amounts of dsRNA activator or adenovirus VAI RNA inhibitor. Despite the lack of binding, such variants remained functionally competent but were much less active than wild-type PKR. PKR variants completely lacking RBD-1 were largely unresponsive to dsRNA in activation assays but could be activated by heparin. To complement these studies, we evaluated the effects of point ...
https://mcb.asm.org/content/15/6/3138?ijkey=0233815914d9dbd60cd3cc66a26bee0d05ea29cf&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Prevention of the β-amyloid peptide-induced inflammatory process by inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase...
BACKGROUND: Inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). There has been little success with anti-inflammatory drugs in AD, while the promise of anti-inflammatory treatment is more evident in experimental models. A new anti-inflammatory strategy requires a better understanding of molecular mechanisms. Among the plethora of signaling pathways activated by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway could be an interesting target. In virus-infected cells, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) controls the NF-κB signaling pathway. It is well-known that PKR is activated in AD. This led us to study the effect of a specific inhibitor of PKR on the Aβ42-induced inflammatory response in primary mixed murine co-cultures, allowing interactions between neurons, astrocytes and microglia. METHODS: Primary mixed murine co-cultures were prepared in three steps: a primary culture of astrocytes and microglia for 14 days, then a primary culture of
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00663637
Prevention of the β-amyloid peptide-induced inflammatory process by inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase...Prevention of the β-amyloid peptide-induced inflammatory process by inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase...
BACKGROUND: Inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD). There has been little success with anti-inflammatory drugs in AD, while the promise of anti-inflammatory treatment is more evident in experimental models. A new anti-inflammatory strategy requires a better understanding of molecular mechanisms. Among the plethora of signaling pathways activated by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway could be an interesting target. In virus-infected cells, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) controls the NF-κB signaling pathway. It is well-known that PKR is activated in AD. This led us to study the effect of a specific inhibitor of PKR on the Aβ42-induced inflammatory response in primary mixed murine co-cultures, allowing interactions between neurons, astrocytes and microglia. METHODS: Primary mixed murine co-cultures were prepared in three steps: a primary culture of astrocytes and microglia for 14 days, then a primary ...
https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:127309
Mast cells contribute to double-stranded RNA-induced augmentation of airway eosinophilia in a murine model of asthma<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Mast cells contribute to double-stranded RNA-induced augmentation of airway eosinophilia in a murine model of asthma. AU - Kan-o, Keiko. AU - Matsunaga, Yuko. AU - Fukuyama, Satoru. AU - Moriwaki, Atsushi. AU - Hirai-Kitajima, Hiroko. AU - Yokomizo, Takehiko. AU - Aritake, Kosuke. AU - Urade, Yoshihiro. AU - Nakanishi, Yoichi. AU - Inoue, Hiromasa. AU - Matsumoto, Koichiro. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2013/3/4. Y1 - 2013/3/4. N2 - Background: Clinical studies showed the contribution of viral infection to the development of asthma. Although mast cells have multiple roles in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, their role of in the virus-associated pathogenesis of asthma remains unknown. Most respiratory viruses generate double-stranded (ds) RNA during their replication. dsRNA provokes innate immune responses. We recently showed that an administration of polyinocinic polycytidilic acid (poly IC), a mimetic of viral dsRNA, during allergen ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/mast-cells-contribute-to-double-stranded-rna-induced-augmentation
The Murine Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR Is Required for Resistance to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus | Journal...The Murine Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR Is Required for Resistance to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus | Journal...
Biochemical data from many laboratories have clearly defined PKR as an IFN-inducible gene product whose enzymatic activity is stimulated by dsRNA (2, 10, 20, 27). Because of these properties, PKR has been predicted to play a major role in IFN-mediated antiviral defense. Indeed, PKR demonstrated an antiviral role in cultured cells following various means of overexpression of the wild type or catalytically inactive mutants (21, 22, 28). However, previous studies from our lab and others have failed to demonstrate a definitive role for PKR on an organismal level following genetic ablation of PKR in mice (1, 36). Yang et al. (36) challenged their PKR−/− mice with EMCV (∼1,000 PFU i.v.) and found no difference in survival from that of wild-type animals, but the mice did show a diminished protective effect from pretreatment with either IFN-γ or the dsRNA analogue poly(I · C). In a recent report, Zhou et al. have also shown only a very slight difference in survival between wild-type animals and ...
https://jvi.asm.org/content/74/20/9580?ijkey=baf5665f4b3e704d841f6a9346be8b62b62104e6&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Alternaria inhibits double-stranded RNA-induced cytokine production through toll-like receptor 3<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Alternaria inhibits double-stranded RNA-induced cytokine production through toll-like receptor 3. AU - Wada, Kota. AU - Kobayashi, Takao. AU - Matsuwaki, Yoshinori. AU - Moriyama, Hiroshi. AU - Kita, Hirohito. PY - 2013/4/12. Y1 - 2013/4/12. N2 - Background: Fungi may be involved in asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CRS patients produce interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of Alternaria. In addition, Alternaria produces potent Th2-like adjuvant effects in the airway. Therefore, we hypothesized that Alternaria may inhibit Th1-type defense mechanisms against virus infection. Methods: Dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from mouse bone marrow. The functional responses were assessed by expression of cell surface molecules by FACS (MHC class II, CD40, CD80, CD86 and OX40L). Production of IL-6, chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10), chemokine CXCL11 (I-TAC) and IFN-β was measured by ELISA. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mRNA ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/alternaria-inhibits-double-stranded-rna-induced-cytokine-producti
Protein kinase R - WikipediaProtein kinase R - Wikipedia
Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene. PKR protects against viral infections. Protein kinase-R is activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), introduced to the cells by a viral infection. PKR can also be activated by the protein PACT or by heparin. PKR contains an N-terminal dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD) and a C-terminal kinase domain, that gives it pro-apoptotic (cell-killing) functions. The dsRBD consists of two tandem copies of a conserved double stranded RNA binding motif, dsRBM1 and dsRBM2. PKR is induced by interferon in a latent state. Binding to dsRNA is believed to activate PKR by inducing dimerization and subsequent auto-phosphorylation reactions. In situations of viral infection, the dsRNA created by viral replication and gene expression binds to the N-terminal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_R
RNA interference as a gene silencing tool to control Tuta absoluta in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) [PeerJ]RNA interference as a gene silencing tool to control Tuta absoluta in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) [PeerJ]
RNA interference (RNAi), a gene-silencing mechanism that involves providing double-stranded RNA molecules that match a specific target gene sequence, is now widely used in functional genetic studies. The potential application of RNAi-mediated control of agricultural insect pests has rapidly become evident. The production of transgenic plants expressing dsRNA molecules that target essential insect genes could provide a means of specific gene silencing in larvae that feed on these plants, resulting in larval phenotypes that range from loss of appetite to death. In this report, we show that the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), a major threat to commercial tomato production, can be targeted by RNAi. We selected two target genes (Vacuolar ATPase-A and Arginine kinase) based on the RNAi response reported for these genes in other pest species. In view of the lack of an artificial diet for T. absoluta, we used two approaches to deliver dsRNA into tomato leaflets. The first approach was based on the uptake of
https://peerj.com/articles/2673/?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_campaign=PeerJ_TrendMD_1&utm_medium=TrendMD
5-Triphosphate RNA Is the Ligand for RIG-I | Science5-Triphosphate RNA Is the Ligand for RIG-I | Science
Receptor-mediated detection of pathogen-derived nucleic acids assists in protecting the host genome from invading foreign genetic material. Retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I) recognizes a specific set of RNA viruses (Flaviviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae) (1-3), whereas a second member of this protein family, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), is responsible for the antiviral defense against a reciprocal set of RNA viruses (Picornaviridae) (3). The four members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9) involved in viral nucleic acid recognition are located in the endosomal membrane. TLRs are largely dispensable for effective antiviral defense, whereas the two cytosolic helicases MDA-5 and RIG-I (1) are essential for controlling viral infection.. The molecular characteristic of double-strandedness seems to allow for the distinction of self and nonself RNA. In the endosome, long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/314/5801/994?ijkey=375893c6b8a95de11eb6d378aa6764aad7626962&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Sensing the End | Science SignalingSensing the End | Science Signaling
Cellular innate immune sensors detect foreign signals emanating from pathogens. Nallagatla et al. report that the pivotal sensing protein, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), is finely tuned to recognize the 5′-triphosphate structures of single-stranded RNA molecules present in many bacteria and viruses. This recognition strategy is similar to the recently described detection of nucleic acid 5′-end signatures by another sensing protein, RIG-I. It remains unclear exactly how these key sensors go on to tailor the most appropriate cellular responses to intracellular pathogens.. S. R. Nallagatla, J. Hwang, R. Toroney, X. Zheng, C. E. Cameron, P. C. Bevilacqua, 5′-triphosphate-dependent activation of PKR by RNAs with short stem-loops. Science 318, 1455-1458 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]. ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2007/415/tw442
Multiple liquid crystalline geometries of highly compacted nucleic acid in a dsRNA virus. - Immunology
Characterizing the genome of mature virions is pivotal to understanding the highly dynamic processes of virus assembly and infection. Owing to the different cellular fates of DNA and RNA, the life cycles of double-stranded (ds)DNA and dsRNA viruses are dissimilar. In terms of nucleic acid packing, dsDNA viruses, which lack genome segmentation and intra-capsid transcriptional machinery, predominantly display single-spooled genome organizations1-8. Because the release of dsRNA into the cytoplasm triggers host defence mechanisms9, dsRNA viruses retain their genomes within a core particle that contains the enzymes required for RNA replication and transcription10-12. The genomes of dsRNA viruses vary greatly in the degree of segmentation. In members of the Reoviridae family, genomes consist of 10-12 segments and exhibit a non-spooled arrangement mediated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases11-14. However, whether this arrangement is a general feature of dsRNA viruses remains unknown. Here, using cryo-electron
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/1004619
TLR3-Specific Double-Stranded RNA Oligonucleotide Adjuvants Induce Dendritic Cell Cross-Presentation, CTL Responses, and...TLR3-Specific Double-Stranded RNA Oligonucleotide Adjuvants Induce Dendritic Cell Cross-Presentation, CTL Responses, and...
Recent studies have demonstrated that TLR3 forms dimeric complexes with 45-bp segments of dsRNA, and that single TLR3 dimers formed with a 48-bp dsRNA ON are capable of activating transfected cells expressing high amounts of TLR3 (27). A goal of this study was to determine how TLR3/dsRNA complexes, formed with dsRNA ONs of varying lengths, function in primary cells, and to translate these findings into the development of well-defined, TLR3-dependent adjuvants. In this study, we examined the activation of DC by dsRNA ONs because this response is key for inducing acquired antiviral immunity. We have previously shown that the interaction of TLR3-ECD protein with dsRNA is highly dependent on dsRNA length and TLR3-ECD concentration (27), which implies that the ability of a specifically sized dsRNA ON to bind TLR3 and activate a cell is governed, in part, by the membrane density of TLR3 in the endosomes. Thus, the large differences in TLR3 expression levels that we observed between DC subsets are ...
https://www.jimmunol.org/content/186/4/2422?ijkey=78c5ca48dabd1d92b53eb1170a6b0a7ef2780702&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Mechanism of nuclear retention of promiscuously A-to-I edited RNA in h by Zuo ZhangMechanism of nuclear retention of promiscuously A-to-I edited RNA in h by Zuo Zhang
Double-stranded RNA triggers various profound cellular reactions, which depend not only on different intracellular dsRNA locations, but also on the intrinsic structure and length of the duplex. One of the major cellular responses to nuclear dsRNA is the covalent base modification of the target dsRNA by a ubiquitously expressed enzyme, ADAR. ADAR works on dsRNA and alters adenosines to inosines in the RNA duplex. Two types of ADAR editing of dsRNA have been found, selective editing and the promiscuous hyperediting. Hyperedited RNA has been suggested to undergo a novel regulatory pathway. How do cells discriminate between selectively edited mRNAs that encode new protein isoforms, and dsRNA-induced, promiscuously edited RNAs that encode nonfunctional, mutant proteins? We have developed a Xenopus oocyte model system which shows that a variety of hyperedited, inosine-containing RNAs are specifically retained in the nucleus. To uncover the mechanism of inosine-induced retention, HeLa cell nuclear extracts
http://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI3050212/
A double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway mediating stress-induced apoptosis | PNASA double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway mediating stress-induced apoptosis | PNAS
This study identifies PKR as an essential mediator for several forms of stress-induced apoptosis. Specifically, our results implicate PKR in a signaling pathway that is responsive not only to dsRNA, but also to TNF-α and LPS. While the activation of PKR by dsRNA has been well studied (8), the mechanism of activation by these other stimuli is presently unclear. One possibility could involve the phosphorylation of PKR by an upstream kinase that is activated by one of the above stimuli [for example, the TNF-receptor-associated kinase, RIP (27), or a TNF-α/LPS-activated MAP kinase (4)]. Regardless of the activation mechanisms involved, our data show that PKR is required for regulating the DNA-binding ability of IRF-1 in response to stress-related stimuli. Previous studies have suggested that expression of IRF-1 protein in cells is insufficient to manifest any functional activity unless a phosphorylation signal is provided, potentially by PKR (28). While the mechanistic details of the interaction ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/94/7/3279?ijkey=3685b7ce09ffb719b3eaefeff809323e15198032&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Search Results | Biochemical Journal | Portland PressSearch Results | Biochemical Journal | Portland Press
Members of the RNase III family are the primary cellular agents of dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) processing. Bacterial RNases III function as homodimers and contain two dsRBDs (dsRNA-binding domains) and two catalytic sites. The potential for functional cross-talk between the catalytic sites and the requirement for both dsRBDs for processing activity are not known. It is shown that an Escherichia coli RNase III heterodimer that contains a single functional wt (wild-type) catalytic site and an inactive catalytic site (RNase III[E117A/wt]) cleaves a substrate with a single scissile bond with a k cat value that is one-half that of wt RNase III, but exhibits an unaltered K m . Moreover, RNase III[E117A/wt] cleavage of a substrate containing two scissile bonds generates singly cleaved intermediates that are only slowly cleaved at the remaining phosphodiester linkage, and in a manner that is sensitive to excess unlabelled substrate. These results demonstrate the equal probability, during a single ...
https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/search-results?qb=%7B%22Keywords1%22:%22two-metal-ion+catalysis%22%7D
Direct Cloning of Double-Stranded RNAs from RNase Protection Analysis by Manli Shen, Eduardo Eyras et al.Direct Cloning of Double-Stranded RNAs from RNase Protection Analysis by Manli Shen, Eduardo Eyras et al.
We describe a new method that allows cloning of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are generated in RNase protection experiments. We demonstrate that the mouse C/D box snoRNA MBII-85 (SNORD116) is processed into at least five shorter RNAs using processing sites near known functional elements of C/D box snoRNAs. Surprisingly, the majority of cloned RNAs from RNase protection experiments were derived from endogenous cellular RNA, indicating widespread antisense expression. The cloned dsRNAs could be mapped to genome areas that show RNA expression on both DNA strands and partially overlapped with experimentally determined argonaute-binding sites. The data suggest a conserved processing pattern for some C/D box snoRNAs and abundant expression of longer, non-coding RNAs in the cell that can potentially form dsRNAs.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biochem_facpub/55/
The binding of double-stranded RNA and adenovirus VAI RNA to the interferon-induced protein kinase. - PubMed - NCBIThe binding of double-stranded RNA and adenovirus VAI RNA to the interferon-induced protein kinase. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2912723?dopt=Abstract
Basis for regulated RNA cleavage by functional analysis of RNase L and Ire1p. - Walter Lab
RNase L and Ire1p are members of a superfamily of regulated endoribonucleases that play essential roles in mediating diverse types of cellular stress responses. 2′-5′ oligoadenylates, produced in response to interferon treatment and viral double-stranded RNA, are necessary to activate RNase L. In contrast, unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum activate Ire1p, a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase and endoribonuclease. To probe their similarities and differences, molecular properties of wild-type and mutant forms of human RNase L and yeast Ire1p were compared. Surprisingly, RNase L and Ire1p showed mutually exclusive RNA substrate specificity and partially overlapping but not identical requirements for phylogenetically conserved amino acid residues in their nuclease domains. A functional model for RNase L was generated based on the comparative analysis with Ire1p that assigns novel roles for ankyrin repeats and kinase-like domains.. ...
http://walterlab.ucsf.edu/publication/365/basis-for-regulated-rna-cleavage-by-functional-analysis-of-rnase-l-and-ire1p/
Inflammation During Pregnancy: Links to Autism Development in the OffspringInflammation During Pregnancy: Links to Autism Development in the Offspring
In 2010, a large study, which included all children born in Denmark between 1980 and 2005, highlighted an association between women who suffered an infection severe enough to require hospitalization while pregnant, and the presence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in their offspring: mothers who experienced a viral infection in the first trimester, or a bacterial infection in the second trimester, were much more likely to have a child with ASD. This phenomenon can be modeled in pregnant mice subjected to immune activation with specific antigens.. Now, results from a study recently (February 26, 2016) published in the journal Science (The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autismlike phenotypes in offspring) reveal a possible mechanism at the basis of the previous observations. The researchers injected pregnant mice with synthetic double-stranded RNA, a mimic of viral infection that induces severe inflammation. They found that the induced inflammatory response in the mother ...
http://immunitytales.com/inflammation-during-pregnancy-links-to-autism-development-in-the-offspring/
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase - P19525 (E2AK2...RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase - P19525 (E2AK2...
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P19525
The evolution of strand preference in simulated RNA replicators with strand displacement: Implications for the origin of...The evolution of strand preference in simulated RNA replicators with strand displacement: Implications for the origin of...
The simplest conceivable example of evolving systems is RNA molecules that can replicate themselves. Since replication produces a new RNA strand complementary to a template, all templates would eventually become double-stranded and, hence, become unavailable for replication. Thus the problem of how to separate the two strands is considered a major issue for the early evolution of self-replicating RNA. One biologically plausible way to copy a double-stranded RNA is to displace a preexisting strand by a newly synthesized strand. Such copying can in principle be initiated from either the (+) or (-) strand of a double-stranded RNA. Assuming that only one of them, say (+), can act as replicase when single-stranded, strand displacement produces a new replicase if the (-) strand is the template. If, however, the (+) strand is the template, it produces a new template (but no replicase). Modern transcription exhibits extreme strand preference wherein anti-sense strands are always the template. Likewise,
https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6150-3-33
Using RNAi to investigate orthologous homeotic gene function during development of distantly related insects - Brown - 1999 -...Using RNAi to investigate orthologous homeotic gene function during development of distantly related insects - Brown - 1999 -...
Gene product distribution is often used to infer developmental similarities and differences in animals with evolutionarily diverse body plans. However, to address commonalties of developmental mechanisms, what is really needed is a method to assess and compare gene function in divergent organisms. This requires mutations eliminating gene function. Such mutations are often difficult to obtain, even in organisms amenable to genetic analysis. To address this issue we have investigated the use of double-stranded RNA interference to phenocopy null mutations. We show that RNA interference can be used to phenocopy mutations of the Deformed orthologues in Drosophila and Tribolium. We discuss the possible use of this technique for comparisons of developmental mechanisms in organisms with differing ontogenies. ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1525-142x.1999.99013.x/full
Drosophila suzukii
As part of the InvaProtect project, we are investigating the hibernation of D. suzukii in our region, e.g. population dynamics, overwintering places and cold tolerance. The number of overwintered flies and the population build-up in spring are decisive factors for further infestation in cherries and berries. In a Biochance project, we aim to develop an alternative, environmentally friendly method for this control in springtime. It is based on the so-called RNA interference (RNAi) by application of small double-stranded RNAs, which are specific to D. suzukii, and thus have no effect on other (beneficial) insects. The RNA molecules are to be offered as food in an attractive trap. The control is based on a specific attract & kill strategy ...
http://alplanta.agroscience.de/index.php/en/research-groups/fruit-diseases/ag-obst/drosophila-suzukii
Researchers Developing Natural Pesticide That Wont Harm Bees - Infinity Leadz
a Royal Society of Chemistry journal, suggests this new approach could be key to addressing the threat to food security posed by plant pests, which account for a 40 per cent loss in global agricultural production and costs $100 billion every year. Professor Mark Dickman, from the Institute for Sustainable Food and Director of Research at the University of Sheffields Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, led the study. He said: The RNA biocontrols we are working on with Syngenta can help to address the sustainability challenge for farming. The idea is that dsRNA is applied to the crops, then along comes the pest, which eats the crop. The dsRNA molecule then kills the pest by triggering the RNAi mechanism. The advantage of this is that we can be highly selective. We have the ability to target a specific pest while protecting beneficial species, such as honeybees. A key challenge will be making enough of these biocontrols which are natural, biodegradable and sustainable, and to ...
https://infinityleadz.com/researchers-developing-natural-pesticide-that-wont-harm-bees/
Plus itPlus it
Although germinally transmitted ΔMuDR elements are transcriptionally active and produce chimeric sense/antisense transcripts, they have no measurable impact on mudrA transcript levels or Mu1 TIR methylation. As determined by in situ hybridization, antisense mudrA transcripts colocalized with sense mudrA and mudrB transcripts in many tissues of active Mutator plants, and the sense and antisense transcripts may have been paired in vivo (Joanin et al., 1997).. As with documented cases of quelling in fungi, RNA interference in animals, and cosuppression in transgenic plants (reviewed by Matzke et al., 2001; Vance and Vaucheret, 2001), structural properties of ΔMuDR transcripts would be predicted to lead to RNA-based epigenetic gene silencing (Walbot and Rudenko, 2002). Ectopically expressed antisense RNAs are thought to pair with sense transcripts and feed into the double-stranded RNA-induced degradation pathway (Stam et al., 2000; Van Houdt et al., 2000; Serio et al., 2001), and in such cases, ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/15/10/2430
The importance of technological advances - Tango Technology
It is perhaps modern imaging technologies that have had the biggest impact on the field of cell biology, and will unquestionably continue to do so. The trend is to label and monitor cells, organelles and molecules and their interactions, using increasingly sophisticated tools, in real time. Not a meeting goes by without someone presenting a movie of their favourite protein dashing around a cell (sometimes even screened along with matching music), and these images are beginning to change our views of the dynamic nature of some of the most fundamental cell biological processes (see, for example, page 156 of this issue).. Because of the importance of technical advances across subdisciplines, Nature Cell Biology has recently introduced a new section, comprising Technology Review articles, which has so far included reviews of in vivo electroporation (Nature Cell Biol.1, E203-E207; 1999) and double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) (Nature Cell Biol.2, E31-E36; 2000). This section is dedicated to ...
http://www.nuevotangovancouver.com/importance-technological-advances/
RNA activation - WikipediaRNA activation - Wikipedia
RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. who also coined the term RNAa as a contrast to RNA interference (RNAi) to describe such gene activation phenomenon. Soon after, several groups made similar observation in different mammalian species including human, non-human primates, rat and mice, suggesting that RNAa is a general gene regulation mechanism conserved at least in mammals. In these studies, upregulation of gene expression is achieved by targeting selected promoter regions using either synthetic 21-nucleotide dsRNAs or vector expressed small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Such promoter targeted dsRNAs have been termed antigene RNA (agRNAs) or small activating RNA (saRNA). Similar gene activation mechanisms mediated by the Ago-small RNA pathway have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_activation
British Library EThOS: Biochemical analysis of the Drosophila ADAR protein domainsBritish Library EThOS: Biochemical analysis of the Drosophila ADAR protein domains
The absence of an alternatively spliced exon between the two dsRBMs of dADAR in adult flies results in higher editing activity when compared to the isoform containing the exon seen at earlier stages of development. A number of constructs containing the dsRBMs were successfully cloned and purified. NMR data of RBM1 confirms that the dsRBMs of dADAR are members of the well characterised family of dsRBMs. Each dsRBM has a distinct affinity for dsRNA substrate indicating possible different roles. Point mutations within dsRBM1 result in a loss of binding activity. The self editing site of dADAR is found within exon 7 of the pre-mRNA, 3 to the second catalytic motif of the deaminase domain. Editing at this site results in a serine to glycine change in the translated protein and has been shown to reduce editing activity in all known substrates. This region of the protein is highly conserved throughout the ADARs and sequence comparisons with human ADAR2 at the DNA level show it has the potential to be ...
http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.661149
Systemic RNA interference defective protein elisa and antibodySystemic RNA interference defective protein elisa and antibody
Shop Systemic RNA interference defective protein ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Systemic RNA interference defective protein Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.
https://www.mybiosource.com/protein_family.php?root=systemic-rna-interference-defective-protein
The Piwi-piRNA Pathway Provides an Adaptive Defense in the Transposon Arms Race | ScienceThe Piwi-piRNA Pathway Provides an Adaptive Defense in the Transposon Arms Race | Science
Increasingly complex networks of small RNAs act through RNA-interference (RNAi) pathways to regulate gene expression, to mediate antiviral responses, to organize chromosomal domains, and to restrain the spread of selfish genetic elements. Historically, RNAi has been defined as a response to double-stranded RNA. However, some small RNA species may not arise from double-stranded RNA precursors. Yet, like microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, such species guide Argonaute proteins to silencing targets through complementary base-pairing. Silencing can be achieved by corecruitment of accessory factors or through the activity of Argonaute itself, which often has endonucleolytic activity. As a specific and adaptive regulatory system, RNAi is used throughout eukarya, which indicates a long evolutionary history. A likely function of RNAi throughout that history is to protect the genome from both pathogenic and parasitic invaders.. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/318/5851/761
Structural insights into RNA recognition by RIG-I. | NECAT
p,Intracellular RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs, including RIG-I, MDA-5, and LGP2) recognize viral RNAs as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an antiviral immune response. To understand the molecular basis of this process, we determined the crystal structure of RIG-I in complex with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The dsRNA is sheathed within a network of protein domains that include a conserved helicase domain (regions HEL1 and HEL2), a specialized insertion domain (HEL2i), and a C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD). A V-shaped pincer connects HEL2 and the CTD by gripping an α-helical shaft that extends from HEL1. In this way, the pincer coordinates functions of all the domains and couples RNA binding with ATP hydrolysis. RIG-I falls within the Dicer-RIG-I clade of the superfamily 2 helicases, and this structure reveals complex interplay between motor domains, accessory mechanical domains, and RNA that has implications for understanding the nanomechanical function of this ...
https://lilith.nec.aps.anl.gov/structural-insights-rna-recognition-rig-i
6098347760983477
Recognition of 5 triphosphate by RIG-I helicase requires short blunt double-stranded RNA as contained in panhandle of negative-strand virus ...
http://viaf.org/viaf/60983477/
Universitätsklinikum Halle(Saale): Project C2
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sven-Erik Behrens Specific aim/topic (1) Exploring the roles of TBSV P19 and TCV P38 in affecting antiviral and cellular RNA silencing. Background and significance. Small RNA-mediated RNA silencing is the primary adaptive immune response against (+)RNA viruses in higher plants. Inductors are structured elements of the viral genome or double-stranded RNAs that are generated by cellular RNA polymerases or during viral replication via (-)RNA intermediates. The RNA triggers are processed by the Dicers DCL2, 3 and 4 into 21-24 nt long vsiRNAs, which move ahead of the infection in the plant and may establish antiviral RNA silencing and immunity. As a key-feature of silencing, vsiRNAs are incorporated into RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) that contain ARGONAUTE (AGO) nucleases and other, yet uncharacterized components. Ten AGO proteins were identified in A. thaliana, from which AGO1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 were indicated to contribute to antiviral protection (see previous studies). ...
https://www.medizin.uni-halle.de/index.php?id=873&BF=2
PLOS ONE: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral TherapeuticsPLOS ONE: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapeutics
Currently there are relatively few antiviral therapeutics, and most which do exist are highly pathogen-specific or have other disadvantages. We have developed a new broad-spectrum antiviral approach, dubbed Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Activated Caspase Oligomerizer (DRACO) that selectively induces apoptosis in cells containing viral dsRNA, rapidly killing infected cells without harming uninfected cells. We have created DRACOs and shown that they are nontoxic in 11 mammalian cell types and effective against 15 different viruses, including dengue flavivirus, Amapari and Tacaribe arenaviruses, Guama bunyavirus, and H1N1 influenza. We have also demonstrated that DRACOs can rescue mice challenged with H1N1 influenza. DRACOs have the potential to be effective therapeutics or prophylactics for numerous clinical and priority viruses, due to the broad-spectrum sensitivity of the dsRNA detection domain, the potent activity of the apoptosis induction domain, and the novel direct linkage between the two which
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022572
Uncategorized - BET-bromodomain inhibition researchUncategorized - BET-bromodomain inhibition research
In plants, many dsRNA-binding protein (DRBs) have already been proven to play essential roles in a variety of RNA silencing pathways, mainly by promoting the efficiency and/or accuracy of Dicer-like protein (DCL)-mediated little RNA production. also provides multiple lines of proof displaying that DRB4 is normally partitioned into, at least, two distinctive cellular pools satisfying different functions, through exceptional binding with either DCL4 or DRB7 mutually.2. Collectively, these results revealed that plant life have evolved a particular DRB complicated that modulates selectively the creation of endoIR-siRNAs. The life of such a complicated and its own implication about the still elusive natural function of place endoIR-siRNA will end up being discussed. Launch In eukaryotes, RNA silencing is normally a conserved system that plays important roles in lots of natural processes such as for example maintenance of genome balance, advancement or antiviral protection. The many classes of ...
http://healthandwellnesssource.org/category/uncategorized/
CureVac secures $110 million in development of RNA vaccines | BioshotsCureVac secures $110 million in development of RNA vaccines | Bioshots
CureVac, a German biotech that specializes in mRNA therapies has recently secured $110 million in fresh funding from new investors Chartwave Ltd., Coppel Family, Elma Investments Ltd. and Sigma Group as well as existing investors dievini Hopp BioTech holding GmbH & Co. KG and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Instead of using RNA for genetic interference, CureVac…
https://scienceasacareer.wordpress.com/2015/11/08/curevac-secures-110-million-in-development-of-rna-vaccines/
Chemical Disguise Transforms RNAi Drug Delivery
Small pieces of synthetic RNA trigger a RNA interference (RNAi) response that holds great therapeutic potential to treat a number of diseases, especially cancer and pandemic viruses. The problem is delivery - it is extremely difficult to get RNAi drugs inside the cells in which they are needed. To overcome this hurdle, researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have developed a way to chemically disguise RNAi drugs so that they are able to enter cells. Once inside, cellular machinery converts these disguised drug precursors - called siRNNs - into active RNAi drugs. The technique will publish Nov. 17 in Nature Biotechnology.
https://health.ucsd.edu/news/releases/pages/2014-11-17-rnai-drug-delivery.aspx
SearchSearch
Introduction. The success of the Human Genome Project and the availability of the complete sequence of the human genome have revealed the existence of numerous genes whose functions are unknown. Although many functional genes were successfully identified using libraries of randomized ribozymes (Kruger et al., 2000; Li et al., 2000; Welch et al., 2000; Beger et al., 2001; Kawasaki et al., 2002; Kawasaki and Taira, 2002; Onuki et al., 2002; Nelson et al., 2003; Rhoades and Wong-Staal, 2003; Suyama et al., 2003a, b; Chatterton et al., 2004; Kuwabara et al., 2004; Onuki et al., 2004), the randomized library naturally contained many ribozymes that could not hybridize with any human gene transcripts, resulting in some false positives. While exploitation of RNA interference (RNAi) is hampered by the induction of the interferon response upon the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into mammalian cells (Elbashir et al., 2001), RNAi can be a powerful tool in gene analysis and, for example, the ...
https://core-cms.prod.aop.cambridge.org/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Takashi%20Futami&eventCode=SE-AU
Interaction between RNA interference and RNA editing pathways - Kazuko NishikuraInteraction between RNA interference and RNA editing pathways - Kazuko Nishikura
One type of RNA editing involves the conversion of adenosine residues into inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) through the action of adenosine deaminase acti...
http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-GM040536-21
virusesviruses
Our immune system has immense powers of observation. It needs to in order to fend off the millions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, you name it, that we get exposed to every day.. Im not talking about antibodies and T cells-parts of the immune systems adaptive arm, which is fine-tuned to recognize a specific virus or bacterium. Rather, Im talking about pattern recognition proteins-biological sensors capable of recognizing features and structures that only bacteria or viruses have. These make up the immune systems innate arm, which essentially primes the body to attack anything that looks remotely like it doesnt belong.. For instance, our cells carry sensors that can detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which certain kinds of viruses use to encode their genome-like the rotavirus, which causes severe diarrhea in infants and small children. Our genome, by contrast, is encoded in DNA, and the RNA we make is single-stranded; if theres dsRNA present, it means theres a virus around.. In a recent ...
https://vector.childrenshospital.org/tag/viruses/
RNA interference - Polyplus-transfectionRNA interference - Polyplus-transfection
RNA interference is a specific inhibition of gene expression induced by the presence of a complementary double-stranded RNA, namely siRNA, in the cytoplasm. This silencing mechanism is present in plants, worms and mammalian cells, and is highly efficient and gene specific.
https://www.polyplus-transfection.com/case-studies/rna-interference/
Cambio - Excellence in Molecular BiologyCambio - Excellence in Molecular Biology
Ribonuclease R (RNase R) from E. coli, is a magnesium-dependent 3→5 exoribonuclease that digests essentially all linear RNAs but does not digest lariat or circular RNA structures1,2, or double-stranded RNA with 3 overhangs shorter than 7 nucleotides2
https://cambio.co.uk/43/445/15/products/rnase-r/
All News | ALZFORUMAll News | ALZFORUM
Typically a sign of viral infection, double-stranded RNAs were spotted in C9ORF72 carriers, in whom they mingled with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions. In mice, dsRNAs spread between connected neurons, provoking Type I interferon response and killing cells. ...
https://www.alzforum.org/all-news?fq%5B%5D=ds_search_date:%5B1900-01-01T00:00:00Z%20TO%202031-06-22T00:19:58Z%5D
Double-stranded RNA virusesDouble-stranded RNA viruses
The positive-strand RNA can also be replicated by the RdRp to create a new double-stranded viral genome. Double-stranded RNA ... The double-stranded genome is used to transcribe a positive-strand RNA by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The ... Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ... Double-stranded RNA viruses evolved two separate times from positive-strand RNA viruses. In the Baltimore classification system ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_viruses
Negative-strand RNA virusNegative-strand RNA virus
... single-stranded RNA (−ssRNA) viruses. They have genomes made of RNA, which are single instead of double-stranded. Their genomes ... They are descended from a common ancestor that was a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, and they are considered to be a sister ... Negative-strand RNA viruses (−ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes ... They have genomes that act as complementary strands from which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by the viral enzyme RNA- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-strand_RNA_virus
Positive-strand RNA virusPositive-strand RNA virus
... whose members are double-stranded RNA viruses that are descended from +ssRNA viruses. Double-stranded RNA virus Negative-strand ... All positive-strand RNA virus genomes encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase a viral protein that synthesizes RNA from an RNA ... The replication of the positive-sense RNA genome proceeds through double-stranded RNA intermediates, and the purpose of ... Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-strand_RNA_virus
Viral diseaseViral disease
Double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae. The Hepatitis D virus has not yet been assigned to a family, but is clearly distinct ... Partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped. One family of single-stranded DNA viruses ... Positive single-stranded RNA families: three non-enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped ... Negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_disease
Toll-like receptorToll-like receptor
Its ligand is retroviral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which activates the TRIF dependent signalling pathway. To explore the ... double-stranded RNA of viruses; or the unmethylated CpG islands of bacterial and viral DNA; and also of the CpG islands found ... TLR7 messenger RNA expression levels in dairy animals in a natural outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease have been reported. TLR4 ... in the promoters of eukaryotic DNA; as well as certain other RNA and DNA molecules. For most of the TLRs, ligand recognition ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor
Bat viromeBat virome
... double-stranded RNA viruses; (IV) positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses; (V) negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses; ( ... double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate through a single-stranded RNA intermediate. The greatest share of bat-associated ... double-stranded DNA viruses; (II) single-stranded DNA viruses; (III) ... VI) positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate; and (VII) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_virome
ILF3ILF3
A double-stranded RNA-binding protein and substrate for the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR". Biochemistry. ... A double-stranded RNA-binding protein and substrate for the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR". Biochemistry. ... C5orf36 Small NF90/ILF3-associated RNAs (snaR) (~120 nucleotides long) and are known to interact with ILF3 double-stranded RNA- ... Patel RC, Vestal DJ, Xu Z, Bandyopadhyay S, Guo W, Erme SM, Williams BR, Sen GC (July 1999). "DRBP76, a double-stranded RNA- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILF3
Microprocessor complexMicroprocessor complex
... a double-stranded RNA binding protein. (DGCR8 is the name used in mammalian genetics, abbreviated from "DiGeorge syndrome ... DGCR8 recognizes the junctions between hairpin structures and single-stranded RNA and serves to orient Drosha to cleave around ... Michlewski G, Cáceres JF (January 2019). "Post-transcriptional control of miRNA biogenesis". RNA. 25 (1): 1-16. doi:10.1261/rna ... RNA. 22 (2): 175-83. doi:10.1261/rna.054684.115. PMC 4712668. PMID 26683315. Nguyen TA, Jo MH, Choi YG, Park J, Kwon SC, Hohng ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_complex
Veterinary virologyVeterinary virology
... double-stranded RNA virus. The genome is segmented. Circoviruses are small single-stranded DNA viruses. There are two genera: ... It is a non-enveloped, positive strand, RNA virus. FMDV is a highly contagious virus. It enters the body through inhalation. ... African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and ... Rhabdoviruses are a diverse family of single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_virology
AlphachrysovirusAlphachrysovirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... Genomes are linear double-stranded RNA which is around 12.5 kbp in length. The genome codes for four proteins. The genome has ... Alphachrysovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. It is one of two genera in the family Chrysoviridae. They infect ... three double stranded RNA segments. All have extended highly conserved terminal sequences at both ends. Viral replication is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphachrysovirus
RintatolimodRintatolimod
When, for example, double-stranded RNA molecules from an RNA viral infection bind to TLR-3 receptors, the virus in this way ... It is an immunomodulatory double-stranded RNA drug similar to the prototypical RNA poly I:C, first synthesized in the 1970s and ... "Mismatched Double-Stranded RNA: Ampligen, Oragen, Polyi:Polyc12u." Drugs in R&D. February 1, 2002. Retrieved on February 26, ... Rintatolimod development evolved from a 1960s synthesis by Merck & Co., a double-stranded RNA compound of inosinic and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintatolimod
MycovirusMycovirus
Most fungal viruses belong to double-stranded RNA viruses, but about 30% belong to positive-strand RNA virus. However, negative ... single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes. However, negative single-stranded RNA viruses and single-stranded DNA viruses have also ... Many double-stranded RNA elements that have been described in fungi do not fit this description, and in these cases they are ... Vilches S, Castillo A (October 1997). "A double-stranded RNA mycovirus in Botrytis cinerea". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 155 (1 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycovirus
Ribonuclease IIIRibonuclease III
"Ribonuclease III mechanisms of double-stranded RNA cleavage". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA. 5 (1): 31-48. doi:10.1002/ ... Inada, T.; Nakamura, Y. (1995). "Lethal double-stranded RNA processing activity of ribonuclease III in the absence of SuhB ... They process precursors to ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). The basic dsRNA ... They are ubiquitous compounds in the cell and play a major role in pathways such as RNA precursor synthesis, RNA Silencing, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease_III
AgroinfiltrationAgroinfiltration
... where small interfering RNAs are produced from double-stranded RNA in order to create a sequence specific degradation pathway ... Hammond, Scott M.; Caudy, Amy A.; Hannon, Gregory J. (Feb 2001). "Post-transcriptional gene silencing by double-stranded RNA". ... The bacteria create a mechanism that burrows a hole and transfers the new T-DNA strand into the plant cell. The T-DNA moves ... Although it is not clear exactly how p19 works to suppress RNA silencing, studies have shown that transiently expressed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroinfiltration
Colletotrichum lindemuthianumColletotrichum lindemuthianum
DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA VIRUS IN COLLETOTRICHUM-LINDEMUTHIANUM. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 65, no. oct, ( ... uniformly sized particles that he identified as double-stranded RNA viruses in the extract of the α5 race of fungus. The α5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletotrichum_lindemuthianum
Xi River virusXi River virus
XRV has the same morphology and high sequence identity as Nelson Bay virus (NBV), and a 10-segmented double-stranded RNA genome ... Reoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. They have an icosahedral capsid (T-13) composed of an outer and ... Patton JT (editor). (2008). Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. www.horizonpress.com. ... Bat-borne virus Double-stranded RNA viruses Nelson Bay virus Oncolytic virus Orphan virus Du, L; Lu, Z; Fan, Y; Meng, K; Jiang ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_River_virus
CardoreovirusCardoreovirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... The genome is made of double-stranded RNA. It is linear and has twelve segments. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into ... Cardoreovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Crabs serve as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardoreovirus
RNA silencingRNA silencing
... of RNA. Lastly, the double stranded miRNAs/siRNAs separate into single strands; the antisense RNA strand of the two will ... a double stranded RNA, which, like DNA, is a double stranded series of nucleotides. If the mechanism didn't use dsRNAs, but ... RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). ... demonstrating that double-stranded RNA could act as a trigger for gene silencing. Since then, various other classes of RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_silencing
OrthoreovirusOrthoreovirus
Its genome is composed of segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), thus it is classified as a group III virus according to the ... protein λ3 serves as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, full strands of positive sense single stranded RNA (mRNA) are ... positive sense RNAs serve as the template strand to make negative sense RNA. The positive and negative strands will base-pair ... Double-stranded RNA viruses Avian reovirus "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoreovirus
RNA worldRNA world
The overall structure of RNA and DNA are immensely similar-one strand of DNA and one of RNA can bind to form a double helical ... a strand of RNA that would make creating more strands of RNA easier). Relatively short RNA molecules with such abilities have ... Although RNA is fragile, some ancient RNAs may have evolved the ability to methylate other RNAs to protect them. If the RNA ... This forces an RNA double helix to change from a B-DNA structure to one more closely resembling A-DNA. RNA also uses a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world
TotiviridaeTotiviridae
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... The genome is composed of a monopartite, linear double-stranded RNA molecule of 4.6-6.7 kilobases. It contains two overlapping ... Totiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Giardia lamblia, leishmania, trichomonas vaginalis, and fungi serve as ... Viruses in the family Totiviridae are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses with icosahedral geometries, and T=2 symmetry ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totiviridae
OryzavirusOryzavirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... Oryzavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Spinareovirinae. Member viruses ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzavirus
ReoviridaeReoviridae
Double-stranded RNA viruses Oncolytic virus Orphan virus "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Guglielmi, KM; Johnson, ... 2008). Segmented Double-stranded RNA Viruses: Structure and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-21-9. ... Reoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses have a wide host range, including vertebrates, ... double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Because of this, replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, and the virus encodes several ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reoviridae
ChrysoviridaeChrysoviridae
... is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Members of the family are called chrysoviruses. The capsid is about ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoviridae
TrichomonasvirusTrichomonasvirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonasvirus
GiardiavirusGiardiavirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded rna virus transcription is the method of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiavirus
VictorivirusVictorivirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... victorivirus 1 Chalara elegans RNA Virus 1 Coniothyrium minitans RNA virus Epichloe festucae virus 1 Gremmeniella abietina RNA ... Translation takes place by RNA termination-reinitiation. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Filamentous ... virus 1 Magnaporthe oryzae virus 2 Rosellinia necatrix victorivirus 1 Sphaeropsis sapinea RNA virus 1 Sphaeropsis sapinea RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorivirus
ColtivirusColtivirus
... es have twelve segments of linear, double-stranded RNA. When the genome is processed with gel electrophoresis, the ... DNA viruses have genomes consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA), while RNA viruses, like Coltivirus, have an RNA ( ... Reassortment of the RNA segments in progeny is common, and this plays a role in some of the genetic diversity between the ... When the virus replicates, the virion outer shell has to be removed in order for RNA polymerase to be activated to continue the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltivirus
AmalgaviridaeAmalgaviridae
Liu, W; Chen, J (2009). "A double-stranded RNA as the genome of a potential virus infecting Vicia faba". Virus Genes. 39 (1): ... Amalgaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Member viruses infect plants and are transmitted vertically via seeds ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with 'species' microformats, Double-stranded RNA ... been suggested that amalgaviruses have evolved via recombination between viruses with double-stranded and negative-strand RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgaviridae
AquabirnavirusAquabirnavirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... Double-stranded RNA viruses, Virus genera). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquabirnavirus
Caspase-activated DNaseCaspase-activated DNase
Therefore, ICAD has a double function; it acts as a CAD inhibitor and also as a chaperone for CAD synthesis assisting the ... Besides, Caspase 3 induces DNA breaks in the promoter of the factor p21 and this strand breakup is related to p21 gene ... Hillman RT, Green RE, Brenner SE (2005). "An unappreciated role for RNA surveillance". Genome Biology. 5 (2): R8. doi:10.1186/ ... CAD leads to the initiation of the DNA strand breakage, which occurs during terminal differentiation of some cell, such as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase
Prokaryotic DNA replicationProkaryotic DNA replication
In addition, dsDNA (double stranded DNA) in the active site has a wider major groove and shallower minor groove that permits ... The RNA primers of Okazaki fragments are subsequently degraded by RNase H and DNA Polymerase I (exonuclease), and the gaps (or ... The nicked strand, or T-strand, is then unwound from the unbroken strand and transferred to the recipient cell in a 5'-terminus ... each comprising one parental strand and one newly synthesised strand (by nature of semiconservative replication). This ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_DNA_replication
InterferonInterferon
Some viruses can encode proteins that bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to prevent the activity of RNA-dependent protein ... Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) is important for inducing interferons in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA viruses; ... Minks MA, West DK, Benvin S, Baglioni C (October 1979). "Structural requirements of double-stranded RNA for the activation of 2 ... double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon
Bacillus virus phi29Bacillus virus phi29
Bacillus virus Φ29 (bacteriophage Φ29) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophage with a prolate icosahedral head and a ... Versatility in RNA structure and function provides the ability to assemble nanoparticles for nanomedicinal therapeutics. The ... Rao, Venigalla B.; Feiss, Michael (2015-11-09). "Mechanisms of DNA Packaging by Large Double-Stranded DNA Viruses". Annual ... Φ29 has a unique DNA packaging motor structure that employs prohead packaging RNA (pRNA) to guide the translocation of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_virus_phi29
Gene silencing pesticideGene silencing pesticide
In 1998, it was found that double-stranded RNA, injected to worms influenced the natural gene sequence in such a way that it ... Gene silencing pesticides are pesticides that use gene silencing, and RNA interference (RNAi) in particular to target ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_silencing_pesticide
ZTTK syndromeZTTK syndrome
SON contains various domains such as the RS-rich domain, a G-patch domain and a double-stranded RNA-binding motif. The presence ... Mitotic cells without functional SON have increased double-stranded DNA breaks and micronuclei formation. Consequently, genome ... Aberrant SON-mediated RNA splicing results from the accumulation of mis-spliced transcripts. The mis-spliced RNA products are ... In wild-type ESCs, SON binding to the RNA transcripts of pluripotency regulating genes such as PRDM14 and OCT4 results in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTTK_syndrome
Cell cycleCell cycle
... of single-strand DNA damages are converted to about 50 endogenous DNA double-strand breaks per cell per cell cycle. Although ... Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase. An exception to this is histone production, ... Homologous recombination (HR) is an accurate process for repairing DNA double-strand breaks. HR is nearly absent in G1 phase, ... Vilenchik MM, Knudson AG (October 2003). "Endogenous DNA double-strand breaks: production, fidelity of repair, and induction of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle
Short interspersed nuclear elementShort interspersed nuclear element
The pre-miRNA is processed by the protein DICER into a double stranded 22 nucleotide. Thereafter, one of the strands is ... RNA pseudogenes are reverse transcribed RNA genes). Pseudogenes are generally functionless as they descend from processed RNAs ... The microRNAs are transcribed as part of longer RNA strands of generally about 80 nucleotides which through complementary base- ... For example, the 5' of the Alu sine is derived from 7SL RNA, a sequence transcribed by RNA Polymerase III which codes for the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element
RNA-targeting small molecule drugsRNA-targeting small molecule drugs
The drug stabilizes the transient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) structure formed between the SMN2 pre-mRNA and U1 snRNP complex, ... RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA by Small Organic ... Additionally, HIV-1 RNA has been targeted extensively in vitro by RNA-binding small molecules. In 2007, Miller and coworkers ... An NMR structure of the RNA in complex with DB213, showed that the small molecule bound to the major groove of the RNA duplex. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-targeting_small_molecule_drugs
List of homing endonuclease cutting sitesList of homing endonuclease cutting sites
Yang J, Zimmerly S, Perlman PS, Lambowitz AM (May 1996). "Efficient integration of an intron RNA into double-stranded DNA by ... Liang F, Romanienko PJ, Weaver DT, Jeggo PA, Jasin M (August 1996). "Chromosomal double-strand break repair in Ku80-deficient ... Nicking endonuclease: These enzymes cut only one DNA strand, leaving the other strand untouched. **: Unknown cutting site: ... "A group I intron in the chloroplast large subunit rRNA gene of Chlamydomonas eugametos encodes a double-strand endonuclease ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_homing_endonuclease_cutting_sites
Pattern recognition receptorPattern recognition receptor
... which have been shown to participate in intracellular recognition of viral double-stranded (ds) and single stranded RNA which ... Three RLR helicases have so far been described: RIG-I and MDA5 (recognizing 5'triphosphate-RNA and dsRNA, respectively), which ... RLRs initiate the release of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN I). RLRs are RNA helicases, ... such as bacterial or viral DNA or RNA), bacterial peptides (flagellin, microtubule elongation factors), peptidoglycans and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor
Histone methyltransferaseHistone methyltransferase
The methylation of histone lysine has an important role in choosing the pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks. As an ... Histone-Modifying Enzymes Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Histone deacetylase (HDAC) RNA polymerase control by chromatin ... Often, the β-strands found in the pre-SET domain will form β-sheets with the β-strands of the SET domain, leading to slight ... "The Dot1 histone methyltransferase and the Rad9 checkpoint adaptor contribute to cohesin-dependent double-strand break repair ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_methyltransferase
Fluorescence in situ hybridizationFluorescence in situ hybridization
In biology, a probe is a single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of interest. RNA probes can ... This variation is often called double-fusion FISH or D-FISH. In the opposite situation-where the absence of the secondary color ... This technique is sometimes called "break-apart FISH". Single-molecule RNA FISH, also known as Stellaris® RNA FISH or smFISH, ... June 2011). "Precursor miR-886, a novel noncoding RNA repressed in cancer, associates with PKR and modulates its activity". RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization
Grapevine virus AGrapevine virus A
A reading frame begins with a start codon (codon that begins the translation to RNA from the DNA strand) and ends with a stop ... Bianchi, A. T. J.; Moonen-Leusen, H. W. M.; van der Heijden, P. J.; Bokhout, B. A. (1 February 1995). "The use of a double ... Since GVA is a disease that affects the RNA of the plant, new RNA is added to the sample and it combines with the infected RNA ... Grapevine virus A has a single-stranded RNA genome, which is similar to that of Grapevine virus B. There are multiple strains ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapevine_virus_A
Coding theory approaches to nucleic acid designCoding theory approaches to nucleic acid design
DNA sequences are known to appear in the form of double helices in living cells, in which one DNA strand is hybridized to its ... which can predict secondary structure formations in single stranded DNAs (i.e. oligonucleotides) or RNA sequences. Coding ... "The Vienna RNA secondary structure package". Atri Rudra's course at The State University of New York, Buffalo (DNA ... DNA computing requires that the self-assembly of the oligonucleotide strands happen in such a way that hybridization should ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_theory_approaches_to_nucleic_acid_design
ENDOGENDOG
... sequences in double-stranded DNA. The protein is initially synthesized as an inactive 33-kDa precursor. This precursor is ... The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the conserved DNA/RNA non-specific ββα-Me-finger nuclease family and possesses a ... This protein is capable of generating the RNA primers required by DNA polymerase gamma to initiate replication of mitochondrial ... Braunwald E, Kloner RA (Nov 1985). "Myocardial reperfusion: a double-edged sword?". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 76 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENDOG
Cloverleaf model of tRNACloverleaf model of tRNA
One end of the chains (with a double stranded structure in which the 5' and 3' ends are adjacent to each other), the amino ... CS1: long volume value, RNA, Protein biosynthesis, Non-coding RNA, Articles containing video clips). ... A Survey of TRNA Mimicry: Structural Studies of Plant Viral RNA. books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9781109205299. Retrieved June 2, 2015 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_model_of_tRNA
Cruciform DNACruciform DNA
Double-stranded breaks in DNA can trigger incorrect DNA repair, chromosomal translocations, and in severe cases, DNA ... Cruciform structures block the recognition of the tet promoter in pX by RNA polymerase. The cruciform structures can also ... C-type cruciform formation is marked by a large initial opening in the double-stranded DNA. This opening has several adenine ... If inverted repeat sequences were present, then double-stranded DNA was speculated to form branches and loops. Proteins were ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform_DNA
Index of biochemistry articlesIndex of biochemistry articles
RNA - RNA virus - RNA-binding protein - RNA-directed DNA polymerase - rod outer segment - rough ER sarcoplasmic reticulum - ... double helix - Drosophila - drugs - dynorphin eIF-2 - eIF-2 kinase - electrochemical potential - electron - electron capture - ... lagging strand - laminin - LDL receptor - Le Chatelier's principle - lectin - leucine - leucine-2-alanine enkephalin - ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles
Turkeypox virusTurkeypox virus
The concatameric intermediates produced earlier are now resolved into double strand DNA and packaged in the late viral proteins ... Also important for transcription is a capsidated RNA helicase, and two NTPases. These early transcripts are released from the ... Turkeypox virus, like other Avipoxviruses, is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus with a large, linear genome of ... a seven-subunit RNA polymerase, the heterodimeric capping enzyme/ termination protein, and the heterodimeric poly(A) polymerase ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeypox_virus
TelomeraseTelomerase
TERT is a reverse transcriptase, which is a class of enzymes that creates single-stranded DNA using single-stranded RNA as a ... Exposed chromosome ends are interpreted as double-stranded breaks (DSB) in DNA; such damage is usually repaired by reattaching ... siRNAs are small RNA molecules that induce the sequence-specific degradation of other RNAs. siRNA treatment can function ... Feng J, Funk WD, Wang SS, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu CP, Adams RR, Chang E, Allsopp RC, Yu J (September 1995). "The RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase
PicornavirusPicornavirus
... strand RNA genome is replicated through a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is formed using viral RNA-dependent RNA ... Genomic RNAs of picornaviruses possess multiple RNA elements, and they are required for both negative- and positive-strand RNA ... Virus RNA polymerases use VPg as primer. VPg as primer uses both positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis. Picornavirus ... or negative-strand RNA for production of full-length RNA. Determinants of VPg uridylylation efficiency suggest formation and/or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus
Y box binding protein 1Y box binding protein 1
... definition of a double-strand and a novel single-strand DNA binding motif". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (1): 111-6. doi:10.1093/nar/ ... 1999). "Interaction of YB-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat and TAR RNA modulates viral promoter activity". J. Gen ... 1996). "The mouse poly(C)-binding protein exists in multiple isoforms and interacts with several RNA-binding proteins". Nucleic ... 1999). "Molecular interactions between single-stranded DNA-binding proteins associated with an essential MCAT element in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome EditingNo-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing
... are able to initiate double strand breaks within these foreign DNAs that are complement to the transcribed CRISPR RNAs (crRNA, ... One side of the ring is large enough to admit double stranded DNA, but the other end can only accommodate single stranded DNA, ... RNA primers must be inserted along the lagging strand so that DNA polymerase is able to synthesize the strand in the 5' to 3' ... Cas9 is able to initiate a double strand break and the λ-red system is able to bring the linear DNA to E. coli genome for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-SCAR_(Scarless_Cas9_Assisted_Recombineering)_Genome_Editing
African swine fever virusAfrican swine fever virus
It is the only virus with a double-stranded DNA genome known to be transmitted by arthropods. ASFV is a large (175-215 nm), ... from sheep and bovines using small RNA sequencing. This 235-bp segment had an identity of 99% to a 235-bp DNA segment of ASFV ... African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family. It is the causative agent of ... double-stranded DNA virus with a linear genome of 189 kilobases containing more than 180 genes. The number of genes differs ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus
ThymidineThymidine
Deoxythymidine is the DNA nucleoside T, which pairs with deoxyadenosine (A) in double-stranded DNA. In cell biology it is used ... Instead of thymidine, RNA contains uridine (uracil joined to ribose). Uracil is chemically very similar to thymine, which is ... The prefix deoxy- is often left out since there are no precursors of thymine nucleotides involved in RNA synthesis. Before the ... Since thymine nucleotides are precursors of DNA (but not RNA), the prefix "deoxy" is often left out, i.e., deoxythymidine is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine
Tiling arrayTiling array
The RNA is copied into double stranded DNA, which is subsequently amplified and in vitro transcribed to cRNA. The product is ... The overlapping nature of the probes also allows detection of non-polyadenylated RNA and can produce a more precise picture of ... Like traditional microarrays, they function by hybridizing labeled DNA or RNA target molecules to probes fixed onto a solid ... Labeled targets were made from polyadenylated RNA. They found many more transcripts than predicted and 90% were outside of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_array
EpigenomicsEpigenomics
DNase-seq employs DNase I, a non-specific double strand-cleaving endonuclease. This technique has been used to such an extent ... Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA, RNA, and/or proteins are key effectors in these processes and function by positively or ... MNase-seq utilises a micrococcal nuclease that produces a single strand cleavage on the opposite strand of the target sequence ... Such hypersensitive sites were thought to be transcriptionally active regions, as evidenced by their association with RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics
Ribose-seqRibose-seq
During alkali treatment, double stranded DNA (dsDNA) is treated with sodium hydroxide, a strong base, to denature the dsDNA and ... cyclic phosphate ends of RNA to 2′-phosphate and ligates these to 5′-phosphate ends of RNA or DNA. Introducing AtRNL to the ... The amount of desalted double-stranded ribose-seq adaptor is then quantified. A concentration of 10 uM is needed for ribose-seq ... "Ribonucleotide triggered DNA damage and RNA-DNA damage responses". RNA Biology. 11 (11): 1340-6. doi:10.4161/15476286.2014. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose-seq
Transcription factor II BTranscription factor II B
RNA polymerase II unwinds DNA, aided by the TFIIB B linker and B reader (open complex formation). RNA polymerase II selects a ... The DNA duplex also clashes with the B linker above the rudder (caused by rewinding of the DNA into a double helix). TFIIB is ... The open and closed conformations refer to the state of the DNA and whether the template strand has been separated from the non ... Upon binding RNA polymerase II, the B reader and B linker cause slight repositioning of the protrusion domain of RNA polymerase ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_B
Will T4 RNA Ligase 1 ligate double stranded DNA? | NEBWill T4 RNA Ligase 1 ligate double stranded DNA? | NEB
Contrary to early reports T4 RNA Ligase 1 does not improve blunt end ligation significantly when used with T4 DNA Ligase 1. (1 ... Home FAQs Will T4 RNA Ligase 1 ligate double stranded DNA? FAQ: Will T4 RNA Ligase 1 ligate double stranded DNA?. No, not ... T4 RNA Ligase 1 (ssRNA Ligase), T4 RNA Ligase 1 (ssRNA Ligase), High Concentration. ... Contrary to early reports T4 RNA Ligase 1 does not improve blunt end ligation significantly when used with T4 DNA Ligase 1. (1 ...
https://www.neb.com/faqs/0001/01/01/will-t4-rna-ligase-1-ligate-double-stranded-dna
RNA, Double-Stranded | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard CatalystRNA, Double-Stranded | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are ... Double-Stranded" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "RNA, Double-Stranded" was a major or minor topic ... Genome-encoded cytoplasmic double-stranded RNAs, found in C9ORF72 ALS-FTD brain, propagate neuronal loss. Sci Transl Med. 2021 ... "RNA, Double-Stranded" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ...
https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/RNA,%20Double-Stranded
Binding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes with double stranded RNAs: Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigation - JASCOBinding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes with double stranded RNAs: Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigation - JASCO
... with three double stranded RNA polynucleotides (ds RNAs) viz. poly(I).poly(C), poly(A).poly(U) and poly(C).poly(G) was ... Binding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes with double stranded RNAs: Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigation. By ... Home / KnowledgeBase Articles / Binding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes with double stranded RNAs: Spectroscopic and ... Binding interaction of phenothiazinium dyes with double stranded RNAs: Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigation ...
https://jascoinc.com/knowledgebase/binding-interaction-of-phenothiazinium-dyes-with-double-stranded-rnas-spectroscopic-and-calorimetric-investigation/
SIU 2017: Demystifying the Mechanistic and Functional Aspects of RNA Activation With Double-Stranded RNAs in Human Prostate...SIU 2017: Demystifying the Mechanistic and Functional Aspects of RNA Activation With Double-Stranded RNAs in Human Prostate...
SIU 2017: Demystifying the Mechanistic and Functional Aspects of RNA Activation With Double-Stranded RNAs in Human Prostate ... Lisbon, Portugal (UroToday.com) The recently identified phenomenon of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene activation ( ...
https://www.urotoday.com/conference-highlights/siu-2017/siu-2017-prostate-cancer/99576-siu-2017-mp15-02-demystifying-the-mechanistic-and-functional-aspects-of-rna-activation-with-double-stranded-rinas-in-human-prostate-cancer-cells.html
Marker]Cotton Plants Expressing CYP6AE14 Double-Stranded RNA Show Improved Bollworm ResistanceMarker]Cotton Plants Expressing CYP6AE14 Double-Stranded RNA Show Improved Bollworm Resistance
Complete the form below and we will email you a PDF version of "[Marker]Cotton Plants Expressing CYP6AE14 Double-Stranded RNA ... Marker]Cotton Plants Expressing CYP6AE14 Double-Stranded RNA Show Improved Bollworm Resistance. News Published: October 24, ... Mao and colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed Arabidopsis and tobacco plants expressing double-stranded RNA ( ... RNA interference (RNAi) is a research tool for shutting down expression of genes. In an earlier study, scientist Ying-Bo ...
https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/markercotton-plants-expressing-cyp6ae14-doublestranded-rna-show-improved-bollworm-resistance-200279
Inhibitory effect of emodin on raw 264.7 activated with double stranded RNA analogue poly I:C | African Journal of...Inhibitory effect of emodin on raw 264.7 activated with double stranded RNA analogue poly I:C | African Journal of...
Inhibitory effect of emodin on raw 264.7 activated with double stranded RNA analogue poly I:C * Young-Jin Kim ... a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, were evaluated.. Results: Emodin restored the cell viability in poly I:C-induced RAW ...
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajtcam/article/view/154951
Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs | College of Agricultural Sciences
Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs ... Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs ... Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs. Title. Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA ...
https://bee.oregonstate.edu/biblio/lepidopteran-moth-control-using-double-stranded-rna-constructs-0
Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R<...
Measles virus (MV) lacking expression of C protein (CKO) is a potent activator of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent ... Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R. ... Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R. ... Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R. ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/measles-virus-c-protein-impairs-production-of-defective-copyback-
THE EFFECT OF POLY-L-LYSINE ON THE UPTAKE OF REOVIRUS DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA IN MACROPHAGES IN VITRO | Journal of Cell Biology |...THE EFFECT OF POLY-L-LYSINE ON THE UPTAKE OF REOVIRUS DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA IN MACROPHAGES IN VITRO | Journal of Cell Biology |...
THE EFFECT OF POLY-L-LYSINE ON THE UPTAKE OF REOVIRUS DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA IN MACROPHAGES IN VITRO Rolf Seljelid, Rolf Seljelid ... Rolf Seljelid, Samuel C. Silverstein, Zanvil A. Cohn; THE EFFECT OF POLY-L-LYSINE ON THE UPTAKE OF REOVIRUS DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA ... Nontoxic concentrations of polycations stimulate binding of reovirus double-stranded (ds) RNA to the macrophages by forming ... THE PENETRATION OF REOVIRUS RNA AND INITIATION OF ITS GENETIC FUNCTION IN L-STRAIN FIBROBLASTS ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/57/2/484/18124/THE-EFFECT-OF-POLY-L-LYSINE-ON-THE-UPTAKE-OF
Phospholipids act as secondary receptor during the entry of the enveloped, double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6 - Research -...Phospholipids act as secondary receptor during the entry of the enveloped, double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6 - Research -...
Phospholipids act as secondary receptor during the entry of the enveloped, double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6. ... The nucleocapsid covers the icosahedral polymerase complex that encloses the double-stranded RNA genome. Here, we demonstrate ...
https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/phospholipids-act-as-secondary-receptor-during-the-entry-of-the-enveloped-double-stranded-rna-bacteriophage-phi6/
Crystal structures of cyanine fluorophores stacked onto the end of double-stranded RNA - Projects - Discovery - the...
Details for: Double-stranded RNA viruses : › WHO HQ Library catalog
Double-stranded RNA viruses : proceedings of the first International Symposium on Double-Stranded RNA Viruses, held October 5- ... By: (1st : International Symposium on Double-Stranded RNA Viruses (1st : 1982: St. Thomas, V.I.)Contributor(s): Compans, ... Double-stranded -- congressesNLM classification: QW 168 Tags from this library: No tags from this library for this title. Log ... TextPublication details: New York : Elsevier, 1983. Description: 501 p. : illISBN: 0444007407Subject(s): RNA viruses -- ...
https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BRNA%2C%20Double-stranded%7D
Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs | College of Agricultural SciencesLepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs | College of Agricultural Sciences
Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs ... Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs ... Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA Constructs. Title. Lepidopteran Moth Control Using Double-Stranded RNA ...
https://horticulture.oregonstate.edu/biblio/lepidopteran-moth-control-using-double-stranded-rna-constructs
Mouse anti double-stranded RNA (K1) - Nordic MUbioMouse anti double-stranded RNA (K1) - Nordic MUbio
Monoclonal antibodies to double-stranded RNA as probes of RNA structure in crude nucleic acid extracts. Nucleic Acids Res.19, ... The mAb K1 recognises double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) provided that the length of the helix is greater than or equal to 40 bp. ... Over the past decade our double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)antibodies have been used extensively to detect and characterise plant and ... of virus infection in plants and differentiation between coexisting viruses by monoclonal antibodies to double-stranded RNA. J ...
https://nordicmubio.com/products/mouse-anti-double-stranded-rna-k1/10020200
PDF] RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Responses to Single-Stranded RNA Bearing 5-Phosphates | Semantic ScholarPDF] RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Responses to Single-Stranded RNA Bearing 5'-Phosphates | Semantic Scholar
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication is believed to be the critical trigger for activation of ... that influenza A virus infection does not generate dsRNA and that RIG-I is activated by viral genomic single-stranded RNA ( ... phosphorylated RNA evolved in the innate immune system as a means of discriminating between self and nonself. ... phosphorylated RNA evolved in the innate immune system as a means of discriminating between self and nonself. ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/RIG-I-Mediated-Antiviral-Responses-to-RNA-Bearing-Pichlmair-Schulz/0185dd2a4f52d2bb434c3a005ace819bc725bbd9?p2df
double-stranded RNA-binding domains (dsRBDs) - Allie: Related PubMed Info.double-stranded RNA-binding domains (dsRBDs) - Allie: Related PubMed Info.
Oligomerization activity of a double-stranded RNA-binding domain.. ---. 29 2003. Distinct in vivo roles for double-stranded RNA ... a double-stranded RNA-binding protein in Caenorhabditis elegans.. ---. 20 2012. Solution structures of the double-stranded RNA- ... The double-stranded RNA-binding protein X1rbpa promotes RNA strand annealing.. ---. 35 1997. Domain structure of human nuclear ... The double-stranded RNA-binding domains of Xenopus laevis ADAR1 exhibit different RNA-binding behaviors.. ---. ...
https://allie.dbcls.jp/pubmed/dsRBDs
ArboCat Virus: Bluetongue (BLUV)
In: Double Stranded RNA Viruses. R.W. Compans and D.H.L. Bishop, editors. Elsevier, NY. 1983. p. 165.. 15. JENNINGS, M. and ... SANGER, D.V. and MERTENS, P.P.C. In: Double Stranded RNA Viruses. R.W. Compans and D.H.L. Bishop, editors. Elsevier, N.Y. 1983 ... HUISMANS, H. and BASSON, H.M. In: Double Stranded RNA Viruses. R.W. Compans and D.H.L. Bishop, editors. Elsevier, NY. 1983. p. ...
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbocat/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=68&SID=13
Table 2 - Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses - Volume 22, Number 12-December 2016 - Emerging Infectious...
Double-stranded RNA. Reoviruses. Nelson Bay, Colorado tick fever*. Double-stranded DNA. ... Single-stranded RNA (ambisense). Arenaviruses. Guanarito, Junin, Lassa, Lujo, Machupo, Sabia, Dandenong,* lymphocytic ... Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses Mark E.J. Woolhouse. , Liam Brierley, Chris McCaffery, and Sam Lycett ... Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses. ... Single-stranded RNA (positive sense). Flaviviruses. Japanese ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0123-t2
The BRCA1 BRCT promotes antisense RNA production and double-stranded RNA formation to suppress ribosomal R-loops. | Proc Natl...The BRCA1 BRCT promotes antisense RNA production and double-stranded RNA formation to suppress ribosomal R-loops. | Proc Natl...
Through its RNA binding and annealing activities, BRCA1 BRCT facilitates the formation of double-stranded RNA between ribosomal ... The BRCA1 BRCT promotes antisense RNA production and double-stranded RNA formation to suppress ribosomal R-loops.. Chang, Chou- ... BRCA1 BRCT also promotes RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription of as-rRNA to enhance double-stranded rRNA (ds-rRNA) ... R-loops, or RNADNA hybrids, can induce DNA damage, which requires DNA repair factors including breast cancer type 1 ...
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/es/mdl-36490315
DICER1 gene: MedlinePlus GeneticsDICER1 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
dicer 1, double-stranded RNA-specific endoribonuclease. *dicer 1, ribonuclease type III ... In the first step of making a protein from a gene, another type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) is formed and acts as the ... Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Feb;10(2):94-108. doi: 10.1038/nrg2504. Citation on PubMed or ... The Dicer protein aids in the production of a molecule called microRNA (miRNA). MicroRNAs are short lengths of RNA, a chemical ...
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/dicer1/
Combined hairpin-antisense compositions and methods for modulating expression (Patent) | DOE PatentsCombined hairpin-antisense compositions and methods for modulating expression (Patent) | DOE Patents
Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA patent, January 2003 * Fire, Andrew; Kostas, Stephen; Montgomery, Mary ... Specific and heritable genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Arabidopsis thaliana journal, April 2000 * Chuang, C.-F ... Specific interference with gene function by double-stranded RNA in early mouse development journal, December 1999 * Wianny, ... Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans journal, February 1998 * Fire, Andrew ...
https://www.osti.gov/doepatents/biblio/1226826
Virus | Colorado Tick Fever | CDCVirus | Colorado Tick Fever | CDC
CTF virus contains 12 segments of double-stranded RNA. The virus genome is relatively large compared to other arthropod-borne ...
https://www.cdc.gov/coloradotickfever/virus.html
Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance | Cell ResearchHomologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance | Cell Research
... homology search and DNA strand invasion. The diverse functions of recombination are reflected in the need for context-specific ... comprises a series of interrelated pathways that function in the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and interstrand ... The roles of RNA in DNA double-strand break repair. 02 January 2020 ... Adams MD, McVey M, Sekelsky JJ . Drosophila BLM in double-strand break repair by synthesis-dependent strand annealing. Science ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/cr20081?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3e66da5a-a8d2-42c3-8e79-c5213f7df521
The ubiquitin-selective segregase VCP/p97 orchestrates the response to DNA double-strand breaksThe ubiquitin-selective segregase VCP/p97 orchestrates the response to DNA double-strand breaks
Unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) cause genetic instability that leads to malignant transformation or cell death. ... The ubiquitin-selective segregase VCP/p97 orchestrates the response to DNA double-strand breaks Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Oct 23;13( ... Unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) cause genetic instability that leads to malignant transformation or cell death. ... RNA Interference * Signal Transduction * Time Factors * Transfection * Tumor Suppressor p53-Binding Protein 1 ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22020440/?dopt=Abstract
Mouse anti double-stranded RNA (J2, J5 and K1) Comparison Set - Exalpha Biologicals inc.Mouse anti double-stranded RNA (J2, J5 and K1) Comparison Set - Exalpha Biologicals inc.
Double-stranded RNA is produced by positive-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses but not in detectable amounts by negative-strand ... Monoclonal antibodies to double-stranded RNA as probes of RNA structure in crude nucleic acid extracts. Nucleic Acids Res.19, ... Mouse anti double-stranded RNA (J2, J5 and K1) Comparison Set. Catalog number: 10050100 Clone. J2, J5 and K1. ... The mAb K1 recognises double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) provided that the length of the helix is greater than or equal to 40 bp. ...
https://www.exalpha.com/products/mouse-anti-double-stranded-rna-j2-j5-and-k1-comparison-set/10050100
Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA triggers antiviral signalling in humans. - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
... which are capable of forming long double-stranded RNA structures1,2. However, to our knowledge, mitochondrial double-stranded ... Here we describe the presence of a highly unstable native mitochondrial double-stranded RNA species at single-cell level and ... Loss of either enzyme results in massive accumulation of mitochondrial double-stranded RNA that escapes into the cytoplasm in a ... RNA helicase SUV3 and polynucleotide phosphorylase PNPase in restricting the levels of mitochondrial double-stranded RNA. ...
https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/891460
innate immunityinnate immunity
... circular double-stranded DNA, only smaller. And just like the genome of bacteria, RNA can be made from both strands of ... Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA is dangerous. 4 October 2018. by Vincent Racaniello ... The TWiVumvirate reviews this years crop of Nobel Prizes, and how cells prevent leakage of mitochondrial double-stranded RNA ... The innate immune response is no exception, and a cellular RNA has been identified that binds to a sensor of viral RNA and ...
https://www.virology.ws/tag/innate-immunity/
Actn1 actinin, alpha 1 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBIActn1 actinin, alpha 1 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI
enables double-stranded RNA binding ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology. more info ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=109711
Carcinogen News, Research - Page 5Carcinogen News, Research - Page 5
Synthetic double-stranded RNA may have potential for use as vaccine to prevent liver cancer Primary liver cancer is now the ...
https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Carcinogen&page=5
Small Interfering RNAs Induce Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Production and Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cells via a...Small Interfering RNAs Induce Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Production and Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cells via a...
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) represent a novel tool to induce gene silencing in mammalian cells and clinical trials are ... Recognition of RNA by the immune system is dependent on RNA-sensing receptors including double-stranded RNA-dependent protein ... RNA-induced silencing complex; PKR, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase; ISRE, IFN-stimulated response element. ... Expression of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase in small-size peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung. Pathol. Int. ...
https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/180/11/7125/84602/Small-Interfering-RNAs-Induce-Macrophage-Migration

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Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance | Cell Research
Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance | Cell Research (nature.com)
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Carcinogen News, Research - Page 5
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DICER1 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
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WikiGenes
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David Baulcombe - Wikipedia
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Genome-wide non-mendelian inheritance of extra-genomic information in Arabidopsis | Nature
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Dr Roger Thompson | Medical School | The University of Sheffield
Dr Roger Thompson | Medical School | The University of Sheffield (sheffield.ac.uk)
Purpose and Background Information
Purpose and Background Information (apsnet.org)
Maternal immune activation: reporting guidelines to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of the model |...
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