AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
RNA CapsRNA Cap AnalogsMethyltransferasesGuanosineRNA, ViralRNAS-AdenosylmethionineRNA, Small InterferingMethylationViral Nonstructural ProteinsRNA SplicingRNA EditingRNA, RibosomalMolecular Sequence DataRNA, BacterialDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesRNA, MessengerRNA VirusesRNA InterferenceRNA, Double-StrandedRNA, CatalyticRNA Polymerase IIRNA FoldingRNA, FungalRNA StabilityRNA HelicasesRNA, AntisenseRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalRNA, Small NuclearRNA, TransferNucleic Acid ConformationRNA PrecursorsRNA, UntranslatedBase SequenceSequence Analysis, RNARNA, ProtozoanRNA, PlantRNA, NeoplasmRNA Ligase (ATP)DEAD-box RNA HelicasesRNA Polymerase IIIRNA, NuclearRNA, Spliced LeaderRNA Polymerase IPatents as TopicInventionsIntellectual PropertySearch EngineProtein BiosynthesisRibosomesRibosome Subunits, SmallPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalPeptide Initiation FactorsRibosomal Proteins
RNA Caps
Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
RNA Cap Analogs
Analogs of RNA cap compounds which do not have a positive charge. These compounds inhibit the initiation of translation of both capped and uncapped messenger RNA.
Methyltransferases
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
Guanosine
A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
S-Adenosylmethionine
Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Methylation
Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Viral Nonstructural Proteins
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
RNA Splicing
The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
RNA Editing
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
RNA Viruses
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
RNA, Catalytic
RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.
RNA Polymerase II
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA Folding
The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.
RNA, Fungal
Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA Stability
The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.
RNA Helicases
A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.
RNA, Antisense
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.
RNA, Small Nuclear
Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
RNA Precursors
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.
RNA, Untranslated
RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Sequence Analysis, RNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
RNA, Protozoan
Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA, Plant
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA, Neoplasm
RNA present in neoplastic tissue.
RNA Ligase (ATP)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.
DEAD-box RNA Helicases
A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.
RNA Polymerase III
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA, Nuclear
RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.
RNA, Spliced Leader
The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).
RNA Polymerase I
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
Patents as Topic
Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.
Inventions
A novel composition, device, or process, independently conceived de novo or derived from a pre-existing model.
Intellectual Property
Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)
Search Engine
Software used to locate data or information stored in machine-readable form locally or at a distance such as an INTERNET site.
Protein Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Ribosomes
Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Ribosome Subunits, Small
The small ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the MESSENGER RNA binding site and two TRANSFER RNA binding sites - one for the incoming AMINO ACYL TRNA (A site) and the other (P site) for the peptidyl tRNA carrying the elongating peptide chain.
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.
Peptide Initiation Factors
Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Ribosomal Proteins
Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (1/1294)

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the mRNA 5' cap and brings the mRNA into a complex with other protein synthesis initiation factors and ribosomes. The activity of mammalian eIF4E is important for the translation of capped mRNAs and is thought to be regulated by two mechanisms. First, eIF4E is sequestered by binding proteins, such as 4EBP1, in quiescent cells. Mitogens induce the release of eIF4E by stimulating the phosphorylation of 4EBP1. Second, mitogens and stresses induce the phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser 209, increasing the affinity of eIF4E for capped mRNA and for an associated scaffolding protein, eIF4G. We previously showed that a mitogen- and stress-activated kinase, Mnk1, phosphorylates eIF4E in vitro at the physiological site. Here we show that Mnk1 regulates eIF4E phosphorylation in vivo. Mnk1 binds directly to eIF4G and copurifies with eIF4G and eIF4E. We identified activating phosphorylation sites in Mnk1 and developed dominant-negative and activated mutants. Expression of dominant-negative Mnk1 reduces mitogen-induced eIF4E phosphorylation, while expression of activated Mnk1 increases basal eIF4E phosphorylation. Activated mutant Mnk1 also induces extensive phosphorylation of eIF4E in cells overexpressing 4EBP1. This suggests that phosphorylation of eIF4E is catalyzed by Mnk1 or a very similar kinase in cells and is independent of other mitogenic signals that release eIF4E from 4EBP1.  (+info)

Oligonucleotide-europium complex conjugate designed to cleave the 5' cap structure of the ICAM-1 transcript potentiates antisense activity in cells. (2/1294)

The 5' cap structure of mRNA is a N7 methylated guanosine residue that is linked by a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage to the 5'-terminus of cellular and viral RNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase II. This unique structure facilitates several processes of mRNA metabolism, including splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport,initiation of translation, and degradation. Previous research has demonstrated that the lanthanide macrocycle complex, Eu(THED)3+, effectively cleaves the 5' cap structure of mRNA in solution by nucleophilic attack of the triphosphate linkage via the metal-activated hydroxyethyl group of the THED ligand. This report shows that attachment of a Eu(THED)3+analog to the 3'-terminus of an antisense oligonucleotide, which targets the 5'-terminus of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 mRNA, potentiates the inhibitory activity of the antisense oligonucleotide in cytokine-treatedendothelial cells.  (+info)

Interaction of the U1 snRNP with nonconserved intronic sequences affects 5' splice site selection. (3/1294)

Intron definition and splice site selection occur at an early stage during assembly of the spliceosome, the complex mediating pre-mRNA splicing. Association of U1 snRNP with the pre-mRNA is required for these early steps. We report here that the yeast U1 snRNP-specific protein Nam8p is a component of the commitment complexes, the first stable complexes assembled on pre-mRNA. In vitro and in vivo, Nam8p becomes indispensable for efficient 5' splice site recognition when this process is impaired as a result of the presence of noncanonical 5' splice sites or the absence of a cap structure. Nam8p stabilizes commitment complexes in the latter conditions. Consistent with this, Nam8p interacts with the pre-mRNA downstream of the 5' splice site, in a region of nonconserved sequence. Substitutions in this region affect splicing efficiency and alternative splice site choice in a Nam8p-dependent manner. Therefore, Nam8p is involved in a novel mechanism by which a snRNP component can affect splice site choice and regulate intron removal through its interaction with a nonconserved sequence. This supports a model where early 5' splice recognition results from a network of interactions established by the splicing machinery with various regions of the pre-mRNA.  (+info)

The cis acting sequences responsible for the differential decay of the unstable MFA2 and stable PGK1 transcripts in yeast include the context of the translational start codon. (4/1294)

A general pathway of mRNA turnover has been described for yeast in which the 3' poly(A) tail is first deadenylated to an oligo(A) length, leading to decapping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic decay. The unstable MFA2 mRNA and the stable PGK1 mRNAs both decay through this pathway, albeit at different rates of deadenylation and decapping. To determine the regions of the mRNAs that are responsible for these differences, we examined the decay of chimeric mRNAs derived from the 5' untranslated, coding, and 3' untranslated regions of these two mRNAs. These experiments have led to the identification of the features of these mRNAs that lead to their different stabilities. The MFA2 mRNA is unstable solely because its 3' UTR promotes the rates of deadenylation and decapping; all other features of this mRNA are neutral with respect to mRNA decay rates. The PGK1 mRNA is stable because the sequence context of the PGK1 translation start codon and the coding region function together to stabilize the transcript, whereas the PGK13' UTR is neutral with respect to decay. Importantly, changes in the PGK1 start codon context that destabilized the transcript also reduced its translational efficiency. This observation suggests that the nature of the translation initiation complex modulates the rates of mRNA decapping and decay.  (+info)

Analysis of mutations in the yeast mRNA decapping enzyme. (5/1294)

A major mechanism of mRNA decay in yeast is initiated by deadenylation, followed by mRNA decapping, which exposes the transcript to 5' to 3' exonucleolytic degradation. The decapping enzyme that removes the 5' cap structure is encoded by the DCP1 gene. To understand the function of the decapping enzyme, we used alanine scanning mutagenesis to create 31 mutant versions of the enzyme, and we examined the effects of the mutations both in vivo and in vitro. Two types of mutations that affected mRNA decapping in vivo were identified, including a temperature-sensitive allele. First, two mutants produced decapping enzymes that were defective for decapping in vitro, suggesting that these mutated residues are required for enzymatic activity. In contrast, several mutants that moderately affected mRNA decapping in vivo yielded decapping enzymes that had at least the same specific activity as the wild-type enzyme in vitro. Combination of alleles within this group yielded decapping enzymes that showed a strong loss of function in vivo, but that still produced fully active enzymes in vitro. This suggested that interactions of the decapping enzyme with other factors may be required for efficient decapping in vivo, and that these particular mutations may be disrupting such interactions. Interestingly, partial loss of decapping activity in vivo led to a defect in normal deadenylation-dependent decapping, but it did not affect the rapid deadenylation-independent decapping triggered by early nonsense codons. This observation suggested that these two types of mRNA decapping differ in their requirements for the decapping enzyme.  (+info)

Identification of a nucleic acid binding domain in eukaryotic initiation factor eIFiso4G from wheat. (6/1294)

Higher plants have two complexes that bind the m7G-cap structure of mRNA and mediate interactions between mRNA and ribosomal subunits, designated eIF4F and eIFiso4F. Both complexes contain a small subunit that binds the 5'-cap structure of mRNA, and a large subunit, eIF4G or eIFiso4G, that binds other translation factors and RNA. Sequence-specific proteases were used to cleave native cap-binding complexes into structural domains, which were purified by affinity chromatography. We show here that eIFiso4G contains a central protease-resistant domain that binds specifically to nucleic acids. This domain spans Gln170 to Glu443 and includes four of the six homology blocks shared by eIFiso4G and eIF4G. A slightly shorter overlapping sequence, from Gly202 to Lys445, had no nucleic acid binding activity, indicating that the N-terminal end of the nucleic acid binding site lies within Gln170 to Arg201. The binding of the central domain and native eIFiso4F to RNA homopolymers and double- and single-stranded DNAs was studied. Both molecules had highest affinity for poly(G) and recognized single- and double-stranded sequences.  (+info)

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA 5'-triphosphatase related to mRNA capping enzyme. (7/1294)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA capping enzyme consists of two subunits: the RNA 5'-triphosphatase (Cet1) and the mRNA guanylyltransferase (Ceg1). Using computer homology searching, a S. cerevisiae gene was identified that encodes a protein resembling the C-terminal region of Cet1. Accordingly, we designated this gene CTL1 (capping enzyme RNAtriphosphatase-like 1). CTL1 is not essential for cell viability and no genetic or physical interactions with the capping enzyme genes were observed. The protein is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Recombinant Ctl1 protein releases gamma-phosphate from the 5'-end of RNA to produce a diphosphate terminus. The enzyme is specific for polynucleotide RNA in the presence of magnesium, but becomes specific for nucleotide triphosphates in the presence of manganese. Ctl1 is the second member of the yeast RNA triphosphatase family, but is probably involved in an RNA processing event other than mRNA capping.  (+info)

Alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs serve as cap donors for tomato spotted wilt virus transcription during coinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana. (8/1294)

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was shown to use alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNAs as cap donors in vivo during a mixed infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. By use of nested reverse transcription-PCR, TSWV N and NSs mRNAs provided with capped leader sequences derived from all four AMV RNAs could be cloned and sequenced. The sequence specificity of the putative TSWV endonuclease involved is discussed.  (+info)

m7G(5)ppp(5)G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEBm7G(5)ppp(5)G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB
The 5´terminal m7G cap present on most eukaryotic mRNAs promotes translation in vitro at the initiation level. For most RNAs, elimination of the cap structure causes a loss of stability, especially against exonuclease degradation, and a decrease in the formation of the initiation complex of mRNAs for protein synthesis. Certain prokaryotic mRNAs containing a 5´ terminal cap structure are translated as efficiently as or more efficiently than eukaryotic mRNAs in a eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesizing system. Also a cap requirement has been observed for splicing eukaryotic substrate RNAs. A method for efficient in vitro synthesis of capped RNA using E. coli RNA polymerase primed with m7G(5´ )ppp(5´ )G or m7G(5´ )ppp(5´ )A has been developed by Contreas et al.
https://www.neb.com/products/s1404-m7g5ppp5g-rna-cap-structure-analog
Adaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell ScienceAdaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell Science
When faced with the selection pressure of chronic mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibition by AZD8055, SW620 cells remodelled mTOR signalling to allow them to continue to proliferate. We anticipated that this adaptation might involve a switch from cap-dependent to IRES-dependent translation because: (1) compensatory IRES-dependent translation is seen upon inhibition of cap-dependent translation (supplementary material Fig. S2) (Svitkin et al., 2005); (2) this was observed upon acute AZD8055 treatment (Fig. 1D); and (3) some oncogenes are translated by IRES-dependent mechanisms (Stoneley and Willis, 2004). However, IRES-dependent translation was not upregulated in SW620:8055R cells. Rather the cells adapted to chronic mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibition by amplifying eIF4E (Fig. 4) to increase eIF4E protein levels, thereby maintaining or even increasing cap-dependent translation (Fig. 5). RNAi to eIF4E revealed that SW620:8055R cells remained addicted to the increased expression of eIF4E to maintain AZD8055 ...
https://jcs.biologists.org/content/127/4/788
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Chapt. 15 Eukaryotic mRNA Processing II: Capping and Polyadenylation Student learning outcomes: Explain structure and function...Chapt. 15 Eukaryotic mRNA Processing II: Capping and Polyadenylation Student learning outcomes: Explain structure and function...
15-3 Cap Structure Purified cap by DEAE chromatography; digested with enzymes to figure structure  -phosphate of NTP remains only in first nucleotide in RNA -Cap is 5-terminus of RNA -Cap is m 7 G, 7- methylguanosine, -Linkage is triphosphate -Charge on cap area is ~ -5 Fig. 1 vaccinia virus 3H methyl from S-AdoMet; 32P-GTP label RNA); KOH to digest RNA Fig. 2 shows me7-G
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3325740/
Protein Synthesis Initiation in Eukaryotes: IRES‐mediated Internal InitiationProtein Synthesis Initiation in Eukaryotes: IRES‐mediated Internal Initiation
The major mechanism of translation initiation ineukaryotes involves recognition of the cap structure at the 5′ end of the mRNA by the cap‐binding protein eIF4E
http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000544.html
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RNA cap 4 binding QuickView - Correlation EngineRNA cap 4 binding QuickView - Correlation Engine
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hypermethylated cap structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) followed by four methylated nucleotides (cap 4): 7-methylguanosine-ppp-N6, N6, 2-O-trimethyladenosine-p-2-O-methyladenosine-p-2-O-me…
http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/ov/RNA%20cap%204%20binding?id=30765&type=biogroup
3´-0-Me-m7G(5)ppp(5)G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB3´-0-Me-m7G(5)ppp(5)G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB
Blocking of the 3´ -hydroxyl of m7G with 3´-0-Me assures that the capped transcripts are homogeneous. The 3´ - hydroxyl of the non-methylated G is the only 3´ - hydroxyl available for initiation.
https://www.neb.com/products/s1411-3-o-me-m7g5ppp5g-rna-cap-structure-analog
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CAPS hydro - RINGANACAPS hydro - RINGANA
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CORNING CELLSTACK VENTED CAP, 33MM, STERILE, 0.2UM MEMBRANE from Sigma-AldrichCORNING CELLSTACK VENTED CAP, 33MM, STERILE, 0.2UM MEMBRANE from Sigma-Aldrich
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CAP 15 - CAP 4 - Part 4 - Tertiary Ability Discussion | Page 2 | Smogon ForumsCAP 15 - CAP 4 - Part 4 - Tertiary Ability Discussion | Page 2 | Smogon Forums
I agree that we have covered the bases in terms of abilities. We have 2 useful and complementary abilities already; any more, and this CAP will become too...
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CAP 16 - CAP 5 - Part 4 - Primary Ability Discussion | Page 2 | Smogon ForumsCAP 16 - CAP 5 - Part 4 - Primary Ability Discussion | Page 2 | Smogon Forums
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Category:Limits Inferior of Set Sequences - ProofWikiCategory:Limits Inferior of Set Sequences - ProofWiki
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Modomics - A Database of RNA ModificationsModomics - A Database of RNA Modifications
RNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for methylating the 5 cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA, was isolated from extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast enzyme catalyzed methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the guanosine base of capped, unmethylated poly(A). Cap methylation was stimulated by low concentrations of salt and was inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, a presumptive product of the reaction, but not by S-adenosyl-D-homocysteine. The methyltransferase sedimented in a glycerol gradient as a single discrete component of 3.2S. A likely candidate for the gene encoding yeast cap methyltransferase was singled out on phylogenetic grounds. The ABD1 gene, located on yeast chromosome II, encodes a 436-amino-acid (50-kDa) polypeptide that displays regional similarity to the catalytic domain of the vaccinia virus cap methyltransferase. That the ABD1 gene product is indeed RNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase was established by expressing the ABD1 protein ...
http://modomics.genesilico.pl/papers/185/
Eukarys C3P3 expression system - EukarysEukarys C3P3 expression system - Eukarys
Previously, the in vitro production of mRNA was limited in yield and translational activity by the co-transcriptional capping method using cap analog.The presence of dinucleotide cap analog in the transcription reaction mix greatly decreases the mRNA yields and inhibits translation when non-incorporated dinucleotide analogs are not carefully removed. Instead of using a costly and inefficiently incorporated nucleotide cap analog, the C3P3® mRNA Production System uses a virus-derived capping enzyme physically coupled to the RNA polymerase to add the cap at high efficiency capping - versus 80% for other systems using standard m7GpppG cap analog or anti-reverse cap analog (ARCA) and 100% proper cap orientation. The standard cap analog (m7GpppG) used in co-transcriptional reactions can be incorporated in the reverse orientation (33-50% of the time) which is not translated in the cell, thereby decreasing the amount of protein produced per microgram of transfected mRNA.. Simultaneously, the capped ...
http://eukarys.com
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Distributions, Sobolev Spaces, Elliptic Equations 2008Distributions, Sobolev Spaces, Elliptic Equations 2008
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The role of 5 -leader length, secondary structure and PABP concentration on cap and poly(A) tail function during translation...The role of 5 -leader length, secondary structure and PABP concentration on cap and poly(A) tail function during translation...
The 5-cap structure and poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNAs function synergistically to promote translation initiation through a physical interaction between the proteins that bind to these regulatory elements, In this study, we have examined the effect of leader length and the presence of secondary structure on the translational competence and the function of the cap and poly(A) tail for mRNAs microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, Increasing the length of the 5-leader from 17 to 144 nt resulted in a 2- to 4-fold increase in expression from an mRNA containing an unstructured leader but increased expression up to 20-fold for an mRNA containing 5-proximal structure. Consequently, the presence of secondary structure was less inhibitory for those mRNAs with a longer 5-leader. Go-injection of poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) mRNA increased the function of the cap and poly(A) tail in promoting translation from poly(A)(+) but not poly(A)(-) mRNAs, particularly for mRNAs containing secondary structure. In ...
https://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/18654/
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Plus itPlus it
A common structural feature of all cellular eukaryotic mRNAs (except for organelle mRNAs) analyzed to date is the presence of a 5′-terminal m7GpppN (where N is any nucleotide) structure, termed the cap (140). This structure is added early during RNA polymerase II-driven transcription and is required for several steps of mRNA biogenesis. Consistent with the diverse roles of the cap during gene expression, a number of cap binding proteins have been identified in the cytoplasm and nucleus (54, 140). The first-described, and best-characterized of these, is eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E), a 24-kDa polypeptide that has been cloned and characterized from a number of species. This protein shows strong binding specificity for methylated, cap structures of eukaryotic mRNAs (54).. We have developed an affinity chromatography procedure, called CAPture, that allows for the purification of mRNA via the cap structure (44). Previous to this, several laboratories had used antibodies directed against ...
http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/content/6/2/57
Novel Cytoplasmic Cap Binding Proteins in Yeast | Springer for Research & DevelopmentNovel Cytoplasmic Cap Binding Proteins in Yeast | Springer for Research & Development
The 5′ terminal cap structure, m7GpppX (where X is any nucleotide), is a ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic mRNAs that plays an important role in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In the cytoplasm the cap...
https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-84921-3_38
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EC 3.6.1 and EC 3.6.2EC 3.6.1 and EC 3.6.2
EC 3.6.1.59 Accepted name: 5-(N7-methyl 5-triphosphoguanosine)-[mRNA] diphosphatase. Reaction: a 5-(N7-methyl 5-triphosphoguanosine)-[mRNA] + H2O = N7-methylguanosine 5-phosphate + a 5-diphospho-[mRNA]. Other name(s): DcpS; m7GpppX pyrophosphatase; m7GpppN m7GMP phosphohydrolase; m7GpppX diphosphatase; m7G5ppp5N m7GMP phosphohydrolase. Systematic name: 5-(N7-methyl 5-triphosphoguanosine)-[mRNA] N7-methylguanosine 5-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Comments: The enzyme removes (decaps) the N7-methylguanosine 5-phosphate cap from an mRNA degraded to a maximal length of 10 nucleotides [3,6]. Decapping is an important process in the control of eukaryotic mRNA degradation. The enzyme functions to clear the cell of cap structure following decay of the RNA body [2]. The nematode enzyme can also decap triply methylated substrates, 5-(N2,N2,N7-trimethyl 5-triphosphoguanosine)-[mRNA] [4].. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: References:. 1. Malys, N. and ...
http://www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC3/0601p.html
Ribo m7G Cap AnalogRibo m7G Cap Analog
This methylated ribonucleotide can be incorporated onto the 5´-end of in vitro transcripts and simulates the cap structure found on most eukaryotic mRNA molecules.
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statistics - Given that the system works, compute the probability that component is working. - Mathematics Stack Exchangestatistics - Given that the system works, compute the probability that component is working. - Mathematics Stack Exchange
Because component failures are independent: $$\begin{align}\mathsf P(B\mid A\cap (B\cup C)\cap D) ~=~& \dfrac{\mathsf P(B\cap A\cap (B\cup C)\cap D)}{\mathsf P(A\cap(B\cup C)\cap D)} \\=~& \dfrac{\mathsf P(A\cap B\cap D)}{\mathsf P(A\cap(B\cup C)\cap D)} \\=~& \dfrac{\mathsf P(A)~\mathsf P( B)~\mathsf P( D)}{\mathsf P(A)~\mathsf P(B\cup C)~\mathsf P(D)} \\=~& \dfrac{\mathsf P(B)}{\mathsf P(B\cup C)} &\bbox[ghostwhite]{\color{ghostwhite}{=~\dfrac{\mathsf P(B)}{\mathsf P(B)+\mathsf P(C)-\mathsf P(B)~\mathsf P(C)}}}\\=~&\dfrac{\mathsf P(B\cap(B\cup C))}{\mathsf P(B\cup C)} \\[2ex]\therefore \mathsf P(B\mid A\cap (B\cup C)\cap D) ~=~& \mathsf P(B\mid B\cup C)\end{align}$$. ...
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1927234/given-that-the-system-works-compute-the-probability-that-component-is-working
Repression of oncogenic cap-mediated translation by 4Ei-10 diminishes proliferation, enhances chemosensitivity and alters...Repression of oncogenic cap-mediated translation by 4Ei-10 diminishes proliferation, enhances chemosensitivity and alters...
Activated cap-dependent translation promotes cancer by stimulating translation of mRNAs encoding malignancy-promoting proteins. The nucleoside monophosphat
https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00280-020-04029-9
Safety, Sample Integrity and Throughput With Semi-Automated Sample Tube DecappingSafety, Sample Integrity and Throughput With Semi-Automated Sample Tube Decapping
Download this app note to discover how semi-automated sample tube decapping can ensure sample integrity whilst also helping to prevent injury.
https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/application-notes/safety-sample-integrity-and-throughput-with-semi-automated-sample-tube-decapping-338660
Cv Cap Petite Enfance Competences - All New Resume Examples & Resume TemplateCv Cap Petite Enfance Competences - All New Resume Examples & Resume Template
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docs/man1.1.0/man3/OPENSSL ia32cap.htmldocs/man1.1.0/man3/OPENSSL ia32cap.html
For example, in 32-bit application context clearing bit #26 at run-time disables high-performance SSE2 code present in the crypto library, while clearing bit #24 disables SSE2 code operating on 128-bit XMM register bank. You might have to do the latter if target OpenSSL application is executed on SSE2 capable CPU, but under control of OS that does not enable XMM registers. Historically address of the capability vector copy was exposed to application through OPENSSL_ia32cap_loc(), but not anymore. Now the only way to affect the capability detection is to set OPENSSL_ia32cap environment variable prior target application start. To give a specific example, on Intel P4 processor env OPENSSL_ia32cap=0x16980010 apps/openssl, or better yet env OPENSSL_ia32cap=~0x1000000 apps/openssl would achieve the desired effect. Alternatively you can reconfigure the toolkit with no-sse2 option and recompile.. Less intuitive is clearing bit #28, or ~0x10000000 in the environment variable terms. The truth is ...
https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/man3/OPENSSL_ia32cap.html
troubles with capstroubles with caps
One more question along these lines, actually: does caps_sys_wait() :block the entire process or just the current pthread? : :-Chris Actually theres an issue there. The CAPS id is associated with a thread so only the pthread that opened the CAPS connection has access to it. In anycase, caps_sys_wait() will only block the pthread because our pthreads implementation is rfork based. -Matt Matthew Dillon ,dillon at xxxxxxxxxxxxx ...
https://lists.dragonflybsd.org/pipermail/bugs/2004-April/315283.html
Patent US20080274514 - Penetrable cap having spaced-apart grooves - Google PatentsPatent US20080274514 - Penetrable cap having spaced-apart grooves - Google Patents
A cap having a plurality of spaced-apart grooves in a downwardly tapered inner wall of the cap to facilitate the formation of air passageways as the cap is penetrated by a pipette tip. The air passageways aid in venting air from a fluid-holding vessel closed with the cap.
http://www.google.com/patents/US20080274514?dq=7,134,016
BNP Paribas Mid Cap Fund (G) Sector Allocation | BNP Paribas Mutual Fund | BNP Paribas Mid Cap Fund (G) InvestmentBNP Paribas Mid Cap Fund (G) Sector Allocation | BNP Paribas Mutual Fund | BNP Paribas Mid Cap Fund (G) Investment
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Pcr 8-well Tube Strips And Caps, Tube Strips Without Caps - Model 82006-556Pcr 8-well Tube Strips And Caps, Tube Strips Without Caps - Model 82006-556
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Pot Limit Omaha CAP 4 Tables Dlperrio 9 Part 3Pot Limit Omaha CAP 4 Tables Dlperrio 9 Part 3
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Migrena, o durere de cap ciudată | Revista FlacaraMigrena, o durere de cap ciudată | Revista Flacara
Toţi avem uneori dureri de cap, nu toţi suferim de migrenă. Şi totuşi, migrena înseamnă să te doară capul, dar un pic altfel. La migrene durerea se resimte de la tâmple până la ceafă, cuprinzând de obicei jumătate de cap, şi durează între 4 şi 72 de ore. Migrena este o durere repetitivă, care revine după una-două săptămâni, dar în cazurile severe se ajunge şi la dureri de cap zilnice. Migrena afectează atât bărbaţii cât şi femeile, dar cu precădere femeile, adică 75% dintre cazuri.. Cauzele migrenei nu sunt foarte cunoscute în lumea medicală, componentele genetice (o istorie în familie a migrenei; au suferit de migrene tatăl, mama, bunicii, fraţi, surori) şi ambientală par a avea un rol hotărâtor. Dintre factorii extragenetici care duc la apariţia migrenelor putem enumera: stresul - depresia, anxietatea, şocul, excitarea, furia; alimentaţia - ciocolata, berea neagră, vinul roşu, prăjelile; anumite modificări hormonale - perioada menstruală, ...
http://revistaflacara.ro/migrena-o-durere-de-cap-ciudata/?replytocom=223191
Patent US6370206 - Adaptive cap receiver and method for controlling a cap receiver - Google PatentsPatent US6370206 - Adaptive cap receiver and method for controlling a cap receiver - Google Patents
An adaptive CAP filter includes a clock-controlled A/D converter for converting an input signal, a digital level-control circuit, an adaptive controlled reception filtering system with two parallel filters and a downstream decision maker for outputting reconstructed signal coordinates. The digital level-control circuit and the adaptive reception filtering system are decoupled by virtue of the fact that either an adjustment of the digital level-control circuit or a coefficient adjustment of the adaptive reception filtering system is active. A method for controlling a cap receiver is also provided.
http://www.google.ca/patents/US6370206
SMT Film Caps: Flim Caps - Success or Failure???SMT Film Caps: Flim Caps - Success or Failure???
SMT Film Caps: Flim Caps - Success or Failure??? printed circuit board assembly, surface mount technology and electronics manufacturing forum discussions.
http://www.smtnet.com/Forums/index.cfm?fuseaction=view_thread&Thread_ID=3544
Ordain Reduce 100 caps [15mg/cap]Ordain Reduce 100 caps [15mg/cap]
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shelby torq thrust center caps - Mustangsandmore Forumsshelby torq thrust center caps - Mustangsandmore Forums
You didnt hunt for the owner very long. And yes, they are milled from billet aluminum. Very few of them made, about 3-4 years ago the Caroll Shelby Childrens Foundation in California offered the caps for any donation of $200 or more. Go to members photos and see if this car and caps looks familiar, 6th picture down:. www.mustangsandmore.com/ubb/kcode.html. TransAm Racing is producing a similar cap, but does not have the Cobra logo.. Mike IP: Logged ...
https://mustangsandmore.com/ubb/Forum1/HTML/007952.html
Which Side of the Car Has the Gas Cap? | ThriftyFunWhich Side of the Car Has the Gas Cap? | ThriftyFun
If you drive different cars or rent one it may be difficult to remember which side the gas cap is on. In some vehicles, the icon on the dash showing a gas pump may have a triangle pointing to cap side of the car. This is a guide about, Which side of the car has the gas cap?.
https://www.thriftyfun.com/Which-Side-of-the-Car-Has-the-Gas-Cap-1.html
Hawaiki Cable secures funding: Could this be the end of data caps? - NZ HeraldHawaiki Cable secures funding: Could this be the end of data caps? - NZ Herald
Cable firm that wants to connect NZ to US via Hawaii secures funding for the project, which backers claim could make caps on broadband contracts a thing of
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11615041
Rewards cards points cap | WestpacRewards cards points cap | Westpac
With some Westpac credit cards theres no limit to the number of points you can earn, whereas some have a cap on the number you can earn in a month.
https://www.westpac.com.au/personal-banking/credit-cards/manage/rewards/points-cap/
Classic Yellow Running Cap | Running Headwear | Reflective CapClassic Yellow Running Cap | Running Headwear | Reflective Cap
Buy your NEW: Classic Running Cap - Yellow at Proviz Sports, the Cycling, Running and Outdoor Specialist. FREE Delivery and Returns
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NOW B-100 Caps, 250 capsNOW B-100 Caps, 250 caps
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Cervical Cap: Side Effects, Risks and EffectivenessCervical Cap: Side Effects, Risks and Effectiveness
The cervical cap is not a method of birth control that is widely used.This article covers the side effects, risks and effectiveness of cervical caps.
http://americanpregnancy.org/preventing-pregnancy/cervical-cap/
CLA 100 caps by Pronutrition - Nutrishop.roCLA 100 caps by Pronutrition - Nutrishop.ro
CLA 100 caps by Pronutrition Nutrishop.ro vinde din stocul propriu cu livrare in toata tara CLA 100 caps by Pronutrition la cel mai bun pret de pe piata. Vezi oferta
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Xhilar8 Labrada 120 capsXhilar8 Labrada 120 caps
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Chimney Caps Newberg OR - The Top HatterChimney Caps Newberg OR - The Top Hatter
The Top Hatters high quality chimney caps and damper caps keep debris and and critters out of your chimney. Call today for service in the Newberg area.
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On Sale Womens Hats & CapsOn Sale Womens Hats & Caps
Womens Caps & Hats are on Sale. The House has your dome covered in lids from Burton and more. From Women's Trucker Hats to Newsboy Hats, we have hundreds of styles of caps for Women to cho...
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CAPS and No-OCAPS and No-O
Dear Netters, I would appreciate any information about the CAPS primers being used in crosses with No-O. Ill put together everything I get and post it back on the network. Thanks in advance, Haskell Adler ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/arab-gen/1993-September/001484.html
Messenger RNAMessenger RNA
5' cap additionEdit. Main article: 5' cap. A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m7G cap) ... Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they ... Small interfering RNA (siRNA)Edit. Main article: siRNA. In metazoans, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed by Dicer are ... The primary RNA transcript of a gene is cleaved at the poly-A addition site, and 100-200 A's are added to the 3' end of the RNA ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA
Plant virusPlant virus
The resulting capped leader RNA is used to prime transcription on the viral genome. However some plant viruses do not use cap, ... 2006). "Cap-independent translation of plant viral RNAs". Virus Research. 119 (1): 63-75. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.010. ... Some viruses are cap-snatchers. During this process, a 7mG-capped host mRNA is recruited by the viral transcriptase complex and ... Instead, the naked viral RNA may alter the function of the cells through a mechanism similar to RNA interference, in which the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_virus
Ap4AAp4A
It serves as a substrate for the RNA polymerase and the intracellular levels of these capped RNAs increase upon stress, ... Ap4A can also be incorporated into RNA as a 5' Cap along with other dinucleoside polyphosphates. ... suggesting that the cap adds a level of stability to the RNA. Myxococcus xanthus is a type of Gram-negative bacteria, and M. ... RNA caps in bacteria". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 1052. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1052H. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14896-8. ISSN ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap4A
Brome mosaic virusBrome mosaic virus
... involved in RNA capping. RNA2 (2.9 kb) encodes the 2a protein (94 kDa), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, responsible for ... BMV has a genome that is divided into three 5' capped RNAs. RNA1 (3.2 kb) encodes a protein called 1a (109 kDa), which contains ... Ahola, T.; Ahlquist, P. (1999). "Putative RNA capping activities encoded by brome mosaic virus: Methylation and covalent ... The sequence similarities of RNA replication genes and strategies for BMV have been shown to extend to a wide range of plant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brome_mosaic_virus
RNGTTRNGTT
2001). "HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with mammalian capping enzyme and stimulates capping of TAR RNA". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (16): ... Pillutla RC, Yue Z, Maldonado E, Shatkin AJ (1998). "Recombinant human mRNA cap methyltransferase binds capping enzyme/RNA ... 2004). "The Tat/TAR-dependent phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain stimulates cotranscriptional capping of ... Pillutla RC, Shimamoto A, Furuichi Y, Shatkin AJ (Jan 1999). "Human mRNA capping enzyme (RNGTT) and cap methyltransferase (RNMT ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNGTT
Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2
... essential motifs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA capping enzyme are conserved in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and viral capping ... Hz2V093 is similar to HzNV-1 ORF65, and it may play a role in RNA capping while not being essential for virus replication. ... Wu X, Guarino LA (March 2003). "Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus orf69 encodes an RNA cap (nucleoside-2'-O)- ... Hz2V063 shows homology to the N-terminal region of the nudivirus and baculovirus LEF-9. It may, then, have a part in RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea_nudivirus_2
Richard H. EbrightRichard H. Ebright
Heyduk, T.; Lee, J.; Ebright, Y.; Blatter, E.; Zhou, Y.; Ebright, R. H. (1993). "CAP interacts with RNA polymerase in solution ... two interactions between CAP and RNA polymerase". Cell. 87 (6): 1123-1134. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81806-1. PMC 4430116. PMID ... "Structural organization of bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme and the RNA polymerase-promoter open complex". Cell. 108 (5): ... Kapanidis, A. N.; Margeat, E.; Ho, S. O.; Kortkhonjia, E.; Weiss, S.; Ebright, R. H. (2006). "Initial transcription by RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Ebright
Polynucleotide 5-phosphatasePolynucleotide 5'-phosphatase
Wen Y, Yue Z, Shatkin AJ (October 1998). "Mammalian capping enzyme binds RNA and uses protein tyrosine phosphatase mechanism". ... Transcription (genetics) Five-prime cap Gross CH, Shuman S (September 1998). "Characterization of a baculovirus-encoded RNA 5'- ... terminal γ-β phosphoanhydride bond of nascent messenger RNA molecules, enabling the addition of a five-prime cap as part of ... Bisaillon M, Bougie I (September 2003). "Investigating the role of metal ions in the catalytic mechanism of the yeast RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_5'-phosphatase
Victoria CowlingVictoria Cowling
... "mRNA Cap Methyltransferase, RNMT-RAM, Promotes RNA Pol II-Dependent Transcription". Cell Reports. 23 (5): 1530-1542. doi: ... In 2017, Cowling was awarded an ERC consolidator grant to investigate mRNA cap regulation and function in CD8 T cells. In 2018 ... Cowling, Victoria H. (2009-12-23). "Regulation of mRNA cap methylation". The Biochemical Journal. 425 (2): 295-302. doi:10.1042 ... "HATs off to capping: a new mechanism for Myc". Cell Cycle. 6 (8): 907-909. doi:10.4161/cc.6.8.4123. ISSN 1551-4005. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cowling
MRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferaseMRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase
Pillutla RC, Yue Z, Maldonado E, Shatkin AJ (Sep 1998). "Recombinant human mRNA cap methyltransferase binds capping enzyme/RNA ... Purification and characterization of cap I and cap II RNA (nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferases from HeLa cells". J. Biol. Chem. ... Groner Y, Gilboa E, Aviv H (1978). "Methylation and capping of RNA polymerase II primary transcripts by HeLa nuclear ... Wen Y, Shatkin AJ (2001). "Cap methyltransferase selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-α". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_(guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase
Cell nucleusCell nucleus
The three main modifications are 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. While in the nucleus, pre-mRNA is associated ... In the case of genes encoding proteins, that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA (mRNA), which then needs to be ... Matera AG, Terns RM, Terns MP (March 2007). "Non-coding RNAs: lessons from the small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs". Review ... CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing, specifically small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and small ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus
PhenuiviridaePhenuiviridae
RNA transcripts are capped through cap snatching, but not polyadenylated. Translation is terminated by a hairpin sequence at ... Its genome is segmented into three pieces: L segment (encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), M segment, and S segment. Some ... Phenuiviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Bunyavirales. Ruminants, camels, humans, and mosquitoes ... "A strand-specific real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay for distinguishing the genomic and antigenomic RNAs of Rift Valley fever ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenuiviridae
MRNA (nucleoside-2-O-)-methyltransferaseMRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase
... pppR-RNA, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and m7G(5')pppRm-RNA (mRNA containing a 2'-O-methylpurine cap). ... Groner Y, Gilboa E, Aviv H (1978). "Methylation and capping of RNA polymerase II primary transcripts by HeLa nuclear ... pppRm-RNA (mRNA containing a 2'-O-methylpurine cap) Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and m7G(5 ... Other names in common use include messenger ribonucleate nucleoside 2'-methyltransferase, and messenger RNA (nucleoside-2'-)- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_(nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase
MRNA guanylyltransferaseMRNA guanylyltransferase
Other names in common use include mRNA capping enzyme, messenger RNA guanylyltransferase, and Protein 2. As of late 2007, 5 ... Groner Y, Gilboa E, Aviv H (1978). "Methylation and capping of RNA polymerase II primary transcripts by HeLa nuclear ... Itoh N, Yamada H, Kaziro Y, Mizumoto K (1987). "Messenger RNA guanylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Large scale ... Martin SA, Moss B (1975). "Modification of RNA by mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase from vaccinia ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_guanylyltransferase
FANTOMFANTOM
Following cap trapping, the cDNA is separated from the RNA-cDNA hybrid. A double-stranded CAGE linker that is also biotinylated ... The non-coding RNA were identified as antisense RNA and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), poorly understood classes of regulatory ... The cap trapper method is then employed to ensure selection of full length cDNA. This entails adding biotin to the 5' cap, and ... Further efforts found a genomically and evolutionary widespread new class of RNAs, called transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FANTOM
PhycodnaviridaePhycodnaviridae
Ho, C. K.; Van Etten, J. L.; Shuman, S. (1996). "Expression and characterization of an RNA capping enzyme encoded by Chlorella ... The PBCV-1 enzymes are more closely related to yeast enzymes than to poxvirus multifunctional RNA capping enzymes according to ... Ho, C. K.; Gong, C.; Shuman, S. (2001). "RNA Triphosphatase Component of the mRNA Capping Apparatus of Paramecium bursaria ... As PBCV-1 lacks an RNA polymerase gene, the virus must use the host cell's machinery to produce viral RNA. Thus, the viral DNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycodnaviridae
TGS1TGS1
"Interaction between the small-nuclear-RNA cap hypermethylase and the spinal muscular atrophy protein, survival of motor neuron ... Mouaikel J, Verheggen C, Bertrand E, Tazi J, Bordonné R (May 2002). "Hypermethylation of the cap structure of both yeast snRNAs ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGS1
TobaniviridaeTobaniviridae
Ferron, François; Debat, Humberto J.; Shannon, Ashleigh; Decroly, Etienne; Canard, Bruno (2020-03-01). "A N7-guanine RNA cap ... Member viruses have a viral envelope and positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The genome size of tobaniviruses ranges ... Tobaniviridae is a family of RNA viruses which infects vertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, fish, and snakes. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaniviridae
Five prime untranslated regionFive prime untranslated region
RNA. 14 (10): 2159-69. doi:10.1261/rna.1089208. PMC 2553737. PMID 18755843. Akulich, Kseniya A.; Andreev, Dmitry E.; Terenin, ... This has been observed in Xenopus laevis, in which eIF4E bound to the 5′ cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3′ UTR ... RNA. 12 (5): 851-61. doi:10.1261/rna.2309906. PMC 1440912. PMID 16540693. Benelli, D; Londei, P (January 2011). "Translation ... RNA-binding proteins sometimes serve to prevent the pre-initiation complex from forming. An example is regulation of the msl2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region
TetraloopTetraloop
... s are a type of four-base hairpin loop motifs in RNA secondary structure that cap many double helices. There are many ... RNA tertiary structure (section Tetraloop-receptor interactions) Cate, J.H., Gooding, A.R., Podell, E., Zhou, K., Golden, B.L ... Three types of tetraloops are common in ribosomal RNA: GNRA, UNCG and CUUG, in which the N could be either uracil, adenine, ... This allows them to act as nucleation sites for proper folding of RNA. The rare hydrogen bonds between the first guanine and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraloop
NidoviralesNidovirales
Member viruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. ... Most, but not all, nidovirus subgenomic RNAs contain a 5′ leader sequence derived from the 5′ end of the genomic RNA. The ... TM2 and TM3 and transmembrane domains; RdRp is the RNA polymerase; Zm is a Zn-cluster binding domain fused with a helicase ( ... This order of viruses can be distinguished from other RNA viruses by a constellation of seven conserved domains-5'-TM2-3CLpro- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidovirales
PRPF8PRPF8
RNA. 2 (3): 213-25. PMC 1369364. PMID 8608445. Hinz M, Moore MJ, Bindereif A (Aug 1996). "Domain analysis of human U5 RNA. Cap ... Grainger RJ, Beggs JD (May 2005). "Prp8 protein: at the heart of the spliceosome". RNA. 11 (5): 533-57. doi:10.1261/rna.2220705 ... Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... Achsel T, Ahrens K, Brahms H, Teigelkamp S, Lührmann R (Nov 1998). "The human U5-220kD protein (hPrp8) forms a stable RNA-free ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRPF8
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichmentSystematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment
Haller AA, Sarnow P (August 1997). "In vitro selection of a 7-methyl-guanosine binding RNA that inhibits translation of capped ... RNA. 2 (7): 628-40. PMC 1369402. PMID 8756406. Burke DH, Gold L (May 1997). "RNA aptamers to the adenosine moiety of S-adenosyl ... These single-stranded DNA or RNA are commonly referred to as aptamers. Although SELEX has emerged as the most commonly used ... An advancement on the original method allows an RNA library to omit the constant primer regions, which can be difficult to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_evolution_of_ligands_by_exponential_enrichment
MRNA (2-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferaseMRNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase
Keith JM, Ensinger MJ, Mose B (1978). "HeLa cell RNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase specific for the capped 5'- ... O-dimethyladenosine cap) Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and m7G(5')pppAm, whereas its two ... end of messenger RNA". J. Biol. Chem. 253 (14): 5033-9. PMID 670176. Biology portal v t e. ... products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and m7G(5')pppm6Am (mRNA containing an N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine cap). This enzyme belongs ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_(2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase
Trans-splicingTrans-splicing
... a capped splice leader RNA is transcribed, and simultaneously, genes are transcribed in long polycistrons. The capped splice ... Trans-splicing is a special form of RNA processing where exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are joined end to end ... Chimera (EST) Lei Q, Li C, Zuo Z, Huang C, Cheng H, Zhou R (March 2016). "Evolutionary Insights into RNA trans-Splicing in ... Li H, Wang J, Mor G, Sklar J (September 2008). "A neoplastic gene fusion mimics trans-splicing of RNAs in normal human cells". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-splicing
MiR-155MiR-155
The MIR155HG is transcribed by RNA polymerase II and the resulting ~1,500 nucleotide RNA is capped and polyadenylated. The 23 ... RNA Biology. 7 (5): 540-547. doi:10.4161/rna.7.5.12685. PMC 3073250. PMID 21081842. Tarassishin L, Loudig O, Bauman A, Shafit- ... "Polycistronic RNA polymerase II expression vectors for RNA interference based on BIC/miR-155". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (7): ... This non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is now defined as a primary-miRNA (pri-miRNA). Once miR-155 pri-miRNA is transcribed, this ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-155
Eukaryotic initiation factor 3Eukaryotic initiation factor 3
eIF3 has also been shown to specifically bind m6A modified RNA within 5'UTRs to promote cap-independent translation. All five ... Several subunits of eIF3 contain RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and other RNA binding domains to form a multisubunit RNA binding ... It is essential for most forms of cap-dependent and cap-independent translation initiation. In humans, eIF3 consists of 13 ... Lee, Amy S. Y.; Kranzusch, Philip J.; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Cate, Jamie H. D. (2016-07-27). "eIF3d is an mRNA cap-binding ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_initiation_factor_3
EIF4E2EIF4E2
"Weak binding affinity of human 4EHP for mRNA cap analogs". RNA. 13 (5): 691-7. doi:10.1261/rna.453107. PMC 1852817. PMID ... Okumura F, Zou W, Zhang DE (2007). "ISG15 modification of the eIF4E cognate 4EHP enhances cap structure-binding activity of ... a novel mammalian eIF4E-related cap-binding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (21): 13104-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.21.13104. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E2
CBCCBC
Cap binding complex, a protein complex that binds the 5′-cap of eukaryotic messenger RNA ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC
EIF4E2 - WicipediaEIF4E2 - Wicipedia
RNA binding. • RNA 7-methylguanosine cap binding. Cydrannau o'r gell. • cytoplasm. • cytosol. • mRNA cap binding complex. • ... RNA cap binding. • translation factor activity, RNA binding. • protein binding. • translation initiation factor activity. • ... "Weak binding affinity of human 4EHP for mRNA cap analogs.". RNA. 2007. PMID 17369309. ... "Cloning and characterization of 4EHP, a novel mammalian eIF4E-related cap-binding protein. ". J Biol Chem. 1998. PMID 9582349. ...
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E2
HOXD8HOXD8
transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding. • RNA ... negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • positive regulation of transcription from RNA ... RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding. • DNA binding. • sequence-specific DNA binding. • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXD8
OctopusOctopus
RNA editing. Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater RNA editing (which involves changes to the nucleic ... Octopus opening a container by unscrewing its cap. Octopuses are highly intelligent, but the extent of their intelligence and ... Coleoids rely mostly on ADAR enzymes for RNA editing, which requires large double-stranded RNA structures to flank to the ... High levels of RNA editing do not appear to be present in more basal cephalopods or other molluscs.[118][119] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda
PAX8PAX8
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding. • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence- ... Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding. • RNA polymerase ... transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion. • transcription, DNA- ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8
RNA polymerase - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRNA polymerase - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Structure of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (light blue) in complex with α-amanitin (red), a strong poison found in death cap ... Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes". These are a broad class of genes that encode RNA which is not translated into protein. The most ... RNA polymerase IV synthesizes siRNA in plants.[5]. *RNA polymerase V synthesizes RNAs involved in siRNA-directed ... RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol.[4] ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase
PicornavirusPicornavirus
RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase). Translation by host cell ribosomes is not initiated by a 5' G cap as usual, but rather is ... The mRNA encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase makes complementary minus strands of RNA, then uses them as ... the RNA un-coats and the (+) strand RNA genome is replicated through a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is formed using ... Genomic RNAs of picornaviruses possess multiple RNA elements and they are required for both negative and plus strand RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus
Geologic time scaleGeologic time scale
The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve around 4,000 Ma, after the Late Heavy Bombardment ends on Earth ... Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its ice cap; End of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains in North ... capped by chalk, followed by black shales-that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe, called the 'Trias'. The " ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_
Codon degeneracyCodon degeneracy
A fundamental building block of RNA structure crucial to RNA function in diverse biological systems". EMBO Rep. 1 (1): 18-23. ... RNA polymerase. *Promoter. Post-transcription. *Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA). *5' capping ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy
FOXP2 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书FOXP2 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
ARID（1A、1B、2、3A、3B、4A） · CAP · IFI（16、35） · MLL（2、3、T1） · MNDA · NFY（A、B、C） · ρ因子/σ因子 ... sequence-specific enhancer binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity. · transcription factor binding. · zinc ion ...
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
BDNF can reduce capping activities by upregulating PKC, which can bind to the adducing MRCKS domain, inhibit capping activity, ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • receptor binding. • neurotrophin ... Adducins are membrane-skeletal proteins that cap the growing ends of actin filaments and promote their association with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF
RetrovirusRetrovirus
RNA: consists of a dimer RNA. It has a cap at the 5' end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. The RNA genome also has terminal ... These inserts are transcribed by enzymes of the host into new RNA molecules that enter the cytosol. Next, some of these RNA ... In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein. However, retroviruses function ... While transcription was classically thought to occur only from DNA to RNA, reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into DNA. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus
AKTIP - ويكيبيدياAKTIP - ويكيبيديا
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RefSeq RNA ID: XM_005256098, NM_001012398, NM_001308325, NM_022476, XM_005256095, XM_005256096, XM_005256097, XM_017023564, XM_ ...
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKTIP
PentamidinePentamidine
However, pentamidine is suspected to work through various methods of interference of critical functions in DNA, RNA, ... S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap). *S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys). *S-Nitrosodiclofenac ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine
EMILIN1EMILIN1
... and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • protein binding. • extracellular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMILIN1
S100A6 - ويكيبيدياS100A6 - ويكيبيديا
Minami H، Tokumitsu H، Mizutani A، Watanabe Y، Watanabe M، Hidaka H (1992). "Specific binding of CAP-50 to calcyclin". FEBS ...
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100A6
PaleontologyPaleontology
DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary "family trees"; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary ... most molecular phylogenetics research is now based on comparisons of RNA and DNA.[115] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology
CathelicidinCathelicidin
CAMP, CAP-18, CAP18, CRAMP, FALL-39, FALL39, HSD26, LL37, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin
RNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRNA - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Messenger RNA[change , change source]. The structure of a mature eukaryotic mRNA. A fully processed mRNA includes a 5' cap, 5' ... They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).. tRNA[change , change source]. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short molecule ... RNA is physically different from DNA: DNA contains two intercoiled strands, but RNA only contains one single strand. RNA also ... This is called RNA interference.[5][6][7]. siRNA[change , change source]. Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA
EpigeneticsEpigenetics
RNA may spread directly to other cells or nuclei by diffusion. A large amount of RNA and protein is contributed to the zygote ... Morris KL (2008). "Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression". RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of ... RNA transcripts[edit]. Sometimes a gene, after being turned on, transcribes a product that (directly or indirectly) maintains ... The obesity-associated FTO gene is shown to be able to demethylate N6-methyladenosine in RNA.[70][71] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide NSmall nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... Although individual snRNPs are believed to recognize specific nucleic acid sequences through RNA-RNA base pairing, the specific ... RNA binding. Cellular component. • cytoplasm. • U5 snRNP. • catalytic step 2 spliceosome. • U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex. • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRPN
Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseballGlossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball
rally cap[edit]. In baseball, a rally cap is a baseball cap worn while inside-out and/or backwards or in another unconventional ... headline: "For RNA polymerase, it's one base at a time".[82]. out of left field[edit]. See left field.. P[edit]. pinch hit[edit ... The rally cap is primarily a baseball superstition. The term may also be used by other groups, such as stock market traders.. ... headline: "Muni Market Traders Keep Their Rally Caps On" - Patrick McGee, The Bond Buyer, 15 April 2011.[96] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_English_language_idioms_derived_from_baseball
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenaseArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • iron ion binding. • arachidonate 5 ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Lipoxygenase
Amanita phalloidesAmanita phalloides
... /æməˈnaɪtə fəˈlɔɪdiːz/, commonly known as the death cap or the death cap amanita,[1] is a deadly poisonous ... it also stimulates DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, leading to an increase in RNA synthesis.[83][84][85] According to one report[ ... "Death cap" redirects here. For the cap formerly worn by British judges during death sentencing, see black cap. ... The genome of the death cap has been sequenced.[69]. Signs and symptomsEdit. Death caps have been reported to taste pleasant.[ ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides
Sperm whaleSperm whale
... originated in the Pacific Ocean from a population of about 10,000 animals around 100,000 years ago when expanding ice caps ... "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale
Pandemic H1N1/09 virusPandemic H1N1/09 virus
This is because the virus genome is split between eight independent pieces of RNA, which allows pieces of RNA from different ... Dias A, Bouvier D, Crépin T, McCarthy AA, Hart DJ, Baudin F, Cusack S, Ruigrok RW (16 April 2009). "The cap-snatching ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_H1N1/09_virus
Ribosome-binding siteRibosome-binding site
9] Sequences within ribosome binding site affecting messenger RNA translatability and method to direct ribosomes to single ... 5' cap[edit]. Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes happens when eukaryote initiation factors elF4F and poly(A)-binding protein ( ... Eukaryotic ribosomes are known to bind to transcripts in a mechanism unlike the one involving the 5' cap, at a sequence called ... Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes is generally mediated by the 5' cap present on eukaryotic mRNAs. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_binding_site
FOXA3FOXA3
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding. Cellular component. • nucleoplasm. • actin ... regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • cellular response to starvation. • multicellular organism ... positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • anatomical structure morphogenesis. • cell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3
Neurofilament light polypeptideNeurofilament light polypeptide
Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • protein binding, bridging. • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_
RNA Capping | NEBRNA Capping | NEB
The NEB Vaccinia Capping System provides the necessary components to add 7-methylguanylate cap structures (Cap 0) to the 5′ end ... RNA Cap Analogs. Cap 0 RNA can also be generated by performing in vitro transcription in the presence of the appropriate cap ... Home Reagents and Molecular Biology Products RNA Reagents Products RNA Synthesis Products RNA Synthesis RNA Capping ... NEB offers RNA capping options that include (1) post-transcriptional capping by using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB# M2080) ...
https://www.neb.com/products/rna-reagents/rna-synthesis/rna-synthesis/rna-capping
General RNA binding proteins render translation cap dependent. - PubMed - NCBIGeneral RNA binding proteins render translation cap dependent. - PubMed - NCBI
General RNA binding proteins render translation cap dependent.. Svitkin YV1, Ovchinnikov LP, Dreyfuss G, Sonenberg N. ... Here we show that a critical parameter which contributes to cap-dependent translation is the amount of general RNA binding ... Translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate is relatively independent of the presence of the mRNA m7G cap structure and the cap ... These proteins drastically inhibited the translation of an uncapped mRNA, but had no effect on translation of a capped mRNA. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9003790?dopt=Abstract
Kits and methods for generating 5′ capped RNA - CellScript, LLCKits and methods for generating 5′ capped RNA - CellScript, LLC
... capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for use of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA molecules. In particular, ... capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for use of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA molecules. In particular, the ... present invention provides kits and methods for capping RNA using a modified cap nucleotide and a capping enzyme system, such ...
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8846348.html
RNA cap epitranscriptome analysis reveals novel capsRNA cap epitranscriptome analysis reveals novel caps
CapQuant Method The method for transcriptome-wide quantification of RNA-caps combines off-line HPLC enrichment of cap ... RNA cap epitranscriptome analysis reveals novel caps. Almost all naturally occurring types of RNAare post-transcriptionally ... Quantifying the RNA cap epitranscriptome reveals novel caps in cellular and viral RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019 Nov 18;47(20): ... Nuclear RNA experiences three main events during its life: (i) Addition of a 5 cap, (ii) Addition of a 3 cap, (iii) Removal ...
https://www.biosyn.com/tew/RNA-cap-epitranscriptome-analysis-reveals-novel-caps.aspx
G(5)ppp(5)G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEBG(5')ppp(5')G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB
A for an efficient in vitro synthesis of capped RNAs has been developed by Contreas. Larger amounts of capped RNAs are produced ... Also a cap requirement has been observed for splicing eukaryotic substrate RNAs. A method using E. coli RNA Polymerase primed ... For most RNAs, elimination of the cap structure causes a loss of stability, especially against exonuclease degradation, and a ... Certain prokaryotic mRNAs containing a 5´ terminal cap structure are translated as efficiently as or more efficiently than ...
https://www.neb.com/products/s1407-g5ppp5g-rna-cap-structure-analog
Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases. - PubMed - NCBISynthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases. - PubMed - NCBI
Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases.. Yisraeli JK, Melton DA. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2559301?dopt=Abstract
Cap-like structures in bacterial RNA and epitranscriptomic modificationCap-like structures in bacterial RNA and epitranscriptomic modification
... modified RNA from bacteria. This approach identified covalent cap-like linkage of a s … ... The absence of capped RNA is considered as a hallmark of prokaryotic gene expression. Recent developments combine next- ... modified RNA from bacteria. This approach identified covalent cap-like linkage of a specific set of small RNAs to the ... Cap-like structures in bacterial RNA and epitranscriptomic modification Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016 Apr;30:44-49. doi: 10.1016/j. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26779928/?dopt=Abstract
RCSB PDB - 1AV6: VACCINIA METHYLTRANSFERASE VP39 COMPLEXED WITH M7G CAPPED RNA HEXAMER AND S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINERCSB PDB - 1AV6: VACCINIA METHYLTRANSFERASE VP39 COMPLEXED WITH M7G CAPPED RNA HEXAMER AND S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE
This report represents the first direct and detailed view of a protein complexed with single-stranded RNA or 5-capped mRNA. ... VACCINIA METHYLTRANSFERASE VP39 COMPLEXED WITH M7G CAPPED RNA HEXAMER AND S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1AV6/pdb ... Sequence-nonspecific binding of RNA, recognition of a 7-methylguanosine 5 mRNA cap, and methylation of a nucleic acid backbone ... Sequence-nonspecific binding of RNA, recognition of a 7-methylguanosine 5 mRNA cap, and methylation of a nucleic acid backbone ...
https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1av6
RNA cap 4 binding QuickView - Correlation EngineRNA cap 4 binding QuickView - Correlation Engine
... cap 4): 7-methylguanosine-ppp-N6, N6, 2-O-trimethyladenosine-p-2-O-methyladenosine-p-2-O-me… ... Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hypermethylated cap structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) ...
http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/ov/RNA%20cap%204%20binding?id=30765&type=biogroup
RNA trimethylguanosine cap binding QuickView - Correlation EngineRNA trimethylguanosine cap binding QuickView - Correlation Engine
... end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7- ...
http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/ov/RNA%20trimethylguanosine%20cap%20binding?id=30764&type=biogroup
CMTr1-DXH15 interactions in RNA capping | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological SciencesCMTr1-DXH15 interactions in RNA capping | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
... characteristic for RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs, plays important roles in RNA metabolism. In humans, RNA cap formation ... 2014 RNA methyltransferases involved in 5′ cap biosynthesis. RNA Biol. 11, 1597-1607. (doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1004955). ... Our findings suggest a new mechanism underlying the regulatory role of DHX15 in the RNA capping process. RNAs with highly ... Thus far, RNA methylation has been found to influence RNA structure. In particular, m6A alters local RNA structure and acts as ...
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/373/1762/20180161
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Migration of Small Ribosomal Subunits on the 5′ Untranslated Regions of Capped Messenger RNAIJMS | Free Full-Text | Migration of Small Ribosomal Subunits on the 5′ Untranslated Regions of Capped Messenger RNA
Importantly, the −8 nt toeprint was strongly stimulated by the presence of the cap on the mRNA, as well as the presence of ... An aptamer that blocks eIF4A in an inactive state away from mRNA inhibited translation of capped mRNA with the moderately ... We assembled cell-free translation reactions with capped mRNA featuring an extended 5′UTR and used cycloheximide to arrest ... dependent RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A and its efficiency contributes to the specific rate of protein ...
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/18/4464
Rapidly Synthesize Large Amounts of Capped RNA | Thermo Fisher Scientific - ZARapidly Synthesize Large Amounts of Capped RNA | Thermo Fisher Scientific - ZA
Each reaction synthesizes 10-50 times the yield of capped RNA obtained with conventional in vitro transcription reactions. ... High Yield Capped RNA Transcription Kits use Ambions patented high yield transcription technology. ... We also offer the mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit for the generation of RNA transcripts capped with Anti Reverse Cap Analog ( ... Capped RNA that Gives Higher Protein Yields mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra › * High Yield Transcription for Every Application , ...
https://www.thermofisher.com/za/en/home/references/ambion-tech-support/large-scale-transcription/tech-notes/rapidly-synthesize-large-amounts-of-capped-rna.html
NAD captureSeq indicates NAD as a bacterial cap for a subset of regulatory RNAsNAD captureSeq indicates NAD as a bacterial cap for a subset of regulatory RNAs
In eukaryotes, 5,5-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from degradation and modulates maturation, ... Analogous to a eukaryotic cap, 5-NAD modification is shown in vitro to stabilize RNA against 5-processing by the RNA- ... capped RNA. In eukaryotes, 5,5-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from degradation and modulates ... its attachment to RNA indicates that there are unknown functions of RNA in these processes and undiscovered pathways in RNA ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25533955/?dopt=Abstract
Studies of RNA capping enzymes - AFMB UMR 7257Studies of RNA capping enzymes - AFMB UMR 7257
... end of their RNAs. This structure is essential for the translation of mRNA into proteins. In addition, (...) ... Many viruses add a cap structure at the 5 ... Studies of RNA capping enzymes. Studies of RNA capping enzymes ... Mechanism of cap structure synthesis. Some references. The viral RNA capping machinery as a target for antiviral drugs. (2012) ... In addition, the cap structure lures the detection of foreign RNA by innate immunity sensors. The addition of the cap structure ...
http://www.afmb.univ-mrs.fr/studies-of-rna-capping-enzymes
Frontiers | RNA Synthesis and Capping by Non-segmented Negative Strand RNA Viral Polymerases: Lessons From a Prototypic Virus |...Frontiers | RNA Synthesis and Capping by Non-segmented Negative Strand RNA Viral Polymerases: Lessons From a Prototypic Virus |...
These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5′-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L ... These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5′-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L ... on recent advances in our understanding of regulatory and catalytic roles of the PRNTase domain in RNA synthesis and capping. ... on recent advances in our understanding of regulatory and catalytic roles of the PRNTase domain in RNA synthesis and capping. ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01490/full
RNA Cap Methyltransferase Activity Assay -BIO-PROTOCOLRNA Cap Methyltransferase Activity Assay -BIO-PROTOCOL
G-capped RNA substrate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to produce RNAs with N7-methylated caps. The extent of cap methylation is ... The protocol described here includes additional steps for generating the [32P]G-capped RNA substrate and for preparing nuclear ... Here we provide a detailed protocol for the biochemical analysis of RNA cap methyltransferase activity of biological samples. ... This assay is also applicable to analyzing the cap methyltransferase activity of other biological samples, including ...
https://bio-protocol.org/e2767
The 2′-O-Ribose Methyltransferase for Cap 1 of Spliced Leader RNA and U1 Small Nuclear RNA in Trypanosoma brucei | Molecular...The 2′-O-Ribose Methyltransferase for Cap 1 of Spliced Leader RNA and U1 Small Nuclear RNA in Trypanosoma brucei | Molecular...
In vitro-transcribed 142-nt RNA was capped with the vaccinia virus m7G capping enzyme using radiolabeled [α-32P]GTP. This cap 0 ... brucei SL RNA gene from the T7Φ 2.5 promoter (11). The 142-nt RNA was capped using [α-32P]GTP and vaccinia virus RNA ... O-ribose methylation at cap 1 on substrate SL RNA and U1 small nuclear RNA. TbMTr1-null cells have an accumulation of cap 0 ... The 2′-O-Ribose Methyltransferase for Cap 1 of Spliced Leader RNA and U1 Small Nuclear RNA in Trypanosoma brucei. Jesse R. ...
https://mcb.asm.org/content/27/17/6084
A Single Amino Acid Mutation in the PA Subunit of the Influenza Virus RNA Polymerase Inhibits Endonucleolytic Cleavage of...A Single Amino Acid Mutation in the PA Subunit of the Influenza Virus RNA Polymerase Inhibits Endonucleolytic Cleavage of...
To induce the capped RNA-specific endonuclease activity of the polymerase, required for generating capped RNA primers for ... Partially purified wild-type RNA polymerase, cross-linked to capped RNA radiolabeled in its cap structure, produced two ... In the capped RNA-primed transcription assays, the ApG was replaced with an 11-nt 32P-labeled capped RNA (about 5,000 cpm; see ... a capped RNA can be cross-linked to both PB1 and PB2, and amino acid sequences involved in binding and cleaving capped RNA have ...
https://jvi.asm.org/content/76/18/8989?ijkey=dbc9c33ebadb05ce6a8e849d5648fe32281ee081&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Boluoke® lumbrokinase (60 Caps) by Canada RNA | Institute for Progressive MedicineBoluoke® lumbrokinase (60 Caps) by Canada RNA | Institute for Progressive Medicine
Boluoke® lumbrokinase (60 Caps) by Canada RNA. $99.85. Boluoke® (lumbrokinase) is the only fully researched oral enzyme on the ... Ortho Digestzyme (90 caps non-vegetarian) by Orthomolecular. $30.20 * Natural Vitamin E Mixed Tocopherols (60 Caps) by ... Home / PRODUCT TYPES / Enzyme Formulas / Boluoke® lumbrokinase (60 Caps) by Canada RNA. ... Dosage for 1 patient 1 cap BID, the other 3 caps before daily walk. ...
https://www.iprogressivemed.com/product/boluoke-lumbrokinase-60-caps-by-canada-rna/
Go to The human cap-binding complex is functionally connected to the nuclear RNA exosome.Go to The human cap-binding complex is functionally connected to the nuclear RNA exosome.
The human cap-binding complex is functionally connected to the nuclear RNA exosome. Andersen, P. R.; Domanski, M.; Kristiansen ... The human cap-binding complex is functionally connected to the nuclear RNA exosome. ... We suggest that the RNP 5′ cap links transcription termination to exosomal RNA degradation through CBCN. ... Nuclear processing and quality control of eukaryotic RNA is mediated by the RNA exosome, which is regulated by accessory ...
https://www.igmm.cnrs.fr/publication/the-human-cap-binding-complex-is-functionally-connected-to-the-nuclear-rna-exosome/
Reactome | capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) complex [nucleoplasm]Reactome | capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) complex [nucleoplasm]
mRNA Capping (Gallus gallus) * Recognition and binding of the mRNA cap by the cap-binding complex (Gallus gallus) * capped pre- ... Hypophosphorylation of RNA Pol II CTD by FCP1P protein (Gallus gallus) * capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) ... Cap Binding Complex (CBC) [nucleoplasm] (Gallus gallus). * RNA Polymerase II (phosphorylated):TFIIF:capped pre-mRNA [ ... Metabolism of RNA (Gallus gallus) * * Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA (Gallus gallus) * Internal Methylation of ...
https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-GGA-77089
Reactome | capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) complex [nucleoplasm]Reactome | capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) complex [nucleoplasm]
Recognition and binding of the mRNA cap by the cap-binding complex (Dictyostelium discoideum) * capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II ... Hypophosphorylation of RNA Pol II CTD by FCP1P protein (Dictyostelium discoideum) * capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II ( ... Cap Binding Complex (CBC) [nucleoplasm] (Dictyostelium discoideum). * RNA Polymerase II (phosphorylated):TFIIF:capped pre-mRNA ... Metabolism of RNA (Dictyostelium discoideum) * * mRNA Capping (Dictyostelium discoideum) * ...
https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-DDI-77089
Enzymatic Synthesis of RNAs Capped with Nucleotide Analogues Reveals the Molecular Basis for Substrate Selectivity of RNA...Enzymatic Synthesis of RNAs Capped with Nucleotide Analogues Reveals the Molecular Basis for Substrate Selectivity of RNA...
Enzymatic Synthesis of RNAs Capped with Nucleotide Analogues Reveals the Molecular Basis for Substrate Selectivity of RNA ...
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...875310I/abstract
ZFIN GO: Molecular Function: RNA 7-methylguanosine cap bindingZFIN GO: Molecular Function: RNA 7-methylguanosine cap binding
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5 end of RNA ...
http://zfin.org/action/ontology/term-detail/GO:0000340
Go to The small nucle(ol)ar RNA cap trimethyltransferase is required for ribosome synthesis and intact nucleolar morphology.Go to The small nucle(ol)ar RNA cap trimethyltransferase is required for ribosome synthesis and intact nucleolar morphology.
The small nucle(ol)ar RNA cap trimethyltransferase is required for ribosome synthesis and intact nucleolar morphology. Colau, G ... The small nucle(ol)ar RNA cap trimethyltransferase is required for ribosome synthesis and intact nucleolar morphology. ... G cap structure of snRNAs and snoRNAs for m(2,2,7)G conversion, is required not only for efficient pre-mRNA splicing but also ... is dependent upon its function in cap trimethylation. In addition, we report that cells lacking Tgs1p showed a striking and ...
https://www.igmm.cnrs.fr/publication/the-small-nucleolar-rna-cap-trimethyltransferase-is-required-for-ribosome-synthesis-and-intact-nucleolar-morphology/
Cocrystal Structure of the Messenger RNA 5′ Cap-Binding Protein (eIF4E) Bound to 7-methyl-GDP | Semantic ScholarCocrystal Structure of the Messenger RNA 5′ Cap-Binding Protein (eIF4E) Bound to 7-methyl-GDP | Semantic Scholar
eIF4E recognizes 5 7-methyl-G(5)ppp(5)N mRNA caps during the rate-limiting initiation step of translation. The protein ... 7-methyl-GDP binds in a narrow cap-binding slot on the molecules concave surface, where 7-methyl-guanine recognition is ... Diverse role of three tyrosines in binding of the RNA 5 cap to the human nuclear cap binding complex. ... Cocrystal Structure of the Messenger RNA 5′ Cap-Binding Protein (eIF4E) Bound to 7-methyl-GDP. @article{ ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cocrystal-Structure-of-the-Messenger-RNA-5%E2%80%B2-Protein-Marcotrigiano-Gingras/faabb10c57181cb9d627c352894fe0ce74cca39c
Reactome | RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene ...Reactome | RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene ...
RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes (Drosophila melanogaster) * CBCAP complex binds 7-methylguanosine cap of snRNA ( ... RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene [nucleoplasm] Stable ... RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene [nucleoplasm] (Homo ... Pre-snRNA is elongated and capped with 7-methylguanosine (Drosophila melanogaster) * RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-2,7): ...
https://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-DME-6814537
RNA Capsules, 500 mg - 100 caps - BeWellMedRNA Capsules, 500 mg - 100 caps - BeWellMed
Adequate amounts of RNA in the body are essential to every aspect of good health and well-being. Supplemen ... Adequate amounts of RNA in the body are essential to every aspect of good health and well-being. Supplementation with RNA ... RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells where it plays an important part ...
https://bewellmed.co.uk/products/rna-capsules-500-mg-100-caps
A yeast-like mRNA capping apparatus in Plasmodium falciparum | PNASA yeast-like mRNA capping apparatus in Plasmodium falciparum | PNAS
... the diphosphate end is capped with GMP by GTP:RNA guanylyltransferase, and the GpppN cap is methylated by AdoMet:RNA (guanine- ... G) RNA cap formation. The RNA reaction product was analyzed by TLC before and after digestion with nuclease P1 and alkaline ... Trypanosoma brucei Encodes a Bifunctional Capping Enzyme Essential for Cap 4 Formation on the Spliced Leader RNA ... 200-aa N-terminal RNA triphosphatase domain present in metazoan and higher plant capping enzymes (4). Metazoan RNA ...
http://www.pnas.org/content/98/6/3050.full
PolymeraseMRNAsMessenger RNAProteinsTranscriptsEnzymeMethylationEukaryotesMoleculesNucleotidePolymerasesBindsProteinDegradationGenerated by performing in vBacterialMechanismMetabolismRibosomalVitro synthesisEnzymesInitiationSnRNAPost-transcriptionalStabilityHigh yields of cappedOligonucleotidesAbstractNuclearMechanismsRegulationTranscriptNucleic acidGene expressionTriphosphataseSingle-strandedMaturationMoleculeModificationsVirusesSequencesSubstratePurificationTriphosphateModificationVivoNoncoding RNAsTranslationCanonicalReplicateCytoplasmicProcessingEncodesGuanylyltransferaseAmountsVacciniaPolyadenylationEnzymaticAnalogsMiRNACellular2021RRNA
Polymerase45
  • For in vivo applications such as expression of protein via transfection of exogenous mRNA, (1) incorporation of cap 1 structure via the use of Vaccinia virus cap 2'O methyltransferase ( NEB# M0366 ) and (2) incorporation of a poly(A) tail via a poly(T) track in the template or using Poly(A) Polymerase ( NEB# M0276 ) are recommended. (neb.com)
  • Initially, Eukaryotic mRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as direct copies of a gene that include several non-coding sequences such as introns. (biosyn.com)
  • A method using E. coli RNA Polymerase primed with m 7 G(5´)ppp(5´)G or m 7 G(5´)ppp(5´)A for an efficient in vitro synthesis of capped RNAs has been developed by Contreas (7). (neb.com)
  • Larger amounts of capped RNAs are produced by transcription systems using SP6 RNA polymerase primed with m 7 G(5´)ppp(5´)G (6). (neb.com)
  • The 5′-cap structure, characteristic for RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs, plays important roles in RNA metabolism. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Hence, CMTr1-DHX15 cooperation is likely to be important for the metabolism of RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5′-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L proteins equipped with an unconventional mRNA capping enzyme, namely GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase (PRNTase), domain. (frontiersin.org)
  • The influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase consists of three subunits-PB1, PB2, and PA. (asm.org)
  • The PB1 subunit is the catalytically active polymerase, catalyzing the sequential addition of nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. (asm.org)
  • We tested the effects of these mutations on the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate viral RNA. (asm.org)
  • In vitro analyses of the H510A recombinant polymerase, by using transcription initiation, vRNA-binding, capped-RNA-binding, and endonuclease assays, suggest that the primary defect of this mutant polymerase is in its endonuclease activity. (asm.org)
  • The RNA genome is transcribed and replicated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus ( 21 ). (asm.org)
  • The poly(A) tail is synthesized by the viral RNA polymerase by repeated copying of the U sequence ( 47 ). (asm.org)
  • All three reactions, i.e., vRNA→mRNA (transcription), vRNA→cRNA (first step of replication), and cRNA→vRNA (second step of replication) are catalyzed by the viral RNA polymerase complex. (asm.org)
  • The PB1 component functions as the polymerase by catalyzing the sequential addition of nucleotides to RNA transcripts. (asm.org)
  • The PB2 subunit of the viral RNA polymerase binds to cap-1 structures of host pre-mRNA molecules. (asm.org)
  • Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II. (zfin.org)
  • RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein -coding genes in living cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II and Pol II ) is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex , which, together with RNA polymerase II , bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template. (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] The cluster of RNA polymerase II and various transcription factors is known as a basal transcriptional complex (BTC). (wikipedia.org)
  • The PIC helps position RNA polymerase II over gene transcription start sites , denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • The N-terminal domain of TFIIB brings the DNA into proper position for entry into the active site of RNA polymerase II . (wikipedia.org)
  • The TFIID-TFIIA-TFIIB (DAB)-promoter complex subsequently recruits RNA polymerase II and TFIIF. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synergy between Escherichia coli CAP protein and RNA polymerase in the lac promoter open complex. (wizdom.ai)
  • Small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as precursors, whose 5' ends either undergo combined endo- and exonucleolytic processing by Rnt1 and Rat1, respectively, or remain unchanged. (ceon.pl)
  • RNA vaccines traditionally consist of messenger RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription using a bacteriophage RNA polymerase and template DNA that encodes the antigen(s) of interest. (hindawi.com)
  • Vaccinia virus mRNAs carry the cap structure m 7 G 5′ pppAm- or m 7 G 5′ pppGm- at the 5′-terminus, which is synthesized by a series of RNA polymerase and capping enzymes contained in the virus particle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 1976) and also from the results obtained using other kinds of virus particles, which carry RNA polymerase and capping enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These differences may be due to the specific organization of a series of capping enzymes and RNA polymerase in each virus particle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The method most frequently used to make capped RNAs in vitro is to transcribe a DNA template with either a bacterial or bacteriophage RNA polymerase in the presence of all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and a cap dinucleotide such as m 7 G(5′)ppp(5′)G (henceforth m 7 GpppG). (justia.com)
  • In contrast, the Drosophila Pcif1 is catalytically dead, but like its mammalian counterpart, it retains the ability to associate with the Ser5-phosphorylated CTD of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
  • RNA polymerase transcribes primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA ) into processed, mature mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. (wikipedia.org)
  • One notable difference, however, is that eukaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase . (wikipedia.org)
  • This domain usually is part of a multifunctional protein, the L protein responsible for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. (jcvi.org)
  • Oligonucleotides are provided which hybridize to the viral RNA segments of influenza viruses or to certain mRNA's which encode the NP, M1, M2, NS1, NS2 or other key proteins of influenza viruses, including RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein or neuraminidase. (google.com)
  • Inhibits viral rna polymerase, dna polymerase and HIV reverse transcriptase. (brainscape.com)
  • After transcription has been terminated, the mRNA chain is cleaved through the action of an endonuclease complex associated with RNA polymerase. (wikidoc.org)
  • Capping with NAD+, NADH, or 3′-dephospho-coenzyme A is accomplished through an "ab initio capping mechanism," in which NAD+, NADH, or 3′-desphospho-coenzyme A serves as a "non-canonical initiating nucleotide" (NCIN) for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase and thereby directly is incorporated into the RNA product. (wikipedia.org)
  • For capping with 7-methylguanylate, the capping enzyme complex (CEC) binds to RNA polymerase II before transcription starts. (wikipedia.org)
  • As soon as the 5′ end of the new transcript emerges from RNA polymerase II, the CEC carries out the capping process (this kind of mechanism ensures capping, as with polyadenylation). (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzymes for capping can only bind to RNA polymerase II, ensuring specificity to only these transcripts, which are almost entirely mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • It serves as a substrate for the RNA polymerase and the intracellular levels of these capped RNAs increase upon stress, suggesting that the cap adds a level of stability to the RNA. (wikipedia.org)
MRNAs28
  • In eukaryotes, these terminal cap structures are involved in stabilization, transport and translation of mRNAs. (neb.com)
  • Shatkin "Capping of eucaryotic mRNAs" 1976 Cell 9:645-653. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • The 5´ terminal m 7 G cap present on most eukaryotic mRNAs promotes translation in vitro at the initiation level (1,2,3). (neb.com)
  • For most RNAs, elimination of the cap structure causes a loss of stability, especially against exonuclease degradation (4), and a decrease in the formation of the initiation complex of mRNAs for protein synthesis (4,5). (neb.com)
  • Certain prokaryotic mRNAs containing a 5´ terminal cap structure are translated as efficiently as or more efficiently than eukaryotic mRNAs in a eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesizing system (5). (neb.com)
  • Cytoplasmic eukaryotic mRNAs and many non-coding RNAs contain a 7-methylguanosine linked to the first transcribed nucleotide via an inverted 5′ to 5′ triphosphate bridge (m 7 GpppN, where N is any nucleotide) [ 1 , 2 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Here, we studied the effects of inhibiting ATP-dependent translation and eIF4A in cell-free translation and reconstituted initiation reactions programmed with capped mRNAs featuring different 5′UTRs. (mdpi.com)
  • Among those identified, specific regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) and sRNA-like 5'-terminal fragments of certain mRNAs are particularly abundant. (nih.gov)
  • In kinetoplastid flagellates trans -splicing of spliced leader (SL) to polycistronic precursors conveys a hypermethylated cap 4, including a cap 0 m 7 G and seven additional methylations on the first 4 nucleotides, to all nuclear mRNAs. (asm.org)
  • The viral RNAs (vRNA) are transcribed into mRNAs and replicated through a cRNA intermediate to produce more vRNA molecules. (asm.org)
  • Synthesis of mRNAs is primed by short capped RNA fragments that are generated from cellular pre-mRNAs by endonucleolytic cleavage. (asm.org)
  • These results highlight the potential for discovery of mechanism-based antimalarial drugs designed to specifically block the capping of Plasmodium mRNAs. (pnas.org)
  • The 5´terminal m7G cap present on most eukaryotic mRNAs promotes translation in vitro at the initiation level (2,3,4). (neb.com)
  • First, NAD + is located at the 5′ terminus of mRNAs, where the 7-methylguanosine cap is known to modulate many important mRNA functions. (pnas.org)
  • We demonstrate that 5′ NAD-RNA is found on subsets of nuclear and mitochondrial encoded mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (pnas.org)
  • NAD-mRNA appears to be produced cotranscriptionally because NAD-RNA is also found on pre-mRNAs, and only on mitochondrial transcripts that are not 5′ end processed. (pnas.org)
  • These results define an additional 5′ RNA cap structure in eukaryotes and raise the possibility that this 5′ NAD + cap could modulate RNA stability and translation on specific subclasses of mRNAs. (pnas.org)
  • Due to the increasing sensitivity of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and small-molecule mass spectrometry, it is reasonable to hypothesize that many novel chemical modifications within mRNAs remain to be discovered. (pnas.org)
  • The stability of mRNAs may be controlled by the 5' UTR and/or 3' UTR due to varying affinity for RNA degrading enzymes called ribonucleases and for ancillary proteins that can promote or inhibit RNA degradation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Plants have specialized mechanisms for transporting mRNAs through plasmodesmata, and these mechanisms are thought to be used by RNA viruses to spread from one cell to another. (wikipedia.org)
  • Component of the cap-binding complex (CBC), which binds co-transcriptionally to the 5' cap of pre-mRNAs and is involved in various processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, translation regulation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, RNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) by microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA export. (uniprot.org)
  • In eukaryotes, the 5′ ends of most messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are blocked, or "capped. (justia.com)
  • Capped mRNAs are translated in cell-free translation systems more efficiently than are non-capped mRNAs. (justia.com)
  • Cap independent translation initiation on picornavirus mRNAs is mediated by an IRES in the 5' untranslated region. (readabstracts.com)
  • The 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs is protected by the m 7 G-cap structure. (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
  • The mRNAs contain the least modified nucleotides, with the exception of the 5′ end cap structure and occasional m 6 A in the molecule. (hindawi.com)
  • mRNA decapping enzyme that specifically removes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of mRNAs by hydrolyzing the diphosphate linkage to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and 5' monophosphate mRNA (PubMed:31101919). (genecards.org)
  • Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures. (abcam.com)
Messenger RNA16
  • In general, modifications occur on the nucleobases or ribose, including on the 5'-terminal caps , on messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as on other RNAs. (biosyn.com)
  • In eukaryotes, 5',5'-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from degradation and modulates maturation, localization and translation. (nih.gov)
  • While these processes are well understood in the messenger RNA of cells in higher organisms, Prof. Dr Andres Jäschke and his bioorganic chemistry working group now revealed these mechanisms in bacterial RNA. (xonl.de)
  • Messenger RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process known as DNA transcription . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap or an RNA m 7 G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has been added to the "front" or 5' end of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after the start of transcription. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • New anti-reverse phosphorothioate analogs of messenger RNA cap have been synthesized and shown to be useful in translation of mRNA. (justia.com)
  • Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome , where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression . (wikipedia.org)
  • Polyadenylation is the covalent linkage of a polyadenylyl moiety to a messenger RNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • In eukaryotic organisms most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end, but recent studies have shown that short stretches of uridine (oligouridylation) are also common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Post-transcriptional modifications and processing of messenger RNA (mRNA) regulates abundance and localization of mRNA molecules as well as downstream translation of mRNA to protein. (cellsignal.com)
  • cap like a messenger RNA would. (coursera.org)
  • In eukaryotic organisms, most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end. (wikidoc.org)
  • Intron removal by the spliceosome is an essential step in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) processing during eukaryotic gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
  • In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process, known as mRNA capping, is highly regulated and vital in the creation of stable and mature messenger RNA able to undergo translation during protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In bacteria, and potentially also in higher organisms, some RNAs are capped with NAD+, NADH, or 3′-dephospho-coenzyme A. In all organisms, mRNA molecules can be decapped in a process known as messenger RNA decapping. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins21
  • General RNA binding proteins render translation cap dependent. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that a critical parameter which contributes to cap-dependent translation is the amount of general RNA binding proteins in the extract. (nih.gov)
  • Addition of several general RNA binding proteins, such as hnRNP A1, La autoantigen, pyrimidine tract binding protein (hnRNP I/PTB) and the major core protein of cytoplasmic mRNP (p50), rendered translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate cap dependent. (nih.gov)
  • These proteins drastically inhibited the translation of an uncapped mRNA, but had no effect on translation of a capped mRNA. (nih.gov)
  • Based on these and other results, we suggest that one function of general mRNA binding proteins in the cytoplasm is to promote ribosome binding by a 5' end, cap-mediated mechanism, and prevent spurious initiations at aberrant translation start sites. (nih.gov)
  • Shatkin "mRNA cap binding proteins: essential factors for initiating translation" 1985 Cell 40: 223-4. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • PRNTase or PRNTase-like domains are evolutionally conserved among L proteins of all known NNS RNA viruses and their related viruses belonging to Jingchuvirales , a newly established order, in the class Monjiviricetes , suggesting that they may have evolved from a common ancestor that acquired the unique capping system to replicate in a primitive eukaryotic host. (frontiersin.org)
  • Biophysical studies of eIF4E cap-binding protein: recognition of mRNA 5' cap structure and synthetic fragments of eIF4G and 4E-BP1 proteins. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including proteins and RNA. (exosome-rna.com)
  • The triphosphatase components of many viral capping enzymes are mechanistically and structurally related to the fungal proteins and not to the host cell triphosphatase ( 5 , 7 ). (pnas.org)
  • Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a class of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that serve as chemical "blueprints" for the production of proteins , carrying the coding information from a DNA template to the ribosomes , where the transcription into proteins takes place. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • RNA-binding proteins and heat-shock protein 90 are constituents of the cytoplasmic capping enzyme interactome. (osu.edu)
  • The ARCA modification ensures that the S atom is precisely positioned within the active sites of cap-binding proteins in both the translational and decapping machinery. (justia.com)
  • A human cDNA library has ben screened for mRNA cap methyltransferase-binding proteins. (readabstracts.com)
  • The RNA life cycle is regulated by a multitude of RNA Binding proteins (RBPs) which are vital to ensure accurate and basic gene expression. (cellsignal.com)
  • CST offers a variety of reliable antibodies for RNA modifications and associated writer, reader, and eraser proteins to support your research into the functions of RNA modifications. (cellsignal.com)
  • rRNAs are bound by RNA-binding proteins to assemble into ribosomes prior to protein translation. (cellsignal.com)
  • By offering a variety of validated antibodies for RNA binding proteins, CST is your expert source of reagents for investigations into understanding the mechanisms governing RNA processing. (cellsignal.com)
  • CST has a diverse catalog of products that can support your ability to monitor modulation of mRNA fate through alternative splicing, polyadenylation, and capping by RNA binding proteins. (cellsignal.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the LSm family of RNA-binding proteins. (genecards.org)
  • Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of subnuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. (wikibooks.org)
Transcripts19
  • NEB offers RNA capping options that include (1) post-transcriptional capping by using the Vaccinia Capping System ( NEB# M2080 ) on in vitro transcripts and (2) co-transcriptional capping by using cap analogs during in vitro transcription. (neb.com)
  • Post-transcriptional capping offers the advantage of the capability of 100% capping on large quantity of in vitro transcripts. (neb.com)
  • The invention also provides methods and kits for capturing or isolating uncapped RNA comprising primary RNA transcripts or RNA having a 5′-diphosphate, and methods and kits for using a capping enzyme system and modified cap nucleotides for labeling uncapped RNA comprising primary RNA transcripts or RNA having a 5′-diphosphate with detectable dye or enzyme moieties. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Newly formed eukaryotic RNA transcripts are post-transcriptionally modified. (biosyn.com)
  • Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to synthesizing high yields of capped RNA transcripts (Figure 1), mMESSAGE mMACHINE reactions also produce full-length transcripts. (thermofisher.com)
  • in fact, RNA transcripts as long as 23 kb have been synthesized with mMESSAGE mMACHINE. (thermofisher.com)
  • We also offer the mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit for the generation of RNA transcripts capped with Anti Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA) . (thermofisher.com)
  • The mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit includes reagents for both transcription and the addition of a poly(A) tail to capped transcripts. (thermofisher.com)
  • Blocking of the 3´ -hydroxyl of m 7 G with 3´-0-Me assures that the capped transcripts are homogeneous. (neb.com)
  • Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases, pp. 42-50 in J. Dahlberg et al. (justia.com)
  • Transcriptome analyses of mutant mouse tissues support a role for the cap-specific m 6 Am modification in stabilizing transcripts. (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
  • Preferentially acts on NAD-capped transcripts in response to nutrient stress (PubMed:31101919). (genecards.org)
  • This patented technology was designed to maximize the yield of short RNA transcripts from plasmid, oligonucleotides, and PCR product templates. (thermofisher.com)
  • Electropherogram of RNA Transcripts of Different Sizes. (thermofisher.com)
  • This kit contains an optimized ratio of cap analog to GTP, for the best trade off between yield and proportion of capped transcripts (80% capped). (thermofisher.com)
  • If you have a project or application that requires large amounts of RNA transcripts, Ambion can meet your needs with its bulk and custom products. (thermofisher.com)
  • Targeting m 7 G capping to nascent Pol2 transcripts - The 5' m 7 GpppN cap is a signature feature of eukaryal mRNA that is required for mRNA stability and efficient translation. (mskcc.org)
  • We have shown how capping is directed to nascent Pol2 transcripts via physical interactions of one or more of the capping enzymes with the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the Pol2 Rpb1 subunit. (mskcc.org)
Enzyme7
  • Based on the Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme, the Vaccinia Capping System ( NEB# M2080 ) provides the necessary components to add 7-methylguanylate cap structures (Cap 0) to the 5´ end of RNA. (neb.com)
  • In particular, the present invention provides kits and methods for capping RNA using a modified cap nucleotide and a capping enzyme system, such as poxvirus capping enzyme. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Shuman "Capping enzyme in eukaryotic mRNA synthesis" 1995 Prog. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Shuman "Catalytic activity of vaccinia mRNA capping enzyme subunits coexpressed in Escherichia coli" 1990 J Biol Chem 265: 11960-11966. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • RNA (guanine-7-) methyltransferase complex (capping enzyme)" 1980 J. Biol. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of the involvement of DHX15 in post-transcriptional RNA modification, and the first example of a molecular process in which DHX15 directly affects the activity of another enzyme. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • however, the identity of the eukaryotic cap ribose-methylating enzyme(s) and the function of cap modification beyond the m 7 G attached to the first-transcribed nucleotide (cap 0) remain unclear ( 6 , 18 ). (asm.org)
Methylation15
  • Recently, the literature suggests that the 2′O methylation in the cap 1 structure helps the mRNA evade innate immune response in vivo . (neb.com)
  • discovered new cap structures in human and mouse cells as well as cell- and tissue-specific variations in cap methylation and high proportions of caps lacking 2'-O-methylation. (biosyn.com)
  • Sequence-nonspecific binding of RNA, recognition of a 7-methylguanosine 5' mRNA cap, and methylation of a nucleic acid backbone are three crucial and ubiquitous events in eukaryotic nucleic acid processing and function. (rcsb.org)
  • In humans, cap1 methylation occurs on all capped and polyadenylated RNA molecules, while only about half of these molecules contain cap2 methylation [ 8 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Cap1 methylation contributes to the recognition and restriction of foreign RNA, particularly in the context of the cell-intrinsic immune response to viruses [ 12 , 13 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • In vitro reconstitution of SARS-coronavirus mRNA cap methylation. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Structural and Functional Analysis of Methylation and 5'-RNA Sequence Requirements of Short Capped RNAs by the Methyltransferase Domain of Dengue Virus NS5. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • The extent of cap methylation is then determined by P1 nuclease digestion, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and phosphorimaging. (bio-protocol.org)
  • mRNA cap 1 2′- O -ribose methylation is a widespread modification that is implicated in processing, trafficking, and translational control in eukaryotic systems. (asm.org)
  • Knockdowns and null mutants of TbMTr1 in Trypanosoma brucei grow normally, with loss of 2′- O -ribose methylation at cap 1 on substrate SL RNA and U1 small nuclear RNA. (asm.org)
  • 2′- O -Ribose methylation is a common modification of RNA ( 29 ) that can occur via two mechanisms: box C/D snoRNA-guided methylation by fibrillarin ( 12 ) and nucleotide-specific enzymes ( 31 , 43 , 54 ). (asm.org)
  • The 5′-5′ confronting nucleotides with 2′- O -methylation, G 5′ pppAm and G 5′ pppGm, were found with the completed cap structure, m 7 G 5′ pppAm and m 7 G 5′ pppGm. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase catalyzes the methylation of cytoplasmically recapped RNAs. (osu.edu)
  • Cap methyltransferase selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-alpha. (readabstracts.com)
  • Cap methyltransferase (MT) selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-alpha according to this research communication. (readabstracts.com)
Eukaryotes6
  • 6 ]). For instance, in higher eukaryotes and in many viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, the 5′ cap is 2′- O -methylated at the first and often also second ribonucleotide residues, yielding cap1 and cap2 structures, respectively [ 7 , 8 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Methyltransferases that methylate the guanine-N7 position of the mRNA 5' cap structure are ubiquitous among eukaryotes and commonly encoded by viruses. (bio-protocol.org)
  • Cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes is regulated by a molecular mimic of eIF4G. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Whether 5′ NAD-RNA exists in eukaryotes remains unknown. (pnas.org)
  • The next class is the ribosomal RNAs which contain 204-209 modified nucleotides within 18S (1,869 nt) + 28S (5,035 nt) RNA in eukaryotes. (hindawi.com)
  • In eukaryotes, the 5′ cap (cap-0), found on the 5′ end of an mRNA molecule, consists of a guanine nucleotide connected to mRNA via an unusual 5′ to 5′ triphosphate linkage. (wikipedia.org)
Molecules5
  • The present invention relates to kits and methods for efficiently generating 5′ capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for use of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA molecules. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Consequently, viral mRNA molecules contain a 9- to 17-nucleotide (nt) capped host-derived RNA sequence at their 5′ ends. (asm.org)
  • These molecular helpers remove the protective cap at the start of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. (xonl.de)
  • The ability to synthesize capped RNA molecules in vitro is useful, because it allows workers to prepare RNA molecules that behave properly in a variety of biological applications. (justia.com)
  • Splicing is usually performed by an RNA-protein complex called the spliceosome , but some RNA molecules are also capable of catalyzing their own splicing ( see ribozymes ). (wikidoc.org)
Nucleotide8
  • In vivo , the cap 0 structure can be further modified to cap 1 structure by adding a methyl group to the 2'O position of the initiating nucleotide of the mRNA. (neb.com)
  • On the other hand, co-transcriptional capping using cap analog allows for a single-step workflow and the flexibility to incorporate non-canonical cap structures to the RNA, with a tradeoff of reduced transcription yield (due to the lower GTP concentration used in transcription) and incomplete capping (due to the competition between the cap analog and GTP for the initiation nucleotide position. (neb.com)
  • The present invention finds use for in vitro production of 5′-capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for in vitro or in vivo production of polypeptides by in vitro or in vivo translation of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • In humans, RNA cap formation includes post-transcriptional modification of the first transcribed nucleotide by RNA cap1 methyltransferase (CMTr1). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Recombinant TbMTr1 methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of an m 7 G-capped substrate. (asm.org)
  • The 5' cap consists of a terminal 7-methylguanosine residue, which is linked through a 5'-5'-triphosphate bond to the first transcribed nucleotide. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The most modified RNAs are tRNAs containing approximately 2-22 modified nucleotides per molecule of ~75 nucleotide length, and there have been more than 130 different signature modified nucleotides reported [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • If the nearest cap-adjacent nucleotide is 2′-O-ribose methyl-adenosine (i.e. 5′(m7Gp)(ppAm)[pN]n), it can be further methylated at the N6 methyl position to form N6-methyladenosine, resulting in 5′(m7Gp)(ppm6Am)[pN]n. (wikipedia.org)
Polymerases1
  • It contains the conserved motifs characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases ( 1 , 2 , 46 ). (asm.org)
Binds6
  • We found that CMTr1 binds ATP-dependent RNA DHX15 helicase and that this interaction, mediated by the G-patch domain of CMTr1, has an advantageous effect on CMTr1 activity towards highly structured RNA substrates. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • I demonstrated that CBC binds to the m7G cap at the early step of transcription but remains associated with snoRNAs and snRNA genes, also for snoRNAs processed by Rnt1, until the termination and is dependent on RNA. (ceon.pl)
  • In the CBC complex, ncbp2/cbp20 recognizes and binds capped RNAs (m7GpppG-capped RNA) but requires ncbp1/cbp80 to stabilize the movement of its N-terminal loop and lock the CBC into a high affinity cap-binding state with the cap structure. (uniprot.org)
  • The conventional cap-binding complex with NCBP2 binds both small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and messenger (mRNA) and is involved in their export from the nucleus. (uniprot.org)
  • Nuclear export of RNA is regulated by the cap binding complex (CBC), which binds exclusively to 7-methylguanylate-capped RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Component of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex which binds to the mRNA cap and mediates translational repression. (abcam.com)
Protein20
  • The m7G cap, also known as cap 0 structure, is essential for the majority of protein translation i n vivo . (neb.com)
  • Translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate is relatively independent of the presence of the mRNA m7G cap structure and the cap binding protein, eIF-4E. (nih.gov)
  • This structure reveals a novel and general mechanism for sequence-non-specific recognition of the mRNA transcript in which the protein interacts solely with the sugar-phosphate backbone of a short, single-stranded RNA helix. (rcsb.org)
  • This report represents the first direct and detailed view of a protein complexed with single-stranded RNA or 5'-capped mRNA. (rcsb.org)
  • Scanning through the 5′UTR requires the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A and its efficiency contributes to the specific rate of protein synthesis. (mdpi.com)
  • A base modification in this cap analog generates RNAs with ARCA incorporated only in the functional, translatable orientation, resulting in higher protein yields. (thermofisher.com)
  • Given the central role of NAD in redox biochemistry, posttranslational protein modification and signalling, its attachment to RNA indicates that there are unknown functions of RNA in these processes and undiscovered pathways in RNA metabolism and regulation. (nih.gov)
  • The N-terminal domain of the arenavirus L protein is an RNA endonuclease essential in mRNA transcription. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Biochemical characterization of the (nucleoside-2\'O)-methyltransferase activity of dengue virus protein NS5 using purified capped RNA oligonucleotides 7MeGpppACn and GpppACn. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • This assay is also applicable to analyzing the cap methyltransferase activity of other biological samples, including recombinant protein preparations and fractions from analytical separations and immunoprecipitation/pulldown experiments. (bio-protocol.org)
  • The PB2 subunit is a cap-binding protein that plays a role in initiation of viral mRNA synthesis by recruiting capped RNA primers. (asm.org)
  • RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells where it plays an important part in protein synthesis and cellular renewal. (bewellmed.co.uk)
  • The work described in this dissertation started in 2013 and focuses on the activation of cap-dependent mRNA translation and regulation of the translation inhibitor protein 4E-BP1 during mitosis. (pitt.edu)
  • The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. (uniprot.org)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • RN [1] RM PMID:20862324 RT The N-terminal domain of the arenavirus L protein is an RNA endonuclease essential in mRNA transcription. (jcvi.org)
  • We elaborate on how VACV induces host shutoff by targeting host cell DNA synthesis, RNA production and processing, mRNA translation, and protein degradation. (mdpi.com)
  • In order for RNA to encode for a protein, it must be modified via capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before it can be transported into the cytoplasm for translation. (cellsignal.com)
  • Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ( mRNA ) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. (wikidoc.org)
  • Phosphorylation increases the ability of the protein to bind to mRNA caps and to form the eIF4F complex. (abcam.com)
Degradation5
  • The m7G cap also protects the mature mRNA from degradation, allows for a regulated degradation mechanism, enhances pre-RNA splicing and directs nuclear export. (neb.com)
  • We suggest that the RNP 5′ cap links transcription termination to exosomal RNA degradation through CBCN. (cnrs.fr)
  • For most RNAs the cap structure increases stability, decreases susceptibility to exonuclease degradation, and promotes the formation of mRNA initiation complexes. (neb.com)
  • Capping with 7-methylguanylate prevents 5′ degradation in two ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically you then wait for the desired tissue type and sample size to become available, and finally you hope that the tissue was harvested quickly and handled properly to avoid RNA degradation. (bio-medicine.org)
Generated by performing in v1
  • Cap 0 RNA can also be generated by performing in vitro transcription in the presence of the appropriate cap analogs. (neb.com)
Bacterial2
  • Recently, the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) was reported as a covalent modification of bacterial RNA. (nih.gov)
  • Because canonical bacterial RNAs contain a 5′ triphosphate terminus, addition of NAD + to the 5′ end of RNAs represents a rudimentary "capping" mechanism, perhaps designed to impart specific properties for these RNAs by granting them a more structurally complex 5′ end. (pnas.org)
Mechanism7
  • Shuman "Structure, mechanism, and evolution of the mRNA capping apparatus" 2001 Prog. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Our findings suggest a new mechanism underlying the regulatory role of DHX15 in the RNA capping process. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • It is envisaged that the mechanism closes 10 caps at a time - more efficient and reliable than a conventional system does. (rnaautomation.com)
  • In this work showed that the interaction between Nrd1/Nab3 and the cap binding complex (CBC) bound to the m7G cap of sn/snoRNA precursors is a key element of the mechanism linking their 5'- and 3' end processing. (ceon.pl)
  • The mechanism used for flavivirus cap-independent translation was found to be different from that of IRES mediated translation and dependent both on 5' and 3'UTRs that act in cis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Atomic structures suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of mRNA transcription and capping in dsRNA viruses. (elifesciences.org)
  • The mechanism of capping with NAD+, NADH, or 3′-dephospho-coenzyme A is different. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism1
  • A key element in the study of cellular RNA metabolism is the molecular characterization of RNA. (hindawi.com)
Ribosomal5
  • The canonical translation initiation pathway begins with cap-dependent attachment of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) to the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) followed by an energy-dependent, sequential 'scanning' of the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs). (mdpi.com)
  • Here we report that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleolar trimethyl guanosine synthase I (Tgs1p), which specifically selects the m(7)G cap structure of snRNAs and snoRNAs for m(2,2,7)G conversion, is required not only for efficient pre-mRNA splicing but also for pre-rRNA processing and small ribosomal subunit synthesis. (cnrs.fr)
  • Evidence for enhancement of ribosomal binding via a preferred cap conformation. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Many types of RNA, including transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) require modification or processing in order to perform their functions in the cell. (cellsignal.com)
  • Many applications also demand that the RNA be purified of contaminants such as genomic DNA, ribosomal RNA (in mRNA preps), p rotein, ethanol, organic solvents, and salt. (bio-medicine.org)
Vitro synthesis1
  • The analogs also contain modifications at the 2′-O position of 7-methylguanosine that prevent them from being incorporated in the reverse orientation during in vitro synthesis of mRNA and that hence are "anti-reverse cap analogs" (ARCAs). (justia.com)
Enzymes6
  • The addition of the cap structure by viral enzymes is probably coupled to the polymerization process. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • We report the first eukaryotic cap 1 2′- O -ribose methyltransferase, TbMTr1, a member of a conserved family of viral and eukaryotic enzymes. (asm.org)
  • We show that P. falciparum encodes separate RNA guanylyltransferase (Pgt1) and RNA triphosphatase (Prt1) enzymes and that the triphosphatase component is a member of the fungal/viral family of metal-dependent phosphohydrolases, which are structurally and mechanistically unrelated to the cysteine-phosphatase-type RNA triphosphatases found in metazoans and plants. (pnas.org)
  • A simple heuristic scheme of eukaryotic phylogeny is suggested based on the structure and physical linkage of the triphosphatase and guanylyltransferase enzymes that catalyze cap formation. (pnas.org)
  • Each of the mRNA capping enzymes is essential for cell growth in budding yeast. (pnas.org)
  • poxviruses encode a single polypeptide containing all three active sites, whereas phycodnaviruses encode a yeast-like capping apparatus in which the triphosphatase and guanylyltransferase enzymes are encoded separately ( 5 ). (pnas.org)
Initiation4
  • This unique molecular structure called cap0 protects capped RNAs from 5′ to 3′ exonuclease cleavage and is essential for the regulation of gene expression, including splicing, nuclear export of mRNA, and translation initiation [ 3 - 5 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Synthesis of these three RNA species requires different modes of initiation and termination (reviewed in references 23 and 34 ). (asm.org)
  • eIF4E recognizes 5' 7-methyl-G(5')ppp(5')N mRNA caps during the rate-limiting initiation step of translation. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Consistent with this idea, NAD + addition to RNAs appears to occur during transcription initiation ( 9 ), as opposed to the more complex eukaryote 5′ capping, which occurs after transcription has commenced ( 10 ). (pnas.org)
SnRNA1
  • The capping of mRNA and snRNA promotes their normal functions in cells. (justia.com)
Post-transcriptional1
  • RNA modifications are critical for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during multiple cellular processes, including development and cell differentiation. (cellsignal.com)
Stability9
  • Enzymatic production of capped RNA is an easy way to improve the stability and translational competence of RNA used for in vitro translation, transfection and microinjection. (neb.com)
  • The chemical nature of the 5′ end of RNA appears to determine the stability of RNA during RNA processing, and localization, as well as the translation efficiency. (biosyn.com)
  • The m 7 G cap on eukaryotic mRNA plays essential roles in translation and stability, and the enzymatic activities responsible for its formation are well characterized ( 48 , 50 ). (asm.org)
  • In this review, we will explain why RNA vaccines represent an attractive platform for cancer immunotherapy, discuss modifications to RNA structure that have been developed to optimize mRNA vaccine stability and translational efficiency, and describe strategies for nonviral delivery of mRNA vaccines, highlighting key preclinical and clinical data related to cancer immunotherapy. (hindawi.com)
  • DNA/RNA Shield™ ensures nucleic acid stability during sample storage/transport at ambient temperatures (4-25¬∞C). The reagent effectively lyses cells and inactivates nucleases and infectious agents (virus). (ozyme.fr)
  • Regulation of the stability and decay of RNA by surveillance mechanisms is vital to ensuring fidelity of genetic information flow. (cellsignal.com)
  • CST provides a wide variety of reliable and validated antibodies for investigating the dynamics of RNA stability and decay as it applies to cell cycle processes, cellular differentiation, stress and immune responses. (cellsignal.com)
  • The FirstChoice RNAs, which are stored in THE RNA Storage Solution to promote long term stability, pass the industry's most stringent quality control tests. (bio-medicine.org)
  • FirstChoice Human Brain Total RNA Stability. (bio-medicine.org)
High yields of capped1
  • For high yields of capped RNA, MEGAscript technology is incorporated into the mMESSAGE mMACHINE® Kit . (thermofisher.com)
Oligonucleotides5
  • After adding a methyl-group donor, methyl- 3 H- S -adenosylmethionine, the oligonucleotides, which were the de novo synthesized 5′-terminal part of mRNA, were isolated from the RNA-synthesizing virion at appropriate time intervals, and were analysed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The 5′ cap and 3′ nucleosides, base modified nucleosides, and alkali resistant oligonucleotides were determined by many methods described in the text. (hindawi.com)
  • In accordance with preferred embodiments, oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs are provided which are specifically hybridizable with viral RNAs. (google.com)
  • In additional preferred embodiments, the oligonucleotides are specifically hybridizable with RNA sequences involved in splicing of the viral RNA, or in viral packaging. (google.com)
  • Oligonucleotides are also provided which hybridize to certain viral RNA sequences important for RNA splicing or for viral packaging. (google.com)
Abstract1
  • abstract = "DDX3 is a human RNA helicase with plethoric functions. (elsevier.com)
Nuclear7
  • The protocol described here includes additional steps for generating the [ 32 P]G-capped RNA substrate and for preparing nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from mammalian cells. (bio-protocol.org)
  • 2017). We used the protocol presented here to demonstrate that the cap methyltransferase activity of cytoplasmic RNMT is unexpectedly robust relative to nuclear RNMT. (bio-protocol.org)
  • Nuclear processing and quality control of eukaryotic RNA is mediated by the RNA exosome, which is regulated by accessory factors. (cnrs.fr)
  • Diverse role of three tyrosines in binding of the RNA 5' cap to the human nuclear cap binding complex. (semanticscholar.org)
  • In addition, there are some other forms of RNA that are also capped, for instance small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (justia.com)
  • Orthologous to human NCBP3 (nuclear cap binding subunit 3). (jax.org)
  • citation needed] Small nuclear RNAs contain unique 5′-caps. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms6
  • Conventional and unconventional mechanisms for capping viral mRNA. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Over the past 40 years, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), closely related to rabies virus, has served as a paradigm to study the fundamental molecular mechanisms of transcription and replication of NNS RNA viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • The biochemical mechanisms of the guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase components of the capping apparatus are conserved between fungi, DNA viruses, and mammals. (pnas.org)
  • In contrast, the atomic structures and catalytic mechanisms of the fungal ( 6 ) and mammalian (A. Changela, C.K.H., A. Martins, S.S., and A. Mondragon, unpublished observations) RNA triphosphatases are completely different. (pnas.org)
  • It was also envisioned that processing mechanisms could be discerned by comparing the genomic structure with the RNA sequence determined using cDNA methods. (hindawi.com)
  • Multiple cellular functions and disease mechanisms are influenced by RNA processing. (cellsignal.com)
Regulation2
  • By investigating the viral oncoprotein Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen (MCV sT), an alternative pathway for cap-dependent mRNA translation regulation through the CDK1 kinase was discovered. (pitt.edu)
  • The presence of an alternative cap structure on mRNA 5′ ends suggests a possible unanticipated level of regulation due to this modification. (pnas.org)
Transcript4
  • The downside, however, is the lower yield of transcript and the formation of a small fraction of uncapped RNA as discussed above. (neb.com)
  • Figure 1 shows a time course experiment that plots yield of a 3.7 kb capped transcript over time. (thermofisher.com)
  • New publication by the Pillai group on 'The Mammalian Cap-Specific m 6 Am RNA Methyltransferase PCIF1 Regulates Transcript Levels in Mouse Tissues' published in Cell Reports. (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
  • Cellular RNAs are posttranscriptionally modified at various points in the primary RNA transcript as well as processed. (hindawi.com)
Nucleic acid3
  • There are four main categories of cancer vaccines: (1) peptide vaccines, (2) cellular vaccines, including tumor cell and immune cell vaccines, (3) viral vector vaccines, and (4) nucleic acid vaccines, including DNA and RNA vaccines. (hindawi.com)
  • This review will begin with a brief overview of nucleic acid vaccines for context and will then focus on RNA cancer vaccines. (hindawi.com)
  • By definition, nucleic acid vaccines are vaccines containing antigens encoded by either DNA or RNA. (hindawi.com)
Gene expression4
  • The absence of capped RNA is considered as a hallmark of prokaryotic gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • A distinctive feature of prokaryotic gene expression is the absence of 5'-capped RNA. (nih.gov)
  • With the emergence of more and more sophisticated techniques for gene expression analysis (e.g. array analysis real-time RT-PCR) the quality of the RNA used in these studies has become increasingly critical. (bio-medicine.org)
  • For successful gene expression analysis and cloning experiments, accurately quantitated, full length, pure RNA is required. (bio-medicine.org)
Triphosphatase6
  • The laboratory has recently developed all the necessary tools needed for the monitoring of RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase activities. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • The m7GpppN cap is formed by three enzymatic reactions: the 5′-triphosphate end of the nascent pre-mRNA is hydrolyzed to a diphosphate by RNA 5′ triphosphatase, the diphosphate end is capped with GMP by GTP:RNA guanylyltransferase, and the GpppN cap is methylated by AdoMet:RNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
  • Mammals and other metazoa encode a two-component capping system consisting of a bifunctional triphosphatase-guanylyltransferase polypeptide and a separate methyltransferase polypeptide. (pnas.org)
  • Thus it has been suggested that cap formation and RNA triphosphatase in particular are promising targets for antifungal and antiviral drug discovery ( 6 , 8 , 9 ). (pnas.org)
  • RNA guanylyltransferase has been studied in the kinetoplastids Trypanosoma and Crithidia ( 10 ), but the triphosphatase and methyltransferase components have not been identified. (pnas.org)
  • Here we report the identification and biochemical characterization of the separately encoded RNA guanylyltransferase and RNA triphosphatase of the malaria parasite P. falciparum . (pnas.org)
Single-stranded4
  • We report the crystal structure of a ternary complex comprising VP39, coenzyme product S-adenosylhomocysteine, and a 5' m7 G-capped, single-stranded RNA hexamer. (rcsb.org)
  • Influenza A virus is a negative-strand RNA virus containing eight segments of single-stranded RNA as its genome ( 39 ). (asm.org)
  • Single-Stranded Silencing RNAs: Hit Rate and Chemical Modification. (umassmed.edu)
  • Unlike competing products, the MEGAscript RNAi Kit provides reagents to eliminate DNA template, single stranded RNA, and free nucleotides. (thermofisher.com)
Maturation2
  • Accumulation of 3′-extended SL RNA substrate indicates a delay in processing and suggests a synergistic role for cap 1 in maturation. (asm.org)
  • In cellular RNA metabolisms, RNA maturation is performed through various structural alterations that include chemical modifications of constituent components. (hindawi.com)
Molecule3
  • We have used single molecule fluorescence to study Saccharomyces cerevisiae U1 and BBP interactions with RNAs. (elifesciences.org)
  • The 5′ cap is chemically similar to the 3′ end of an RNA molecule (the 5′ carbon of the cap ribose is bonded, and the 3′ unbonded). (wikipedia.org)
  • The starting point for capping with 7-methylguanylate is the unaltered 5′ end of an RNA molecule, which terminates at a triphosphate group. (wikipedia.org)
Modifications7
  • A mature mRNA ready for efficient translation by the ribosome contains two major modifications: a 5′ cap structure and a poly(A) tail. (neb.com)
  • 1998), with modifications that standardize generation of the substrate RNA, avoid cumbersome phenol-chloroform extractions with radioactive samples, and enable quantification of cap methyltransferase activity. (bio-protocol.org)
  • RNAs besides tRNA and rRNA contain chemical modifications, including the recently described 5′ nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) RNA in bacteria. (pnas.org)
  • Another is chain expansion demonstrated by modifications observed on polyadenylation, U-addition at 3′ ends, 5′-cap formation at 5′ ends, and insertions within trypanosome RNA. (hindawi.com)
  • Partner with Cell Signaling Technology (CST) to obtain high-quality data through antibodies that examine RBPs and RNA modifications, in support of research toward understanding the processes governing the RNA life cycle. (cellsignal.com)
  • Recent advances have made it possible to investigate RNA modifications, however, obtaining high quality data requires accurate and validated antibodies. (cellsignal.com)
  • We'll learn about the chromatin modifications implicated in gene silencing and activation, the role of non-coding RNA, and higher order chromatin structures. (coursera.org)
Viruses10
  • Many viruses add a cap structure at the 5' end of their RNAs. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • While some viruses steal caps from cellular RNAs in a process called "cap snatching", many viruses encode multi-enzymatic machineries catalyzing the synthesis of these structures. (univ-mrs.fr)
  • Non-segmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses belonging to the order Mononegavirales are highly diversified eukaryotic viruses including significant human pathogens, such as rabies, measles, Nipah, and Ebola. (frontiersin.org)
  • The order Mononegavirales comprises highly diversified eukaryotic viruses with a monopartite negative strand RNA genome (rarely bipartite genomes), which includes important human pathogens [e.g., rabies virus (RABV), measles virus (MeV), Nipah virus (NiV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), Ebola virus (EBOV)] ( Lamb, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Since gene products as well as RNA genomes of these non-segmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses share structural and functional similarities, they are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor. (frontiersin.org)
  • The function of PA is unknown, but previous studies of temperature-sensitive viruses with mutations in PA have implied a role in viral RNA replication. (asm.org)
  • The capping apparatus differs in significant respects in metazoans, fungi, and eukaryotic viruses ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
  • However, Dengue and Zika viruses also exhibit cap-independent translation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, the 5' and 3'UTRs of DTMUV enable this virus to use a cap- and IRES-independent RNA genome translation strategy that is important for its propagation and virulence .IMPORTANCE Genus Flavivirus includes major human pathogens as well as animal -infecting viruses with zoonotic potential. (bvsalud.org)
  • This HMM describes a shared signature region from an RNA endonuclease region associated with cap-snatching for mRNA production by RNA viruses. (jcvi.org)
Sequences6
  • i) Addition of a 5' cap, (ii) Addition of a 3' cap, (iii) Removal of unwanted intronic sequences by a process called RNA splicing . (biosyn.com)
  • An aptamer that blocks eIF4A in an inactive state away from mRNA inhibited translation of capped mRNA with the moderately structured β-globin sequences in the 5′UTR but not that of an mRNA with a poly(A) sequence as the 5′UTR. (mdpi.com)
  • acting sequences and secondary structures in untranslated regions of duck Tembusu virus RNA are important for cap-independent translation and viral proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Instead, cap-independent translation of DTMUV RNA was dependent on the presence of a 3'UTR , RNA secondary structures located in both UTRs and specific RNA sequences . (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on the ever-increasing number of RNA sequences, it was determined that most coding RNAs mature as a result of alternative splicing. (hindawi.com)
  • Capping with NAD+, NADH, or 3′-dephospho-coenzyme A occurs only at promoters that have certain sequences at and immediately upstream of the transcription start site and therefore occurs only for RNAs synthesized from certain promoters. (wikipedia.org)
Substrate2
  • Also a cap requirement has been observed for splicing eukaryotic substrate RNAs (6). (neb.com)
  • This assay involves incubation of cap-methyltransferase-containing samples with a [ 32 P]G-capped RNA substrate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to produce RNAs with N7-methylated caps. (bio-protocol.org)
Purification4
  • Expression and Purification of P. falciparum RNA Guanylyltransferase. (pnas.org)
  • In this study, we combine high-resolution detection of transcription start sites and differential expression analysis using a simplified TSS quantification protocol, MAPCap (Multiplexed Affinity Purification of Capped RNA) along with the software icetea . (nature.com)
  • Kits are available for total RNA purification, plasmid miniprep, gel extraction, and DNA & RNA cleanup. (neb.com)
  • The purification (crystallization) of TMV was first performed by Wendell Stanley, who published his findings in 1935, although he did not determine that the RNA was the infectious material. (wikipedia.org)
Triphosphate5
  • The m7G cap structure consists of a 7-methylguansine triphosphate linked to the 5′ end of the mRNA via a 5′ → 5′ triphosphate linkage (m7G cap). (neb.com)
  • Alternatively, use of labeled GTP in a reaction provides a convenient way to label any RNA containing a 5′ terminal triphosphate. (neb.com)
  • A model of a synthetic 7N-Methyl-8-Hydroguanosine-5'-triphosphate capped RNA hexamer is shown in figure 1. (biosyn.com)
  • Analogous to a eukaryotic cap, 5'-NAD modification is shown in vitro to stabilize RNA against 5'-processing by the RNA-pyrophosphohydrolase RppH and against endonucleolytic cleavage by ribonuclease (RNase) E. The nudix phosphohydrolase NudC decaps NAD-RNA and thereby triggers RNase-E-mediated RNA decay, while being inactive against triphosphate-RNA. (nih.gov)
  • The cap contains a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage between two nucleoside moieties and a 7-methyl group on a distal guanine ring. (justia.com)
Modification6
  • This approach identified covalent cap-like linkage of a specific set of small RNAs to the ubiquitous redox cofactor NAD, and a profound influence of this modification on RNA turnover. (nih.gov)
  • The modification revealed an unexpected connection between redox biology and RNA processing. (nih.gov)
  • We discuss possible roles of the NAD modification as well as broader implications for structurally related cofactors and metabolites which may also be linked to RNAs, leading to a new epitranscriptomic layer of information encoded in the chemical structure of the attached cofactors. (nih.gov)
  • The N7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of an mRNA is a modification essential for proper eukaryotic mRNA processing, localization, and translation. (bio-protocol.org)
  • Quantification of these modification events suggests they occur in many RNAs ( 2 , 3 ). (pnas.org)
  • One modification recently identified in bacteria is 5′ nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD + )-linked RNA ( 7 , 8 ). (pnas.org)
Vivo4
  • The RNA synthesized from a mMESSAGE mMACHINE reaction is ideal for in vitro or in vivo translation studies. (thermofisher.com)
  • In vivo, ∼13% of the abundant sRNA RNAI is NAD-capped in the presence, and ∼26% in the absence, of functional NudC. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, we use a bicistronic reporter to demonstrate that DDX3 specifically represses cap-dependent translation but enhances hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation in vivo in a helicase activity-independent manner. (elsevier.com)
  • This guanosine is methylated on the 7 position directly after capping in vivo by a methyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
Noncoding RNAs3
  • These works are destined to reach final pathway of work "Function and Structure of Spliceosome" in addition to exciting new exploitation of other noncoding RNAs in all aspects of regulatory functions. (hindawi.com)
  • of these, these long noncoding RNAs in each nucleus. (coursera.org)
  • So the question now becomes what are these long noncoding RNAs doing? (coursera.org)
Translation5
  • The ability of the 5'UTRs of flaviviruses to direct the translation of a second open reading frame in bicistronic RNAs was much lower than that observed for internal ribosome entry site (IRES) encephalomyocarditis virus , indicating a lack of substantial IRES activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations inhibiting cap-independent translation decreased DTMUV proliferation in vitro and delayed, but did not prevent, the death of infected duck embryos . (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we demonstrated that five different flaviviruses use cap-independent translation, indicating that this phenomenon is probably general for all members of the genus. (bvsalud.org)
  • As cap-independent translation was also observed in mosquito cells , its role in flavivirus infection is unlikely limited to the evasion of consequences of the shutoff of host translation. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that the inhibition of cap-independent translation results in decrease viral proliferation, indicating that this strategy could be applied to produce attenuated variants of flaviviruses as potential vaccine candidates. (bvsalud.org)
Canonical1
  • in contrast to the canonical N7 methylguanosine (m7G) cap, the NAD cap promotes mRNA decay (PubMed:31101919). (genecards.org)
Replicate2
  • Elucidation of their unique strategies to replicate in eukaryotic cells is crucial to aid in developing anti-NNS RNA viral agents. (frontiersin.org)
  • Replicate samples of total brain RNA were stored overnight at either 20C or at 37C and then analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. (bio-medicine.org)
Cytoplasmic2
  • Additionally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of RNMT greatly reduced the cap methyltransferase activity of cytoplasmic extracts, suggesting that RNMT is the predominant, if not only cap methyltransferase in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. (bio-protocol.org)
  • Reduced cytoplasmic cap methyltransferase activity upon RAM knockdown indicated that RAM is a required cofactor for cytoplasmic RNMT. (bio-protocol.org)
Processing2
  • Plastic closures incorporating a flip top cap are in high demand in pharmaceutical, processing and packaging industries. (rnaautomation.com)
  • The goal of the proposed research is to understand in detail the role of the cap binding complex (CBC) in mRNA processing and transport. (grantome.com)
Encodes1
  • Wu, X & Guarino, LA 2003, ' Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus orf69 encodes an RNA cap (nucleoside-2′-O)-methyltransferase ', Journal of virology , vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 3430-3440. (elsevier.com)
Guanylyltransferase1
  • The Ser5-PO 4 "letter" of the CTD code plays a vital role in recruiting RNA guanylyltransferase (GTase) to the Pol2 elongation complex. (mskcc.org)
Amounts1
  • Adequate amounts of RNA in the body are essential to every aspect of good health and well-being. (bewellmed.co.uk)
Vaccinia2
  • Images were generated using the structure of vaccinia methyltransferase VP39 complexed with M7G capped RNA hexamer and S-adenosylhomocysteine, PDB 1AV6, and PyMol. (biosyn.com)
  • The process of the cap formation at the 5′-terminus of mRNA was studied using an in vitro system under similar conditions to those of vaccinia virus multiplication in its host cell. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Polyadenylation1
  • Polyadenylation occurs during and/or immediately after transcription of DNA into RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymatic3
  • Recent developments combine next-generation sequencing with a chemo-enzymatic capture step that allows the enrichment of rare 5'-modified RNA from bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • Here we identify NAD-linked RNAs from bacteria by chemo-enzymatic capture and next-generation sequencing (NAD captureSeq). (nih.gov)
  • This enzymatic complex catalyzes the chemical reactions that are required for mRNA capping. (wikipedia.org)
Analogs3
  • NEB offers a wide range of cap analogs for co-transcriptional capping applications. (neb.com)
  • The effect of 'cap' analogs on reovirus mRNA binding to wheat germ ribosomes. (semanticscholar.org)
  • New RNA cap analogs are disclosed containing one or more phosphorothioates groups. (justia.com)
MiRNA1
  • During cell proliferation, the CBC complex is also involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) biogenesis via its interaction with srrt/ars2, thereby being required for miRNA-mediated RNA interference. (uniprot.org)
Cellular1
  • In the study of cellular RNA chemistry, a major thrust of research focused upon sequence determinations for decades. (hindawi.com)
20211
  • Due to restrictions for events imposed due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Swiss RNA Workshop 2021 had to be canceled. (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
RRNA1
  • The approximate 2:1 ratio of the peaks representing 28S and 18S rRNA indicates that the RNA is intact and stable even when stored overnight at 37C. (bio-medicine.org)
Structural analyses of NudT16-ADP-ribose complexes direct rational design of mutants with improved processing of poly(ADP...
Structural analyses of NudT16-ADP-ribose complexes direct rational design of mutants with improved processing of poly(ADP... (nature.com)
Synergy between Escherichia coli CAP protein and RNA polymerase in the lac promoter open complex.
Synergy between Escherichia coli CAP protein and RNA polymerase in the lac promoter open complex. (wizdom.ai)
Messenger RNA - New World Encyclopedia
Messenger RNA - New World Encyclopedia (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Dr. Daniel R Schoenberg - Cancer Researcher at OSUCCC - James
Dr. Daniel R Schoenberg - Cancer Researcher at OSUCCC - James (cancer.osu.edu)
Messenger RNA - Wikipedia
Messenger RNA - Wikipedia (en.m.wikipedia.org)
Spatiotemporal Gene Expression Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Uncovers a Syncytial Expression Switch | Genetics
Spatiotemporal Gene Expression Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Uncovers a Syncytial Expression Switch | Genetics (genetics.org)
JCI - Increased expression of anion transporter SLC26A9 delays diabetes onset in cystic fibrosis
JCI - Increased expression of anion transporter SLC26A9 delays diabetes onset in cystic fibrosis (jci.org)
LSM1 Gene - GeneCards | LSM1 Protein | LSM1 Antibody
LSM1 Gene - GeneCards | LSM1 Protein | LSM1 Antibody (genecards.org)
Table of Contents - January 11, 2019, 363 (6423) | Science
Table of Contents - January 11, 2019, 363 (6423) | Science (science.sciencemag.org)
Rapid, optimized interactomic screening | Nature Methods
Rapid, optimized interactomic screening | Nature Methods (nature.com)
SWI2/SNF2 ATPase CHR2 remodels pri-miRNAs via Serrate to impede miRNA production | Nature
SWI2/SNF2 ATPase CHR2 remodels pri-miRNAs via Serrate to impede miRNA production | Nature (nature.com)
G(5')ppp(5')G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB
G(5')ppp(5')G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB (neb.com)
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Dynamics and consequences of spliceosome E complex formation | eLife
Dynamics and consequences of spliceosome E complex formation | eLife (elifesciences.org)
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