Rna caps. Medical search

Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.

Analogs of RNA cap compounds which do not have a positive charge. These compounds inhibit the initiation of translation of both capped and uncapped messenger RNA.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.

A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.

A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.

RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.

The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.

A novel composition, device, or process, independently conceived de novo or derived from a pre-existing model.

Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)

Software used to locate data or information stored in machine-readable form locally or at a distance such as an INTERNET site.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The small ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the MESSENGER RNA binding site and two TRANSFER RNA binding sites - one for the incoming AMINO ACYL TRNA (A site) and the other (P site) for the peptidyl tRNA carrying the elongating peptide chain.

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.

Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (1/1294)

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the mRNA 5' cap and brings the mRNA into a complex with other protein synthesis initiation factors and ribosomes. The activity of mammalian eIF4E is important for the translation of capped mRNAs and is thought to be regulated by two mechanisms. First, eIF4E is sequestered by binding proteins, such as 4EBP1, in quiescent cells. Mitogens induce the release of eIF4E by stimulating the phosphorylation of 4EBP1. Second, mitogens and stresses induce the phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser 209, increasing the affinity of eIF4E for capped mRNA and for an associated scaffolding protein, eIF4G. We previously showed that a mitogen- and stress-activated kinase, Mnk1, phosphorylates eIF4E in vitro at the physiological site. Here we show that Mnk1 regulates eIF4E phosphorylation in vivo. Mnk1 binds directly to eIF4G and copurifies with eIF4G and eIF4E. We identified activating phosphorylation sites in Mnk1 and developed dominant-negative and activated mutants. Expression of dominant-negative Mnk1 reduces mitogen-induced eIF4E phosphorylation, while expression of activated Mnk1 increases basal eIF4E phosphorylation. Activated mutant Mnk1 also induces extensive phosphorylation of eIF4E in cells overexpressing 4EBP1. This suggests that phosphorylation of eIF4E is catalyzed by Mnk1 or a very similar kinase in cells and is independent of other mitogenic signals that release eIF4E from 4EBP1. (+info)

Oligonucleotide-europium complex conjugate designed to cleave the 5' cap structure of the ICAM-1 transcript potentiates antisense activity in cells. (2/1294)

The 5' cap structure of mRNA is a N7 methylated guanosine residue that is linked by a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage to the 5'-terminus of cellular and viral RNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase II. This unique structure facilitates several processes of mRNA metabolism, including splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport,initiation of translation, and degradation. Previous research has demonstrated that the lanthanide macrocycle complex, Eu(THED)3+, effectively cleaves the 5' cap structure of mRNA in solution by nucleophilic attack of the triphosphate linkage via the metal-activated hydroxyethyl group of the THED ligand. This report shows that attachment of a Eu(THED)3+analog to the 3'-terminus of an antisense oligonucleotide, which targets the 5'-terminus of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 mRNA, potentiates the inhibitory activity of the antisense oligonucleotide in cytokine-treatedendothelial cells. (+info)

Interaction of the U1 snRNP with nonconserved intronic sequences affects 5' splice site selection. (3/1294)

Intron definition and splice site selection occur at an early stage during assembly of the spliceosome, the complex mediating pre-mRNA splicing. Association of U1 snRNP with the pre-mRNA is required for these early steps. We report here that the yeast U1 snRNP-specific protein Nam8p is a component of the commitment complexes, the first stable complexes assembled on pre-mRNA. In vitro and in vivo, Nam8p becomes indispensable for efficient 5' splice site recognition when this process is impaired as a result of the presence of noncanonical 5' splice sites or the absence of a cap structure. Nam8p stabilizes commitment complexes in the latter conditions. Consistent with this, Nam8p interacts with the pre-mRNA downstream of the 5' splice site, in a region of nonconserved sequence. Substitutions in this region affect splicing efficiency and alternative splice site choice in a Nam8p-dependent manner. Therefore, Nam8p is involved in a novel mechanism by which a snRNP component can affect splice site choice and regulate intron removal through its interaction with a nonconserved sequence. This supports a model where early 5' splice recognition results from a network of interactions established by the splicing machinery with various regions of the pre-mRNA. (+info)

The cis acting sequences responsible for the differential decay of the unstable MFA2 and stable PGK1 transcripts in yeast include the context of the translational start codon. (4/1294)

A general pathway of mRNA turnover has been described for yeast in which the 3' poly(A) tail is first deadenylated to an oligo(A) length, leading to decapping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic decay. The unstable MFA2 mRNA and the stable PGK1 mRNAs both decay through this pathway, albeit at different rates of deadenylation and decapping. To determine the regions of the mRNAs that are responsible for these differences, we examined the decay of chimeric mRNAs derived from the 5' untranslated, coding, and 3' untranslated regions of these two mRNAs. These experiments have led to the identification of the features of these mRNAs that lead to their different stabilities. The MFA2 mRNA is unstable solely because its 3' UTR promotes the rates of deadenylation and decapping; all other features of this mRNA are neutral with respect to mRNA decay rates. The PGK1 mRNA is stable because the sequence context of the PGK1 translation start codon and the coding region function together to stabilize the transcript, whereas the PGK13' UTR is neutral with respect to decay. Importantly, changes in the PGK1 start codon context that destabilized the transcript also reduced its translational efficiency. This observation suggests that the nature of the translation initiation complex modulates the rates of mRNA decapping and decay. (+info)

Analysis of mutations in the yeast mRNA decapping enzyme. (5/1294)

A major mechanism of mRNA decay in yeast is initiated by deadenylation, followed by mRNA decapping, which exposes the transcript to 5' to 3' exonucleolytic degradation. The decapping enzyme that removes the 5' cap structure is encoded by the DCP1 gene. To understand the function of the decapping enzyme, we used alanine scanning mutagenesis to create 31 mutant versions of the enzyme, and we examined the effects of the mutations both in vivo and in vitro. Two types of mutations that affected mRNA decapping in vivo were identified, including a temperature-sensitive allele. First, two mutants produced decapping enzymes that were defective for decapping in vitro, suggesting that these mutated residues are required for enzymatic activity. In contrast, several mutants that moderately affected mRNA decapping in vivo yielded decapping enzymes that had at least the same specific activity as the wild-type enzyme in vitro. Combination of alleles within this group yielded decapping enzymes that showed a strong loss of function in vivo, but that still produced fully active enzymes in vitro. This suggested that interactions of the decapping enzyme with other factors may be required for efficient decapping in vivo, and that these particular mutations may be disrupting such interactions. Interestingly, partial loss of decapping activity in vivo led to a defect in normal deadenylation-dependent decapping, but it did not affect the rapid deadenylation-independent decapping triggered by early nonsense codons. This observation suggested that these two types of mRNA decapping differ in their requirements for the decapping enzyme. (+info)

Identification of a nucleic acid binding domain in eukaryotic initiation factor eIFiso4G from wheat. (6/1294)

Higher plants have two complexes that bind the m7G-cap structure of mRNA and mediate interactions between mRNA and ribosomal subunits, designated eIF4F and eIFiso4F. Both complexes contain a small subunit that binds the 5'-cap structure of mRNA, and a large subunit, eIF4G or eIFiso4G, that binds other translation factors and RNA. Sequence-specific proteases were used to cleave native cap-binding complexes into structural domains, which were purified by affinity chromatography. We show here that eIFiso4G contains a central protease-resistant domain that binds specifically to nucleic acids. This domain spans Gln170 to Glu443 and includes four of the six homology blocks shared by eIFiso4G and eIF4G. A slightly shorter overlapping sequence, from Gly202 to Lys445, had no nucleic acid binding activity, indicating that the N-terminal end of the nucleic acid binding site lies within Gln170 to Arg201. The binding of the central domain and native eIFiso4F to RNA homopolymers and double- and single-stranded DNAs was studied. Both molecules had highest affinity for poly(G) and recognized single- and double-stranded sequences. (+info)

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA 5'-triphosphatase related to mRNA capping enzyme. (7/1294)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA capping enzyme consists of two subunits: the RNA 5'-triphosphatase (Cet1) and the mRNA guanylyltransferase (Ceg1). Using computer homology searching, a S. cerevisiae gene was identified that encodes a protein resembling the C-terminal region of Cet1. Accordingly, we designated this gene CTL1 (capping enzyme RNAtriphosphatase-like 1). CTL1 is not essential for cell viability and no genetic or physical interactions with the capping enzyme genes were observed. The protein is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Recombinant Ctl1 protein releases gamma-phosphate from the 5'-end of RNA to produce a diphosphate terminus. The enzyme is specific for polynucleotide RNA in the presence of magnesium, but becomes specific for nucleotide triphosphates in the presence of manganese. Ctl1 is the second member of the yeast RNA triphosphatase family, but is probably involved in an RNA processing event other than mRNA capping. (+info)

Alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs serve as cap donors for tomato spotted wilt virus transcription during coinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana. (8/1294)

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was shown to use alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNAs as cap donors in vivo during a mixed infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. By use of nested reverse transcription-PCR, TSWV N and NSs mRNAs provided with capped leader sequences derived from all four AMV RNAs could be cloned and sequenced. The sequence specificity of the putative TSWV endonuclease involved is discussed. (+info)

... a capped splice leader RNA is transcribed; simultaneously, genes are transcribed in long polycistrons. The capped splice leader ... Trans-splicing is a special form of RNA processing in eukaryotes where exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are ... Li H, Wang J, Mor G, Sklar J (Sep 2008). "A neoplastic gene fusion mimics trans-splicing of RNAs in normal human cells". ... Coady TH, Shababi M, Tullis GE, Lorson CL (Aug 2007). "Restoration of SMN function: delivery of a trans-splicing RNA re-directs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-splicing

The resulting capped leader RNA is used to prime transcription on the viral genome. However some plant viruses do not use cap, ... 2006). "Cap-independent translation of plant viral RNAs". Virus Research. 119 (1): 63-75. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.010. ... Some viruses are cap-snatchers. During this process, a 7mG-capped host mRNA is recruited by the viral transcriptase complex and ... Instead, the naked viral RNA may alter the function of the cells through a mechanism similar to RNA interference, in which the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_virus

RNA. 12 (5): 851-61. doi:10.1261/rna.2309906. PMC 1440912 . PMID 16540693. Araujo, Patricia R.; Yoon, Kihoon; Ko, Daijin; Smith ... This has been observed in Xenopus laevis in which eIF4E bound to the 5′ cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3′ UTR ... RNA-binding proteins sometimes serve to prevent the pre-initiation complex from forming. An example is regulation of the msl2 ... However, it has also been noted that Sxl can also repress translation of RNAs that do not contain a poly(A) tail, or more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region

Pillutla RC, Yue Z, Maldonado E, Shatkin AJ (Sep 1998). "Recombinant human mRNA cap methyltransferase binds capping enzyme/RNA ... Purification and characterization of cap I and cap II RNA (nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferases from HeLa cells". J. Biol. Chem. ... Groner Y, Gilboa E, Aviv H (1978). "Methylation and capping of RNA polymerase II primary transcripts by HeLa nuclear ... Wen Y, Shatkin AJ (2001). "Cap methyltransferase selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-α". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_(guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase

The three main modifications are 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. While in the nucleus, pre-mRNA is associated ... In the case of genes encoding proteins, that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA (mRNA), which then needs to be ... CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing, specifically small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and small ... there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap. Perichromatin fibrils are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus

Heyduk, T.; Lee, J.; Ebright, Y.; Blatter, E.; Zhou, Y.; Ebright, R. (1993). "CAP interacts with RNA polymerase in solution in ... "The mechanism of RNA 5' capping with NAD+, NADH and desphospho-CoA". Nature. 535 (7612): 444-447. doi:10.1038/nature18622. PMC ... two interactions between CAP and RNA polymerase". Cell. 87 (6): 1123-1134. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81806-1. PMID 8978616. ... "Structural organization of bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme and the RNA polymerase-promoter open complex". Cell. 108 (5): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Ebright

2001). "HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with mammalian capping enzyme and stimulates capping of TAR RNA". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (16): ... Pillutla RC, Yue Z, Maldonado E, Shatkin AJ (1998). "Recombinant human mRNA cap methyltransferase binds capping enzyme/RNA ... 2004). "The Tat/TAR-dependent phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain stimulates cotranscriptional capping of ... "Human mRNA capping enzyme (RNGTT) and cap methyltransferase (RNMT) map to 6q16 and 18p11.22-p11.23, respectively". Genomics. 54 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNGTT

5' cap additionEdit. Main article: 5' cap. A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m7G cap) ... Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they ... Small interfering RNA (siRNA)Edit. Main article: siRNA. In metazoans, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed by Dicer are ... The primary RNA transcript of a gene is cleaved at the poly-A addition site, and 100-200 A's are added to the 3' end of the RNA ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA

... pppR-RNA, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and m7G(5')pppRm-RNA (mRNA containing a 2'-O-methylpurine cap). ... Groner Y, Gilboa E, Aviv H (1978). "Methylation and capping of RNA polymerase II primary transcripts by HeLa nuclear ... pppRm-RNA (mRNA containing a 2'-O-methylpurine cap) Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and m7G(5 ... Other names in common use include messenger ribonucleate nucleoside 2'-methyltransferase, and messenger RNA (nucleoside-2'-)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_(nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase

Other names in common use include mRNA capping enzyme, messenger RNA guanylyltransferase, and Protein 2. As of late 2007, 5 ... Groner Y, Gilboa E, Aviv H (1978). "Methylation and capping of RNA polymerase II primary transcripts by HeLa nuclear ... Itoh N, Yamada H, Kaziro Y, Mizumoto K (1987). "Messenger RNA guanylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Large scale ... Martin SA, Moss B (1975). "Modification of RNA by mRNA guanylyltransferase and mRNA (guanine-7-)methyltransferase from vaccinia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_guanylyltransferase

RNA. 2 (3): 213-25. PMC 1369364 . PMID 8608445. Hinz M, Moore MJ, Bindereif A (Aug 1996). "Domain analysis of human U5 RNA. Cap ... Grainger RJ, Beggs JD (May 2005). "Prp8 protein: at the heart of the spliceosome". RNA. 11 (5): 533-57. doi:10.1261/rna.2220705 ... Maruyama K, Sugano S (Jan 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... Achsel T, Ahrens K, Brahms H, Teigelkamp S, Lührmann R (Nov 1998). "The human U5-220kD protein (hPrp8) forms a stable RNA-free ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRPF8

"RNA Triphosphatase Component of the mRNA Capping Apparatus of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus 1 (PDF Download Available)". ... Ho, C. K.; Van Etten, J. L.; Shuman, S. (1996-10-01). "Expression and characterization of an RNA capping enzyme encoded by ... The PBCV-1 enzymes are more closely related to yeast enzymes than to poxvirus multifunctional RNA capping enzymes according to ... "Expression and Characterization of an RNA Capping Enzyme Encoded by Chlorella Virus PBCV-1 (PDF Download Available)". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycodnaviridae

Sonenberg N (1988). "Cap-binding proteins of eukaryotic messenger RNA: functions in initiation and control of translation". ... doi:10.1261/rna.2060405. PMC 1370812 . PMID 16043509. de la Cruz J, Kressler D, Linder P (May 1999). "Unwinding RNA in ... Tanaka N, Schwer B (July 2005). "Characterization of the NTPase, RNA-binding, and RNA helicase activities of the DEAH-box ... a representative DEAD-box RNA helicase". RNA. 5 (12): 1526-1534. doi:10.1017/S1355838299991410. PMC 1369875 . PMID 10606264. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEAD_box

"Weak binding affinity of human 4EHP for mRNA cap analogs". RNA. 13 (5): 691-7. doi:10.1261/rna.453107. PMC 1852817 . PMID ... Okumura F, Zou W, Zhang DE (2007). "ISG15 modification of the eIF4E cognate 4EHP enhances cap structure-binding activity of ... a novel mammalian eIF4E-related cap-binding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (21): 13104-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.21.13104. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF4E2

This element acts in conjunction with UPSK RNA and a 5'-cap to enhance translation. The secondary structure of this RNA element ... The tymoviruses/pomovirusesfamily tRNA-like 3' UTR element is an RNA element found in the 3' UTR of some viruses. ... Matsuda, D; Dreher TW (2004). "The tRNA-like structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA is a 3'-translational enhancer". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymovirus/pomovirus_tRNA-like_3'_UTR_element

... involved in RNA capping. RNA2 (2.9 kb) encodes the 2a protein (94 kDa), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, responsible for ... BMV has a genome that is divided into three 5' capped RNAs. RNA1 (3.2 kb) encodes a protein called 1a (109 kDa), which contains ... Ahola, T.; Ahlquist, P. (1999). "Putative RNA capping activities encoded by brome mosaic virus: Methylation and covalent ... The sequence similarities of RNA replication genes and strategies for BMV have been shown to extend to a wide range of plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brome_mosaic_virus

mRNA is capped as soon as it emerges from the RNA-exit channel of the polymerase. After capping, dephosphorylation of Ser-5 ... SRP RNA, and other stable short RNAs such as ribonuclease P RNA. RNA Polymerases I, II, and III contain 14, 12, and 17 subunits ... Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes ... RNA polymerase I is responsible for transcribing RNA that codes for genes that become structural components of the ribosome. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription

Keith JM, Ensinger MJ, Mose B (1978). "HeLa cell RNA (2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase specific for the capped 5'- ... O-dimethyladenosine cap) Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and m7G(5')pppAm, whereas its two ... end of messenger RNA". J. Biol. Chem. 253 (14): 5033-9. PMID 670176. Molecular and Cellular Biology portal. ... products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and m7G(5')pppm6Am (mRNA containing an N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine cap). This enzyme belongs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_(2'-O-methyladenosine-N6-)-methyltransferase

"Interaction between the small-nuclear-RNA cap hypermethylase and the spinal muscular atrophy protein, survival of motor neuron ... Mouaikel J, Verheggen C, Bertrand E, Tazi J, Bordonné R (May 2002). "Hypermethylation of the cap structure of both yeast snRNAs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGS1

The MIR155HG is transcribed by RNA polymerase II and the resulting ~1,500 nucleotide RNA is capped and polyadenylated. The 23 ... RNA Biology. 7 (5): 540-7. doi:10.4161/rna.7.5.12685. PMC 3073250 . PMID 21081842. Tarassishin L, Loudig O, Bauman A, Shafit- ... "Polycistronic RNA polymerase II expression vectors for RNA interference based on BIC/miR-155". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (7): ... This non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is now defined as a primary-miRNA (pri-miRNA). Once miR-155 pri-miRNA is transcribed, this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-155

eIF3 has also been shown to specifically bind m6A modified RNA within 5'UTRs to promote cap-independent translation. All five ... Several subunits of eIF3 contain RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and other RNA binding domains to form a multisubunit RNA binding ... It is essential for most forms of cap-dependent and cap-independent translation initiation. In humans, eIF3 consists of 13 ... Lee, Amy S. Y.; Kranzusch, Philip J.; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Cate, Jamie H. D. (2016-07-27). "eIF3d is an mRNA cap-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_initiation_factor_3

"Mesoionic heterocyclic compounds as candidate messenger RNA cap analogue inhibitors of the influenza virus RNA polymerase cap- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoionic

... s are a type of four-base hairpin loop motifs in RNA secondary structure that cap many double helices. There are many ... RNA tertiary structure (section Tetraloop-receptor interactions) Cate, J.H., Gooding, A.R., Podell, E., Zhou, K., Golden, B.L ... Three types of tetraloops are common in ribosomal RNA: GNRA, UNCG and CUUG, in which the N could be either Uracil, Adenine, ... This allows them to act as nucleation sites for proper folding of RNA. The rare hydrogen bonds between the first Guanine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraloop

The looping prevents binding of CAP and RNA Polymerase, which normally activate the transcription of both PBAD and PC. The ... Additionally, CAP binds to two CAP binding sites upstream of the I1 and I2 operators and helps activate the PBAD promoter. In ... by CAP and AraC is mediated through contacts between the C-terminal domain of the α-subunit of RNA polymerase and the CAP and ... The cyclic AMP receptor protein CAP binds between the PBAD and PC promoters, stimulating transcription of both when bound by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBAD_promoter

"Functional interactions of RNA-capping enzyme with factors that positively and negatively regulate promoter escape by RNA ... Ping YH, Rana TM (2001). "DSIF and NELF interact with RNA polymerase II elongation complex and HIV-1 Tat stimulates P-TEFb- ... 1999). "Evidence that P-TEFb alleviates the negative effect of DSIF on RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription in vitro". ... 1998). "DSIF, a novel transcription elongation factor that regulates RNA polymerase II processivity, is composed of human Spt4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUPT4H1

PARN deadenylates less if the RNA is bound by the initiation factors 4E (at the 5' cap) and 4G (at the poly(A) tail), which is ... The 3' end is also where the poly(A) tail is found on polyadenylated RNAs. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is RNA that has a coding region ... But, for many long noncoding RNAs - a seemingly large group of regulatory RNAs that, for example, includes the RNA Xist, which ... For further information, see RNA and Messenger RNA RNAs are a type of large biological molecules, whose individual building ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadenylation

It is a guanosine (ribonucleic) analog used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping, thus, it is a nucleoside ... inducing mutations in RNA-dependent replication in RNA viruses. Such hypermutation can be lethal to RNA viruses. Neither of ... Ribavirin is a prodrug, which when metabolized resembles purine RNA nucleotides. In this form, it interferes with RNA ... For this reason, when ribavirin is incorporated into RNA, as a base analog of either adenine or guanine, it pairs equally well ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribavirin

Laird PW, Kooter JM, Loosbroek N, Borst P. Mature mRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei possess a 5' cap acquired by discontinuous RNA ... Bacteriophage RNA replicase keeps the template and daughter strand separated during RNA synthesis; duplex RNA is not an ... Borst P, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA, 8. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of replication of MS2 RNA. Proc Natl Acad ... RNA splicing is required to make the messenger RNA for a variant surface antigen in trypanosomes. NAR. 1982;10:3591-604. Kooter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Borst

... nontranslated region of hepatitis A virus RNA in directing cap-independent translation in permissive monkey kidney cells". J. ... Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method ... Hepatovirus A is a picornavirus; it is not enveloped and contains a single-stranded RNA packaged in a protein shell. Only one ... The incubation period is 15-50 days and mortality is less than 0.5%. Within the liver hepatocytes, the RNA genome is released ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A

CAP binds a DNA region upstream from the DNA binding site of RNA Polymerase. CAP activates transcription through protein- ... CAP's interaction with RNA polymerase causes bending of the DNA near the transcription start site, thus effectively catalyzing ... This increase in cAMP levels is sensed by CAP, which goes on to activate the transcription of many other catabolic genes. CAP ... molecules bind dimeric CAP with negative cooperativity. Cyclic AMP functions as an allosteric effector by increasing CAP's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein

transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding. • RNA ... negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • positive regulation of transcription from RNA ... RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding. • DNA binding. • sequence-specific DNA binding. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXD8

RNA editing. Octopuses and other coleoid cephalopods are capable of greater RNA editing (which involves changes to the nucleic ... Octopus opening a container by unscrewing its cap. Octopuses are highly intelligent, but the extent of their intelligence and ... Coleoids rely mostly on ADAR enzymes for RNA editing, which requires large double-stranded RNA structures to flank to the ... High levels of RNA editing do not appear to be present in more basal cephalopods or other molluscs.[118][119] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda

RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding. • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence- ... Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding. • RNA polymerase ... transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion. • transcription, DNA- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8

Structure of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (light blue) in complex with α-amanitin (red), a strong poison found in death cap ... Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes". These are a broad class of genes that encode RNA which is not translated into protein. The most ... RNA polymerase IV synthesizes siRNA in plants.[5]. *RNA polymerase V synthesizes RNAs involved in siRNA-directed ... RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNAs, rRNA 5S and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol.[4] ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase

RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase). Translation by host cell ribosomes is not initiated by a 5' G cap as usual, but rather is ... The mRNA encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase makes complementary minus strands of RNA, then uses them as ... the RNA un-coats and the (+) strand RNA genome is replicated through a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is formed using ... Genomic RNAs of picornaviruses possess multiple RNA elements and they are required for both negative and plus strand RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus

The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve around 4,000 Ma, after the Late Heavy Bombardment ends on Earth ... Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its ice cap; End of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains in North ... capped by chalk, followed by black shales-that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe, called the 'Trias'. The " ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_

A fundamental building block of RNA structure crucial to RNA function in diverse biological systems". EMBO Rep. 1 (1): 18-23. ... RNA polymerase. *Promoter. Post-transcription. *Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA). *5' capping ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy

ARID（1A、1B、2、3A、3B、4A） · CAP · IFI（16、35） · MLL（2、3、T1） · MNDA · NFY（A、B、C） · ρ因子/σ因子 ... sequence-specific enhancer binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity. · transcription factor binding. · zinc ion ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2

BDNF can reduce capping activities by upregulating PKC, which can bind to the adducing MRCKS domain, inhibit capping activity, ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • receptor binding. • neurotrophin ... Adducins are membrane-skeletal proteins that cap the growing ends of actin filaments and promote their association with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

RNA: consists of a dimer RNA. It has a cap at the 5' end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. The RNA genome also has terminal ... These inserts are transcribed by enzymes of the host into new RNA molecules that enter the cytosol. Next, some of these RNA ... In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein. However, retroviruses function ... While transcription was classically thought to occur only from DNA to RNA, reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA into DNA. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus

Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RefSeq RNA ID: XM_005256098, NM_001012398, NM_001308325, NM_022476, XM_005256095, XM_005256096, XM_005256097, XM_017023564, XM_ ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKTIP

... and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • protein binding. • extracellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMILIN1

Minami H، Tokumitsu H، Mizutani A، Watanabe Y، Watanabe M، Hidaka H (1992). "Specific binding of CAP-50 to calcyclin". FEBS ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100A6

DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary "family trees"; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary ... most molecular phylogenetics research is now based on comparisons of RNA and DNA.[115] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology

CAMP, CAP-18, CAP18, CRAMP, FALL-39, FALL39, HSD26, LL37, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathelicidin

Messenger RNA[change , change source]. The structure of a mature eukaryotic mRNA. A fully processed mRNA includes a 5' cap, 5' ... They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).. tRNA[change , change source]. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short molecule ... RNA is physically different from DNA: DNA contains two intercoiled strands, but RNA only contains one single strand. RNA also ... This is called RNA interference.[5][6][7]. siRNA[change , change source]. Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA

RNA may spread directly to other cells or nuclei by diffusion. A large amount of RNA and protein is contributed to the zygote ... Morris KL (2008). "Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression". RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of ... RNA transcripts[edit]. Sometimes a gene, after being turned on, transcribes a product that (directly or indirectly) maintains ... The obesity-associated FTO gene is shown to be able to demethylate N6-methyladenosine in RNA.[70][71] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... Although individual snRNPs are believed to recognize specific nucleic acid sequences through RNA-RNA base pairing, the specific ... RNA binding. Cellular component. • cytoplasm. • U5 snRNP. • catalytic step 2 spliceosome. • U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRPN

rally cap[edit]. In baseball, a rally cap is a baseball cap worn while inside-out and/or backwards or in another unconventional ... headline: "For RNA polymerase, it's one base at a time".[82]. out of left field[edit]. See left field.. P[edit]. pinch hit[edit ... The rally cap is primarily a baseball superstition. The term may also be used by other groups, such as stock market traders.. ... headline: "Muni Market Traders Keep Their Rally Caps On" - Patrick McGee, The Bond Buyer, 15 April 2011.[96] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_English_language_idioms_derived_from_baseball

Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • iron ion binding. • arachidonate 5 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Lipoxygenase

The genome of the death cap has been sequenced.[65]. Signs and symptomsEdit. Death caps have been reported to taste pleasant.[ ... it also stimulates DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, leading to an increase in RNA synthesis.[79][80][81] According to one report[ ... The death cap has a large and imposing epigeous (aboveground) fruiting body (basidiocarp), usually with a pileus (cap) from 5 ... fəˈlɔɪdiːz/, commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_phalloides

... originated in the Pacific Ocean from a population of about 10,000 animals around 100,000 years ago when expanding ice caps ... "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale

This is because the virus genome is split between eight independent pieces of RNA, which allows pieces of RNA from different ... Dias A, Bouvier D, Crépin T, McCarthy AA, Hart DJ, Baudin F, Cusack S, Ruigrok RW (16 April 2009). "The cap-snatching ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_H1N1/09_virus

9] Sequences within ribosome binding site affecting messenger RNA translatability and method to direct ribosomes to single ... 5' cap[edit]. Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes happens when eukaryote initiation factors elF4F and poly(A)-binding protein ( ... Eukaryotic ribosomes are known to bind to transcripts in a mechanism unlike the one involving the 5' cap, at a sequence called ... Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes is generally mediated by the 5' cap present on eukaryotic mRNAs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_binding_site

Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding. Cellular component. • nucleoplasm. • actin ... regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • cellular response to starvation. • multicellular organism ... positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • anatomical structure morphogenesis. • cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3

Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • protein binding, bridging. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_

RefSeq RNA ID: XM_011513224, NM_032025, NM_001319043, NM_001319044, NM_001319045, NM_001319046, XM_024453787 ... "Fibronectin controls cap-dependent translation through beta1 integrin and eukaryotic initiation factors 4 and 2 coordinated ... Scheuner D، Patel R، Wang F، Lee K، Kumar K، Wu J، Nilsson A، Karin M، Kaufman RJ (Jul 2006). "Double-stranded RNA-dependent ... which can be overcome by helper adenovirus type 5 virus-associated RNA". Journal of Virology. 81 (21): 11908-16. PMC 2168773. ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF2A

... cap 4): 7-methylguanosine-ppp-N6, N6, 2-O-trimethyladenosine-p-2-O-methyladenosine-p-2-O-me… ... Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hypermethylated cap structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) ...

http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/ov/RNA%20cap%204%20binding?id=30765&type=biogroup

Cap is 5-terminus of RNA -Cap is m 7 G, 7- methylguanosine, -Linkage is triphosphate -Charge on cap area is ~ -5 Fig. 1 ... vaccinia virus 3H methyl from S-AdoMet; 32P-GTP label RNA); KOH to digest RNA Fig. 2 shows me7-G ... phosphate of NTP remains only in first nucleotide in RNA - ... Cap is 5-terminus of RNA -Cap is m 7 G, 7- methylguanosine, - ... 15-3 Cap Structure Purified cap by DEAE chromatography; digested with enzymes to figure structure  - ...

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3325740/

The NEB Vaccinia Capping System provides the necessary components to add 7-methylguanylate cap structures (Cap 0) to the 5′ end ... RNA Cap Analogs. Cap 0 RNA can also be generated by performing in vitro transcription in the presence of the appropriate cap ... Home Reagents and Molecular Biology Products RNA Reagents Products RNA Synthesis Products RNA Synthesis RNA Capping ... NEB offers RNA capping options that includes (1) post-transcriptional capping by using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB# M2080 ...

https://www.neb.com/products/rna-reagents/rna-synthesis/rna-synthesis/rna-capping

General RNA binding proteins render translation cap dependent.. Svitkin YV1, Ovchinnikov LP, Dreyfuss G, Sonenberg N. ... Here we show that a critical parameter which contributes to cap-dependent translation is the amount of general RNA binding ... Translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate is relatively independent of the presence of the mRNA m7G cap structure and the cap ... These proteins drastically inhibited the translation of an uncapped mRNA, but had no effect on translation of a capped mRNA. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9003790?dopt=Abstract

... capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for use of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA molecules. In particular, ... capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for use of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA molecules. In particular, the ... present invention provides kits and methods for capping RNA using a modified cap nucleotide and a capping enzyme system, such ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8846348.html

A for an efficient in vitro synthesis of capped RNAs has been developed by Contreas. Larger amounts of capped RNAs are produced ... Also a cap requirement has been observed for splicing eukaryotic substrate RNAs. A method using E. coli RNA Polymerase primed ... For most RNAs, elimination of the cap structure causes a loss of stability, especially against exonuclease degradation, and a ... Certain prokaryotic mRNAs containing a 5´ terminal cap structure are translated as efficiently as or more efficiently than ...

https://www.neb.com/products/s1407-g5ppp5g-rna-cap-structure-analog

Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases.. Yisraeli JK, Melton DA. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2559301?dopt=Abstract

... modified RNA from bacteria. This approach identified covalent cap-like linkage of a s … ... The absence of capped RNA is considered as a hallmark of prokaryotic gene expression. Recent developments combine next- ... modified RNA from bacteria. This approach identified covalent cap-like linkage of a specific set of small RNAs to the ... Cap-like structures in bacterial RNA and epitranscriptomic modification Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016 Apr;30:44-49. doi: 10.1016/j. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26779928/?dopt=Abstract

This report represents the first direct and detailed view of a protein complexed with single-stranded RNA or 5-capped mRNA. ... VACCINIA METHYLTRANSFERASE VP39 COMPLEXED WITH M7G CAPPED RNA HEXAMER AND S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1AV6/pdb ... Sequence-nonspecific binding of RNA, recognition of a 7-methylguanosine 5 mRNA cap, and methylation of a nucleic acid backbone ... Sequence-nonspecific binding of RNA, recognition of a 7-methylguanosine 5 mRNA cap, and methylation of a nucleic acid backbone ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1av6

... end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7- ...

http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/ov/RNA%20trimethylguanosine%20cap%20binding?id=30764&type=biogroup

... characteristic for RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs, plays important roles in RNA metabolism. In humans, RNA cap formation ... 2014 RNA methyltransferases involved in 5′ cap biosynthesis. RNA Biol. 11, 1597-1607. (doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1004955). ... Our findings suggest a new mechanism underlying the regulatory role of DHX15 in the RNA capping process. RNAs with highly ... Thus far, RNA methylation has been found to influence RNA structure. In particular, m6A alters local RNA structure and acts as ...

http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/373/1762/20180161

Importantly, the −8 nt toeprint was strongly stimulated by the presence of the cap on the mRNA, as well as the presence of ... An aptamer that blocks eIF4A in an inactive state away from mRNA inhibited translation of capped mRNA with the moderately ... We assembled cell-free translation reactions with capped mRNA featuring an extended 5′UTR and used cycloheximide to arrest ... dependent RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A and its efficiency contributes to the specific rate of protein ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/18/4464

Each reaction synthesizes 10-50 times the yield of capped RNA obtained with conventional in vitro transcription reactions. ... High Yield Capped RNA Transcription Kits use Ambions patented high yield transcription technology. ... We also offer the mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra Kit for the generation of RNA transcripts capped with Anti Reverse Cap Analog ( ... Capped RNA that Gives Higher Protein Yields mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Ultra › * High Yield Transcription for Every Application , ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/za/en/home/references/ambion-tech-support/large-scale-transcription/tech-notes/rapidly-synthesize-large-amounts-of-capped-rna.html

In eukaryotes, 5,5-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from degradation and modulates maturation, ... Analogous to a eukaryotic cap, 5-NAD modification is shown in vitro to stabilize RNA against 5-processing by the RNA- ... capped RNA. In eukaryotes, 5,5-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from degradation and modulates ... its attachment to RNA indicates that there are unknown functions of RNA in these processes and undiscovered pathways in RNA ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25533955/?dopt=Abstract

... end of their RNAs. This structure is essential for the translation of mRNA into proteins. In addition, (...) ... Many viruses add a cap structure at the 5 ... Studies of RNA capping enzymes. Studies of RNA capping enzymes ... Mechanism of cap structure synthesis. Some references. The viral RNA capping machinery as a target for antiviral drugs. (2012) ... In addition, the cap structure lures the detection of foreign RNA by innate immunity sensors. The addition of the cap structure ...

http://www.afmb.univ-mrs.fr/studies-of-rna-capping-enzymes

These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5′-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L ... These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5′-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L ... on recent advances in our understanding of regulatory and catalytic roles of the PRNTase domain in RNA synthesis and capping. ... on recent advances in our understanding of regulatory and catalytic roles of the PRNTase domain in RNA synthesis and capping. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01490/full

G-capped RNA substrate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to produce RNAs with N7-methylated caps. The extent of cap methylation is ... The protocol described here includes additional steps for generating the [32P]G-capped RNA substrate and for preparing nuclear ... Here we provide a detailed protocol for the biochemical analysis of RNA cap methyltransferase activity of biological samples. ... This assay is also applicable to analyzing the cap methyltransferase activity of other biological samples, including ...

https://bio-protocol.org/e2767

In vitro-transcribed 142-nt RNA was capped with the vaccinia virus m7G capping enzyme using radiolabeled [α-32P]GTP. This cap 0 ... brucei SL RNA gene from the T7Φ 2.5 promoter (11). The 142-nt RNA was capped using [α-32P]GTP and vaccinia virus RNA ... O-ribose methylation at cap 1 on substrate SL RNA and U1 small nuclear RNA. TbMTr1-null cells have an accumulation of cap 0 ... The 2′-O-Ribose Methyltransferase for Cap 1 of Spliced Leader RNA and U1 Small Nuclear RNA in Trypanosoma brucei. Jesse R. ...

https://mcb.asm.org/content/27/17/6084

To induce the capped RNA-specific endonuclease activity of the polymerase, required for generating capped RNA primers for ... Partially purified wild-type RNA polymerase, cross-linked to capped RNA radiolabeled in its cap structure, produced two ... In the capped RNA-primed transcription assays, the ApG was replaced with an 11-nt 32P-labeled capped RNA (about 5,000 cpm; see ... a capped RNA can be cross-linked to both PB1 and PB2, and amino acid sequences involved in binding and cleaving capped RNA have ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/76/18/8989?ijkey=dbc9c33ebadb05ce6a8e849d5648fe32281ee081&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Boluoke® lumbrokinase (60 Caps) by Canada RNA. $99.85. Boluoke® (lumbrokinase) is the only fully researched oral enzyme on the ... Ortho Digestzyme (90 caps non-vegetarian) by Orthomolecular. $30.20 * Natural Vitamin E Mixed Tocopherols (60 Caps) by ... Home / PRODUCT TYPES / Enzyme Formulas / Boluoke® lumbrokinase (60 Caps) by Canada RNA. ... Dosage for 1 patient 1 cap BID, the other 3 caps before daily walk. ...

https://www.iprogressivemed.com/product/boluoke-lumbrokinase-60-caps-by-canada-rna/

mRNA Capping (Gallus gallus) * Recognition and binding of the mRNA cap by the cap-binding complex (Gallus gallus) * capped pre- ... Hypophosphorylation of RNA Pol II CTD by FCP1P protein (Gallus gallus) * capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) ... Cap Binding Complex (CBC) [nucleoplasm] (Gallus gallus). * RNA Polymerase II (phosphorylated):TFIIF:capped pre-mRNA [ ... Metabolism of RNA (Gallus gallus) * * Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA (Gallus gallus) * Internal Methylation of ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-GGA-77089

Recognition and binding of the mRNA cap by the cap-binding complex (Dictyostelium discoideum) * capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II ... Hypophosphorylation of RNA Pol II CTD by FCP1P protein (Dictyostelium discoideum) * capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II ( ... Cap Binding Complex (CBC) [nucleoplasm] (Dictyostelium discoideum). * RNA Polymerase II (phosphorylated):TFIIF:capped pre-mRNA ... Metabolism of RNA (Dictyostelium discoideum) * * mRNA Capping (Dictyostelium discoideum) * ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-DDI-77089

Enzymatic Synthesis of RNAs Capped with Nucleotide Analogues Reveals the Molecular Basis for Substrate Selectivity of RNA ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...875310I/abstract

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5 end of RNA ...

http://zfin.org/action/ontology/term-detail/GO:0000340

eIF4E recognizes 5 7-methyl-G(5)ppp(5)N mRNA caps during the rate-limiting initiation step of translation. The protein ... 7-methyl-GDP binds in a narrow cap-binding slot on the molecules concave surface, where 7-methyl-guanine recognition is ... Diverse role of three tyrosines in binding of the RNA 5 cap to the human nuclear cap binding complex. ... Cocrystal Structure of the Messenger RNA 5′ Cap-Binding Protein (eIF4E) Bound to 7-methyl-GDP. @article{ ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cocrystal-Structure-of-the-Messenger-RNA-5%E2%80%B2-Protein-Marcotrigiano-Gingras/faabb10c57181cb9d627c352894fe0ce74cca39c

... the diphosphate end is capped with GMP by GTP:RNA guanylyltransferase, and the GpppN cap is methylated by AdoMet:RNA (guanine- ... G) RNA cap formation. The RNA reaction product was analyzed by TLC before and after digestion with nuclease P1 and alkaline ... Trypanosoma brucei Encodes a Bifunctional Capping Enzyme Essential for Cap 4 Formation on the Spliced Leader RNA ... 200-aa N-terminal RNA triphosphatase domain present in metazoan and higher plant capping enzymes (4). Metazoan RNA ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/98/6/3050.full

Adequate amounts of RNA in the body are essential to every aspect of good health and well-being. Supplemen ... Adequate amounts of RNA in the body are essential to every aspect of good health and well-being. Supplementation with RNA ... RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells where it plays an important part ...

https://bewellmed.co.uk/products/rna-capsules-500-mg-100-caps

What is Exosome RNA?. Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are present in many and perhaps all biological fluids, including ... Clinical Genomics Pathology Inc earns CAP accreditation for its liquid biopsy lab. December 21, 2017 Leave a comment 1,493 ... Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including proteins and RNA. It is becoming ... Biological Characteristics and Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles ...

https://exosome-rna.com/tag/cap-accreditation/

... with a bespoke robot gripper to suit the cap and the corrugated interleafs. ... RNA develped an automated robotic packaging system for packaging filler caps, ... Written by: RNA Automation. RNA developed an automated robotic packaging system for packaging 2 different types of filler caps ... RNA developed an automated robotic packaging system for packaging 2 different types of filler caps. The system utilises a ...

https://www.rnaautomation.com/blog/robotic-packaging-system-packs-filler-caps/

... efficient recovery of recombinant SYNV was only achieved with capped agRNA. Further studies showed that the capped SYNV agRNA ... However, little is known about the activity of viral RNAs processed by different strategies in supporting recovery of plant ... Although the MR agRNA processed by the most active hammerhead variants is comparable to the capped, precisely transcribed agRNA ... Our study reveals superior activity of precisely transcribed, capped SYNV agRNAs to uncapped, hammerhead ribozyme-processed ...

https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-017-0776-7/tables/1

Mammalian Nudix proteins cleave nucleotide metabolite caps on RNAs *Sunny Sharma. *, Ewa Grudzien-Nogalska ... Taylor, M. J. & Peculis, B. A. Evolutionary conservation supports ancient origin for Nudt16, a nuclear-localized, RNA-binding, ... cell death and RNA metabolism3,9,10,11. In addition, this protein modification often acts as a scaffolding mechanism of other ... proteins2 in DNA damage repair3,12,13,14, mitotic spindle15 and RNA granule formation11,16,17,18. To elucidate relevant ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39491-w?error=cookies_not_supported&code=59a3ccdb-fb0e-4caf-a5fc-4757256e80ce

For in vivo applications such as expression of protein via transfection of exogenous mRNA, (1) incorporation of cap 1 structure via the use of Vaccinia virus cap 2'O methyltransferase ( NEB# M0366 ) and (2) incorporation of a poly(A) tail via a poly(T) track in the template or using Poly(A) Polymerase ( NEB# M0276 ) are recommended. (neb.com)
A method using E. coli RNA Polymerase primed with m 7 G(5´)ppp(5´)G or m 7 G(5´)ppp(5´)A for an efficient in vitro synthesis of capped RNAs has been developed by Contreas (7). (neb.com)
Larger amounts of capped RNAs are produced by transcription systems using SP6 RNA polymerase primed with m 7 G(5´)ppp(5´)G (6). (neb.com)
The 5′-cap structure, characteristic for RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs, plays important roles in RNA metabolism. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Hence, CMTr1-DHX15 cooperation is likely to be important for the metabolism of RNA polymerase II-transcribed RNAs. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
These studies provided insights into how NNS RNA viruses synthesize 5′-capped mRNAs using their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L proteins equipped with an unconventional mRNA capping enzyme, namely GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase (PRNTase), domain. (frontiersin.org)
The influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase consists of three subunits-PB1, PB2, and PA. (asm.org)
The PB1 subunit is the catalytically active polymerase, catalyzing the sequential addition of nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. (asm.org)
We tested the effects of these mutations on the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate viral RNA. (asm.org)
In vitro analyses of the H510A recombinant polymerase, by using transcription initiation, vRNA-binding, capped-RNA-binding, and endonuclease assays, suggest that the primary defect of this mutant polymerase is in its endonuclease activity. (asm.org)
The RNA genome is transcribed and replicated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus ( 21 ). (asm.org)
The poly(A) tail is synthesized by the viral RNA polymerase by repeated copying of the U sequence ( 47 ). (asm.org)
All three reactions, i.e., vRNA→mRNA (transcription), vRNA→cRNA (first step of replication), and cRNA→vRNA (second step of replication) are catalyzed by the viral RNA polymerase complex. (asm.org)
The PB1 component functions as the polymerase by catalyzing the sequential addition of nucleotides to RNA transcripts. (asm.org)
The PB2 subunit of the viral RNA polymerase binds to cap-1 structures of host pre-mRNA molecules. (asm.org)
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II. (zfin.org)
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein -coding genes in living cells. (wikipedia.org)
RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II and Pol II ) is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
[5] Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex , which, together with RNA polymerase II , bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template. (wikipedia.org)
[6] The cluster of RNA polymerase II and various transcription factors is known as a basal transcriptional complex (BTC). (wikipedia.org)
The PIC helps position RNA polymerase II over gene transcription start sites , denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription. (wikipedia.org)
The N-terminal domain of TFIIB brings the DNA into proper position for entry into the active site of RNA polymerase II . (wikipedia.org)
The TFIID-TFIIA-TFIIB (DAB)-promoter complex subsequently recruits RNA polymerase II and TFIIF. (wikipedia.org)
Synergy between Escherichia coli CAP protein and RNA polymerase in the lac promoter open complex. (wizdom.ai)
Small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as precursors, whose 5' ends either undergo combined endo- and exonucleolytic processing by Rnt1 and Rat1, respectively, or remain unchanged. (ceon.pl)
RNA vaccines traditionally consist of messenger RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription using a bacteriophage RNA polymerase and template DNA that encodes the antigen(s) of interest. (hindawi.com)
Vaccinia virus mRNAs carry the cap structure m 7 G 5′ pppAm- or m 7 G 5′ pppGm- at the 5′-terminus, which is synthesized by a series of RNA polymerase and capping enzymes contained in the virus particle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
1976) and also from the results obtained using other kinds of virus particles, which carry RNA polymerase and capping enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
These differences may be due to the specific organization of a series of capping enzymes and RNA polymerase in each virus particle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The method most frequently used to make capped RNAs in vitro is to transcribe a DNA template with either a bacterial or bacteriophage RNA polymerase in the presence of all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and a cap dinucleotide such as m 7 G(5′)ppp(5′)G (henceforth m 7 GpppG). (justia.com)
In contrast, the Drosophila Pcif1 is catalytically dead, but like its mammalian counterpart, it retains the ability to associate with the Ser5-phosphorylated CTD of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
RNA polymerase transcribes primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA ) into processed, mature mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. (wikipedia.org)
One notable difference, however, is that eukaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase . (wikipedia.org)
This domain usually is part of a multifunctional protein, the L protein responsible for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. (jcvi.org)
Oligonucleotides are provided which hybridize to the viral RNA segments of influenza viruses or to certain mRNA's which encode the NP, M1, M2, NS1, NS2 or other key proteins of influenza viruses, including RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein or neuraminidase. (google.com)
RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II (pol II) are characterized by an inverted m 7 G(5′)ppp(5′)N cap. (asm.org)
Inhibits viral rna polymerase, dna polymerase and HIV reverse transcriptase. (brainscape.com)
After transcription has been terminated, the mRNA chain is cleaved through the action of an endonuclease complex associated with RNA polymerase. (wikidoc.org)

Given the central role of NAD in redox biochemistry, posttranslational protein modification and signalling, its attachment to RNA indicates that there are unknown functions of RNA in these processes and undiscovered pathways in RNA metabolism and regulation. (nih.gov)
A key element in the study of cellular RNA metabolism is the molecular characterization of RNA. (hindawi.com)

6 ]). For instance, in higher eukaryotes and in many viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, the 5′ cap is 2′- O -methylated at the first and often also second ribonucleotide residues, yielding cap1 and cap2 structures, respectively [ 7 , 8 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
In eukaryotes, 5',5'-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from degradation and modulates maturation, localization and translation. (nih.gov)
Methyltransferases that methylate the guanine-N7 position of the mRNA 5' cap structure are ubiquitous among eukaryotes and commonly encoded by viruses. (bio-protocol.org)
Cap-dependent translation initiation in eukaryotes is regulated by a molecular mimic of eIF4G. (semanticscholar.org)
Whether 5′ NAD-RNA exists in eukaryotes remains unknown. (pnas.org)
The next class is the ribosomal RNAs which contain 204-209 modified nucleotides within 18S (1,869 nt) + 28S (5,035 nt) RNA in eukaryotes. (hindawi.com)

The present invention relates to kits and methods for efficiently generating 5′ capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for use of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA molecules. (freepatentsonline.com)
In humans, cap1 methylation occurs on all capped and polyadenylated RNA molecules, while only about half of these molecules contain cap2 methylation [ 8 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Consequently, viral mRNA molecules contain a 9- to 17-nucleotide (nt) capped host-derived RNA sequence at their 5′ ends. (asm.org)
These molecular helpers remove the protective cap at the start of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules. (xonl.de)
The ability to synthesize capped RNA molecules in vitro is useful, because it allows workers to prepare RNA molecules that behave properly in a variety of biological applications. (justia.com)
Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome , where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression . (wikipedia.org)
In eukaryotic organisms most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end, but recent studies have shown that short stretches of uridine (oligouridylation) are also common. (wikipedia.org)
Binds to the 7-methylguanosine cap of RNA molecules (PubMed:19750007, PubMed:27834343, PubMed:27881600, PubMed:27881601, Ref.25). (genecards.org)
Splicing is usually performed by an RNA-protein complex called the spliceosome , but some RNA molecules are also capable of catalyzing their own splicing ( see ribozymes ). (wikidoc.org)
In eukaryotic organisms, most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end. (wikidoc.org)

Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases. (nih.gov)
It contains the conserved motifs characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases ( 1 , 2 , 46 ). (asm.org)
Synthesis of long, capped transcripts in vitro by SP6 and T7 RNA polymerases, pp. 42-50 in J. Dahlberg et al. (justia.com)

Recently, the literature suggests that the 2′O methylation in the cap 1 structure helps the mRNA evade innate immune response in vivo . (neb.com)
Sequence-nonspecific binding of RNA, recognition of a 7-methylguanosine 5' mRNA cap, and methylation of a nucleic acid backbone are three crucial and ubiquitous events in eukaryotic nucleic acid processing and function. (rcsb.org)
Cap1 methylation contributes to the recognition and restriction of foreign RNA, particularly in the context of the cell-intrinsic immune response to viruses [ 12 , 13 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
In vitro reconstitution of SARS-coronavirus mRNA cap methylation. (univ-mrs.fr)
Structural and Functional Analysis of Methylation and 5'-RNA Sequence Requirements of Short Capped RNAs by the Methyltransferase Domain of Dengue Virus NS5. (univ-mrs.fr)
The extent of cap methylation is then determined by P1 nuclease digestion, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and phosphorimaging. (bio-protocol.org)
mRNA cap 1 2′- O -ribose methylation is a widespread modification that is implicated in processing, trafficking, and translational control in eukaryotic systems. (asm.org)
Knockdowns and null mutants of TbMTr1 in Trypanosoma brucei grow normally, with loss of 2′- O -ribose methylation at cap 1 on substrate SL RNA and U1 small nuclear RNA. (asm.org)
2′- O -Ribose methylation is a common modification of RNA ( 29 ) that can occur via two mechanisms: box C/D snoRNA-guided methylation by fibrillarin ( 12 ) and nucleotide-specific enzymes ( 31 , 43 , 54 ). (asm.org)
The 5′-5′ confronting nucleotides with 2′- O -methylation, G 5′ pppAm and G 5′ pppGm, were found with the completed cap structure, m 7 G 5′ pppAm and m 7 G 5′ pppGm. (microbiologyresearch.org)
RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase catalyzes the methylation of cytoplasmically recapped RNAs. (osu.edu)
Cap methyltransferase selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-alpha. (readabstracts.com)
Cap methyltransferase (MT) selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-alpha according to this research communication. (readabstracts.com)

In vivo , the cap 0 structure can be further modified to cap 1 structure by adding a methyl group to the 2'O position of the initiating nucleotide of the mRNA. (neb.com)
The present invention finds use for in vitro production of 5′-capped RNA having a modified cap nucleotide and for in vitro or in vivo production of polypeptides by in vitro or in vivo translation of such modified-nucleotide-capped RNA. (freepatentsonline.com)
In humans, RNA cap formation includes post-transcriptional modification of the first transcribed nucleotide by RNA cap1 methyltransferase (CMTr1). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Recombinant TbMTr1 methylates the ribose of the first nucleotide of an m 7 G-capped substrate. (asm.org)
The 5' cap consists of a terminal 7-methylguanosine residue that is linked through a 5'-5'-triphosphate bond to the first transcribed nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
The most modified RNAs are tRNAs containing approximately 2-22 modified nucleotides per molecule of ~75 nucleotide length, and there have been more than 130 different signature modified nucleotides reported [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

The m7G cap, also known as cap 0 structure, is essential for the majority of protein translation i n vivo . (neb.com)
Translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate is relatively independent of the presence of the mRNA m7G cap structure and the cap binding protein, eIF-4E. (nih.gov)
This structure reveals a novel and general mechanism for sequence-non-specific recognition of the mRNA transcript in which the protein interacts solely with the sugar-phosphate backbone of a short, single-stranded RNA helix. (rcsb.org)
This report represents the first direct and detailed view of a protein complexed with single-stranded RNA or 5'-capped mRNA. (rcsb.org)
Scanning through the 5′UTR requires the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A and its efficiency contributes to the specific rate of protein synthesis. (mdpi.com)
A base modification in this cap analog generates RNAs with ARCA incorporated only in the functional, translatable orientation, resulting in higher protein yields. (thermofisher.com)
Biochemical characterization of the (nucleoside-2\'O)-methyltransferase activity of dengue virus protein NS5 using purified capped RNA oligonucleotides 7MeGpppACn and GpppACn. (univ-mrs.fr)
This assay is also applicable to analyzing the cap methyltransferase activity of other biological samples, including recombinant protein preparations and fractions from analytical separations and immunoprecipitation/pulldown experiments. (bio-protocol.org)
The PB2 subunit is a cap-binding protein that plays a role in initiation of viral mRNA synthesis by recruiting capped RNA primers. (asm.org)
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells where it plays an important part in protein synthesis and cellular renewal. (bewellmed.co.uk)
The CBC complex is essential for a pioneer round of mRNA translation, before steady state translation when the CBC complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap-binding protein eIF4E. (uniprot.org)
The work described in this dissertation started in 2013 and focuses on the activation of cap-dependent mRNA translation and regulation of the translation inhibitor protein 4E-BP1 during mitosis. (pitt.edu)
Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates recognition of the codon and provides the corresponding amino acid, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), that is the central component of the ribosome's protein-manufacturing machinery. (wikipedia.org)
We elaborate on how VACV induces host shutoff by targeting host cell DNA synthesis, RNA production and processing, mRNA translation, and protein degradation. (mdpi.com)
Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that, in contrast to the cytoplasmic pool, much of the nuclear eIF4G is not associated with eIF4E (translation cap binding protein of eIF4F) but is associated with CBC. (asm.org)
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ( mRNA ) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. (wikidoc.org)
Consistent with the role of the cap in nuclear events, recent data demonstrate that a significant portion of the cap binding protein (eIF-4E) is localized to the nucleus (Lejbkowicz et al,1992). (springer.com)
mRNA cap-binding protein:cloning of the gene encoding protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4E from Saccharomyces cerevislae . (springer.com)
The coat protein of the yeast double-stranded RNA virus L-A attaches covalently to the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA. (springer.com)
Demonstration in vitro that eucaryotic initiation factor 3 is active but that a cap-binding protein complex is inactive in poliovirus infected HeLa cells. (springer.com)
Phosphorylation increases the ability of the protein to bind to mRNA caps and to form the eIF4F complex. (abcam.com)
For each protein that reproducibly bound measurable quantities of bulk RNA (90 % of the panel), we detect enrichment for hundreds to thousands of both noncoding and mRNA transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
For each protein, we find that the enriched sets of RNAs share distinct biochemical, functional, and chromatin properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Recently, the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) was reported as a covalent modification of bacterial RNA. (nih.gov)
Because canonical bacterial RNAs contain a 5′ triphosphate terminus, addition of NAD + to the 5′ end of RNAs represents a rudimentary "capping" mechanism, perhaps designed to impart specific properties for these RNAs by granting them a more structurally complex 5′ end. (pnas.org)
While these processes are well understood in the messenger RNA of cells in higher organisms, Prof. Dr Andres Jäschke and his bioorganic chemistry working group now revealed these mechanisms in bacterial RNA. (xonl.de)

The capping of mRNA and snRNA promotes their normal functions in cells. (justia.com)
consisting of CBP20 and CBP80) mediates the stimulatory functions of the cap in pre-mRNA splicing, 3′ end formation, and U snRNA export. (asm.org)
GO annotations related to this gene include poly(A) RNA binding and snRNA binding . (genecards.org)

The discrete spliced leader (SL) RNA serves as donor of its first 39 nucleotides (nt) and unique cap structure to all coding regions via trans -splicing. (asm.org)
Unlike competing products, the MEGAscript RNAi Kit provides reagents to eliminate DNA template, single stranded RNA, and free nucleotides. (thermofisher.com)

The canonical translation initiation pathway begins with cap-dependent attachment of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) to the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) followed by an energy-dependent, sequential 'scanning' of the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs). (mdpi.com)
Evidence for enhancement of ribosomal binding via a preferred cap conformation. (semanticscholar.org)
Many applications also demand that the RNA be purified of contaminants such as genomic DNA, ribosomal RNA (in mRNA preps), p rotein, ethanol, organic solvents, and salt. (bio-medicine.org)

For high yields of capped RNA, MEGAscript technology is incorporated into the mMESSAGE mMACHINE® Kit . (thermofisher.com)

We have used single molecule fluorescence to study Saccharomyces cerevisiae U1 and BBP interactions with RNAs. (elifesciences.org)

This unique molecular structure called cap0 protects capped RNAs from 5′ to 3′ exonuclease cleavage and is essential for the regulation of gene expression, including splicing, nuclear export of mRNA, and translation initiation [ 3 - 5 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The protocol described here includes additional steps for generating the [ 32 P]G-capped RNA substrate and for preparing nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from mammalian cells. (bio-protocol.org)
2017). We used the protocol presented here to demonstrate that the cap methyltransferase activity of cytoplasmic RNMT is unexpectedly robust relative to nuclear RNMT. (bio-protocol.org)
Diverse role of three tyrosines in binding of the RNA 5' cap to the human nuclear cap binding complex. (semanticscholar.org)
Nuclear processing and quality control of eukaryotic RNA is mediated by the RNA exosome, which is regulated by accessory factors. (au.dk)
In addition, there are some other forms of RNA that are also capped, for instance small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (justia.com)
Orthologous to human NCBP3 (nuclear cap binding subunit 3). (jax.org)
This may provide a mechanism to couple nuclear and cytoplasmic functions of the mRNA cap structure. (asm.org)
In the nucleus, the cap structure interacts with the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), a heterodimer consisting of two highly conserved polypeptides, CBP80 and CBP20 ( 20 , 23 , 54 ). (asm.org)
The cap also contributes to mRNA export, presumably through its interaction with CBC ( 25 , 54 ) and with CBC-dependent export of U snRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm mediated by nuclear export receptor CRM1 and by PHAX ( 12 , 43 ). (asm.org)

Shuman "Structure, mechanism, and evolution of the mRNA capping apparatus" 2001 Prog. (freepatentsonline.com)
Our findings suggest a new mechanism underlying the regulatory role of DHX15 in the RNA capping process. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
It is envisaged that the mechanism closes 10 caps at a time - more efficient and reliable than a conventional system does. (rnaautomation.com)
In this work showed that the interaction between Nrd1/Nab3 and the cap binding complex (CBC) bound to the m7G cap of sn/snoRNA precursors is a key element of the mechanism linking their 5'- and 3' end processing. (ceon.pl)
The mechanism used for flavivirus cap-independent translation was found to be different from that of IRES mediated translation and dependent both on 5' and 3'UTRs that act in cis. (bvsalud.org)
However, it is unknown if these observations are specialized instances for a few key RNAs and chromatin factors in specific contexts, or a general mechanism underlying the establishment of chromatin state and regulation of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Synthesis of these three RNA species requires different modes of initiation and termination (reviewed in references 23 and 34 ). (asm.org)
eIF4E recognizes 5' 7-methyl-G(5')ppp(5')N mRNA caps during the rate-limiting initiation step of translation. (semanticscholar.org)
Involvement of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A in the cap recognition process. (springer.com)
High level synthesis in Escherichla coll of functional eukaryotic initiation factor eIP-4E and affinity purification using a simplified cap-analog resin. (springer.com)

We report the crystal structure of a ternary complex comprising VP39, coenzyme product S-adenosylhomocysteine, and a 5' m7 G-capped, single-stranded RNA hexamer. (rcsb.org)
Influenza A virus is a negative-strand RNA virus containing eight segments of single-stranded RNA as its genome ( 39 ). (asm.org)
Single-Stranded Silencing RNAs: Hit Rate and Chemical Modification. (umassmed.edu)
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a complete genome of approximately 6.6 kb in size. (frontiersin.org)

Figure 1 shows a time course experiment that plots yield of a 3.7 kb capped transcript over time. (thermofisher.com)
New publication by the Pillai group on 'The Mammalian Cap-Specific m 6 Am RNA Methyltransferase PCIF1 Regulates Transcript Levels in Mouse Tissues' published in Cell Reports. (nccr-rna-and-disease.ch)
Cellular RNAs are posttranscriptionally modified at various points in the primary RNA transcript as well as processed. (hindawi.com)

DDX3 is a human RNA helicase with plethoric functions. (elsevier.com)
In this study, we use a bicistronic reporter to demonstrate that DDX3 specifically represses cap-dependent translation but enhances hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation in vivo in a helicase activity-independent manner. (elsevier.com)

Additionally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of RNMT greatly reduced the cap methyltransferase activity of cytoplasmic extracts, suggesting that RNMT is the predominant, if not only cap methyltransferase in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. (bio-protocol.org)
Reduced cytoplasmic cap methyltransferase activity upon RAM knockdown indicated that RAM is a required cofactor for cytoplasmic RNMT. (bio-protocol.org)

A mature mRNA ready for efficient translation by the ribosome contains two major modifications: a 5′ cap structure and a poly(A) tail. (neb.com)
An aptamer that blocks eIF4A in an inactive state away from mRNA inhibited translation of capped mRNA with the moderately structured β-globin sequences in the 5′UTR but not that of an mRNA with a poly(A) sequence as the 5′UTR. (mdpi.com)
The RNA synthesized from a mMESSAGE mMACHINE reaction is ideal for in vitro or in vivo translation studies. (thermofisher.com)
The N7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of an mRNA is a modification essential for proper eukaryotic mRNA processing, localization, and translation. (bio-protocol.org)
By investigating the viral oncoprotein Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen (MCV sT), an alternative pathway for cap-dependent mRNA translation regulation through the CDK1 kinase was discovered. (pitt.edu)
New anti-reverse phosphorothioate analogs of messenger RNA cap have been synthesized and shown to be useful in translation of mRNA. (justia.com)
acting sequences and secondary structures in untranslated regions of duck Tembusu virus RNA are important for cap-independent translation and viral proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
However, Dengue and Zika viruses also exhibit cap-independent translation. (bvsalud.org)
The ability of the 5'UTRs of flaviviruses to direct the translation of a second open reading frame in bicistronic RNAs was much lower than that observed for internal ribosome entry site (IRES) encephalomyocarditis virus , indicating a lack of substantial IRES activity. (bvsalud.org)
Instead, cap-independent translation of DTMUV RNA was dependent on the presence of a 3'UTR , RNA secondary structures located in both UTRs and specific RNA sequences . (bvsalud.org)
Mutations inhibiting cap-independent translation decreased DTMUV proliferation in vitro and delayed, but did not prevent, the death of infected duck embryos . (bvsalud.org)
Thus, the 5' and 3'UTRs of DTMUV enable this virus to use a cap- and IRES-independent RNA genome translation strategy that is important for its propagation and virulence .IMPORTANCE Genus Flavivirus includes major human pathogens as well as animal -infecting viruses with zoonotic potential. (bvsalud.org)
Here we demonstrated that five different flaviviruses use cap-independent translation, indicating that this phenomenon is probably general for all members of the genus. (bvsalud.org)
As cap-independent translation was also observed in mosquito cells , its role in flavivirus infection is unlikely limited to the evasion of consequences of the shutoff of host translation. (bvsalud.org)
We found that the inhibition of cap-independent translation results in decrease viral proliferation, indicating that this strategy could be applied to produce attenuated variants of flaviviruses as potential vaccine candidates. (bvsalud.org)
eIF4E interacts specifically with the mRNA cap structure and is essential for cap-dependent translation ( 19 ). (asm.org)
In molecular biology, a cap-independent translation element (CITE or 3'CITE) is an RNA sequence found in the 3'UTR of many RNA plant viruses. (wikipedia.org)
In RNA2 of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) the cap-independent translation element is required for negative strand RNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)

The addition of the cap structure by viral enzymes is probably coupled to the polymerization process. (univ-mrs.fr)
We report the first eukaryotic cap 1 2′- O -ribose methyltransferase, TbMTr1, a member of a conserved family of viral and eukaryotic enzymes. (asm.org)
We show that P. falciparum encodes separate RNA guanylyltransferase (Pgt1) and RNA triphosphatase (Prt1) enzymes and that the triphosphatase component is a member of the fungal/viral family of metal-dependent phosphohydrolases, which are structurally and mechanistically unrelated to the cysteine-phosphatase-type RNA triphosphatases found in metazoans and plants. (pnas.org)
A simple heuristic scheme of eukaryotic phylogeny is suggested based on the structure and physical linkage of the triphosphatase and guanylyltransferase enzymes that catalyze cap formation. (pnas.org)
Each of the mRNA capping enzymes is essential for cell growth in budding yeast. (pnas.org)
poxviruses encode a single polypeptide containing all three active sites, whereas phycodnaviruses encode a yeast-like capping apparatus in which the triphosphatase and guanylyltransferase enzymes are encoded separately ( 5 ). (pnas.org)

Here we report the identification and biochemical characterization of the separately encoded RNA guanylyltransferase and RNA triphosphatase of the malaria parasite P. falciparum . (pnas.org)

Many viruses add a cap structure at the 5' end of their RNAs. (univ-mrs.fr)
While some viruses steal caps from cellular RNAs in a process called "cap snatching", many viruses encode multi-enzymatic machineries catalyzing the synthesis of these structures. (univ-mrs.fr)
Non-segmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses belonging to the order Mononegavirales are highly diversified eukaryotic viruses including significant human pathogens, such as rabies, measles, Nipah, and Ebola. (frontiersin.org)
The order Mononegavirales comprises highly diversified eukaryotic viruses with a monopartite negative strand RNA genome (rarely bipartite genomes), which includes important human pathogens [e.g., rabies virus (RABV), measles virus (MeV), Nipah virus (NiV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), Ebola virus (EBOV)] ( Lamb, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
Since gene products as well as RNA genomes of these non-segmented negative strand (NNS) RNA viruses share structural and functional similarities, they are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor. (frontiersin.org)
The function of PA is unknown, but previous studies of temperature-sensitive viruses with mutations in PA have implied a role in viral RNA replication. (asm.org)
The capping apparatus differs in significant respects in metazoans, fungi, and eukaryotic viruses ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
The biochemical mechanisms of the guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase components of the capping apparatus are conserved between fungi, DNA viruses, and mammals. (pnas.org)
This HMM describes a shared signature region from an RNA endonuclease region associated with cap-snatching for mRNA production by RNA viruses. (jcvi.org)

In contrast, the atomic structures and catalytic mechanisms of the fungal ( 6 ) and mammalian (A. Changela, C.K.H., A. Martins, S.S., and A. Mondragon, unpublished observations) RNA triphosphatases are completely different. (pnas.org)
We'll learn about the chromatin modifications implicated in gene silencing and activation, the role of non-coding RNA, and higher order chromatin structures. (coursera.org)
Monomethylated cap structures facilitate RNA export from the nucleus. (springer.com)

Analogous to a eukaryotic cap, 5'-NAD modification is shown in vitro to stabilize RNA against 5'-processing by the RNA-pyrophosphohydrolase RppH and against endonucleolytic cleavage by ribonuclease (RNase) E. The nudix phosphohydrolase NudC decaps NAD-RNA and thereby triggers RNase-E-mediated RNA decay, while being inactive against triphosphate-RNA. (nih.gov)

We refined a formaldehyde cross-linking RNA immunoprecipitation technique followed by deep sequencing (fRIP-Seq) to perform triplicate experiments that showed high concordance, exceeding previous genome-wide surveys of individual CAPs. (biomedcentral.com)

Accumulation of 3′-extended SL RNA substrate indicates a delay in processing and suggests a synergistic role for cap 1 in maturation. (asm.org)
In cellular RNA metabolisms, RNA maturation is performed through various structural alterations that include chemical modifications of constituent components. (hindawi.com)

We discuss possible roles of the NAD modification as well as broader implications for structurally related cofactors and metabolites which may also be linked to RNAs, leading to a new epitranscriptomic layer of information encoded in the chemical structure of the attached cofactors. (nih.gov)
This article reviews what has been learned from biochemical and structural studies on the VSV RNA biosynthesis machinery, and then focuses on recent advances in our understanding of regulatory and catalytic roles of the PRNTase domain in RNA synthesis and capping. (frontiersin.org)
We uncovered many intriguing examples of RNA binding relating to the local chromatin, suggesting that RNA indeed plays important roles in creating and/or maintaining chromatin states. (biomedcentral.com)

The absence of capped RNA is considered as a hallmark of prokaryotic gene expression. (nih.gov)
A distinctive feature of prokaryotic gene expression is the absence of 5'-capped RNA. (nih.gov)
Intron removal by the spliceosome is an essential step in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) processing during eukaryotic gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
Translational control and messenger RNA (mRNA) decay represent important control points in the regulation of gene expression. (biomedsearch.com)
With the emergence of more and more sophisticated techniques for gene expression analysis (e.g. array analysis real-time RT-PCR) the quality of the RNA used in these studies has become increasingly critical. (bio-medicine.org)
For successful gene expression analysis and cloning experiments, accurately quantitated, full length, pure RNA is required. (bio-medicine.org)
This webinar, Part 1 of the "Advances in RNA-based Biomarker Development for Precision Oncology" webinar series sponsored by GeneCentric Therapeutics, will discuss how gene expression signatures can accelerate (and rehabilitate) drug programs, define targeted patient populations, expand drug indications, and improve clinical success. (genomeweb.com)

In the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex this subunit mediates the binding to the mRNA cap. (abcam.com)

These works are destined to reach final pathway of work "Function and Structure of Spliceosome" in addition to exciting new exploitation of other noncoding RNAs in all aspects of regulatory functions. (hindawi.com)
of these, these long noncoding RNAs in each nucleus. (coursera.org)
So the question now becomes what are these long noncoding RNAs doing? (coursera.org)
Noncoding RNAs I: snRNAs, snoRNAs, tRNAs 9. (muni.cz)

Elucidation of their unique strategies to replicate in eukaryotic cells is crucial to aid in developing anti-NNS RNA viral agents. (frontiersin.org)
Replicate samples of total brain RNA were stored overnight at either 20C or at 37C and then analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer. (bio-medicine.org)

Here we provide a detailed protocol for the biochemical analysis of RNA cap methyltransferase activity of biological samples. (bio-protocol.org)
Genetic and biochemical approaches will be used to identify factors that interact with CBC and to determine how these factors influence the dynamics and function of the mRNA cap binding complex in S. cerevisiae. (grantome.com)

Based on the ever-increasing number of RNA sequences, it was determined that most coding RNAs mature as a result of alternative splicing. (hindawi.com)
In additional preferred embodiments, the oligonucleotides are specifically hybridizable with RNA sequences involved in splicing of the viral RNA, or in viral packaging. (google.com)
Oligonucleotides are also provided which hybridize to certain viral RNA sequences important for RNA splicing or for viral packaging. (google.com)

1998), with modifications that standardize generation of the substrate RNA, avoid cumbersome phenol-chloroform extractions with radioactive samples, and enable quantification of cap methyltransferase activity. (bio-protocol.org)
RNAs besides tRNA and rRNA contain chemical modifications, including the recently described 5′ nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) RNA in bacteria. (pnas.org)
The analogs also contain modifications at the 2′-O position of 7-methylguanosine that prevent them from being incorporated in the reverse orientation during in vitro synthesis of mRNA and that hence are "anti-reverse cap analogs" (ARCAs). (justia.com)
Another is chain expansion demonstrated by modifications observed on polyadenylation, U-addition at 3′ ends, 5′-cap formation at 5′ ends, and insertions within trypanosome RNA. (hindawi.com)

Wu, X & Guarino, LA 2003, ' Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus orf69 encodes an RNA cap (nucleoside-2′-O)-methyltransferase ', Journal of virology , vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 3430-3440. (elsevier.com)

The laboratory has recently developed all the necessary tools needed for the monitoring of RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase activities. (univ-mrs.fr)
The m7GpppN cap is formed by three enzymatic reactions: the 5′-triphosphate end of the nascent pre-mRNA is hydrolyzed to a diphosphate by RNA 5′ triphosphatase, the diphosphate end is capped with GMP by GTP:RNA guanylyltransferase, and the GpppN cap is methylated by AdoMet:RNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
Mammals and other metazoa encode a two-component capping system consisting of a bifunctional triphosphatase-guanylyltransferase polypeptide and a separate methyltransferase polypeptide. (pnas.org)
RNA guanylyltransferase has been studied in the kinetoplastids Trypanosoma and Crithidia ( 10 ), but the triphosphatase and methyltransferase components have not been identified. (pnas.org)
The Ser5-PO 4 "letter" of the CTD code plays a vital role in recruiting RNA guanylyltransferase (GTase) to the Pol2 elongation complex. (mskcc.org)

Conventional and unconventional mechanisms for capping viral mRNA. (univ-mrs.fr)
It was also envisioned that processing mechanisms could be discerned by comparing the genomic structure with the RNA sequence determined using cDNA methods. (hindawi.com)

The sequence S-D-D at amino acids 444 to 446 is the most likely candidate for the active site of RNA polymerization ( 29 ). (asm.org)
In the study of cellular RNA chemistry, a major thrust of research focused upon sequence determinations for decades. (hindawi.com)
This characterization requires accurate determination of the RNA sequence. (hindawi.com)

Thus it has been suggested that cap formation and RNA triphosphatase in particular are promising targets for antifungal and antiviral drug discovery ( 6 , 8 , 9 ). (pnas.org)

Recent developments combine next-generation sequencing with a chemo-enzymatic capture step that allows the enrichment of rare 5'-modified RNA from bacteria. (nih.gov)
Here we identify NAD-linked RNAs from bacteria by chemo-enzymatic capture and next-generation sequencing (NAD captureSeq). (nih.gov)
This enzymatic complex catalyzes the chemical reactions that are required for mRNA capping. (wikipedia.org)

The effect of 'cap' analogs on reovirus mRNA binding to wheat germ ribosomes. (semanticscholar.org)
New RNA cap analogs are disclosed containing one or more phosphorothioates groups. (justia.com)
In accordance with preferred embodiments, oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs are provided which are specifically hybridizable with viral RNAs. (google.com)

There are four main categories of cancer vaccines: (1) peptide vaccines, (2) cellular vaccines, including tumor cell and immune cell vaccines, (3) viral vector vaccines, and (4) nucleic acid vaccines, including DNA and RNA vaccines. (hindawi.com)
Our long-term goal is to determine if there is a role for the NAD+ 5'cap on HIV specific and/or cellular RNAs following both HIV infection and exposure to CSC. (washington.edu)

Also a cap requirement has been observed for splicing eukaryotic substrate RNAs (6). (neb.com)
This assay involves incubation of cap-methyltransferase-containing samples with a [ 32 P]G-capped RNA substrate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to produce RNAs with N7-methylated caps. (bio-protocol.org)

In the cytoplasm the cap structure enhances translational efficiency (Shatkin, 1985). (springer.com)

RNA that the vast majority of the RNA is staying with the DNA in the nucleus. (coursera.org)
In the nucleus, in vitro studies have demonstrated that the efficiency of mRNA splicing (Konarska et al, 1984;Edery and Sonenberg,1985), and 3′ end processing (Georgiev et al, 1984;Hart et al, 1985) is enhanced by the presence of a cap structure. (springer.com)

RNA immunoprecipitation using CBCN factors as well as the analysis of combinatorial depletion of CBCN and exosome components underscore the functional relevance of CBC-exosome bridging at the level of target RNA. (au.dk)

After adding a methyl-group donor, methyl- 3 H- S -adenosylmethionine, the oligonucleotides, which were the de novo synthesized 5′-terminal part of mRNA, were isolated from the RNA-synthesizing virion at appropriate time intervals, and were analysed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The 5′ cap and 3′ nucleosides, base modified nucleosides, and alkali resistant oligonucleotides were determined by many methods described in the text. (hindawi.com)

One modification recently identified in bacteria is 5′ nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD + )-linked RNA ( 7 , 8 ). (pnas.org)
Our focus is on the evaluation a newly identified 5' cap, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), for its ability to influence both HIV and host RNA expression in the background of HIV, antiretroviral drugs (ART) and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). (washington.edu)

In vivo, ∼13% of the abundant sRNA RNAI is NAD-capped in the presence, and ∼26% in the absence, of functional NudC. (nih.gov)
In one complete kit, you can generate ready-to-use double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for RNAi experiments in non-mammalian systems. (thermofisher.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes12

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (1/1294)

Oligonucleotide-europium complex conjugate designed to cleave the 5' cap structure of the ICAM-1 transcript potentiates antisense activity in cells. (2/1294)

Interaction of the U1 snRNP with nonconserved intronic sequences affects 5' splice site selection. (3/1294)

The cis acting sequences responsible for the differential decay of the unstable MFA2 and stable PGK1 transcripts in yeast include the context of the translational start codon. (4/1294)

Analysis of mutations in the yeast mRNA decapping enzyme. (5/1294)

Identification of a nucleic acid binding domain in eukaryotic initiation factor eIFiso4G from wheat. (6/1294)

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA 5'-triphosphatase related to mRNA capping enzyme. (7/1294)

Alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs serve as cap donors for tomato spotted wilt virus transcription during coinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana. (8/1294)

RNA Caps

RNA Cap Analogs

Methyltransferases

Guanosine

RNA, Viral

RNA

S-Adenosylmethionine

RNA, Small Interfering

Methylation

Viral Nonstructural Proteins

RNA Splicing

RNA Editing

RNA, Ribosomal

Molecular Sequence Data

RNA, Bacterial

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases

RNA, Messenger

RNA Viruses

RNA Interference

RNA, Double-Stranded

RNA, Catalytic

RNA Polymerase II

RNA Folding

RNA, Fungal

RNA Stability

RNA Helicases

RNA, Antisense

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional

RNA, Small Nuclear

RNA, Transfer

Nucleic Acid Conformation

RNA Precursors

RNA, Untranslated

Base Sequence

Sequence Analysis, RNA

RNA, Protozoan

RNA, Plant

RNA, Neoplasm

RNA Ligase (ATP)

DEAD-box RNA Helicases

RNA Polymerase III

RNA, Nuclear

RNA, Spliced Leader

RNA Polymerase I

Patents as Topic

Inventions

Intellectual Property

Search Engine

Protein Biosynthesis

Ribosomes

Ribosome Subunits, Small

Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational

Peptide Initiation Factors

Ribosomal Proteins

Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (1/1294)

Oligonucleotide-europium complex conjugate designed to cleave the 5' cap structure of the ICAM-1 transcript potentiates antisense activity in cells. (2/1294)

Interaction of the U1 snRNP with nonconserved intronic sequences affects 5' splice site selection. (3/1294)

The cis acting sequences responsible for the differential decay of the unstable MFA2 and stable PGK1 transcripts in yeast include the context of the translational start codon. (4/1294)

Analysis of mutations in the yeast mRNA decapping enzyme. (5/1294)

Identification of a nucleic acid binding domain in eukaryotic initiation factor eIFiso4G from wheat. (6/1294)

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA 5'-triphosphatase related to mRNA capping enzyme. (7/1294)

Alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs serve as cap donors for tomato spotted wilt virus transcription during coinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana. (8/1294)

m7G(5)ppp(5)G RNA Cap Structure Analog | NEB

Adaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell Science

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