Rickettsial Vaccines
Vaccines
Vaccines, Inactivated
Viral Vaccines
Vaccines, DNA
Vaccines, Synthetic
Bacterial Vaccines
AIDS Vaccines
Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccines, Conjugate
Vaccination
Malaria Vaccines
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Meningococcal Vaccines
Hepatitis B Vaccines
Measles Vaccine
Pertussis Vaccine
Haemophilus Vaccines
BCG Vaccine
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
Rabies Vaccines
Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity. (1/26)
The development and duration of immunity to lethal scrub typhus infection was studied in BALB/c mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Karp. One intraperitoneal injection containing approximately 10(8) 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD(50)) of irradiated organisms elicited an immune response protective against challenge with 10(5) MLD(50) of viable Karp. The same mass of immunogen given in three injections at 5-day intervals increased homologous (Karp strain) protection 25-fold and heterologous (Kato strain) protection 60-fold. Further temporal expansion of the immunization regimen did not increase protection. Subcutaneous vaccination provided significant, but lower, levels of protection than were achieved by intraperitoneal immunization, but the levels of cell-transferable immunity elicited by the two routes were approximately the same. Immunologically specific protection after intraperitoneal vaccination developed rapidly enough to provide resistance against simultaneous challenge with 200 MLD(50) of Karp. Homologous immunity was protective against a 10(6)-MLD(50) challenge 7 days after completion of the three-injection regimen, remained at that level for 3 months, dropped to 10(4) MLD(50) by 9 months, and was effective against a 50-MLD(50) Karp challenge at 12 months. Protection against heterologous challenge was first observed on day 17 and peaked on day 38, when the mice resisted a 10(5)-MLD(50) Kato challenge. Thereafter, heterologous protection waned rapidly and was not significant at 6 months. (+info)Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains. (2/26)
Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam, Kostival, and Buie by exposing frozen infected yolk sac suspensions to 300 krad of gamma radiation. Mouse protection tests showed that each of the irradiated immunogens protected C3H/HeDub mice against high challenge levels of Karp and Gilliam, but that none of these single-strain immunogens were capable of protecting against all five of the challenge strains. Broad-spectrum protection was achieved by using combinations of three strains of irradiated rickettsiae in a vaccination regimen of three injections at 5-day intervals. A comparison of vaccination efficacy employing three such combinations (Karp-Gilliam-Kato, Karp-Kostival-Kato, and Buie-Kostival-Kato) indicated that both sequential administration of strains on successive vaccination days and multiple injections of trivalent mixtures produced protective responses superior to those obtained with single-strain immunogens. Trivalent mixtures of rickettsiae exhibited a striking synergistic effect on the immune response of C3H/HeDub mice and elicited a protective response against Kato challenge that could not be obtained with any single-strain immunogen. Mice vaccinated with the trivalent Karp-Gilliam-Kato immunogen resisted challenge with more than 10(3) 50% mouse lethal doses of Karp and Gilliam for 12 months, and were resistant to similar levels of challenge with Kato and Buie for 6 months. (+info)The past and present threat of rickettsial diseases to military medicine and international public health. (3/26)
Morbidity and mortality caused by rickettsioses have had a major influence on military activities and public health for >2000 years. The threat posed by the rickettsioses is reviewed, focusing on the impact and epidemiology of those that have adversely influenced wartime operations and the current challenges posed by these diseases. With their uneven worldwide distribution, the discovery of drug-refractory strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the increased threat of their use in acts of bioterrorism, frequent deployment of troops to regions of endemicity, and exposures due to increased humanitarian missions, these diseases continue to be a threat to military personnel in the field. Effective strategies to reduce the impact of these diseases include development of effective vaccines, enhanced surveillance, and development of new safe, effective, and odorless repellants. The continuation of a proven, highly productive military infectious disease research program is essential for providing solutions to these daunting tasks. (+info)Evaluation of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys. (4/26)
A nonhuman primate model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection was developed in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) infected by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. Clinical responses, hematology and serum chemistry values, and pathological findings were similar to those found in humans ill with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The clinical model was then used to test the efficacy of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine grown in chicken embryo cells. Monkeys were immunized with varying dilutions of the vaccine with a two-dose schedule and then challenged at 2 months with virulent Rickettsia rickettsii by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. The undiluted vaccine totally protected monkeys against both challenges, even at extremely high doses. (+info)Insight into the virulence of Rickettsia prowazekii by proteomic analysis and comparison with an avirulent strain. (5/26)
Rickettsia prowazekii, an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus. We analyzed the proteome of the virulent Breinl strain of R. prowazekii purified from infected egg yolk sacs. Total proteins from purified R. prowazekii Breinl strain were reduced by dithiothreitol, alkylated by iodoacetic acid and digested with trypsin followed by analysis with an integrated two-dimensional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry system (2D-LC/MS/MS). A comparison was made using previously analyzed proteome of the Madrid E strain and current analysis of the Breinl strain. For Breinl 251 proteins were identified, representing 30% of the total protein-encoding genes, using a shotgun 2D-LC/MS/MS proteomic approach. This result is identical to that of Madrid E strain. Among the identified proteins, 33 from Breinl and 37 from Madrid E have an unknown function. A methyltransferase, RP028/RP027, whose gene is mutated in the avirulent Madrid E strain but not in the virulent Breinl strain, was only detectable in the Breinl strain, consistent with the genetic mutation in Madrid E. This result suggests the possible relationship between this gene product and the virulence of the strains. (+info)Doctor T. E. Woodward's legacy: from typhus to typhoid fever. (6/26)
Dr. Theodore E. Woodward was one of the early giants of infectious diseases research who set the groundwork for the field. He was the first to evaluate vaccines against typhus, employing volunteers to test the effectiveness of the vaccines. This led to the evaluation of chloramphenicol for the treatment of rickettsial diseases and typhoid fever. Subsequently, he was influential in establishing a unique volunteer unit in Maryland in which a wide range of vaccines were evaluated. (+info)Enteric fever: an Israeli perspective. (7/26)
Typhoid fever is no longer endemic to most developed countries, including Israel. When encountered, it usually occurs in travelers returning from endemic countries. Worldwide, the disease is far from being eradicated. It is still highly prevalent in some popular travel destinations such as India. With the continued increase in Israelis traveling to (and in migrant workers arriving from) endemic regions, physicians in Israel should be well acquainted with the disease. Unfortunately, with the limited efficacy of the current typhoid vaccinations and the increase in multidrug-resistant strains, cases among travelers are expected to continue to increase and become ever challenging to treat. (+info)Characterization of an outer membrane protein of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that confers protection against typhoid. (8/26)
(+info)Rickettsial vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against rickettsial infections, which are diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.
Rickettsial vaccines typically contain whole-cell or subunit antigens of the rickettsial bacteria, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T cells that can recognize and eliminate the pathogen if it infects the body in the future.
Examples of rickettsial vaccines include those for typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. These vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the severity of these diseases, but they are not widely available or used due to various factors such as limited demand, production challenges, and safety concerns.
It's important to note that rickettsial vaccines may carry some risks and side effects, including allergic reactions, local reactions at the injection site, and in rare cases, systemic reactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine, including rickettsial vaccines.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.
DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.
DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.
DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.
Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.
Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.
Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.
Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.
Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.
By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.
Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.
The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.
Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.
There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).
Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.
It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.
Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.
"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.
It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."
A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.
The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.
Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.
A Pertussis vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against pertussis, also known as whooping cough. It contains components that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria that cause pertussis, Bordetella pertussis. There are two main types of pertussis vaccines: whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. wP vaccines contain killed whole cells of B. pertussis, while aP vaccines contain specific components of the bacteria, such as pertussis toxin and other antigens. Pertussis vaccines are often combined with diphtheria and tetanus to form combination vaccines, such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) and TdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). These vaccines are typically given to young children as part of their routine immunization schedule.
Haemophilus vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a bacterium that can cause serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. There are two main types of Hib vaccines:
1. Polysaccharide vaccine: This type of vaccine is made from the sugar coating (polysaccharide) of the bacterial cells. It is not effective in children under 2 years of age because their immune systems are not yet mature enough to respond effectively to this type of vaccine.
2. Conjugate vaccine: This type of vaccine combines the polysaccharide with a protein carrier, which helps to stimulate a stronger and more sustained immune response. It is effective in infants as young as 6 weeks old.
Hib vaccines are usually given as part of routine childhood immunizations starting at 2 months of age. They are administered through an injection into the muscle. The vaccine is safe and effective, with few side effects. Vaccination against Hib has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of Hib infections worldwide.
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.
In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.
Rabies vaccines are medical products that contain antigens of the rabies virus, which stimulate an immune response in individuals who receive them. The purpose of rabies vaccines is to prevent the development of rabies, a viral disease that is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.
There are two primary types of rabies vaccines available:
1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccines: These vaccines are given to individuals who are at high risk of coming into contact with the rabies virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers visiting areas where rabies is common. The vaccine series typically consists of three doses given over a period of 28 days.
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccines: These vaccines are administered to individuals who have already been exposed to the rabies virus, usually through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. The vaccine series typically consists of four doses given over a period of 14 days, along with a dose of rabies immune globulin (RIG) to provide immediate protection while the immune system responds to the vaccine.
Both types of rabies vaccines are highly effective at preventing the disease, but it is essential to receive them as soon as possible after exposure or before potential exposure, as the virus can be fatal if left untreated.
Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.
The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.
There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:
1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.
Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.
Cholera vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against the infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are several types of cholera vaccines available, including:
1. Inactivated oral vaccine (ICCV): This vaccine contains killed whole-cell bacteria and is given in two doses, with each dose administered at least 14 days apart. It provides protection for up to six months and can be given to adults and children over the age of one year.
2. Live attenuated oral vaccine (LCV): This vaccine contains weakened live bacteria that are unable to cause disease but still stimulate an immune response. The most commonly used LCV is called CVD 103-HgR, which is given in a single dose and provides protection for up to three months. It can be given to adults and children over the age of six years.
3. Injectable cholera vaccine: This vaccine contains inactivated bacteria and is given as an injection. It is not widely available and its effectiveness is limited compared to oral vaccines.
Cholera vaccines are recommended for travelers visiting areas with known cholera outbreaks, particularly if they plan to eat food or drink water that may be contaminated. They can also be used in response to outbreaks to help control the spread of the disease. However, it is important to note that vaccination alone is not sufficient to prevent cholera infection and good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, should always be followed.
H. R. Cox
Winston Price
Ernest William Goodpasture
Typhus
Scrub typhus
Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
Joseph Edward Smadel
List of MeSH codes (D20)
Paul Fiset
Queensland tick typhus
Naval Medical Research Unit Three
World Health Organization collaborating centre
Thomas Milton Rivers
Coxiella burnetii
Ebola
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Kawasaki disease
Arthur Felix
Tularemia
Jacoba G. Kapsenberg
Larry J. Anderson
Scott Halstead
Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)
Max Theiler
Encephalitis
African tick bite fever
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Hélio Gelli Pereira
National Microbiology Laboratory
Robert Huebner
Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group...
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Infections5
- Many other rickettsial agents cause human infections across the globe, but the true burden remains undetermined. (cdc.gov)
- Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
- Although rickettsial infections are relatively rare, they have been reported along the eastern Australian seaboard, Flinders Island and the east coast of Tasmania, as well as the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia and southern coastal Western Australia. (sa.gov.au)
- Exclusion of people with rickettsial infections from childcare, preschool, school and work is not necessary. (sa.gov.au)
- Anti- B burgdorferi assays commonly yield false-positive results because of cross-reactive antibodies associated with autoimmune diseases or with spirochetal rickettsial, ehrlichial, or bacterial (eg, Helicobacter pylori ) infections. (medscape.com)
Pathogens5
- Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae and Argasidae) transmit multiple and diverse pathogens (including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses), which cause a wide range of human and animal diseases, including rickettsial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Rickettsiales. (cdc.gov)
- Rickettsial pathogens transmitted by arthropods other than ticks, including fleas ( Rickettsia typhi ), lice ( Rickettsia prowazekii ), and mites ( Rickettsia akari ) are not included in this report. (cdc.gov)
- Rickettsial diseases have had a significant impact on public health and have been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both civilian and military populations.5 In addition, rickettsial pathogens continue to emerge and reemerge as causes of illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
- 7 Understanding of the epidemiology of rickettsial diseases continues to evolve as new information accumulates about the expanding geographic distribution of the causative pathogens, 8 the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains,9 and the discovery of new species in the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . (health.mil)
- Compiled by Senior Animal Health Officers at The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and with contributions from international leading experts, Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is a concise and authoritative reference featuring easily readable reviews of the latest research in vaccinology and vaccine immune response to pathogens of major economic impact to livestock. (acco.be)
Polio12
- At that time, public health attention focused on finding a vaccine for polio. (wikipedia.org)
- In October, 1952, Cox reported that he had grown the Lansing strain of polio virus in fertile hens' eggs, and in 1961, he announced an oral polio vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
- Within Lederle Laboratories, Cox competed with co-worker Hilary Koprowski, as each had developed a successful polio vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
- On January 15, 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) released an updated Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan outlining activities required to 1) interrupt poliovirus transmission globally, 2) achieve global certification of polio eradication, and 3) prepare for global cessation of childhood vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Objective 3 outlines the development of policies for the postcertification era, including detection and notification of circulating polioviruses as public health emergencies, long-term containment of all poliovirus strains, polio vaccine stockpiles and outbreak response mechanisms, and routine vaccination. (cdc.gov)
- Objective 4 outlines how to incorporate the human resources, physical infrastructure, and institutional arrangements that have been established for polio eradication into other disease-control programs and recommends that those polio-eradication activities that must be continued indefinitely (i.e., surveillance, vaccine stockpiles, and laboratory containment) be undertaken by existing national, WHO, and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) programs. (cdc.gov)
- Polio Eradication Initiative/Office of the Director-General and Dept of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals/Family and Community Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (cdc.gov)
- Polio Eradication Initiative, Office of the Director-General and Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Family and Community Health. (cdc.gov)
- His most important contribution came prior to his pharmacy practice which was his service with the CDC in developing Polio vaccine. (healthcarehof.org)
- He performed numerous microbiologic analysis which would later result in the development of the vaccines and worldwide reduction of Polio which is now controlled in all but 2 or 3 countries in the world. (healthcarehof.org)
- As a pharmacy student after leaving the CDC, and working with the Jefferson County Health department, he assembled a group of pharmacy students from Samford to work with the health department going into schools and administering oral polio vaccine to children. (healthcarehof.org)
- This research led to the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines. (ohioarchivists.org)
Poliovirus1
- In 1999, the regional reported coverage with at least three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) by age 1 year was 83% (range: 18%--100%), compared with 82% in 1998. (cdc.gov)
Chickenpox vaccine3
- Chickenpox spreads very easily to people who haven't had the disease or haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine. (mayoclinic.org)
- The chickenpox vaccine is a safe way to prevent this illness and the other health problems that can happen during it. (mayoclinic.org)
- You live with people who've never had chickenpox and haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine yet. (mayoclinic.org)
Prevention5
- This report updates the 2006 CDC recommendations on the diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States and includes information on the practical aspects of epidemiology, clinical assessment, treatment, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of tickborne rickettsial diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Cross ref: See the entry for Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin (Human) (#791), and the entry (#565) for a modified version of this vaccine for use in adults for prevention and allevation of symptoms associated with herpes zoster (shingles). (biopharma.com)
- In 1995, a vaccine for the prevention of varicella (chicken pox) was licensed for use in persons 1 year of age and older. (cdc.gov)
- This week, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded the Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA) for Moderna and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Western States Scientific Safety Review Workgroup recommended supporting the expanded EUA's. (ca.gov)
- As a virologist he worked with Drs. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin on a team in the Viral and Rickettsial Division on prevention strategies. (healthcarehof.org)
Scrub typhus1
- 6 Reported incidences of several rickettsial diseases, notably scrub typhus in the Asia/Pacific region and SFG rickettsioses in the U.S., have increased substantially. (health.mil)
Antibodies2
- Detection of rickettsial antibodies using Weil-Felix (OXK and OX19) antigens and the indirect immunoperoxidase assay. (ajtmh.org)
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, based entirely on modern biotechnological techniques, as to date encompass a wider range of altogether newer medicinal compounds, e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, and monclonal antibodies (MABs) that may now be produced commercially using well-defined, optimized, and improved fermentative methodologies. (123dok.com)
DISEASE4
- Wide use of the vaccine may change the epidemiology of the disease with a shift in incidence to older persons who are at higher risk than are younger persons for more severe disease and complications. (cdc.gov)
- The staff of the Immunoserology Unit of the California State Department of Health Services (CSDHS), Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory (VRDL) developed these EIA tests. (cdc.gov)
- Before the live rubella vaccine, epidemics of the disease were seen in young children (most common), adolescents, and young adults every 5-9 years in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
- Dr. Robbins served in Italy and North Africa as Chief of the Virus and Rickettsial Disease Section of the 15th Medical General Laboratory. (ohioarchivists.org)
Ehrlichial1
- The infection was treated rapidly and successfully with tetracyclines, so clinical diagnosis of rickettsial or ehrlichial infection was considered. (who.int)
Bacteria1
- While at Yangzhou University, Ganta gave a research presentation titled, "Tractable mutagenesis to study pathogenesis and vaccine development tick-borne rickettsial bacteria of the genus Ehrlicha. (k-state.edu)
Diseases in humans1
- Tickborne rickettsial diseases in humans often share similar clinical features yet are epidemiologically and etiologically distinct. (cdc.gov)
Clinical3
- To provide a summary of this and other practical information on rickettsial diseases, a brief review of epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of specific rickettsial and related diseases is provided, with an emphasis on their historical and potential future impact on U.S. military forces. (health.mil)
- During clinical testing by Merck using vaccine lots manufactured in 1982, 1984, 1987, and 1991, the manufacturing process was improved to increase the yield, viability and stability of the live attenuated virus in the final product. (biopharma.com)
- Vaccine preparations used in clinical trials varied in terms of live virus titer (PFU) and the ratio of live:dead virus. (biopharma.com)
Rocky Mount2
- In 1938, he discovered that rickettsia could be grown in fertile egg membranes, which led to the development of vaccines to combat Rocky Mountain spotted fever and vaccines for several strains of typhus. (wikipedia.org)
- 1940: Theobald Smith Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science (for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever vaccine) 1942: Doctor of Science, University of Montana 1946: Typhus Commission Medal 1951: Ricketts Award 1958: Distinguished Alumni Award, Indiana State University 1961: President, American Society for Microbiology 1971: Honorary Member, Society of American Bacteriologists, American Society for Microbiology American Society for Microbiology Archives Cox HR (December 1961). (wikipedia.org)
Infection4
- There is no vaccine available to prevent infection. (sa.gov.au)
- Vaccines (eg, rotavirus) can help increase resistance to infection. (medscape.com)
- These decisions, as well as the authorization to allow for mixing and matching of COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers for boosters, will allow more Californians to increase and maintain the strongest protection against infection heading into the winter months. (ca.gov)
- La fièvre Q est-elle une infection émergente en Turquie? (who.int)
Diagnosis1
- Awareness, diagnosis, and control of tickborne rickettsial diseases are most effectively addressed by considering the intersecting components of human, animal, and environmental health that collectively form the foundation of One Health ( 1 ), an approach that integrates expertise from multiple disciplines and facilitates understanding of these complex zoonoses. (cdc.gov)
Widespread3
- Despite the widespread distribution of rickettsial diseases worldwide, they are frequently overlooked as a cause of illness and/or misdiagnosed. (health.mil)
- Chickenpox used to be a widespread problem, but today the vaccine protects children from it. (mayoclinic.org)
- Widespread use of the vaccine has resulted in near elimination of CRS in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Incidence1
- The reported incidence of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States has increased during the past decade ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Varicella2
- Varicella vaccine contains live virus and is less stable than most other vaccines. (biopharma.com)
- NHANES provides a unique opportunity to assess changes in the seroprevalence of immunity to varicella after introduction of the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Animal diseases1
- In addition, the book presents discussions on the current status and potential future developments of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases. (acco.be)
Symptoms2
- This is partly due to the non-specific nature of the early symptoms of rickettsial diseases, which frequently present as undifferentiated febrile illness that is often indistinguishable from other infectious diseases, especially those common in tropical and subtropical regions (e.g., malaria, dengue fever, leptospirosis). (health.mil)
- Although there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments for MVD, supportive care - such as rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improve survival. (unamhe.or.ug)
Vaccination1
- A single rubella vaccination, usually given as measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, is thought to confer lifelong immunity. (cdc.gov)
Rubella1
- Since the rubella vaccine, the number of rubella cases has decreased significantly. (medscape.com)
Adults1
- Tickborne rickettsial diseases continue to cause severe illness and death in otherwise healthy adults and children, despite the availability of low-cost, effective antibacterial therapy. (cdc.gov)
Booster3
- SACRAMENTO - Today, in a statement issued by California Department of Public Health Director and State Public Health Officer Dr. Tomás Aragón, the department urged eligible Californians to get a COVID-19 booster vaccine following approval by the federal government and the Western States Scientific Safety Review Workshop . (ca.gov)
- All eligible Californians will benefit from this added protection and should make receiving their booster vaccine a priority. (ca.gov)
- initial vaccine then booster 2-4 weeks later. (kernroadvet.com)
Human3
- Meanwhile, human trials of Albert Sabin's successful oral vaccine had begun in 1957, and it would be licensed for general use in 1961. (wikipedia.org)
- This is the only vaccine available against any human herpes-virus. (biopharma.com)
- The nearly 2 µg of unmodified human DNA (from MRC-5 cells) present in each dose is reported to be the highest level in any approved pediatric vaccine. (biopharma.com)
Mechanisms1
- An Ebola project harnesses state-of-the-art technologies that illuminate mechanisms of vaccine immunogenicity and reactogenicity. (ox.ac.uk)
Virus4
- In 1942, Cox became head of the Virus and Rickettsial Research Department at Lederle Laboratories in New York. (wikipedia.org)
- The vaccine potency (virus titer) decreases by an estimated 18% after 18 months storage at -15ËšC. (biopharma.com)
- 2018) Valoración de un nuevo ensayo quimioluminiscente en comparación con ELISA en la detección de IgG contra el virus de la hepatitis E. Revista de la Sociedad Andaluza de MicrobiologÃa y ParasitologÃa ClÃnica. (vircell.com)
- Measles inclusion body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. (unt.edu)
Research1
- 2WHO Collaborative Centre for Rickettsial Reference and Research, Marseille, France. (who.int)
Report1
- however, tickborne and nontickborne rickettsial illnesses typically encountered outside the United States are not addressed in detail in this report. (cdc.gov)
Health1
- Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is an important resource for veterinary practitioners, animal health department officials, vaccine scientists, and veterinary students. (acco.be)
Cases1
- The vaccine has been shown to be 85% effective for protecting against all cases of chickenpox and nearly 100% effective in preventing severe cases, with only rare, mild side effects, such as soreness and swelling at the injection site. (biopharma.com)