Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by various species of Rickettsia.
Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.
Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.
Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity. (1/26)

The development and duration of immunity to lethal scrub typhus infection was studied in BALB/c mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Karp. One intraperitoneal injection containing approximately 10(8) 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD(50)) of irradiated organisms elicited an immune response protective against challenge with 10(5) MLD(50) of viable Karp. The same mass of immunogen given in three injections at 5-day intervals increased homologous (Karp strain) protection 25-fold and heterologous (Kato strain) protection 60-fold. Further temporal expansion of the immunization regimen did not increase protection. Subcutaneous vaccination provided significant, but lower, levels of protection than were achieved by intraperitoneal immunization, but the levels of cell-transferable immunity elicited by the two routes were approximately the same. Immunologically specific protection after intraperitoneal vaccination developed rapidly enough to provide resistance against simultaneous challenge with 200 MLD(50) of Karp. Homologous immunity was protective against a 10(6)-MLD(50) challenge 7 days after completion of the three-injection regimen, remained at that level for 3 months, dropped to 10(4) MLD(50) by 9 months, and was effective against a 50-MLD(50) Karp challenge at 12 months. Protection against heterologous challenge was first observed on day 17 and peaked on day 38, when the mice resisted a 10(5)-MLD(50) Kato challenge. Thereafter, heterologous protection waned rapidly and was not significant at 6 months.  (+info)

Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: broad-spectrum immunity with combinations of rickettsial strains. (2/26)

Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared from Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam, Kostival, and Buie by exposing frozen infected yolk sac suspensions to 300 krad of gamma radiation. Mouse protection tests showed that each of the irradiated immunogens protected C3H/HeDub mice against high challenge levels of Karp and Gilliam, but that none of these single-strain immunogens were capable of protecting against all five of the challenge strains. Broad-spectrum protection was achieved by using combinations of three strains of irradiated rickettsiae in a vaccination regimen of three injections at 5-day intervals. A comparison of vaccination efficacy employing three such combinations (Karp-Gilliam-Kato, Karp-Kostival-Kato, and Buie-Kostival-Kato) indicated that both sequential administration of strains on successive vaccination days and multiple injections of trivalent mixtures produced protective responses superior to those obtained with single-strain immunogens. Trivalent mixtures of rickettsiae exhibited a striking synergistic effect on the immune response of C3H/HeDub mice and elicited a protective response against Kato challenge that could not be obtained with any single-strain immunogen. Mice vaccinated with the trivalent Karp-Gilliam-Kato immunogen resisted challenge with more than 10(3) 50% mouse lethal doses of Karp and Gilliam for 12 months, and were resistant to similar levels of challenge with Kato and Buie for 6 months.  (+info)

The past and present threat of rickettsial diseases to military medicine and international public health. (3/26)

Morbidity and mortality caused by rickettsioses have had a major influence on military activities and public health for >2000 years. The threat posed by the rickettsioses is reviewed, focusing on the impact and epidemiology of those that have adversely influenced wartime operations and the current challenges posed by these diseases. With their uneven worldwide distribution, the discovery of drug-refractory strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the increased threat of their use in acts of bioterrorism, frequent deployment of troops to regions of endemicity, and exposures due to increased humanitarian missions, these diseases continue to be a threat to military personnel in the field. Effective strategies to reduce the impact of these diseases include development of effective vaccines, enhanced surveillance, and development of new safe, effective, and odorless repellants. The continuation of a proven, highly productive military infectious disease research program is essential for providing solutions to these daunting tasks.  (+info)

Evaluation of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys. (4/26)

A nonhuman primate model of Rocky Mountain spotted fever infection was developed in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) infected by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. Clinical responses, hematology and serum chemistry values, and pathological findings were similar to those found in humans ill with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The clinical model was then used to test the efficacy of a killed Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine grown in chicken embryo cells. Monkeys were immunized with varying dilutions of the vaccine with a two-dose schedule and then challenged at 2 months with virulent Rickettsia rickettsii by the subcutaneous route or by aerosol. The undiluted vaccine totally protected monkeys against both challenges, even at extremely high doses.  (+info)

Insight into the virulence of Rickettsia prowazekii by proteomic analysis and comparison with an avirulent strain. (5/26)

Rickettsia prowazekii, an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus. We analyzed the proteome of the virulent Breinl strain of R. prowazekii purified from infected egg yolk sacs. Total proteins from purified R. prowazekii Breinl strain were reduced by dithiothreitol, alkylated by iodoacetic acid and digested with trypsin followed by analysis with an integrated two-dimensional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry system (2D-LC/MS/MS). A comparison was made using previously analyzed proteome of the Madrid E strain and current analysis of the Breinl strain. For Breinl 251 proteins were identified, representing 30% of the total protein-encoding genes, using a shotgun 2D-LC/MS/MS proteomic approach. This result is identical to that of Madrid E strain. Among the identified proteins, 33 from Breinl and 37 from Madrid E have an unknown function. A methyltransferase, RP028/RP027, whose gene is mutated in the avirulent Madrid E strain but not in the virulent Breinl strain, was only detectable in the Breinl strain, consistent with the genetic mutation in Madrid E. This result suggests the possible relationship between this gene product and the virulence of the strains.  (+info)

Doctor T. E. Woodward's legacy: from typhus to typhoid fever. (6/26)

Dr. Theodore E. Woodward was one of the early giants of infectious diseases research who set the groundwork for the field. He was the first to evaluate vaccines against typhus, employing volunteers to test the effectiveness of the vaccines. This led to the evaluation of chloramphenicol for the treatment of rickettsial diseases and typhoid fever. Subsequently, he was influential in establishing a unique volunteer unit in Maryland in which a wide range of vaccines were evaluated.  (+info)

Enteric fever: an Israeli perspective. (7/26)

Typhoid fever is no longer endemic to most developed countries, including Israel. When encountered, it usually occurs in travelers returning from endemic countries. Worldwide, the disease is far from being eradicated. It is still highly prevalent in some popular travel destinations such as India. With the continued increase in Israelis traveling to (and in migrant workers arriving from) endemic regions, physicians in Israel should be well acquainted with the disease. Unfortunately, with the limited efficacy of the current typhoid vaccinations and the increase in multidrug-resistant strains, cases among travelers are expected to continue to increase and become ever challenging to treat.  (+info)

Characterization of an outer membrane protein of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that confers protection against typhoid. (8/26)

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Rickettsial vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against rickettsial infections, which are diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.

Rickettsial vaccines typically contain whole-cell or subunit antigens of the rickettsial bacteria, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T cells that can recognize and eliminate the pathogen if it infects the body in the future.

Examples of rickettsial vaccines include those for typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. These vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the severity of these diseases, but they are not widely available or used due to various factors such as limited demand, production challenges, and safety concerns.

It's important to note that rickettsial vaccines may carry some risks and side effects, including allergic reactions, local reactions at the injection site, and in rare cases, systemic reactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine, including rickettsial vaccines.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.

Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.

Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:

1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.

Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.

DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.

DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.

DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.

Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.

Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.

There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:

1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.

Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.

It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.

An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.

Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.

A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.

Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.

Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.

Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.

By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.

Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.

Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.

If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.

Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.

Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.

The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.

Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.

There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).

Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.

It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.

Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.

"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.

The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.

It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."

A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.

The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.

Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.

A Pertussis vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against pertussis, also known as whooping cough. It contains components that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria that cause pertussis, Bordetella pertussis. There are two main types of pertussis vaccines: whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. wP vaccines contain killed whole cells of B. pertussis, while aP vaccines contain specific components of the bacteria, such as pertussis toxin and other antigens. Pertussis vaccines are often combined with diphtheria and tetanus to form combination vaccines, such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) and TdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). These vaccines are typically given to young children as part of their routine immunization schedule.

Haemophilus vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a bacterium that can cause serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. There are two main types of Hib vaccines:

1. Polysaccharide vaccine: This type of vaccine is made from the sugar coating (polysaccharide) of the bacterial cells. It is not effective in children under 2 years of age because their immune systems are not yet mature enough to respond effectively to this type of vaccine.
2. Conjugate vaccine: This type of vaccine combines the polysaccharide with a protein carrier, which helps to stimulate a stronger and more sustained immune response. It is effective in infants as young as 6 weeks old.

Hib vaccines are usually given as part of routine childhood immunizations starting at 2 months of age. They are administered through an injection into the muscle. The vaccine is safe and effective, with few side effects. Vaccination against Hib has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of Hib infections worldwide.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.

In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.

Rabies vaccines are medical products that contain antigens of the rabies virus, which stimulate an immune response in individuals who receive them. The purpose of rabies vaccines is to prevent the development of rabies, a viral disease that is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.

There are two primary types of rabies vaccines available:

1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccines: These vaccines are given to individuals who are at high risk of coming into contact with the rabies virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers visiting areas where rabies is common. The vaccine series typically consists of three doses given over a period of 28 days.
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccines: These vaccines are administered to individuals who have already been exposed to the rabies virus, usually through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. The vaccine series typically consists of four doses given over a period of 14 days, along with a dose of rabies immune globulin (RIG) to provide immediate protection while the immune system responds to the vaccine.

Both types of rabies vaccines are highly effective at preventing the disease, but it is essential to receive them as soon as possible after exposure or before potential exposure, as the virus can be fatal if left untreated.

Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.

The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.

There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:

1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.

Cholera vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against the infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are several types of cholera vaccines available, including:

1. Inactivated oral vaccine (ICCV): This vaccine contains killed whole-cell bacteria and is given in two doses, with each dose administered at least 14 days apart. It provides protection for up to six months and can be given to adults and children over the age of one year.
2. Live attenuated oral vaccine (LCV): This vaccine contains weakened live bacteria that are unable to cause disease but still stimulate an immune response. The most commonly used LCV is called CVD 103-HgR, which is given in a single dose and provides protection for up to three months. It can be given to adults and children over the age of six years.
3. Injectable cholera vaccine: This vaccine contains inactivated bacteria and is given as an injection. It is not widely available and its effectiveness is limited compared to oral vaccines.

Cholera vaccines are recommended for travelers visiting areas with known cholera outbreaks, particularly if they plan to eat food or drink water that may be contaminated. They can also be used in response to outbreaks to help control the spread of the disease. However, it is important to note that vaccination alone is not sufficient to prevent cholera infection and good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, should always be followed.

... which led to the development of vaccines to combat Rocky Mountain spotted fever and vaccines for several strains of typhus. The ... In 1942, Cox became head of the Virus and Rickettsial Research Department at Lederle Laboratories in New York. At that time, ... he announced an oral polio vaccine. Meanwhile, human trials of Albert Sabin's successful oral vaccine had begun in 1957, and it ... Within Lederle Laboratories, Cox competed with co-worker Hilary Koprowski, as each had developed a successful polio vaccine. ...
In Offit's book, Maurice Hilleman in the early 1960s, who later became an expert in vaccine research, is said to have disputed ... In 1954, for his work on Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial diseases, he received the Theobald Smith Award. In ... However, other specialists in the field of vaccine research have disputed his methods and data. Earlier in his career, he had ... Over the following two years, he reported that his vaccine reduced the likelihood of catching the common cold by eight-fold. ...
... development of antiviral vaccines, and studies of rickettsial, fungal, and protozoan human diseases. In a major advance, he ... This technique made possible the development and production of a wide range of vaccines against viral diseases. Goodpasture was ... This enabled the development of vaccines against influenza, chicken pox, smallpox, yellow fever, typhus, Rocky mountain spotted ... Ernest Goodpasture Dead; Developed Vaccine for Mumps: Pathologist's Chicken Embryo Virus Led to Immunization Against Many ...
The first typhus vaccine was developed by the Polish zoologist Rudolf Weigl in the interwar period; the vaccine did not prevent ... Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA (2014). "Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis)". CDC ... A vaccine has been in development for scrub typhus known as the scrub typhus vaccine. The American Public Health Association ... "Typhus, War, and Vaccines". History of Vaccines. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-26. Pennington H ( ...
No licensed vaccines are available. An early attempt to create a scrub typhus vaccine occurred in the United Kingdom in 1937 ( ... February 2006). "Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (2): 256-62. doi:10.3201/ ... but the vaccine was not used. The first known batch of scrub typhus vaccine actually used to inoculate human subjects was ... The vaccine was produced at Wellcome's laboratory at Ely Grange, Frant, Sussex. An attempt to verify the efficacy of the ...
Diagnostic Procedures for Virus and Rickettsial Diseases 2nd ed., New York, pp. 97-151 Rhodes AJ, Wood W, Duncan D (1955). "The ... The second vaccine, an oral polio vaccine (OPV), is a live-attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through non ... Osterrieth P (May 2004). "Oral polio vaccine: fact versus fiction". Vaccine. 22 (15-16): 1831-1835. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine. ... Because monkey trials found fewer side effects with the Sabin vaccine, in the early 1960s, the Sabin vaccine was licensed in ...
Patenting the Sun: Polion and the Salk Vaccine, The Dramatic Story Behind One of the Greatest Achievements of Modern Science. p ... He introduced chloramphenicol as treatment for rickettsial diseases. In 1962, he became the first recipient of the Albert ... and rickettsial diseases such as typhus. Smadel after exerting much pressure on Jonas Salk and Basil O'Connor was in early 1954 ... Lieutenant Colonel Smadel became the director of the Department Of Virus and Rickettsial Diseases with at the WRAIR, a position ...
... diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine MeSH D20.215.894.135.609 - plague vaccine MeSH D20.215.894.135.650 - rickettsial vaccines ... hepatitis a vaccines MeSH D20.215.894.899.955.400 - hepatitis b vaccines MeSH D20.215.894.899.970 - yellow fever vaccine MeSH ... measles vaccine MeSH D20.215.894.899.404.500 - measles-mumps-rubella vaccine MeSH D20.215.894.899.488 - mumps vaccine MeSH ... rubella vaccine MeSH D20.215.894.899.779.500 - measles-mumps-rubella vaccine MeSH D20.215.894.899.790 - saids vaccines MeSH ...
1st International Conference on Vaccines against Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man (1967) "The antibody response to ... a change that was important for vaccine development and accurate diagnosis". The vaccine resulted in a protection rate of 95 ... His research helped to develop one of the first successful Q fever vaccines, noted by The New York Times. Fiset was born in ... Fiset served the Commission on Rickettsial Diseases of the U.S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board from 1965 to 1976. He was a ...
There is no vaccine available for this disease, so to prevent infection, the US CDC recommends taking personal safety measures ... To combat these limitations, a PCR test may also be used; this test looks for rickettsial DNA. It can sensitively detect the ... "Rickettsial Diseases of Military Importance: An Australian Perspective - JMVH". jmvh.org. Retrieved 2021-12-09. (CS1 maint: bot ... "Rickettsial infections". www.health.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-12-09. Stewart, Adam; Armstrong, Mark; Graves, Stephen; ...
Malaria vaccine research and drug resistant falciparum malaria epidemiology Investigation of Multi-drug resistant Nosocomial ... rickettsial, and arboviral infections that are endemic and important public health problems to the region. The modern mission ... Ghana in 1995 and established a detachment there in 2001 with the aim of preparing skills and facilities for malaria vaccine ... with the WHO in the early 1970s was instrumental in developing typhoid and Group A Meningococcal meningitis vaccines. In 2000, ...
Smallpox and vaccinia". In Plotkin, Stanley A.; Orenstein, Walter; Offit, Paul A. (eds.). Vaccines (Sixth ed.). Elsevier. p. ... Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Diseases. Vol. II. New York: Springer. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4612-8394-2. Shchelkunova, GA; ...
In 1948 Rivers edited a standard book on viral and Rickettsial infections. In 1958 he was inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame ... he oversaw the clinical trials of Jonas Salk's vaccine. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1942. He served ... THOMAS M. RIVERS, Editor: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia,1949. Saul Benison: ... As chairman of committees on research and vaccine advisory for the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, ...
Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases; Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch. 2003-02-13. Retrieved 2006-05-24. "The ... Paul Fiset, 78, Microbiologist And Developer of Q Fever Vaccine". New York Times. p. C-17. Omsland A, Cockrell DC, Howe D, ... A combination of erythromycin and rifampin is highly effective in curing the disease, and vaccination with Q-VAX vaccine (CSL) ... microbiologist and virologist Paul Fiset was instrumental in the development of the first successful Q fever vaccine. Coxiella ...
An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019. While there is no approved treatment for Ebola as of 2019[update ... rickettsial diseases, cholera, sepsis, borreliosis, EHEC enteritis, leptospirosis, scrub typhus, plague, Q fever, candidiasis, ... An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such ... An Ebola vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV, was approved in the United States in December 2019. It appears to be fully effective ten days ...
An effective vaccine for one strain is not useful for another. An ideal vaccine should give protection to all the strains ... called the rickettsial amplified genetic element (RAGE). RAGE is also found in other rickettsial bacteria. In O. tsutsugamushi ... This complexity makes it difficult to produce a usable vaccine. A vaccine targeting the 47-kDa outer membrane protein (OMP) is ... No licensed O. tsutsugamushi vaccines are currently available. The first vaccines were developed in the late 1940s, but failed ...
Vaccine. 34 (51): 6582-96. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.025. PMID 27863715. Sharma C, Ganigara M, Galeotti C, Burns J, ... Rocky Mountain spotted fever or other rickettsial infections; and leptospirosis. Infectious conditions that can mimic Kawasaki ... For study purposes, including vaccine safety monitoring, an international case definition has been proposed to categorize ' ...
They developed the Weil-Felix test for diagnosis of typhus and other rickettsial diseases. The use of the O and H symbols in ... Ty2 was the basis for the Ty21a vaccine strain, a live attenuated strain used to protect patients from typhoid fever today. Ty2 ... and the foundational work that lead to the two typhoid vaccines in use today are contributed by Dr. Felix and his colleagues. ...
Sub-unit vaccine candidates, such as killed-whole cell vaccines, are also under investigation, however research has not reached ... George W. Beran; James H. Steele (22 October 1994). Handbook of Zoonoses: Bacterial, rickettsial, chlamydial, and mycotic. CRC ... approved vaccines against tularemia. However, vaccination research and development continues, with live attenuated vaccines ... 2000). Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines: lists A and B diseases of mammals, birds and bees. Paris, France ...
In 1954, under the supervision of H.S. Frenkel, Kapsenberg published a new method to obtain a vaccine against smallpox virus in ... Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Diseases. Springer. pp. 692-722. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3900-0_36. ISBN 978-1-4612-3900-0. Doornum ... Treatments and Vaccines: The New Insights. Springer. pp. 477-502. ISBN 978-3-030-71164-1. Fenner, Frank; santé, Organisation ...
... and a virologist in the Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit of Emory Clinical Trials. Anderson's current vaccine-development ... and chief of the Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch of the CDC Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases (1982-2006). From ... "Larry J. Anderson, MD". vaccines.emory.edu. Retrieved 27 January 2019. "Atlanta Pediatric Research , Larry J Anderson, MD , ... 27 January 2019). Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783642389184. ...
In 2003, he founded the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (PDVI) at the International Vaccine Institute, with $55M from the ... He was assigned to the Department of Virus and Rickettsial Diseases (DVRD) in Sagamihara, Japan, and began studying mosquito- ... He published papers about vaccine development and potential risks associated with ADE including vaccine hypersensitivity ... he also co-founded the Children's Vaccine Initiative, and founded the Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative. He has published ...
This can happen when the dam is actively infected with the virus or given a modified-live FPV vaccine when pregnant. Kittens ... rickettsial infection (most are spread through ticks, mites, fleas, or lice) Traumatic brain injury Viral infection (e.g. ...
The stage was set for Theiler to develop a vaccine against the disease. Theiler first devised a test for the efficacy of ... Max Theiler contributed to three books: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man (1948) Yellow Fever (1951) The Arthropod-Borne ... He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever in 1937, ... He spent several years investigating amoebic dysentery and trying to develop a vaccine for rat-bite fever. After becoming ...
"Contraindications and Precautions to Commonly Used Vaccines in Adults". Vaccines. Center for Disease Control. Archived from the ... like Mycoplasma and those causing rickettsial disease, cause inflammation of the meninges and consequently encephalitis. A non- ... "Tick-borne Encephalitis: Vaccine". International travel and health. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 ... "Japanese encephalitis". Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 ...
There is no vaccine. Prevention is by avoiding tick bites by covering the skin, using DEET, or using permethrin treated ... In African tick bite fever, unlike what is typically seen with other Rickettsial spotted fevers when only one eschar is ... Josamycin has been used effectively for treatment of pregnant women with other rickettsial diseases, but it is unclear if it ... Rickettsial Diseases , Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e , AccessMedicine , McGraw-Hill Medical". accessmedicine. ...
Furthermore, LCMV has been a widely used model system for understanding T cell memory and vaccine synthesis. It was the ... Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC (August 2005). "Update: interim guidance ... Specifically, the study of persistent viral infections as well as vaccine development, represent two essential areas. LCMV is ... Specifically, LCMV has been recently used to quantify the efficiency of a new hydrogen peroxide-based vaccine formation ...
Around that time, he was a visiting fellow for a year at the Centers for Disease Control's Division of Viral and Rickettsial ... The department focused on researching exotic viral diseases and studying pathogenesis and vaccine development. Free from time- ... The team also developed new methods to study rickettsial antigen-antibody reactions. Political interference at the institute ... methods were developed to identify new strains and indicate those required for future vaccines. He spent three months at the ...
Also during this outbreak, a promising vaccine and treatment for Ebola that were developed at NML, in conjunction with ... Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens - dealing with viral, bacterial and rickettsial zoonoses (diseases transmitted to ... This latter discovery suggested the possibility that a vaccine could eventually be developed. Dr. Plummer stepped down as the ... there is no licensed treatment or vaccine available. This level of containment represents an isolated unit independent of other ...
The seven known rickettsial diseases were all ruled out based on tests. Visiting the complex with self-trained entomologist ... Robert M. Chanock said the discovery "put him up there with Sabin" (creator of the oral polio vaccine) as one of the "great ... Research on retroviruses led to the development of a vaccine for hepatitis B, which has led to major decreases in rates of ... using the money he had received as part of an award for his rickettsial research to make the necessary downpayment. His ...
... updates the 2006 CDC recommendations on the diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States and ... updates the 2006 CDC recommendations on the diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States and ... Prevention of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases. No vaccine is licensed for the prevention of tickborne rickettsial diseases in ... Because of the nonspecific signs and symptoms of tickborne rickettsial diseases, early empiric treatment for rickettsial ...
No vaccine is available for preventing rickettsial infections. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for rickettsial ... The most diagnosed rickettsial diseases in travelers are in the spotted fever or typhus groups; notably, rickettsial infections ... Rickettsial Diseases. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Travel-Associated Infections & Diseases Author(s): William Nicholson, Christopher ... Most rickettsial pathogens are transmitted directly to humans by infected arthropod vectors (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, or ticks ...
Topic: Rickettsial Disease. (Please note that the documents listed below are sorted by date.). Human Rabies -- Texas and New ... Notice to Readers Availability of New Rabies Vaccine for Human Use; 1998:01:16. Update: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Activity ...
No vaccine for scrub typhus exists. The development of a prophylactic vaccine for scrub typhus has been a public health ... Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces Dorsal view of a female American dog tick, ... The rickettsial pathogens most likely to be encountered during travel outside the U.S. include R. africae (ATBF) and R. conorii ... Rickettsial diseases have had a significant impact on public health and have been a significant cause of morbidity and ...
No vaccine for scrub typhus exists. The development of a prophylactic vaccine for scrub typhus has been a public health ... Prevent Serious Illness, Get Updated COVID-19 and Flu Vaccines * Your Pain on a Scale of 1-10? Check Out a New DOD Way to ... Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces Dorsal view of a female American dog tick, ... The rickettsial pathogens most likely to be encountered during travel outside the U.S. include R. africae (ATBF) and R. conorii ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
A vaccine (TicoVac) is available for prevention tick-borne encephalitis caused by Flaviviridae, including European or Western ... Tickborne rickettsial diseases respond rapidly to doxycycline, and fever persisting for more than 48 hours after initiation of ... Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of ... Prophylactic measures include the use of vaccines, which are available for some tick-borne diseases and are discussed in the ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
Genome-wide screening and identification of antigens for rickettsial vaccine development (Peer Reviewed Journal) (9-Oct-11) ...
"History of Rickettsial Diseases." Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases. London: Academic P (Elsevier), ... "Rickettsial Diseases." 2010 Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: McGraw Hill Medical, 2010. 1280-82. ...
Categories: Rickettsial Vaccines Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Br, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases; Vaccine ... Dept of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. ... Routine vaccination coverage. In 1999, the regional reported coverage with at least three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine ( ... and vaccine-preventable disease surveillance. Implementing these high priority activities to achieve polio eradication and its ...
... which led to the development of vaccines to combat Rocky Mountain spotted fever and vaccines for several strains of typhus. The ... In 1942, Cox became head of the Virus and Rickettsial Research Department at Lederle Laboratories in New York. At that time, ... he announced an oral polio vaccine. Meanwhile, human trials of Albert Sabins successful oral vaccine had begun in 1957, and it ... Within Lederle Laboratories, Cox competed with co-worker Hilary Koprowski, as each had developed a successful polio vaccine. ...
Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Vaccines and Related ... Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Vaccines and Related ... Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Vaccines and Related ... Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Vaccines and Related ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
Reported by: Polio Eradication Initiative/Office of the Director-General and Dept of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals/ ... Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases; Global Immunization Div, National Immunization ... Polio Eradication Initiative, Office of the Director-General and Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Family ... vaccine (OPV) (2). The discontinuation of mass vaccination campaigns in the majority of polio-free countries has left these ...
There is no vaccine available to prevent infection.. *Wear long sleeved protective clothing and a broad brimmed hat to reduce ... Prevention of rickettsial infections *Exclusion of people with rickettsial infections from childcare, preschool, school and ... Rickettsial infections - including symptoms, treatment and prevention. On this page The Rickettsiae are a diverse group of ... Youve Got What? Rickettsial infections PDF 70 KB. The Rickettsiae are a diverse group of bacteria some of which can be ...
"Tractable mutagenesis to study pathogenesis and vaccine development tick-borne rickettsial bacteria of the genus Ehrlicha." Bai ...
The chickenpox vaccine, also called the varicella vaccine, is the best way to prevent chickenpox. In the United States, experts ... Viral and rickettsial infections. In: Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2019. 58th ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill ... This is also called the MMRV vaccine.. In the United States, children receive two doses of the varicella vaccine: the first ... ProQuad combines the chickenpox vaccine with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. It can be used in the United States for ...
Re-compete for Vaccine Preventable Diseases Reference Centers. Awardees: California Department of Health, Viral and Rickettsial ... Awardees: California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory; New York State Department of Health ... Awardees: California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory; New York State Department of Health ...
Vaccines *Vaccines A-ZOur array of immunization resources organized by vaccine for easy access * * *Adenovirus ... CE Rupprecht, VMD, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases; AP Newman, DVM, AS Chapman, DVM, EIS officers, CDC ... VIS TranslationsVaccine-specific VISs translated into dozens of languages. *Vaccine History TimelineNotable milestones in ... WHOConnect to position papers on vaccines and other key vaccine-related resources from the World Health Organization ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. "Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on ... Influenza Vaccines/administration & Dosage Influenza Vaccines/adverse Effects Seasons Vaccines, Attenuated ... on use of vaccines and related agents for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases in the civilian population of the United ... recommendations for the use of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) when either is ...
Systemic infections unrelated to syphilis (such as tuberculosis, rickettsial diseases, and endocarditis) ...
Viral vaccines , Rickettsial vaccinesNLM classification: WC 500Online resources: Click here to access online ... By: WHO Scientific Group on Human Viral and Rickettsial VaccinesContributor(s): World Health OrganizationMaterial type: Text ... WC 500 66WH Human viral and rickettsial vaccines : WC 500 66WH-1 Vaccins contre les maladies humaines à virus et à rickettsies ...
CBER class: Viral And Rickettsial Vaccines Approvals: Date = 19950317; PLA 93-0395 Date = 20050405; BLA supplement; Indication ... 564 Varicella Virus Vaccine Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck) - Varivax; chickenpox vaccine Status: approved; marketed ... Nomenclature: Varicella Virus Vaccine [BIO]. VARIVAX [TR]. Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck) [FDA]. chickenpox vaccine [ ... Nomenclature: Varicella Virus Vaccine [BIO]; Varivax [TR]; Varicella Virus Vaccine Live (Oka/Merck) [FDA]; chickenpox vaccine [ ...
C.04.090 - Products Analogous to Bacterial Vaccines *C.04.100 - Virus and Rickettsial Vaccines ... C.04.070 - B.C.G. (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine * ... C.04.122 - Poliomyelitis Vaccine *C.04.128 - Poliovirus Vaccine ...
  • Many other rickettsial agents cause human infections across the globe, but the true burden remains undetermined. (cdc.gov)
  • Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
  • Although rickettsial infections are relatively rare, they have been reported along the eastern Australian seaboard, Flinders Island and the east coast of Tasmania, as well as the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia and southern coastal Western Australia. (sa.gov.au)
  • Exclusion of people with rickettsial infections from childcare, preschool, school and work is not necessary. (sa.gov.au)
  • Anti- B burgdorferi assays commonly yield false-positive results because of cross-reactive antibodies associated with autoimmune diseases or with spirochetal rickettsial, ehrlichial, or bacterial (eg, Helicobacter pylori ) infections. (medscape.com)
  • Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae and Argasidae) transmit multiple and diverse pathogens (including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses), which cause a wide range of human and animal diseases, including rickettsial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Rickettsiales. (cdc.gov)
  • Rickettsial pathogens transmitted by arthropods other than ticks, including fleas ( Rickettsia typhi ), lice ( Rickettsia prowazekii ), and mites ( Rickettsia akari ) are not included in this report. (cdc.gov)
  • Rickettsial diseases have had a significant impact on public health and have been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both civilian and military populations.5 In addition, rickettsial pathogens continue to emerge and reemerge as causes of illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
  • 7 Understanding of the epidemiology of rickettsial diseases continues to evolve as new information accumulates about the expanding geographic distribution of the causative pathogens, 8 the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains,9 and the discovery of new species in the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . (health.mil)
  • Compiled by Senior Animal Health Officers at The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and with contributions from international leading experts, Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is a concise and authoritative reference featuring easily readable reviews of the latest research in vaccinology and vaccine immune response to pathogens of major economic impact to livestock. (acco.be)
  • At that time, public health attention focused on finding a vaccine for polio. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October, 1952, Cox reported that he had grown the Lansing strain of polio virus in fertile hens' eggs, and in 1961, he announced an oral polio vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within Lederle Laboratories, Cox competed with co-worker Hilary Koprowski, as each had developed a successful polio vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • On January 15, 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) released an updated Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan outlining activities required to 1) interrupt poliovirus transmission globally, 2) achieve global certification of polio eradication, and 3) prepare for global cessation of childhood vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Objective 3 outlines the development of policies for the postcertification era, including detection and notification of circulating polioviruses as public health emergencies, long-term containment of all poliovirus strains, polio vaccine stockpiles and outbreak response mechanisms, and routine vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Objective 4 outlines how to incorporate the human resources, physical infrastructure, and institutional arrangements that have been established for polio eradication into other disease-control programs and recommends that those polio-eradication activities that must be continued indefinitely (i.e., surveillance, vaccine stockpiles, and laboratory containment) be undertaken by existing national, WHO, and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) programs. (cdc.gov)
  • Polio Eradication Initiative/Office of the Director-General and Dept of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals/Family and Community Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (cdc.gov)
  • Polio Eradication Initiative, Office of the Director-General and Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Family and Community Health. (cdc.gov)
  • His most important contribution came prior to his pharmacy practice which was his service with the CDC in developing Polio vaccine. (healthcarehof.org)
  • He performed numerous microbiologic analysis which would later result in the development of the vaccines and worldwide reduction of Polio which is now controlled in all but 2 or 3 countries in the world. (healthcarehof.org)
  • As a pharmacy student after leaving the CDC, and working with the Jefferson County Health department, he assembled a group of pharmacy students from Samford to work with the health department going into schools and administering oral polio vaccine to children. (healthcarehof.org)
  • This research led to the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines. (ohioarchivists.org)
  • In 1999, the regional reported coverage with at least three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) by age 1 year was 83% (range: 18%--100%), compared with 82% in 1998. (cdc.gov)
  • Chickenpox spreads very easily to people who haven't had the disease or haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The chickenpox vaccine is a safe way to prevent this illness and the other health problems that can happen during it. (mayoclinic.org)
  • You live with people who've never had chickenpox and haven't gotten the chickenpox vaccine yet. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This report updates the 2006 CDC recommendations on the diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States and includes information on the practical aspects of epidemiology, clinical assessment, treatment, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of tickborne rickettsial diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Cross ref: See the entry for Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin (Human) (#791), and the entry (#565) for a modified version of this vaccine for use in adults for prevention and allevation of symptoms associated with herpes zoster (shingles). (biopharma.com)
  • In 1995, a vaccine for the prevention of varicella (chicken pox) was licensed for use in persons 1 year of age and older. (cdc.gov)
  • This week, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded the Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA) for Moderna and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Western States Scientific Safety Review Workgroup recommended supporting the expanded EUA's. (ca.gov)
  • As a virologist he worked with Drs. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin on a team in the Viral and Rickettsial Division on prevention strategies. (healthcarehof.org)
  • 6 Reported incidences of several rickettsial diseases, notably scrub typhus in the Asia/Pacific region and SFG rickettsioses in the U.S., have increased substantially. (health.mil)
  • Detection of rickettsial antibodies using Weil-Felix (OXK and OX19) antigens and the indirect immunoperoxidase assay. (ajtmh.org)
  • Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, based entirely on modern biotechnological techniques, as to date encompass a wider range of altogether newer medicinal compounds, e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, and monclonal antibodies (MABs) that may now be produced commercially using well-defined, optimized, and improved fermentative methodologies. (123dok.com)
  • Wide use of the vaccine may change the epidemiology of the disease with a shift in incidence to older persons who are at higher risk than are younger persons for more severe disease and complications. (cdc.gov)
  • The staff of the Immunoserology Unit of the California State Department of Health Services (CSDHS), Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory (VRDL) developed these EIA tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Before the live rubella vaccine, epidemics of the disease were seen in young children (most common), adolescents, and young adults every 5-9 years in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Robbins served in Italy and North Africa as Chief of the Virus and Rickettsial Disease Section of the 15th Medical General Laboratory. (ohioarchivists.org)
  • The infection was treated rapidly and successfully with tetracyclines, so clinical diagnosis of rickettsial or ehrlichial infection was considered. (who.int)
  • While at Yangzhou University, Ganta gave a research presentation titled, "Tractable mutagenesis to study pathogenesis and vaccine development tick-borne rickettsial bacteria of the genus Ehrlicha. (k-state.edu)
  • Tickborne rickettsial diseases in humans often share similar clinical features yet are epidemiologically and etiologically distinct. (cdc.gov)
  • To provide a summary of this and other practical information on rickettsial diseases, a brief review of epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of specific rickettsial and related diseases is provided, with an emphasis on their historical and potential future impact on U.S. military forces. (health.mil)
  • During clinical testing by Merck using vaccine lots manufactured in 1982, 1984, 1987, and 1991, the manufacturing process was improved to increase the yield, viability and stability of the live attenuated virus in the final product. (biopharma.com)
  • Vaccine preparations used in clinical trials varied in terms of live virus titer (PFU) and the ratio of live:dead virus. (biopharma.com)
  • In 1938, he discovered that rickettsia could be grown in fertile egg membranes, which led to the development of vaccines to combat Rocky Mountain spotted fever and vaccines for several strains of typhus. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1940: Theobald Smith Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science (for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever vaccine) 1942: Doctor of Science, University of Montana 1946: Typhus Commission Medal 1951: Ricketts Award 1958: Distinguished Alumni Award, Indiana State University 1961: President, American Society for Microbiology 1971: Honorary Member, Society of American Bacteriologists, American Society for Microbiology American Society for Microbiology Archives Cox HR (December 1961). (wikipedia.org)
  • There is no vaccine available to prevent infection. (sa.gov.au)
  • Vaccines (eg, rotavirus) can help increase resistance to infection. (medscape.com)
  • These decisions, as well as the authorization to allow for mixing and matching of COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers for boosters, will allow more Californians to increase and maintain the strongest protection against infection heading into the winter months. (ca.gov)
  • La fièvre Q est-elle une infection émergente en Turquie? (who.int)
  • Awareness, diagnosis, and control of tickborne rickettsial diseases are most effectively addressed by considering the intersecting components of human, animal, and environmental health that collectively form the foundation of One Health ( 1 ), an approach that integrates expertise from multiple disciplines and facilitates understanding of these complex zoonoses. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the widespread distribution of rickettsial diseases worldwide, they are frequently overlooked as a cause of illness and/or misdiagnosed. (health.mil)
  • Chickenpox used to be a widespread problem, but today the vaccine protects children from it. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Widespread use of the vaccine has resulted in near elimination of CRS in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The reported incidence of tickborne rickettsial diseases in the United States has increased during the past decade ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Varicella vaccine contains live virus and is less stable than most other vaccines. (biopharma.com)
  • NHANES provides a unique opportunity to assess changes in the seroprevalence of immunity to varicella after introduction of the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the book presents discussions on the current status and potential future developments of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases. (acco.be)
  • This is partly due to the non-specific nature of the early symptoms of rickettsial diseases, which frequently present as undifferentiated febrile illness that is often indistinguishable from other infectious diseases, especially those common in tropical and subtropical regions (e.g., malaria, dengue fever, leptospirosis). (health.mil)
  • Although there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments for MVD, supportive care - such as rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improve survival. (unamhe.or.ug)
  • A single rubella vaccination, usually given as measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, is thought to confer lifelong immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the rubella vaccine, the number of rubella cases has decreased significantly. (medscape.com)
  • Tickborne rickettsial diseases continue to cause severe illness and death in otherwise healthy adults and children, despite the availability of low-cost, effective antibacterial therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • SACRAMENTO - Today, in a statement issued by California Department of Public Health Director and State Public Health Officer Dr. Tomás Aragón, the department urged eligible Californians to get a COVID-19 booster vaccine following approval by the federal government and the Western States Scientific Safety Review Workshop . (ca.gov)
  • All eligible Californians will benefit from this added protection and should make receiving their booster vaccine a priority. (ca.gov)
  • initial vaccine then booster 2-4 weeks later. (kernroadvet.com)
  • Meanwhile, human trials of Albert Sabin's successful oral vaccine had begun in 1957, and it would be licensed for general use in 1961. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the only vaccine available against any human herpes-virus. (biopharma.com)
  • The nearly 2 µg of unmodified human DNA (from MRC-5 cells) present in each dose is reported to be the highest level in any approved pediatric vaccine. (biopharma.com)
  • An Ebola project harnesses state-of-the-art technologies that illuminate mechanisms of vaccine immunogenicity and reactogenicity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In 1942, Cox became head of the Virus and Rickettsial Research Department at Lederle Laboratories in New York. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vaccine potency (virus titer) decreases by an estimated 18% after 18 months storage at -15ËšC. (biopharma.com)
  • 2018) Valoración de un nuevo ensayo quimioluminiscente en comparación con ELISA en la detección de IgG contra el virus de la hepatitis E. Revista de la Sociedad Andaluza de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica. (vircell.com)
  • Measles inclusion body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. (unt.edu)
  • 2WHO Collaborative Centre for Rickettsial Reference and Research, Marseille, France. (who.int)
  • however, tickborne and nontickborne rickettsial illnesses typically encountered outside the United States are not addressed in detail in this report. (cdc.gov)
  • Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is an important resource for veterinary practitioners, animal health department officials, vaccine scientists, and veterinary students. (acco.be)
  • The vaccine has been shown to be 85% effective for protecting against all cases of chickenpox and nearly 100% effective in preventing severe cases, with only rare, mild side effects, such as soreness and swelling at the injection site. (biopharma.com)