Ricinus
Ixodes
Castor Bean
Nymph
Arachnid Vectors
Plant Lectins
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Tick-Borne Diseases
Babesia
Borrelia burgdorferi Group
Lectins
Anaplasmataceae
Babesia microti
Ricin
Ticks
Babesiosis
Lyme Disease
Castor Oil
Borrelia
Ehrlichiosis
Encephalitis, Tick-Borne
Rickettsia
Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
Arthropod Vectors
Ricinoleic Acids
Dermacentor
Disease Reservoirs
Ehrlichia
Deer
Nitrate Reductase (NADH)
Receptors, Mitogen
Borrelia burgdorferi
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Arvicolinae
Slovakia
Rodent Diseases
Wheat Germ Agglutinins
Ixodidae
Czechoslovakia
Acaricides
Bartonella Infections
Spirochaetales
Receptors, Concanavalin A
Concanavalin A
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Galactosides
Galactose
Mistletoe
Glossitis, Benign Migratory
Anaplasma
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Disease Vectors
Umbelliferones
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Nymphaea
Molecular Sequence Data
Zoonoses
Bartonella
Salivary Proteins and Peptides
Bartonella henselae
Alphaproteobacteria
Muridae
Salivary Glands
Czech Republic
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins
Seeds
Glycoconjugates
Larva
Lectins as membrane components of mitochondria from Ricinus communis. (1/117)
1. Mitochondria were isolated from developing endosperm of Ricinus communis and were fractionated into outer membrane and inner membrane. The relative purity of the two membrane fractions was determined by marker enzymes. The fractions were also examined by negative-stain electron microscopy. 2. Membrane fractions were sequentially extracted in the following way. (a) Suspension in 0.5M-potassium phosphate, pH7.1; (b)suspension in 0.1M-EDTA (disodium salt)/0.05M-potassium phosphate, pH7.1; (c) sonication in 0.05M-potassium phosphate, pH7.1;(d)sonication in aq. Triton X-100 (0.1%). The membranes were pelleted by centrifugation at 100 000g for 15 min, between each step. Agglutination activity in the extracts was investigated by using trypsin-treated rabbit erythrocytes. 3. The addition of lactose to inner mitochondrial membrane resulted in the solubilization of part of the lectin activity, indicating that the protein was attached to the membrane via its carbohydrate-binding site. Pretreatment of the membranes with lactose before tha usual extraction procedure showed that lactose could extract lectins that normally required more harsh treatment of the membrane for solubilization. 4. Lectins extracted from inner membranes were purified by affinity chromatography on agarose gel. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of purified samples in sodium dodecyl sulphate indicated that at least part of the lectin present in inner mitochondrial membrane was identical with the R. communis agglutinin of mol.wt. 120 000. (+info)Expression of Ricinus communis receptors on epithelial cells in oral carcinomas and oral wounds. (2/117)
The histological distribution of receptors for Ricinus communis Fraction 1 (RCA1) in oral carcinomas and in oral epithelial cells during wound healing has been studied by use of fluorescein-tagged RCA1. Biopsies from 15 human oral carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa showed RCA1 receptors at the cell membranes in the basal and spinous layer of the normal epithelium, whereas receptors could not be demonstrated in invading islands of the tumors. In healing oral wounds from eight humans and three monkeys, RCA1 receptors were demonstrated both in normal epithelium adjacent to the wounds and in the epithelial outgrowth from the wound margin. Titrations, however, showed that the epithelial outgrowth reacted more weakly than did the normal adjacent epithelium. These results support previous in vitro studies showing changes in carbohydrate composition of moving normal cells and of malignant cells, a finding that may be of interest in relation to formation of metastases. (+info)Nitrate reductases from leaves of Ricinus (Ricinus communis L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) have different regulatory properties. (3/117)
The activity of nitrate reductase (+Mg(2+), NR(act)) in illuminated leaves from spinach, barley and pea was 50-80% of the maximum activity (+EDTA, NR(max)). However, NR from leaves of Ricinus communis L. had a 10-fold lower NR(act), while NR(max) was similar to that in spinach leaves. The low NR(act) of Ricinus was independent of day-time and nitrate nutrition, and varied only slightly with leaf age. Possible factors in Ricinus extracts inhibiting NR were not found. NR(act) from Ricinus, unlike the spinach enzyme, was very low at pH 7.6, but much higher at more acidic pH with a distinct maximum at pH 6.5. NR(max) had a broad pH response profile that was similar for the spinach and the Ricinus enzyme. Accordingly, the Mg(2+)-sensitivity of NR from Ricinus was strongly pH-dependent (increasing sensitivity with increasing pH), and as a result, the apparent activation state of NR from a Ricinus extract varied dramatically with pH and Mg(2+)concentration. Following a light-dark transition, NR(act) from Ricinus decreased within 1 h by 40%, but this decrease was paralleled by NR(max). In contrast to the spinach enzyme, Ricinus-NR was hardly inactivated by incubating leaf extracts with ATP plus okadaic acid. A competition analysis with antibodies against the potential 14-3-3 binding site around ser 543 of the spinach enzyme revealed that Ricinus-NR contains the same site. Removal of 14-3-3 proteins from Ricinus-NR by anion exchange chromatography, activated spinach-NR but caused little if any activation of Ricinus-NR. It is suggested that Mg(2+)-inhibition of Ricinus-NR does not require 14-3-3 proteins. The rather slow changes in Ricinus-NR activity upon a light/dark transient may be mainly due to NR synthesis or degradation. (+info)Ultrastructural localization of lectin-binding sites on the zonae pellucidae and plasma membranes of mammalian eggs. (4/117)
Receptors for Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCAI), concanavalin A (Con A), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were localized on the zonae pellucidae and plasma membranes of hamster, mouse, and rat eggs with ferritin-lectin conjugates. Intact eggs labeled with the ferritin conjugates showed dense concentrations of RCAI and WGA receptors in the outermost regions of their zonae pellucidae and sparse distributions of Con A receptors throughout the zonae. Ferritin-lectin labeling was specific, since inhibitory saccharides effectively blocked labeling. The asymmetric density of RCAI receptors across the zona was confirmed by ferritin-RCAI and fluorescein-RCAI labeling of mechanically isolated zonae pellucidae, indicating that the RCAI-binding sites are more densely distributed in the exterior zona regions. Plasma membranes of rodent eggs contained RCAI, WGA, and Con A receptors. These receptors were found to be more or less randomly distributed on surfaces of aldehyde-fixed eggs or on eggs labeled near 0 degrees C. However, eggs incubated at 25 degrees C showed aggregated WGA- and Con A-binding site distributions on their plasma membranes. This indicates that lectin-induced receptor redistribution occurs at this temperature. The possibility that plasma membrane receptor mobility is a requirement for sperm-egg fusion is discussed. (+info)Leaf development in Ricinus communis during drought stress: dynamics of growth processes, of cellular structure and of sink-source transition. (5/117)
Dicot leaf growth is characterized by partly transient tip-to-base gradients of growth processes, structure and function. These gradients develop dynamically and interact with dynamically developing stress conditions like drought. In Ricinus communis plants growing under well-watered and drought conditions growth rates peaked during the late night and minimal values occurred in the late afternoon. During this diurnal course the leaf base always showed much higher rates than the leaf tip. The amplitude of this diurnal course decreased when leaves approached maturity and during drought stress without any significant alteration of the diurnal pattern and it increased during the first days after rewatering. Unique relationships between leaf size and cytological structure were observed. This provided the framework for the analysis of changes in assimilation, transpiration and dark respiration, chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrate, and amino acid concentrations, and of activities of sink-source-related enzymes at the leaf tip and base during leaf development in well-watered and drought-stressed plants. Gas exchange was dominated by physiological rather than by anatomical properties (stomatal density). Tip-to-base gradients in carbohydrate concentrations per dry weight and sink-source-related enzymes were absent, whereas significant gradients were found in amino acid concentrations per dry weight. During drought stress, growing leaves developed source function at smaller leaf size, before specific physiological adaptations to drought occurred. The relevance of the developmental status of individual leaves for the drought-stress response and of the structural changes for the biochemical composition changes is discussed. (+info)Characterization of group N streptococcus lipoteichoic acid. (6/117)
Lipoteichoic acid was extracted from the group N organism Streptococcus lactis ATCC 9936 with hot aqueous phenol and purified by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography using Ricinus communis lectin as the specific absorbent. The teichoic acid moiety of the lipoteichoic acid was calculated to contain 16 to 17 glycerol phosphate units, approximately half of which were substituted with alpha-D-galactosyl residues; the glycolipid moiety contained O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 2-O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 1-glycerol. The finding of 2-O-alpha-D-galactosyl glycerol in the lipid fraction of hydrofluoric acid hydrolysates suggests that fatty acids also occur as substituents on the main chain of the lipoteichoic acid. The reactivity of the lipoteichoic acid with R. communis lectin was studied by the quantitative precipitin method and compared with the reactivity of Lactobacillus fermenti lipoteichoic acid, which has a lower degree of alpha-D-galactosyl substitution. Group N antiserum reacted strongly with the S. lactis lipoteichoic acid and cross-reacted with L. fermenti lipoteichoic acid. From inhibition studies it is concluded that the antibodies are specific for alpha-D-galactosyl substituents. In addition to lipoteichoic acid, a fraction was obtained by gel chromatography which contained galactose and reacted with group N antiserum but could be distinguished from the lipoteichoic acid by immunoelectrophoresis. (+info)The ricinosomes of senescing plant tissue bud from the endoplasmic reticulum. (7/117)
The ricinosome (synonym, precursor protease vesicle) is a novel organelle, found so far exclusively in plant cells. Electron microscopic studies suggest that it buds off from the endoplasmic reticulum in senescing tissues. Biochemical support for this unusual origin now comes from the composition of the purified organelle, which contains large amounts of a 45-kDa cysteine endoprotease precursor with a C-terminal KDEL motif and the endoplasmic reticulum lumen residents BiP (binding protein) and protein disulfide isomerase. Western blot analysis, peptide sequencing, and mass spectrometry demonstrate retention of KDEL in the protease proform. Acidification of isolated ricinosomes causes castor bean cysteine endopeptidase activation, with cleavage of the N-terminal propeptide and the C-terminal KDEL motif. We propose that ricinosomes accumulate during senescence by programmed cell death and are activated by release of protons from acidic vacuoles. (+info)Lipolytic activity of ricin from Ricinus sanguineus and Ricinus communis on neutral lipids. (8/117)
The present study was carried out with a view of determining ricin lipolytic activity on neutral lipids in emulsion and in a membrane-like model. Using 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol tributyrate (BAL-TC(4)) as substrate, the lipolytic activity of ricin was found to be proportional to ricin and substrate concentrations, with an apparent K(m) (K(m,app)) of 2.4 mM, a k(cat) of 200 min(-1) and a specific activity of 1.0 unit/mg of protein. This work was extended to p-nitrophenyl (pNP) fatty acid esters containing two to twelve carbon atoms. Maximum lipolytic activity was registered on pNP decanoate (pNPC(10)), with a K(m,app) of 3.5 mM, a k(cat) of 173 min(-1) and a specific activity of 3.5 units/mg of protein. Ricin lipolytic activity is pH and galactose dependent, with a maximum at pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.2 M galactose. Using the monolayer technique with dicaprin as substrate, ricin showed a lipolytic activity proportional to the ricin concentration at 20 mN/m, which is dependent on the surface pressure of the lipid monolayer and is detectable up to 30 mN/m, a surface pressure that is of the same order of magnitude as that of natural cell membranes. The methods based on pNPC(10) and BAL-TC(4) hydrolysis are simple and reproducible; thus they can be used for routine studies of ricin lipolytic activity. Ricin from Ricinus communis and R. sanguineus were treated with diethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate, an irreversible serine esterase inhibitor, and their lipolytic activities on BAL-TC(4) and pNPC(10), and cytotoxic activity, were concurrently recorded. A reduction in lipolytic activity was accompanied by a decrease in cytotoxicity on Caco2 cells. These data support the idea that the lipolytic activity associated with ricin is relevant to a lipase whose activity is pH and galactose dependent, sensitive to diethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate, and that a lipolytic step may be involved in the process of cell poisoning by ricin. Both colorimetric tests used in this study are sensitive enough to be helpful in the detection of possible lipolytic activities associated with other cytotoxins or lectins. (+info)Synonyms: tick bites, tick infestations, tick-borne illnesses, tick-transmitted diseases.
Antonyms: none.
Types of Tick Infestations:
1. Lyme disease: Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Symptoms include fever, headache, and a distinctive skin rash.
2. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). Symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash with small purple spots.
3. Tick-borne relapsing fever: Caused by the bacterium Borrelia duttoni, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected soft tick (Ornithodoros moenia). Symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash with small purple spots.
4. Babesiosis: Caused by the parasite Babesia microti, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Symptoms include fever, chills, and fatigue.
5. Anaplasmosis: Caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Symptoms include fever, headache, and muscle aches.
Causes and Risk Factors:
1. Exposure to ticks: The risk of developing tick-borne diseases is high in areas where ticks are common, such as wooded or grassy areas with long grass or leaf litter.
2. Warm weather: Ticks are most active during warm weather, especially in the spring and summer months.
3. Outdoor activities: People who engage in outdoor activities, such as hiking, camping, or gardening, are at higher risk of exposure to ticks.
4. Poor tick awareness: Not knowing how to protect yourself from ticks or not being aware of the risks of tick-borne diseases can increase your likelihood of getting sick.
5. Lack of tick prevention measures: Failing to use tick repellents, wear protective clothing, or perform regular tick checks can increase your risk of exposure to ticks and tick-borne diseases.
Prevention and Treatment:
1. Tick awareness: Learn how to identify ticks, the risks of tick-borne diseases, and how to protect yourself from ticks.
2. Use tick repellents: Apply tick repellents to your skin and clothing before going outdoors, especially in areas where ticks are common.
3. Wear protective clothing: Wear long sleeves, pants, and closed-toe shoes to cover your skin and make it harder for ticks to attach to you.
4. Perform regular tick checks: Check yourself, children, and pets frequently for ticks when returning indoors, especially after spending time outdoors in areas where ticks are common.
5. Remove attached ticks: If you find a tick on your body, remove it promptly and correctly to reduce the risk of infection.
6. Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear: Treating your clothing and gear with permethrin can help repel ticks and reduce the risk of infection.
7. Vaccination: There are vaccines available for some tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, which can help protect against these illnesses.
8. Early treatment: If you suspect that you have been bitten by a tick and develop symptoms of a tick-borne disease, seek medical attention promptly. Early treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.
It's important to note that not all ticks carry diseases, but it's always better to be safe than sorry. By following these tips, you can reduce your risk of tick bites and the potential for tick-borne illnesses.
Some common tick-borne diseases include:
1. Lyme disease: This is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States, and it is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and a distinctive rash, and if left untreated, can lead to joint pain, swelling, and long-term health problems.
2. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: This is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, and it can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and a rash with tiny red spots. It can be severe and even life-threatening if left untreated.
3. Babesiosis: This is a tick-borne disease caused by the parasite Babesia, and it can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue. It can be particularly dangerous for people with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly or those with chronic illnesses.
4. Anaplasmosis: This is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma, and it can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle pain. It can be severe and even life-threatening if left untreated.
5. Powassan virus disease: This is a rare tick-borne disease caused by the Powassan virus, and it can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and confusion. It can be severe and even life-threatening if left untreated.
Prevention of tick-borne diseases includes protecting against tick bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and doing regular tick checks. Early detection and treatment of tick-borne diseases can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Symptoms of babesiosis can vary in severity and may include:
* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle and joint pain
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Anemia (low red blood cell count)
In severe cases, babesiosis can lead to complications such as:
* Hemolytic anemia (breakdown of red blood cells)
* Kidney failure
* Respiratory distress syndrome
* Septic shock
Babesiosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:
* Blood smear
* Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
* Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Treatment for babesiosis typically involves the use of antimicrobial drugs, such as azithromycin and atovaquone, or clindamycin and primaquine. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications.
Prevention of babesiosis primarily involves protecting against tick bites through measures such as:
* Using insect repellents containing DEET or permethrin
* Wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, and tucking pant legs into socks
* Checking for ticks on the body after spending time outdoors
* Removing any attached ticks promptly and correctly
Early detection and treatment of babesiosis can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for affected individuals.
Lyme disease is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can help to clear the infection and alleviate symptoms.
Prevention of Lyme disease involves protecting against tick bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing when outdoors, and conducting regular tick checks. Early detection and treatment of Lyme disease can help to prevent long-term complications, such as joint inflammation and neurological problems.
In this definition, we have used technical terms such as 'bacterial infection', 'blacklegged tick', 'Borrelia burgdorferi', and 'antibiotics' to provide a more detailed understanding of the medical concept.
Symptoms of ehrlichiosis typically begin within one to two weeks after the tick bite and may include fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, and rash. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause more serious complications, such as respiratory distress, liver failure, and kidney failure.
Ehrlichiosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect the bacterial DNA in the blood. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin, which are effective against the bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis.
Prevention of ehrlichiosis primarily involves avoiding tick habitats and using tick-repellent clothing and insecticides to prevent tick bites. Early detection and treatment of ehrlichiosis can help reduce the risk of serious complications and improve outcomes for infected individuals.
A viral infection that affects the brain and spinal cord, caused by a tick-borne virus. Also called TBEV (Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus). The symptoms of this condition include fever, headache, muscle weakness, confusion, and difficulty speaking or understanding speech. In severe cases, it can lead to inflammation of the brain, seizures, and even death.
Tick-borne encephalitis is most commonly found in Asia, Europe, and parts of North America. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, typically found in forested areas and grasslands. There is no specific treatment for tick-borne encephalitis, but antiviral medications and supportive care may be given to help manage symptoms. Prevention involves avoiding tick habitats and using protective measures such as insect repellents and clothing coverage when outdoors.
* Anaplasmosis: This is a disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Symptoms of anaplasmosis include fever, chills, headache, and muscle aches.
* Babesiosis: This is a disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Babesia microti, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Symptoms of babesiosis include fever, chills, headache, and fatigue.
* Ehrlichiosis: This is a disease caused by the bacterium Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Symptoms of ehrlichiosis include fever, headache, muscle aches, and joint pain.
* Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI): This is a disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia parkeri, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Symptoms of STARI include fever, headache, muscle aches, and a characteristic rash.
All these diseases caused by Anaplasmataceae infections can be treated with antibiotics. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.
There are several types of Borrelia infections, including:
1. Lyme disease: This is the most common Borrelia infection, and it is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and a distinctive rash called erythema migrans.
2. Babesiosis: This infection is caused by the bacterium Borrelia microti and is transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). It can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue.
3. Anaplasmosis: This infection is caused by the bacterium Borrelia anaplasmataceae and is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle pain.
4. Relapsing fever: This infection is caused by the bacterium Borrelia hermsii and is transmitted through the bite of an infected soft tick (Ornithodoros mojavensis). It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and joint pain.
Borrelia infections can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can help to clear the infection and alleviate symptoms.
Prevention of Borrelia infections involves protecting against tick bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and doing regular tick checks. It is also important to be aware of the risks of Borrelia infections in different regions and to take appropriate precautions when traveling or spending time outdoors.
Overall, while Borrelia infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, they are treatable with antibiotics and preventable through awareness and protection against tick bites. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early treatment can help to improve outcomes.
1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): This is a severe respiratory disease caused by the hantavirus, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms of HPS can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Leptospirosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira, which is found in the urine of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
3. Rat-bite fever: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Streptobacillus moniliformis, which is found in the saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
4. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM): This is a viral infection caused by the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
5. Tularemia: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can be transmitted to humans through contact with rodents. It is important to take precautions when handling or removing rodents, as they can pose a serious health risk. If you suspect that you have been exposed to a rodent-borne disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Ectoparasitic Infestations can be caused by various factors such as poor hygiene, close contact with infected individuals, or exposure to areas where the parasites are present. They can be diagnosed through physical examination and medical tests, such as blood tests or skin scrapings.
Treatment for Ectoparasitic Infestations depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infestation. Common treatments include insecticides, medicated shampoos, and topical creams or lotions. In some cases, oral medications may be prescribed to treat more severe infestations.
Prevention is key in avoiding Ectoparasitic Infestations. This includes practicing good hygiene, using protective clothing and gear when outdoors, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have known infestations. Regularly inspecting and cleaning living spaces can also help prevent the spread of these parasites.
In conclusion, Ectoparasitic Infestations are a common health issue that can cause a range of health problems. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the type of parasite and the severity of the infestation, while prevention involves practicing good hygiene and taking precautions to avoid close contact with individuals who have known infestations.
Symptoms of glossitis, benign migratory include:
Painful patches on the tongue that come and go
Difficulty speaking or eating due to discomfort
Tongue appears to have a map-like pattern with different areas having different textures
Burning sensation in the mouth
Redness and swelling of the tongue
The condition is diagnosed based on the appearance of the tongue and the patient's symptoms. Treatment options include avoiding trigger foods, practicing good oral hygiene, using topical anesthetics or anti-inflammatory medications, and in severe cases, corticosteroid therapy.
While the condition is not serious, it can cause significant discomfort and affect quality of life. Therefore, if you experience symptoms of glossitis, benign migratory, it is essential to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Here are some common types of bites and stings and their symptoms:
1. Insect bites: These can cause redness, swelling, itching, and pain at the site of the bite. Some people may experience an allergic reaction to insect venom, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Common insect bites include mosquito bites, bee stings, wasp stings, hornet stings, and fire ant bites.
2. Spider bites: Spiders can also cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, pain, and itching. Some spider bites can be serious and require medical attention, such as the black widow spider bite or the brown recluse spider bite. These bites can cause necrotic lesions, muscle cramps, and breathing difficulties.
3. Animal bites: Animal bites can be serious and can cause infection, swelling, pain, and scarring. Rabies is a potential risk with animal bites, especially if the animal is not up to date on its vaccinations. Common animal bites include dog bites, cat bites, and bat bites.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may experience an allergic reaction to insect or animal bites or stings, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include hives, itching, difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, tongue, or throat, and a rapid heartbeat.
5. Infections: Bites and stings can also cause infections, especially if the wound becomes infected or is not properly cleaned and cared for. Symptoms of an infection include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and pus.
It's important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms after a bite or sting, as they can be serious and potentially life-threatening. A healthcare professional can assess the severity of the injury and provide appropriate treatment.
Zoonoses (zoonosis) refers to infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, and can be spread through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
Examples of Zoonoses
Some common examples of zoonoses include:
1. Rabies: a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal, typically dogs, bats, or raccoons.
2. Lyme disease: a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is spread to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis).
3. Toxoplasmosis: a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated cat feces or undercooked meat.
4. Leptospirosis: a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans, which is spread to humans through contact with contaminated water or soil.
5. Avian influenza (bird flu): a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.
Transmission of Zoonoses
Zoonoses can be transmitted to humans in a variety of ways, including:
1. Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
2. Contact with contaminated soil, water, or other environmental sources.
3. Through vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas.
4. By consuming contaminated food or water.
5. Through close contact with an infected person or animal.
Prevention of Zoonoses
Preventing the transmission of zoonoses requires a combination of personal protective measures, good hygiene practices, and careful handling of animals and animal products. Some strategies for preventing zoonoses include:
1. Washing hands frequently, especially after contact with animals or their waste.
2. Avoiding direct contact with wild animals and avoiding touching or feeding stray animals.
3. Cooking meat and eggs thoroughly to kill harmful bacteria.
4. Keeping pets up to date on vaccinations and preventative care.
5. Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly poultry and pork.
6. Using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing when outdoors in areas where vectors are prevalent.
7. Implementing proper sanitation and hygiene practices in animal housing and husbandry.
8. Implementing strict biosecurity measures on farms and in animal facilities to prevent the spread of disease.
9. Providing education and training to individuals working with animals or in areas where zoonoses are prevalent.
10. Monitoring for and reporting cases of zoonotic disease to help track and control outbreaks.
Conclusion
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, posing a significant risk to human health and animal welfare. Understanding the causes, transmission, and prevention of zoonoses is essential for protecting both humans and animals from these diseases. By implementing appropriate measures such as avoiding contact with wild animals, cooking meat thoroughly, keeping pets up to date on vaccinations, and implementing proper sanitation and biosecurity practices, we can reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission and protect public health and animal welfare.
Insects such as mosquitoes, wasps, bees, and hornets are common culprits of bites and stings that cause minor to severe reactions in humans. These reactions may cause pain, redness, swelling, itching, and burning sensations at the site of the bite or sting.
Most insect bites and stings can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams, or calamine lotion. Severe allergic reactions may require medical attention and epinephrine injections to prevent anaphylaxis.
Ricinus
Ricinus (insect)
Ricinus vaderi
Ixodes ricinus
Drupa ricinus
Hydaticus ricinus
Heliconius ricini
Olepa ricini
Amphobotrys ricini
Samia ricini
Odites ricini
Aleurone
Flora of Malta
Haller's organ
Ricin
Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
Eccopsis wahlbergiana
Gnathosoma
Calliphara nobilis
Richmond Park
Drupa (gastropod)
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Stomphastis conflua
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Jonah 4
Ricinidae
List of fungi of South Africa - M
List of fungi of South Africa - U
Bartonella henselae
List of poisonous plants
PLAZA 3.0 Dicots : Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis in Flora of Missouri @ efloras.org
Taxonomy browser (Ricinus communis)
Transmission of Bartonella henselae by Ixodes ricinus - PubMed
Transmission of Bartonella henselae by Ixodes ricinus - Volume 14, Number 7-July 2008 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -...
Nahuby.sk - Fotografia - kliešť obyčajný Ixodes ricinus
DailyMed - BODY PURE (.alpha.-lipoic acid and avena sativa flowering top and ricinus communis seed and solidago virgaurea...
"Seedling Emergence and Growth of <i>Ricinus communis</i> L. Cultivars " by Youping Sun,...
Ricinus
Subjects: Ricinus - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
castorbean (Ricinus communis) - bplant.org
Castor Oil - Ricinus Communis - BEARDFLUENCE
Ricinus - Amateur Bot-ann-ist
Castor Ricinus Soap | 綠果 GREENCONUT
Wildlife Photography - Castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus)
Buy Oleum ricini CH Online - Schwabe India
Aceite de ricino - 16 onzas - Keto Kerri
Buy Amanakku Leaf, Ricinus Communis, Castor Seed Castor Plant Online - Bookmarkrush
Refubium - Häufigkeit von Ixodes ricinus Zecken und Prävalenz von humanpathogenen Lyme
Borrelien
Fractionation of Stable Cadmium Isotopes in the Cadmium Tolerant Ricinus communis and Hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum. | Sci...
Approaches for the Detection of Toxic Compounds in Castor and Physic Nut Seeds and Cakes | IntechOpen
Crops | Trees, palms & pandanus | Trees | Ricinus, castor oil | Ricinus, slug caterpillars, Guyana - PestNet
Castor Oil, Organic
ArboCat Virus: Russian Spring Summer Encephalitis (RSSEV)
Color stability and surface roughness of artificial teeth brushed with an experimental Ricinus communis toothpaste
Boiron Digestive Medicines | Boiron USA
Genes search | AnalogYeast
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection Alters the Sialome of Ixodes ricinus Ticks During the Earliest Stages of Feeding
![10. L. Ricinus. I. Girasole. G. Palme de Christ. Ge. Mollencruyt ofte. Wunderbaum. [Castor Oil Plant] | Sanders of Oxford](data:image/png;base64,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)
10. L. Ricinus. I. Girasole. G. Palme de Christ. Ge. Mollencruyt ofte. Wunderbaum. [Castor Oil Plant] | Sanders of OxfordCommunis14
- Ricinus communis , the castor oil plant, is a flowering plant from the Euphorbiaceae family. (ugent.be)
- Draft genome sequence of the oilseed species Ricinus communis. (ugent.be)
- Seedling Emergence and Growth of Ricinus communis L. Cultivars " by Youping Sun, Genhua Niu et al. (usu.edu)
- Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the salt tolerance of five cultivars ('Brigham', 'Energia', 'Hale', 'Memphis', and 'Ultra dwarf') and one hybrid ('HCastor') of castor (Ricinus communis L.) by germinating seeds in saline substrate and irrigating plants with saline solutions. (usu.edu)
- Caster bean ( Ricinus communis ) plants grow wild along the roads in Sicily. (amateurbotannist.com)
- Ricinus communis seeds from Loree over at Danger Garden . (amateurbotannist.com)
- Fractionation of Stable Cadmium Isotopes in the Cadmium Tolerant Ricinus communis and Hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, the present study adopted the Cd-tolerant Ricinus communis and Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum , which were cultured under controlled conditions in a nutrient solution with variable Cd supply , to test the isotopic fractionation of Cd during plant uptake. (bvsalud.org)
- The mass balance of Cd isotope yields isotope fractionations between plant and Cd source (δ(114/110)Cdorgans- solution ) of -0.70 to -0.22 in Ricinus communis and -0.51 to -0.33 in Solanum nigrum . (bvsalud.org)
- Aim: To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of brushing with a Ricinus communis-based experimental toothpaste on color stability and surface roughness of artificial teeth. (bvsalud.org)
- After baseline measurements, samples were assigned to 10 groups (n=9) according to the artificial tooth shade and type of toothpaste used during the mechanical brushing test (Pepsodent, MAVTEC): Sorriso Dentes Brancos - SDB, Colgate Luminous White - CLW (Colgate-Palmolive), Close up White Now - CWN (Unilever), Trihydral - THL (Perland Pharmacos) and Ricinus communis - RCE (Experimental). (bvsalud.org)
- Conclusions: The experimental Ricinus communis toothpaste did not cause color and surface roughness alteration in the artificial teeth, and it may be considered a suitable option for denture cleaning. (bvsalud.org)
- Castor oil is a natural oil derived from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis. (nih.gov)
- Ricinus communis (castor oil plant) contain the toxin ricin. (medlineplus.gov)
Ixodes10
- However, new potential vectors are suspected of transmitting B. henselae, in particular, Ixodes ricinus, the most abundant ixodid tick that bites humans in western Europe. (nih.gov)
- Experimental framework of Ixodes ricinus tick infection by Bartonella henselae -infected blood. (nih.gov)
- Ixodes ricinus is the most widespread and abundant ixodid tick in western Europe and is frequently associated with bites in humans. (cdc.gov)
- 6. [Ixodes ricinus, transmitted diseases and reservoirs]. (nih.gov)
- 9. Risk indicators for the tick Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Sweden. (nih.gov)
- 11. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in selected South Bohemian locations (Czech Republic). (nih.gov)
- 14. TBE incidence versus virus prevalence and increased prevalence of the TBE virus in Ixodes ricinus removed from humans. (nih.gov)
- 16. Assessing the abundance, seasonal questing activity, and Borrelia and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalence of Ixodes ricinus ticks in a Lyme borreliosis endemic area in Southwest Finland. (nih.gov)
- 20. Prevalences of tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus populations of the Rhine-Main region, Germany. (nih.gov)
- Ixodes ricinus (in Europe) and Ixodes scapularis (in Canada and the United States) carry Borrelia , the bacteria that cause Lyme disease . (medscape.com)
Ticks1
- We used a membrane-feeding technique to infect I. ricinus with B. henselae and demonstrate transmission of B. henselae within I. ricinus across developmental stages, migration or multiplication of B. henselae in salivary glands after a second meal, and transmission of viable and infective B. henselae from ticks to blood. (nih.gov)
20161
- 2016. Ricinus Linnaeus, Sp. (nih.gov)
Lyme2
- Die Lyme-Borreliose in Europa ist eine durch I. ricinus übertragene zoonotische, bakterielle Infektionserkrankung des Menschen durch Spirochäten, die dem Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l. (fu-berlin.de)
- Die vorliegende Dissertation konzentrierte sich auf die Risikobestimmung und damit auch auf den Bereich der Prävention von Lyme-Borreliose, indem sie die Verteilungs- und Aktivitätsmuster von wirtssuchenden Nymphen und Adulten I. ricinus an drei periurbanen Berliner Standorten (Gatow, Tegel, Wannsee) über drei Jahre sowohl groß- als auch kleinräumig untersuchte und diese mit der Bestimmung von standortbezogenen Prävalenzen humanpathogener Lyme-Borrelien und dem daraus resultierenden theoretischen Expositionsrisiko kombinierte. (fu-berlin.de)
Results1
- These results provide evidence that I. ricinus is a competent vector for B. henselae. (nih.gov)
Henselae1
- These results provide evidence that I. ricinus is a competent vector for B. henselae . (cdc.gov)
Tick1
- I. ricinus is one of the most abundant tick species in Italy, having a very low host specificity and a record of attacking large numbers of humans. (medscape.com)
