AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
RibosomesRibosomal ProteinsRibosome Subunits, Small, BacterialProtein BiosynthesisRibosome SubunitsRibosome Subunits, Large, BacterialRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticRNA, RibosomalRibosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1Escherichia coliRNA, TransferPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalPeptide Elongation Factor GRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalRNA, BacterialPuromycinPoly UPolyribosomesNucleic Acid ConformationPeptide Elongation FactorsBase SequenceMolecular Sequence DataRNA, MessengerRibosome Subunits, SmallRNA, Ribosomal, 23S5' Untranslated RegionsPeptide BiosynthesisPeptide Elongation Factor TuCodonCodon, InitiatorCentrifugation, Density GradientGuanosine TriphosphatePeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalBinding SitesCryoelectron MicroscopyRibosome Subunits, LargePeptide Initiation FactorsThiostreptonRicinPhenylalanineRNA, Ribosomal, 28SCodon, TerminatorThermus thermophilusCell NucleolusModels, MolecularSaccharomyces cerevisiaeReticulocytesRNA, Transfer, PhePeptide Elongation Factor 2GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation FactorsRNA, Transfer, MetMutationPeptidyl TransferasesEscherichia coli ProteinsRibonucleasesRNA, Ribosomal, 18SPeptide Termination FactorsCell-Free SystemBacterial ProteinsFusidic AcidProtein BindingSparsomycinAnticodonAmino Acid SequenceKineticsChloramphenicolRNA-Binding ProteinsParomomycinViomycinSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsRNA, FungalRNAProtein Synthesis InhibitorsRNA, ViralMagnesiumRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalDihydrostreptomycin SulfateCell FractionationRNA CapsProkaryotic Initiation Factor-3Frameshifting, RibosomalCarbon IsotopesStreptomycinEndoplasmic Reticulum, RoughLincomycinErythromycinEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4GRNA, Ribosomal, 5.8SPicornaviridaeMicroscopy, ElectronEukaryotic Initiation Factor-3Signal Recognition ParticleGTP PhosphohydrolasesTritiumTranscription, GeneticRibonucleoproteinsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOpen Reading FramesRNA Precursors
Ribosomes
Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Ribosomal Proteins
Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.
Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial
The small subunit of eubacterial RIBOSOMES. It is composed of the 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and about 23 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.
Protein Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Ribosome Subunits
The two dissimilar sized ribonucleoprotein complexes that comprise a RIBOSOME - the large ribosomal subunit and the small ribosomal subunit. The eukaryotic 80S ribosome is composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit. The bacterial 70S ribosome is composed of a 50S large subunit and a 30S small subunit.
Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial
The large subunit of the eubacterial 70s ribosome. It is composed of the 23S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA, and about 37 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.
Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic
The large subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5.8S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA, and about 50 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic
The small subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA and 32 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of only the toxic A subunit, which is a polypeptide of around 30 kDa.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to the lengthening chain of PEPTIDES.
Peptide Elongation Factor G
Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Puromycin
A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
Poly U
A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
Polyribosomes
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Peptide Elongation Factors
Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Ribosome Subunits, Small
The small ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the MESSENGER RNA binding site and two TRANSFER RNA binding sites - one for the incoming AMINO ACYL TRNA (A site) and the other (P site) for the peptidyl tRNA carrying the elongating peptide chain.
RNA, Ribosomal, 23S
Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
5' Untranslated Regions
The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.
Peptide Biosynthesis
The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP.
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Codon, Initiator
A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Guanosine Triphosphate
Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the terminal amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. This termination process is signaled from the MESSENGER RNA, by one of three termination codons (CODON, TERMINATOR) that immediately follows the last amino acid-specifying CODON.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Cryoelectron Microscopy
Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.
Ribosome Subunits, Large
The largest ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the domains which catalyze formation of the peptide bond and translocation of the ribosome along the MESSENGER RNA during GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Peptide Initiation Factors
Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Thiostrepton
One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.
Ricin
A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.
Phenylalanine
An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
Codon, Terminator
Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.
Thermus thermophilus
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline pH, as well as in hot-water heaters.
Cell Nucleolus
Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Reticulocytes
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
RNA, Transfer, Phe
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Peptide Elongation Factor 2
Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors
Factors that utilize energy from the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP for peptide chain elongation. EC 3.6.1.-.
RNA, Transfer, Met
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. During initiation of protein synthesis, tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (CODON, INITIATOR).
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Peptidyl Transferases
Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.
Escherichia coli Proteins
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Ribonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
Peptide Termination Factors
Proteins that are involved in the peptide chain termination reaction (PEPTIDE CHAIN TERMINATION, TRANSLATIONAL) on RIBOSOMES. They include codon-specific class-I release factors, which recognize stop signals (TERMINATOR CODON) in the MESSENGER RNA; and codon-nonspecific class-II release factors.
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Fusidic Acid
An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Sparsomycin
An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.
Anticodon
The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
RNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.
Paromomycin
An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various STREPTOMYCES.
Viomycin
A strongly basic peptide, antibiotic complex from several strains of Streptomyces. It is allergenic and toxic to kidneys and the labyrinth. Viomycin is used in tuberculosis as several different salts and in combination with other agents.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
RNA, Fungal
Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Magnesium
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate
A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.
Cell Fractionation
Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.
RNA Caps
Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-3
A prokaryotic initiation factor that plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits for a new round of translational initiation. It binds to 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and stimulates the dissociation of vacant 70S ribosomes. It may also be involved in the preferential binding of initiator tRNA to the 30S initiation complex.
Frameshifting, Ribosomal
A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein from two or more OVERLAPPING GENES. The process is programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the MRNA and is sometimes also affected by the secondary or tertiary mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in VIRUSES (especially RETROVIRUSES); RETROTRANSPOSONS; and bacterial insertion elements but also in some cellular genes.
Carbon Isotopes
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
Streptomycin
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough
A type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the ER membranes. This form of ER is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion and its principal function is to segregate proteins destined for export or intracellular utilization.
Lincomycin
An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.
Erythromycin
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4G
A component of eukaryotic initiation factor-4F that is involved in multiple protein interactions at the site of translation initiation. Thus it may serve a role in bringing together various initiation factors at the site of translation initiation.
RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
Picornaviridae
A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: APHTHOVIRUS; CARDIOVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; ERBOVIRUS; HEPATOVIRUS; KOBUVIRUS; PARECHOVIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; and TESCHOVIRUS.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3
A multisubunit eukaryotic initiation factor that contains at least 8 distinct polypeptides. It plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits to the site of transcription initiation by promoting the dissociation of non-translating ribosomal subunits. It also is involved in promoting the binding of a ternary complex of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2; GTP; and INITIATOR TRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit.
Signal Recognition Particle
A cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex that acts to induce elongation arrest of nascent presecretory and membrane proteins until the ribosome becomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of a 7S RNA and at least six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68, and 72K).
GTP Phosphohydrolases
Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
Tritium
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Ribonucleoproteins
Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Open Reading Frames
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
RNA Precursors
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

Structural and functional changes in acute liver injury. (1/8245)

Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cell injury in a variety of animal species. The first structurally recognizable changes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, with alteration in ribosome-membrane interactions. Later there is an increase in intracellular fat, and the formation of tangled nets of the ergastoplasm. At no time are there changes in mitochondria or single membrane limited bodies in cells with intact plasmalemma, although a relative increase in cell sap may appear. In dead cells (those with plasmalemma discontinuties) crystalline deposits of calcium phosphatase may be noted. Functional changes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. An early decrease in protein synthesis takes place; an accumulation of neutral lipid is related to this change. Later alterations in the ergastoplasmic functions (e.g., mixed function oxidation) occurs. Carbon tetrachloride is not the active agent; rather, a product of its metabolism, probably the CC1, free radical, is. The mechanisms of injury include macromolecular adduction and peroxide propagation. A third possibility includes a cascade effect with the production of secondary and tertiary products, also toxic in nature, with the ability to produce more widespread damage to intracellular structures.  (+info)

NMD3 encodes an essential cytoplasmic protein required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (2/8245)

A mutation in NMD3 was found to be lethal in the absence of XRN1, which encodes the major cytoplasmic exoribonuclease responsible for mRNA turnover. Molecular genetic analysis of NMD3 revealed that it is an essential gene required for stable 60S ribosomal subunits. Cells bearing a temperature-sensitive allele of NMD3 had decreased levels of 60S subunits at the nonpermissive temperature which resulted in the formation of half-mer polysomes. Pulse-chase analysis of rRNA biogenesis indicated that 25S rRNA was made and processed with kinetics similar to wild-type kinetics. However, the mature RNA was rapidly degraded, with a half-life of 4 min. Nmd3p fractionated as a cytoplasmic protein and sedimented in the position of free 60S subunits in sucrose gradients. These results suggest that Nmd3p is a cytoplasmic factor required for a late cytoplasmic assembly step of the 60S subunit but is not a ribosomal protein. Putative orthologs of Nmd3p exist in Drosophila, in nematodes, and in archaebacteria but not in eubacteria. The Nmd3 protein sequence does not contain readily recognizable motifs of known function. However, these proteins all have an amino-terminal domain containing four repeats of Cx2C, reminiscent of zinc-binding proteins, implicated in nucleic acid binding or protein oligomerization.  (+info)

Single atom modification (O-->S) of tRNA confers ribosome binding. (3/8245)

Escherichia coli tRNALysSUU, as well as human tRNALys3SUU, has 2-thiouridine derivatives at wobble position 34 (s2U*34). Unlike the native tRNALysSUU, the full-length, unmodified transcript of human tRNALys3UUU and the unmodified tRNALys3UUU anticodon stem/loop (ASLLys3UUU) did not bind AAA- or AAG-programmed ribosomes. In contrast, the completely unmodified yeast tRNAPhe anticodon stem/loop (ASLPheGAA) had an affinity (Kd = 136+/-49 nM) similar to that of native yeast tRNAPheGmAA (Kd = 103+/-19 nM). We have found that the single, site-specific substitution of s2U34 for U34 to produce the modified ASLLysSUU was sufficient to restore ribosomal binding. The modified ASLLysSUU bound the ribosome with an affinity (Kd = 176+/-62 nM) comparable to that of native tRNALysSUU (Kd = 70+/-7 nM). Furthermore, in binding to the ribosome, the modified ASLLys3SUU produced the same 16S P-site tRNA footprint as did native E. coli tRNALysSUU, yeast tRNAPheGmAA, and the unmodified ASLPheGAA. The unmodified ASLLys3UUU had no footprint at all. Investigations of thermal stability and structure monitored by UV spectroscopy and NMR showed that the dynamic conformation of the loop of modified ASLLys3SUU was different from that of the unmodified ASLLysUUU, whereas the stems were isomorphous. Based on these and other data, we conclude that s2U34 in tRNALysSUU and in other s2U34-containing tRNAs is critical for generating an anticodon conformation that leads to effective codon interaction in all organisms. This is the first example of a single atom substitution (U34-->s2U34) that confers the property of ribosomal binding on an otherwise inactive tRNA.  (+info)

Studies on a nonpolysomal ribonucleoprotein coding for myosin heavy chains from chick embryonic muscles. (4/8245)

A messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particle containing the mRNA coding for the myosin heavy chain (MHC mRNA) has been isolated from the postpolysomal fraction of homogenates of 14-day-old chick embryonic muscles. The mRNP sediments in sucrose gradient as 120 S and has a characteristic buoyant density of 1.415 g/cm3, which corresponds to an RNA:protein ratio of 1:3.8. The RNA isolated from the 120 S particle behaved like authentic MHC mRNA purified from chick embryonic muscles with respect to electrophoretic mobility and ability to program the synthesis of myosin heavy chain in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system as judged by multi-step co-purification of the in vitro products with chick embryonic leg muscle myosin added as carrier. The RNA obtained from the 120 S particle was as effective as purified MHC mRNA in stimulating the synthesis of the complete myosin heavy chains in rabbit reticulocyte lysate under conditions where non-muscle mRNAs had no such effect. Analysis of the protein moieties of the 120 S particle by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows the presence of seven distinct polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 44,000, 49,000, 53,000, 81,000, 83,000, and 98,000, whereas typical ribosomal proteins are absent. These results indicate that the 120 S particles are distinct cellular entities unrelated to ribosomes or initiation complexes. The presence of muscle-specific mRNAs as cytoplasmic mRNPs suggests that these particles may be involved in translational control during myogenesis in embryonic muscles.  (+info)

Purification and characterization of initiation factor IF-E2 from rabbit reticulocytes. (5/8245)

Initiation factor IF-E2 was isolated from rabbit reticulocytes and purified 120-fold to near homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose, and, when suitable, by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The factor is a complex protein containing three nonidentical polypeptides of molecular weight 57,000, 52,000, and 36,000. It behaves as a complex throughout its purification and during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in nondenaturing buffer but its thress components are readily separated by electrophoresis in denaturing buffers. None of its components corresponds to any of the polypeptides of the other initiation factors or to any proteins of ribosomes washed in buffers containing a high salf concentration. A stoichiometric ratio of 1:1:1 was determined for the three polypeptides; based on the assumption of one copy each per complex, the calculated factor molecular weight is 145,000, a value in agreement with the measured value of 160,000. Initiation factor IF-E2 was radioactively labeled in vitro by reductive alkylation or by phosphorylation with a protein kinase also isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. Neither procedure causes a measurable change in the ability of the factor to form a ternary complex with GTP and the initiator methionyl-tRNA. 5'-Guanylyl-methylenediphosphonate may substitute for GTP, but only at relatively high concentrations. The binding of labeled initiation factor IF-E2 and methionyl-tRNA to the 40 S ribosomal subunit was studied by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Appreciable binding of the factor is seen only when all three components of the ternary complex are included in the reaction mixture. The binding of either the factor or methionyl-tRNA was not stimulated by the addition of globin messenger RNA and initiation factor IF-E3. It was shown that all three polypeptide components of initiation factor IF-E2 are bound to these nascent initiation complexes.  (+info)

Structure and functions of nucleolin. (6/8245)

Nucleolin is an abundant protein of the nucleolus. Nucleolar proteins structurally related to nucleolin are found in organisms ranging from yeast to plants and mammals. The association of several structural domains in nucleolin allows the interaction of nucleolin with different proteins and RNA sequences. Nucleolin has been implicated in chromatin structure, rDNA transcription, rRNA maturation, ribosome assembly and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Studies of nucleolin over the last 25 years have revealed a fascinating role for nucleolin in ribosome biogenesis. The involvement of nucleolin at multiple steps of this biosynthetic pathway suggests that it could play a key role in this highly integrated process.  (+info)

Use of an internal ribosome entry site for bicistronic expression of Cre recombinase or rtTA transactivator. (7/8245)

Conditional gene targeting depends on tissue and time specificity of recombination events. Endogenous promoters are often used to drive various transgenic constructs. To avoid the problems associated with reconstituting a specific expression pattern in transgenic animals by this method, we tested the internal ribosome entry site of the encephalomyocarditis virus, to enable linkage of the Cre recombinase or rtTA trans-activator to 3' untranslated ends of endogenous genes. Here we report that these constructs function effectively in COS cells. The data suggest that these cassettes will be appropriate for 3' targeting of mouse genes.  (+info)

Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (8/8245)

Synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes were compared. Two indexes, G + C base composition of a gene (fgc) and fraction of translationally optimal codons of the gene (fop), were used in the comparison. Synonymous codon usage data of all the coding sequences on a genome are represented as a cloud of points in the plane of fop vs. fgc. The Escherichia coli coding sequences appear to exhibit two phases, "rising" and "flat" phases. Genes that are essential for survival and are thought to be native are located in the flat phase, while foreign-type genes from prophages and transposons are found in the rising phase with a slope of nearly unity in the fgc vs. fop plot. Synonymous codon distribution patterns of genes from temperate phages P4, P2, N15 and lambda are similar to the pattern of E. coli rising phase genes. In contrast, genes from the virulent phage T7 or T4, for which a phage-encoded DNA polymerase is identified, fall in a linear curve with a slope of nearly zero in the fop vs. fgc plane. These results may suggest that the G + C contents for T7, T4 and E. coli flat phase genes are subject to the directional mutation pressure and are determined by the DNA polymerase used in the replication. There is significant variation in the fop values of the phage genes, suggesting an adjustment to gene expression level. Similar analyses of codon distribution patterns were carried out for Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their phages with complete genomic sequences available.  (+info)

RNA-binding protein HuR interacts with thrombomodulin 5′untranslated region and represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated...RNA-binding protein HuR interacts with thrombomodulin 5′untranslated region and represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated...
TY - JOUR. T1 - RNA-binding protein HuR interacts with thrombomodulin 5′untranslated region and represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation under IL-1β treatment. AU - Yeh, Chiu Hung. AU - Hung, Liang Y.. AU - Hsu, Chin. AU - Le, Shu Y.. AU - Lee, Pin T.. AU - Liao, Wan L.. AU - Lin, Yi Tseng. AU - Chang, Wen Chang. AU - Tseng, Joseph T.. PY - 2008/9. Y1 - 2008/9. N2 - Reduction in host-activated protein C levels and resultant microvascular thrombosis highlight the important functional role of protein C anticoagulant system in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a critical factor to activate protein C in mediating the anticoagulation and anti-inflammation effects. However, TM protein content is decreased in inflammation and sepsis, and the mechanism is still not well defined. In this report, we identified that the TM 5′ untranslated region (UTR) bearing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element controls TM protein expression. Using RNA ...
https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/rna-binding-protein-hur-interacts-with-thrombomodulin-5untranslat
RibosomesRibosomes
The structure of ribosomes may be 23nm. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally identical and interchangeable. The cells can adjust the numbers of ribosomes. Each ribosome has two subunits. The larger subunit is 60S and smaller subunit is 40S in eukaryotic ribosomes. Both ribosomal units joins by Mg++ ions to form functional 80S ribosome. The prokaryotic ribosome is 70S with subunits. The larger subunit is 50S and the smaller subunit is 30S. The ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus from RNA in eukaryotes. The rRNA is produced in the nucleus. Protein is imported from the cytoplasm. During protein synthesis, several ribosomes are attached to the same mRNA. It forms a structure called polysome. Thus single ribosome is translated many times.. Synthesis of Ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes are synthesized in nucleolus. The 18S, 28S, and 5.8S RNAs are synthesized in nucleolus. 5S RNA is synthesized on the chromosome outside the nucleolus. The ribosomal proteins are synthesized in ...
http://botanystudies.com/ribosomes/
Regulating Ribosome Function Via The Ribosome Exit Tunnel :: UMBC Electronic Theses and DissertationsRegulating Ribosome Function Via The Ribosome Exit Tunnel :: UMBC Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The large subunit of the ribosome contains the site at which peptide bonds are formed in the process of translation. Another striking feature of the large subunit is the exit tunnel. This feature begins at the site of peptide bond formation traversing 100 angstroms before opening to the cytosolic environment on the opposite side of the large subunit. It has been known for some time that the ribosome exit tunnel is the site of action for MLS antibiotics, one such example being erythromycin. More recently the exit tunnel has been shown to be involved in sensing and regulating the egress of newly synthesized peptides. As the exact mechanisms by which either macrolides such as erythromycin or nascent peptides inhibit ribosome function is not known, understanding how both of these regulatory activities are accomplished remains an important challenge in understanding ribosome structure and function. Through mutational analysis and the use of translational reporters, I have obtained results which show ...
http://contentdm.ad.umbc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ETD/id/24401/rec/13
Ribosome densities in yeast cecER (central ci - Eukaryotes - BNID 113957Ribosome densities in yeast cecER (central ci - Eukaryotes - BNID 113957
P.341 left column: [Investigators] show that cecER and the pmaER (cytoplasmic face) have the highest ribosome densities ranging from ∼600 to 1,100 ribosomes/µm^2 for the cecER and ∼550 to 900 ribosomes/µm^2 for the pmaER (cytoplasmic face). The ribosome density of yeast cecER is similar to that of mitotic mammalian BSC1 cell cisternae, which was determined by similar methods (1,000 ± 300 µm^2, primary source). The tubER is bound by ribosomes, although it does have less bound ribosomes than the other domains (typically ∼250-400 ribosomes/µm^2 density for tubER, Fig. 5 E). ER ribosome densities are generally lower in the bud than in the mother, suggesting that ribosomes may dissociate and then need to reassociate during inheritance (compare densities in Fig. 5, E and F). Together, these data demonstrate that tubER does have less bound ribosomes than cecER and pmaER. However, membrane curvature alone does not define ER ribosome density because pmaER and cecER have very similar levels of ...
https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=113957&ver=0&trm=endoplasmic+Reticulum&org=
Structural Biochemistry/Biophysical Studies of Bacterial Ribosome Assembly - Wikibooks, open books for an open worldStructural Biochemistry/Biophysical Studies of Bacterial Ribosome Assembly - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
The structure of bacterial ribosomes is composed of over 50 proteins and three large domain RNA molecules. Modifications in the rRNA require dozens of gene products but the role of these modifications in ribosome function are not fully understood or seem nonessential. It is believed that these modifications are a part of stabilizing RNA structure or RNA-protein interactions, mediate translation, or as checkpoints in ribosome assembly. The development of certain biophysical methods have helped better the understanding of how bacterial ribosome was constructed along with how its structure leads to function. Ribosome assembles improperly can lead to various diseases in human body because ribosomes assembly plays an important role in cells as RNA protein recognition. Therefore, understanding the ribosome assembly is a need to see how they connect together. Studies how ribosomes are regulated helps to figure out how and why errors occur in assembly biogenesis. The three contributions have come from ...
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Biophysical_Studies_of_Bacterial_Ribosome_Assembly
The Role of SmpB in Licensing tmRNA Entry into Stalled Ribosomes by Mickey R. MillerThe Role of SmpB in Licensing tmRNA Entry into Stalled Ribosomes by Mickey R. Miller
Ribosomes translate the genetic information contained in mRNAs into protein by linking together amino acids with the help of aminoacyl-tRNAs. In bacteria, protein synthesis stalls when the ribosome reaches the 3-end of truncated mRNA transcripts lacking a stop codon. Trans-translation is a conserved bacterial quality control process that rescues stalled ribosomes. Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and its protein partner SmpB mimic a tRNA by entering the A site of the ribosome and accepting the growing peptide chain. The ribosome releases the truncated mRNA and resumes translation on the tmRNA template. The open reading frame found on tmRNA encodes a peptide tag that marks the defective nascent peptide for proteolysis. A stop codon at the end of the open reading frame allows the ribosome to be recycled and engage in future rounds of translation.The entry of tmRNA into stalled ribosomes presents a challenge to our understanding of ribosome function because during the canonical decoding process, the
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4162/
Connexin43 mRNA contains a functional internal ribosome entry site<...Connexin43 mRNA contains a functional internal ribosome entry site<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Connexin43 mRNA contains a functional internal ribosome entry site. AU - Schiavi, Adam. AU - Hudder, Alice. AU - Werner, Rudolf. N1 - Funding Information: This study was supported by a Grant from the National Institute of Health (HD34152). DNA synthesis and sequence analysis was subsidized by the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center through their DNA Core Facility. PY - 1999/12/31. Y1 - 1999/12/31. N2 - A reporter gene construct was used to study the regulation of connexin43 (Cx43) expression, the major gap junction protein found in heart and uterus, in transfected cell lines. The construct had the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the Cx43 promoter. Inclusion of the 5-untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA in the construct increased luciferase expression by 70%. A bicistronic vector assay demonstrated that the Cx43 5-UTR contains a strong internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Deletion analysis localized the IRES element to the upstream portion of the 5-UTR.. AB - A ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/connexin43-mrna-contains-a-functional-internal-ribosome-entry-sit-4
Translational control of Scamper expression via a cell-specific internal ribosome entry site<...Translational control of Scamper expression via a cell-specific internal ribosome entry site<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Translational control of Scamper expression via a cell-specific internal ribosome entry site. AU - de Pietri Tonelli, Davide. AU - Mihailovich, Marija. AU - Schnurbus, Raphaela. AU - Pesole, Graziano. AU - Grohovaz, Fabio. AU - Zacchetti, Daniele. PY - 2003/5/15. Y1 - 2003/5/15. N2 - The mRNA of Scamper, a putative intracellular calcium channel activated by sphingosylphosphocholine, contains a long 5′ transcript leader with several upstream AUGs. In this work we have investigated the role this sequence plays in the translational control of Scamper expression. The cytosolic transcription machinery of a T7 RNA polymerase recombinant vaccinia virus was used to avoid artifacts arising from cryptic promoters or mRNA processing. Based on transient transfection experiments of dicistronic and bi-monocistronic plasmids expressing reporter genes, we present evidence that the 5′ transcript leader of Scamper contains a functional internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Our data indicate ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/translational-control-of-scamper-expression-via-a-cell-specific-i
A sub-population of rat liver membrane-bound ribosomes that are detached in vitro by carcinogens and centrifugation |...A sub-population of rat liver membrane-bound ribosomes that are detached in vitro by carcinogens and centrifugation |...
The chemical-carcinogen-induced detachment of ribosomes from rat liver endoplasmic reticulum was studied in vitro. Incubation of postmitochondrial supernatant with 0.2 mM-diethylnitrosamine or N-2-acetylaminofluorene removed approx. 16% of membrane-bound ribosomes, measured as differences in RNA/protein values of membrane separated from unbound ribosomes by flotation. These ribosomes are also detached by exposure to high centrifugal forces (160000g) and are among those removed by NADPH-catalysed lipid peroxidation. Extensive lipid peroxidation prohibits any measurement. The ribosomes (polyribosomes) removed are not those detached from the membrane by exposure to high KC1 concentrations (loosely bound) or high KC1 concentrations in the presence of puromycin (tightly bound). It is concluded then that centrifugally labile and carcinogen-sensitive represent a previously unreported sub-population of membrane-bound ribosomes. ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/176/1/9
Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule |...Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule |...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein synthesis is mediated by a highly conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES), mostly located at the 5′ untranslatable region (UTR) of the viral genome. The translation mechanism is different from that used by cellular cap-mRNAs, making IRESs an attractive target site for new antiviral drugs. The present work characterizes a chimeric RNA molecule (HH363-50) composed of two inhibitors: a hammerhead ribozyme targeting position 363 of the HCV genome and an aptamer directed towards the essential stem-loop structure in domain IV of the IRES region (which contains the translation start codon). The inhibitor RNA interferes with the formation of a translationally active complex, stalling its progression at the level of 80S particle formation. This action is likely related to the effective and specific blocking of HCV IRES-dependent translation achieved in Huh-7 cells. The inhibitor HH363-50 also reduces HCV RNA levels in a subgenomic replicon system. The present findings
https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.008821-0
Investigating the properties of translational arrest motifs: interactions between the nascent chain and the ribosome -...Investigating the properties of translational arrest motifs: interactions between the nascent chain and the ribosome -...
Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of all cellular proteins. It was initially believed that translating nascent chains would not interact with the ribosome exit tunnel, however, a small but increasing number of proteins have been identified that interact with the exit tunnel to induce translational arrest. Escherichia coli (E.coli) secretion monitor (SecM) is one such stalling peptide. SecM monitors the SecYEG translocon export activity through its own translocation to the periplasm and upregulates translation of SecA, an ATPase involved in the SecYEG translocation machinery, when translocation is reduced. How stalling peptides interact with the ribosome exit tunnel is not fully understood, however, a key feature required is an essential amino acid arrest motif at their C-terminus, and additionally some peptides, including SecM, undergo compaction of the nascent chain within the exit tunnel upon stalling.. In this study analysis of SecM peptides with both alanine and conservative ...
http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6150/
Endurance training lowers ribosome density despite increasing ribosome biogenesis markers in rodent skeletal muscle. |...Endurance training lowers ribosome density despite increasing ribosome biogenesis markers in rodent skeletal muscle. |...
Interestingly, total RNA (i.e., ribosome density) was 2.3-fold greater in O-WD/SED versus O-WD/EX rats (p = 0.003) despite levels of upstream binding factor protein, RNA polymerase I protein and pre-45S rRNA being greater in O-WD/EX rats. Ribophagy (USP10 and G3BP1) and TRAMP-exosome rRNA degradation pathway (EXOSC10 and SKIV2L2) proteins were assayed to determine if these pathways were involved with lower ribosome density in O-WD/EX rats. While USP10 was higher in O-CON versus O-WD/SED and O-WD/EX rats (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), G3BP1, EXOSC10 and SKIV2L2 did not differ between groups. Nop56 and Ncl mRNAs, ribosome assembly markers, were highest in O-WD/EX rats. However, Fbl mRNA and 28S rRNA, downstream ribosome processing markers, were lowest in O-WD/EX rats. Collectively these data suggest that, in WD-fed rats, endurance training increases select skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis markers. However, endurance training may reduce muscle ribosome density by interfering with rRNA ...
https://www.physiciansweekly.com/endurance-training-lowers-ribosome-density-despite-increasing-ribosome-biogenesis-markers-in-rodent-skeletal-muscle-2/
Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. | Haldanes SieveSurveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. | Haldanes Sieve
Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. Patrick OConnor , Dmitry Andreev , Pavel Baranov doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/018762 Ribosome profiling is a promising technology for exploring gene expression. However, ribosome profiling data are characterized by a substantial number of outliers due to technical and biological factors. Here…
https://haldanessieve.org/2015/05/01/surveying-the-relative-impact-of-mrna-features-on-local-ribosome-profiling-read-density-in-28-datasets/
INVOLVEMENT OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS IN RIBOSOME BIOGENESIS, CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION, AND BUDDING PATTERNS IN SACCHAROMYCES...INVOLVEMENT OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS IN RIBOSOME BIOGENESIS, CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION, AND BUDDING PATTERNS IN SACCHAROMYCES...
Ribosome biogenesis and cell cycle are coordinated processes (Du and Stillman, 2001 Bernstein and Baserga, 2004; Fatica and Tollervey, 2002; Li et al., 2009; Strezoska et al., 2002). Mutations in genes encoding factors that are involved in ribosome biogenesis cause defects in ribosomal RNA processing as well as cell cycle arrest. Recent studies with mammalian cell lines have shown that ribosome biogenesis is also linked to tumorgenesis, that is mutation or depletion of ribosomal factors, leads to cancer cell proliferation (Montanaro et al., 2008). The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful model organism for understanding the connections between ribosome biogenesis and cell cycle control. Only a handful of studies have been done and these have mainly focused on different transacting factors involved in ribosome biogenesis; few studies have focused on the roles of r-proteins themselves in linking cell cycle progression and rRNA processing. I wanted to investigate what roles these r-proteins ...
http://contentdm.ad.umbc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ETD/id/24644/rec/11096
Cryo-EM structure of the small subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. « RNomicsCryo-EM structure of the small subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. « RNomics
Related Articles Cryo-EM structure of the small subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 20;111(20):7284-9 Authors: Kaushal PS, Sharma MR, Booth TM, Haque EM, Tung CS, Sanbonmatsu KY, Spremulli LL, Agrawal RK Abstract The mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) are responsible for synthesizing 13 membrane proteins that form…
https://rnomics.wordpress.com/2014/07/18/cryo-em-structure-of-the-small-subunit-of-the-mammalian-mitochondrial-ribosome/
Ribosome - Biology-Online DictionaryRibosome - Biology-Online Dictionary
Supplement A ribosome is a molecule consisting of two subunits that fit together and work as one to build proteins according to the genetic sequence held within the messenger RNA (mRNA). Using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid. This is done through interacting with transfer RNA (tRNA) containing a complementary anticodon on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other. Some ribosomes occur freely in the cytosol whereas others are attached to the nuclear membrane or to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) giving the latter a rough appearance, hence, the name rough ER or rER. Ribosomes of prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria) are smaller than most of the ribosomes of eukaryotes (e.g. plants and animals). However, the plastids and mitochondria in eukaryotes have smaller ribosomes similar to those in prokaryotes - a possible indication of the evolutionary origin of these organelles. In mid-1950s, ribosomes were first observed as dense ...
https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ribosome
N-terminal Proteomics and Ribosome Profiling Provide a Comprehensive View of the Alternative Translation Initiation Landscape...N-terminal Proteomics and Ribosome Profiling Provide a Comprehensive View of the Alternative Translation Initiation Landscape...
Usage of presumed 5′UTR or downstream in-frame AUG codons, next to non-AUG codons as translation start codons contributes to the diversity of a proteome as protein isoforms harboring different N-terminal extensions or truncations can serve different functions. Recent ribosome profiling data revealed a highly underestimated occurrence of database nonannotated, and thus alternative translation initiation sites (aTIS), at the mRNA level. N-terminomics data in addition showed that in higher eukaryotes around 20% of all identified protein N termini point to such aTIS, to incorrect assignments of the translation start codon, translation initiation at near-cognate start codons, or to alternative splicing. We here report on more than 1700 unique alternative protein N termini identified at the proteome level in human and murine cellular proteomes. Customized databases, created using the translation initiation mapping obtained from ribosome profiling data, additionally demonstrate the use of initiator ...
https://www.mcponline.org/content/13/5/1245.abstract
Zinc in the structure of Crystal Structure Of The E. Coli Ribosome Bound to Erythromycin. This File Contains The 50S Subunit of...Zinc in the structure of Crystal Structure Of The E. Coli Ribosome Bound to Erythromycin. This File Contains The 50S Subunit of...
Mono- and Stereopictres of 5.0 Angstrom coordination sphere of Zinc atom in PDB 3ofq: Crystal Structure Of The E. Coli Ribosome Bound to Erythromycin. This File Contains The 50S Subunit of the Second 70S Ribosome.
http://zinc.atomistry.com/pdb3ofq.html
Zinc in the structure of Crystal Structure Of The E. Coli Ribosome Bound to Chloramphenicol. This File Contains The 50S Subunit...Zinc in the structure of Crystal Structure Of The E. Coli Ribosome Bound to Chloramphenicol. This File Contains The 50S Subunit...
Mono- and Stereopictres of 5.0 Angstrom coordination sphere of Zinc atom in PDB 3ofd: Crystal Structure Of The E. Coli Ribosome Bound to Chloramphenicol. This File Contains The 50S Subunit of the Second 70S Ribosome.
http://zinc.atomistry.com/pdb3ofd.html
3OFP | CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE E. COLI RIBOSOME BOUND TO ERYTHROMYCIN. THIS FILE CONTAINS THE 30S SUBUNIT OF THE SECOND 70S...3OFP | CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE E. COLI RIBOSOME BOUND TO ERYTHROMYCIN. THIS FILE CONTAINS THE 30S SUBUNIT OF THE SECOND 70S...
cansSAR 3D Structure of 3OFP_P | CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE E. COLI RIBOSOME BOUND TO ERYTHROMYCIN. THIS FILE CONTAINS THE 30S SUBUNIT OF THE SECOND 70S RIBOSOME. | 3OFP
https://cansarblack.icr.ac.uk/structure/3OFP/3d/3OFP_P
Folding zones inside the ribosomal exit tunnelFolding zones inside the ribosomal exit tunnel
Helicity of membrane proteins can be manifested inside the ribosome tunnel, but the determinants of compact structure formation inside the tunnel are largely unexplored. Using an extended nascent peptide as a molecular tape measure of the ribosomal tunnel, we have previously demonstrated helix forma …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16299515/?dopt=Abstract
Ribosome ProfilingRibosome Profiling
Most of our current knowledge about gene regulation is based on studies of mRNA levels, despite both the greater functional importance of protein abundance, and evidence that post-transcriptional regulation is pervasive. However, understanding the molecular basis of regulatory variation within and between species may prove very useful. Indeed, the majority of identified human disease-risk alleles lie in non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting that they affect gene regulation. Until recently, the lack of performant high-throughput methods for detecting protein abundance hampered the in-depth study of gene regulation. However, a new method known as ribosome profiling has enabled us to study divergence in the regulation of translation.. Ribosome profiling or riboprofiling involves the construction of two RNA-seq libraries: one measuring mRNA abundance (the mRNA fraction), and the second capturing the portion of the transcriptome that is actively being translated by ribosomes (the Ribo ...
https://www.nxtgnt.ugent.be/transcriptomics/ribosome-profiling/
The polypeptide tunnel exit of the mitochondrial ribosome is tailored to meet the specific requirements of the organelle. -...The polypeptide tunnel exit of the mitochondrial ribosome is tailored to meet the specific requirements of the organelle. -...
The ribosomal polypeptide tunnel exit is the site where a variety of factors interact with newly synthesized proteins to guide them through the early steps of their biogenesis. In mitochondrial ribosomes, this site has been considerably modified in the course of evolution. In contrast to all other translation systems, mitochondrial ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of only a few hydrophobic membrane proteins that are essential subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Membrane insertion of these proteins occurs co-translationally and is connected to a sophisticated assembly process that not only includes the assembly of the different subunits but also the acquisition of redox co-factors. Here, we describe how mitochondrial translation is organized in the context of respiratory chain assembly and speculate how alteration of the ribosomal tunnel exit might allow the establishment of a subset of specialized ribosomes that individually organize the early steps in the biogenesis of distinct
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-polypeptide-tunnel-exit-of-the-mitochondrial-r-Gruschke-Ott/d39390d5c1927be0f4bb4ad26fed9c0405459bb6
Ribosome | Research | Craig Lab | Biochemistry | UW-MadisonRibosome | Research | Craig Lab | Biochemistry | UW-Madison
The Hsp70 Ssb, which is associated with ribosomes regardless of their translational state, is the major ribosome-associated chaperone. It can be crosslinked to short nascent chains that extend only a few amino acids beyond the ribosome exit site. Like all Hsp70s, Ssb has a J-type protein as a co-chaperone. Zuo1, Ssbs J-partner binds directly to the ribosome. Surprisingly, Zuo1 forms a stable complex with an Hsp70-related protein Ssz1, tethering it to the ribosome. Ssz1 does not appear to act as a classical Hsp70 however, as deletion of the putative peptide-binding domain has no obvious effect on its in vivo function. Intriguingly, when not bound to ribosomes, Ssz1 or Zuo1 activates a signal transduction pathway. ...
https://biochem.wisc.edu/labs/craig/research/ribosome
Ten remarks on peptide bond formation on the ribosome | Biochemical Society TransactionsTen remarks on peptide bond formation on the ribosome | Biochemical Society Transactions
Peptide-bond formation is the enzymatic activity of the ribosome. The catalytic site is made up of ribosomal RNA, indicating that the ribosome is a ribozyme. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the mechanism of peptide bond formation. The results of biochemical and kinetic experiments, mutagenesis studies and ribosome crystallography suggest that the approx. 107-fold rate enhancement of peptide bond formation by the ribosome is mainly due to substrate positioning within the active site, rather than to chemical catalysis.. ...
http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/content/33/3/493
Mimicking Living Cells: Synthesizing Ribosomes - RedorbitMimicking Living Cells: Synthesizing Ribosomes - Redorbit
Synthetic biology technology could lead to new antibiotics, modified protein-generators. Synthetic biology researchers at Northwestern University, working with partners at Harvard Medical School, have for the first time synthesized ribosomes -- cell structures responsible for generating all proteins and enzymes in our bodies -- from scratch in a test tube.. Others have previously tried to synthesize ribosomes from their constituent parts, but the efforts have yielded poorly functional ribosomes under conditions that do not replicate the environment of a living cell. In addition, attempts to combine ribosome synthesis and assembly in a single process have failed for decades.. Michael C. Jewett, a synthetic biologist at Northwestern, George M. Church, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School, and colleagues recently took another approach: they mimicked the natural synthesis of a ribosome, allowing natural enzymes of a cell to help facilitate the man-made construction.. The technology could lead to ...
http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112888159/mimicking-living-cells-synthesizing-ribosomes/
RiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints - MDC RepositoryRiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints - MDC Repository
MOTIVATION: Deep sequencing based ribosome footprint profiling can provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of protein translation. However, the observed ribosome profile is fundamentally confounded by transcriptional activity. In order to decipher principles of translation regulation, tools that can reliably detect changes in translation efficiency in case-control studies are needed. RESULTS: We present a statistical framework and an analysis tool, RiboDiff, to detect genes with changes in translation efficiency across experimental treatments. RiboDiff uses generalized linear models to estimate the over-dispersion of RNA-Seq and ribosome profiling measurements separately, and performs a statistical test for differential translation efficiency using both mRNA abundance and ribosome occupancy ...
http://edoc.mdc-berlin.de/16010/
HflX is a ribosome-splitting factor rescuing stalled ribosomes under stress conditionsHflX is a ribosome-splitting factor rescuing stalled ribosomes under stress conditions
Adverse cellular conditions often lead to nonproductive translational stalling and arrest of ribosomes on mRNAs. Here, we used fast kinetics and cryo-EM to characterize Escherichia coil HflX, a GTPase with unknown function. Our data reveal that HflX is a heat shock-induced ribosome-splitting factor capable of dissociating vacant as well as mRNA-associated ribosomes with deacylated tRNA in the peptidyl site. Structural data demonstrate that the N-terminal effector domain of HflX binds to the peptidyl transferase center in a strikingly similar manner as that of the class I release factors and induces dramatic conformational changes in central intersubunit bridges, thus promoting subunit dissociation. Accordingly, loss of HflX results in an increase in stalled ribosomes upon heat shock, These results suggest a primary role of HflX in rescuing translationally arrested ribosomes under stress conditions.. ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:877200
Dissociation of single ribosomes as a preliminary step for their participation in protein synthesis.<...Dissociation of single ribosomes as a preliminary step for their participation in protein synthesis.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dissociation of single ribosomes as a preliminary step for their participation in protein synthesis.. AU - Ottolenghi, S.. AU - Comi, P.. AU - Giglioni, B.. AU - Gianni, A. M.. AU - Guidotti, G. G.. PY - 1973/3/1. Y1 - 1973/3/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0015597504&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0015597504&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 4694146. AN - SCOPUS:0015597504. VL - 33. SP - 227. EP - 232. JO - European Journal of Biochemistry. JF - European Journal of Biochemistry. SN - 0014-2956. IS - 2. ER - ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/dissociation-of-single-ribosomes-as-a-preliminary-step-for-their-
The functional half-life of an mRNA depends on the ribosome spacing in an early coding region - SearchThe functional half-life of an mRNA depends on the ribosome spacing in an early coding region - Search
Bacterial mRNAs are translated by closely spaced ribosomes and degraded from the 5-end, with half-lives of around 2 min at 37 °C in most cases. Ribosome-free or naked mRNA is known to be readily degraded, but the initial event that inactivates the mRNA functionally has not been fully described. Here, we characterize a determinant of the functional stability of an mRNA, which is located in the early coding region. Using literature values for the mRNA half-lives of variant lacZ mRNAs in Escherichia coli, we modeled how the ribosome spacing is affected by the translation rate of the individual codons. When comparing the ribosome spacing at various segments of the mRNA to its functional half-life, we found a clear correlation between the functional mRNA half-life and the ribosome spacing in the mRNA region approximately between codon 20 and codon 45. From this finding, we predicted that inserts of slowly translated codons before codon 20 or after codon 45 should shorten or prolong, respectively, ...
http://research.ku.dk/search/?pure=en/publications/the-functional-halflife-of-an-mrna-depends-on-the-ribosome-spacing-in-an-early-coding-region
Ribosome profiling of Drosophila third instar larvae body wall muscle (with ribosome affinity purification)Ribosome profiling of Drosophila third instar larvae body wall muscle (with ribosome affinity purification)
Ribosome profiling of Drosophila third instar larvae body wall muscle (with ribosome affinity purification) protocol (method) by Xun Chen
https://www.protocols.io/view/ribosome-profiling-of-drosophila-third-instar-larv-j89crz6
NASA Astrobiology InstituteNASA Astrobiology Institute
Ribosome peptide exit tunnel plays a crucial role in the functioning of ribosomes across all domains of life.1 2 3 Before the transition of nascent peptides to mature functional proteins, they must travel through the functionally conserved peptide exit tunnel. 4 Additionally, the latent chaperone activity of the exit tunnel 5 6 suggests its role in ribosomal evolution, in the transition from short non-structured peptides to extant globular proteins. The wall of the tunnel is constructed mostly from RNA. As high as 80% of the tunnel is RNA in some species. 4 Our objective is to gain an understanding of the molecular basis of the latent chaperone activity and the preferential construction of the ribosome exit tunnel from the RNA component of the ribosome. Toward this end we have designed ketolide-peptide compounds (peptolides) to probe the mechanisms employed by the ribosome to, (i) facilitate in-tunnel folding of nascent peptides and (ii) distinguish between some peptide sequences while ...
https://nai.nasa.gov/annual-reports/2010/gatech/
Regulation of the cell-cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site of the PITSLRE protein kinase: roles of Unr (upstream of N...Regulation of the cell-cycle-dependent internal ribosome entry site of the PITSLRE protein kinase: roles of Unr (upstream of N...
The PITSLRE kinases belong to the large family of cyclin-dependent protein kinases. Their function has been related to cell-cycle regulation, splicing and apoptosis. We have previously shown that the open reading frame of the p110(PITSLRE) transcript contains an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) t …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15330758/?dopt=Abstract
Stringent Response: Antibiotics affecting ribosomes protein compositionStringent Response: Antibiotics affecting ribosomes protein composition
Exhibit A: kasugamycin, an antibiotic that inhibits translation initiation in bacteria by interfering with binding of the the initiator tRNA. Amazingly enough, treatment with kasugamycin results in dramatic change in the ribosomal composition which is in turn changing ribosomes functional properties. Several proteins dissociate from the small ribosomal subunit (S1, S2, S6, S12, S18 and S21) which turns the 70S ribosome into a 61S kasugamycin particle. Ribosomal protein S1 is of particular interest here, because it is very important for the mRNA:ribosome interactions and is responsible for A/U rich sequences acting as translational activators ...
http://stringentresponse.blogspot.com/2011/05/antibiotics-affecting-ribosomes-protein.html
EF-G-induced ribosome sliding along the noncoding mRNA | Science AdvancesEF-G-induced ribosome sliding along the noncoding mRNA | Science Advances
Our results suggest how ribosomes can slide along the noncoding mRNA region. Upon reaching the take-off codon, the ribosome slows down (5) and pauses at the stop codon in an inactive rolled conformation (6). At permissive temperatures, the rolled state is transient and converts into the hyper-rotated state. The rolled conformation may contribute to the observed increased lifetime of nonrotated states as the ribosome reaches the take-off codon (5), whereas the hyper-rotated state most likely corresponds to the noncanonical long-lived rotated state reported earlier (5). The transition into a hyper-rotated state requires the take-off SL in the A site and the nascent peptide in the exit tunnel. These results are in line with previous suggestions that the long pause of the ribosome in a noncanonical state at the take-off site is a hallmark of bypassing induced by the interactions of the nascent peptide (5). Recruitment of EF-G-GTP facilitates a pseudotranslocation event using the A-site SL as a tRNA ...
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaaw9049
Stringent Response: All ribosomes are equal, but some ribosomes are more equal than othersStringent Response: All ribosomes are equal, but some ribosomes are more equal than others
Alternative approach is to have many different ribosomes for different mRNAs. This is seemingly what we have in yeast (see above). Specific localization of different ribosomes and use of different mRNA-specific factors would then ensure proper coupling of appropriate ribosome with the right mRNA. Different localization of different paralogues of r-proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is shown experimentally, and these proteins have different requirements for assembly into the 80S ...
http://stringentresponse.blogspot.com/2011/01/all-ribosomes-are-equal-but-some.html
Direct Visualization of A-, P-, and E-Site Transfer RNAs in the Escherichia coli Ribosome | ScienceDirect Visualization of A-, P-, and E-Site Transfer RNAs in the Escherichia coli Ribosome | Science
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules play a crucial role in protein biosynthesis in all organisms. Their interactions with ribosomes mediate the translation of genetic messages into polypeptides. Three tRNAs bound to the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome were visualized directly with cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. The detailed arrangement of A- and P-site tRNAs inferred from this study allows localization of the sites for anticodon interaction and peptide bond formation on the ribosome. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/271/5251/1000
ASMscience | Ribosomes Play Role in Gene Regulation; Possible Applications in Antibiotics DesignASMscience | Ribosomes Play Role in Gene Regulation; Possible Applications in Antibiotics Design
Ribosomes can recognize features of a nascent peptide and exploit these features to regulate gene expression. Luis R. Cruz-Vera and Charles Yanofsky of Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., show that a bacterial nascent leader peptide, TnaC, created a binding site for tryptophan within the translating ribosome. When bound, tryptophan inhibited release factor action and stalled the ribosome. The stalled ribosome, in turn, inhibited Rho, a transcription termination factor, allowing transcription of genes of the tna operon that are essential for tryptophan catabolism.
http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbe/10.1128/microbe.3.425.1
MEDLINE - Resultado p gina 1MEDLINE - Resultado p gina 1
Abrogation of ribosome synthesis (ribosomal stress) leads to cell cycle arrest. However, the immediate cell response to cessation of ribosome formation and the transition from normal cell proliferation to cell cycle arrest have not been characterized. Furthermore, there are conflicting conclusions about whether cells are arrested in G2/M or G1, and whether the cause is dismantling ribosomal assembly per se, or the ensuing decreased number of translating ribosomes. To address these questions, we have compared the time kinetics of key cell cycle parameters after inhibiting ribosome formation or function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Within one-to-two hours of repressing genes for individual ribosomal proteins or Translation Elongation factor 3, configurations of spindles, spindle pole bodies began changing. Actin began depolarizing within 4 hours. Thus the loss of ribosome formation and function is sensed immediately. After several hours no spindles or mitotic actin rings were visible, but membrane ...
http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE&lang=p&format=detailed.pft&indexSearch=EX&exprSearch=D12.776.835.700
PQDT OpenPQDT Open
Ribosomes are complex macromolecular machines that translate the genetic code. Over the past decade, numerous insights into the process of translation have been gained through structural studies of ribosomes using x-ray crystallography. However, a limiting factor in the study of ribosome dynamics and functional interactions is the ability to produce crystals of ribosomes in alternative arrangements or in complex with additional factors. For the purpose of crystallizing recalcitrant ribosome complexes, I conducted a phylogenetic screen for new crystal forms. Species were selected from environmental samples for superior growth and behavior in a laboratory setting, and new ribosome crystals were obtained using naturally inhibited ribosomes from dormant bacteria. The structure of the translational inhibitor ribosome modulation factor (RMF) bound to the E. coli ribosome shows how this small protein is able to inhibit translation and protect ribosomes from degradation by binding to the intersubunit ...
https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/868312763.html?FMT=ABS
GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding...GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding...
GPR41 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by short chain fatty acids. The gene encoding GPR41 is located immediately downstream of a related gene encoding GPR40, a receptor for long chain fatty acids. Expression of GPR41 has been reported in a small number of cell types, including gut enteroendocrine cells and sympathetic ganglia, where it may play a role in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. We now demonstrate that GPR41, like GPR40, is expressed in pancreatic beta cells. Surprisingly, we found no evidence for transcriptional control elements or transcriptional initiation in the intergenic GPR40-GPR41 region. Rather, using 5-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, we demonstrated that GPR41 is transcribed from the promoter of the GPR40 gene. We confirmed this finding by generating bicistronic luciferase reporter plasmids, and we were able to map a potential internal ribosome entry site-containing region to a 2474-nucleotide region of the intergenic sequence. Consistent with this, we
https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/650659
Ribosomes Function | Introduction, Location & StructureRibosomes Function | Introduction, Location & Structure
Ribosomes are comprised of 65% RNA and 35% proteins. Ribosomes are cellular organelles that are responsible for Protein Synthesis. Ribosomes function
https://ibiologia.com/ribosomes-function/
What we have learned from ribosome structures | Biochemical Society TransactionsWhat we have learned from ribosome structures | Biochemical Society Transactions
The determination of the high-resolution structures of ribosomal subunits in the year 2000 and of the entire ribosome a few years later are revolutionizing our understanding of the role of the ribosome in translation. In the present article, I summarize the main contributions from our laboratory to this worldwide effort. These include the determination of the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its complexes with antibiotics, the role of the 30S subunit in decoding, and the high-resolution structure of the entire 70S ribosome complexed with mRNA and tRNA.. ...
http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/content/36/4/567
Distance between ribosomes on polysome (cente - Bacteria Escherichia coli - BNID 105000Distance between ribosomes on polysome (cente - Bacteria Escherichia coli - BNID 105000
Distance vectors from the center of mass of each identified polysomal ribosome to the center of mass of its closest neighbor particle clearly indicated preferential positioning at a distance around 22±2 nm. Researchers analysis reveals a remarkably well defined arrangement of ribosomes in staggered or helical orientations, with the mRNA being sequestered on the inside, while the tRNA entrance sites and the polypeptide exit sites are exposed to the cytosol. See BNID 105001. Note-Martin and Miller 1983, PMID 6683685 p. 345 right column 2nd paragraph write that a ribosome binds every ~135 nts in sea urchin ...
https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=8&id=105000
Ribosome display for selection and evolution of affibody moleculesRibosome display for selection and evolution of affibody molecules
Affinity proteins are invaluable tools in biotechnological and medical applications. This thesis is about combinatorial protein engineering principles for the generation of novel affinity proteins to purify mouse immunoglobulin, detect a potential cancer marker protein or inhibit a cell proliferation pathway.. In a first study, ribosome display was for the first time applied to the selection of so-called affibody molecules, including the design of a ribosome display gene cassette, initial test enrichment experiments and the selection of binders against murine IgG1. One of the selected binders (ZMAB25) showed a highly selective binding profile to murine IgG1, which was exploited in the recovery of two different mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibodies from a bovine immunoglobulin-containing background. Ribosome display was further applied to the selection of affibody molecules binding to SATB1, a suggested marker protein for metastasizing adenocarcinoma. The study also included the selection of VHH ...
http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:413896
RiboViz: Understanding protein synthesis via analysis of ribosome profiling data | Software Sustainability InstituteRiboViz: Understanding protein synthesis via analysis of ribosome profiling data | Software Sustainability Institute
By Mike Jackson, Software Architect and Kostas Kavoussanakis, Group Manager, EPCC, The University of Edinburgh; Edward Wallace, Sir Henry Dale Fellow, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh. A multi-disciplinary team of biologists, bioinformaticians and research software engineers based at EPCC and The Wallace Lab at University of Edinburgh, The Shah Lab at Rutgers University and The Lareau Lab at University of California, Berkeley will enhance and extend a software suite, called RiboViz to extract biological insight from ribosome profiling data and drive forward understanding of protein synthesis. Consultancy from the Software Sustainability Institute was essential in developing the proposal for this project.. All cells make proteins by using molecular machines called ribosomes, which read a messenger RNA template and translate the RNA code into the protein code. Signals, also encoded in the RNA, control what proteins are made by cells, when they are made and in what ...
https://www.software.ac.uk/blog/2019-07-24-riboviz-understanding-protein-synthesis-analysis-ribosome-profiling-data
Discrete nascent chain lengths are required for the insertion of presecretory proteins into microsomal membranes. - Walter LabDiscrete nascent chain lengths are required for the insertion of presecretory proteins into microsomal membranes. - Walter Lab
Ribosomes synthesizing nascent secretory proteins are targeted to the membrane by the signal recognition particle (SRP), a small ribonucleoprotein that binds to the signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome. SRP arrests further elongation, causing ribosomes to stack behind the arrested ribosome. Upon interaction of SRP with its receptor on the ER membrane, the translation arrest is released and the ribosome becomes bound to the ER membrane. We have examined the distribution of unattached and membrane-bound ribosomes during the translation of mRNAs encoding two secretory proteins, bovine preprolactin and rat preproinsulin I. We find that the enhancement of ribosome stacking that occurs when SRP arrests translation of these proteins is relaxed in the presence of microsomal membranes. We also demonstrate that two previously described populations of membrane-associated ribosomes, distinguished by their sensitivity to high salt or EDTA extraction, correspond to ribosomes that have synthesized ...
http://walterlab.ucsf.edu/publication/462/discrete-nascent-chain-lengths-are-required-for-the-insertion-of-presecretory-proteins-into-microsomal-membranes/
Stress response as implemented by hibernating ribosomes: a structural overview<...Stress response as implemented by hibernating ribosomes: a structural overview<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Stress response as implemented by hibernating ribosomes. T2 - a structural overview. AU - Matzov, Donna. AU - Bashan, Anat. AU - Yap, Mee Ngan F.. AU - Yonath, Ada. PY - 2019/9/1. Y1 - 2019/9/1. N2 - Protein synthesis is one of the most energy demanding cellular processes. The ability to regulate protein synthesis is essential for cells under normal as well as stress conditions, such as nutrient deficiencies. One mechanism for protein synthesis suppression is the dimerization of ribosomes into hibernation complexes. In most cells, this process is promoted by the hibernating promoting factor (HPF) and in a small group of Gram-negative bacteria (γ-proteobacteria), the dimer formation is induced by a shorter version of HPF (HPFshort) and by an additional protein, the ribosome modulation factor. In most bacteria, the product of this process is the 100S ribosome complex. Recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy methods resulted in an abundance of detailed structures of near ...
https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/stress-response-as-implemented-by-hibernating-ribosomes-a-structu
Cell Parts DefinitionsCell Parts Definitions
The nucleus is where the DNA is kept and RNA is transcribed. RNA is moved out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores. Proteins needed inside the nucleus are transported in through the nuclear pores. The nucleolus is usually visible as a dark spot in the nucleus, and is the location of ribosome formation. Ribosomes are where RNA is translated into protein. This process is called protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is very important to cells, therefore large numbers of ribosomes are found in cells. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, and are also bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER bound to ribosomes is called rough ER because the ribosomes on the ER give it a rough sandpaper like look.. These organelles are very small, made up of 50 proteins and several long RNAs bound together. Ribosomes do not have a membrane. Ribosomes fall into two seperate units while not synthesizing protein.. The endoplasmic reticulum is the transport system for molecules needed for certain changes and ...
http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/dawsonm/cells/partsdef.htm
A cross-kingdom internal ribosome entry site reveals a simplified mode of internal ribosome entry - Surrey Research Insight...A cross-kingdom internal ribosome entry site reveals a simplified mode of internal ribosome entry - Surrey Research Insight...
Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, CELL BIOLOGY, RHOPALOSIPHUM-PADI VIRUS, HEPATITIS-C VIRUS, TRANSLATION INITIATION-FACTORS, TRACT-BINDING-PROTEIN, FACTOR 4G EIF4G, ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, PREINITIATION COMPLEXES, INDEPENDENT INITIATION, MEDIATED TRANSLATION, PURIFIED COMPONENTS ...
http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/822815/
Unicellular organismUnicellular organism
Both organelles contain their own sets of DNA and have bacteria-like ribosomes. It's likely that modern mitochondria were once ... "Archaeal Ribosomes". www.els.net. Retrieved 2015-11-22. "archaea , prokaryote". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2015-11-22 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular_organism
Differential centrifugationDifferential centrifugation
... and Ribosomes and cytosol. High g-force makes sedimentation of small particles much faster than Brownian diffusion, even for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_centrifugation
BiosynthesisBiosynthesis
This interaction is possible thanks to the ribosome, which serves as the site for protein synthesis. The ribosome possesses ... The binding of a charged initiator tRNA into the P site of the ribosome 3. The proper alignment of the ribosome with mRNA's ... The completion of the initiation phase is dependent on the following three events: 1. The recruitment of the ribosome to mRNA 2 ... 1997). "Ribosomes and Translation". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66: 679-716. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.679. Pestka (editors), ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis
Glossary of biologyGlossary of biology
ribosome . RNA . RNA polymerase . RNA primer . Schwann cell . sclerenchyma . sexual reproduction A type of reproduction in ... messenger RNA A large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. metaphase The third ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
The ribosomes in chloroplasts are similar to bacterial ribosomes. RNA editing is the insertion, deletion, and substitution of ... After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, ATP energy can be used to phosphorylate, or add a ... ISBN 0-8153-4072-9. Harris, EH; Boynton, JE; Gillham, NW (1994). "Chloroplast ribosomes and protein synthesis". Microbiological ... end of a polypeptide-ribosomes synthesize polypeptides from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. Chloroplast transit peptides ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA
PyrenoidPyrenoid
Chloroplast ribosomes and membrane organization. J Cell Biol , 44, 547-562. Villarejo, A., Plumed, M., and Ramazanov, Z. (1996 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenoid
Amino acidAmino acid
This aminoacyl-tRNA is then a substrate for the ribosome, which catalyzes the attack of the amino group of the elongating ... As a result of this mechanism, all proteins made by ribosomes are synthesized starting at their N-terminus and moving toward ... Cruz-Vera LR, Magos-Castro MA, Zamora-Romo E, Guarneros G (2004). "Ribosome stalling and peptidyl-tRNA drop-off during ... 327-8. ISBN 0-8247-9691-8. Rodnina MV, Beringer M, Wintermeyer W (January 2007). "How ribosomes make peptide bonds". Trends in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid
Mahlon HoaglandMahlon Hoagland
In the early 1950s Hoagland and his associates were able to show that polypeptide synthesis occurs on ribosomes. They did this ... These particles were named ribosomes. During their experiments with rat liver cells, Hoagland and Zamecnik noticed that in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland
ChloroplastChloroplast
The ribosomes in chloroplasts are similar to bacterial ribosomes. Because so many chloroplast genes have been moved to the ... Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs ... While similar to bacterial ribosomes, chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria, so chloroplast ribosomes ... After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast
PolysomePolysome
... s consist of varying numbers of ribosomes, and each ribosome contributes to the addition of its substantial mass. They ... Many ribosomes simultaneously read one mRNA polypeptide by progressing along the mRNA chain to synthesize the same protein. ... A polyribosome (or polysome) is a complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes that act to translate mRNA instructions ... Stepwise Formation of Proteins on Ribosomes". Molecular cell biology. New York: Scientific American Books. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysome
Mitochondrial matrixMitochondrial matrix
Mitochondria of mammals have 55s ribosomes. The matrix is host to a wide variety of metabolites involved in processes within ... The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondria's DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix
RPLP0RPLP0
Ribosomes catalyze protein synthesis and consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are ... 1982). "Monoclonal antibodies against eucaryotic ribosomes. Use to characterize a ribosomal protein not previously identified ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPLP0
P-siteP-site
Intragenic regions-internal ribosome entry sites) can assemble 80S ribosomes from 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits in the absence ... The other two sites are the A-site (aminoacyl), which is the first binding site in the ribosome, and the E-site (exit), is the ... The classical two-state model proposes that ribosome contains two binding sites for tRNA, P-site and A-site. The A-site binds ... Authors found that all three tRNA binding sites (A, P, and E) of the ribosome contact all three respective tRNAs at universally ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-site
Internal transcribed spacerInternal transcribed spacer
"The function and synthesis of ribosomes". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2 (7): 514-520. doi:10.1038/35080045. Scott ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer
List of biophysicistsList of biophysicists
... for crystal structure of the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy - solid-state NMR Sir John Randall - ... for solving the crystal structure of the large subunit of the ribosome Douglas Youvan - light reactions of photosynthesis, ... studied structure and dynamics of ribosomes. Rosalind Franklin, pioneer of DNA crystallography and co-discoverer of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biophysicists
SaporinSaporin
This is the Achilles' heel of the ribosome; the removal of this base completely inhibits the ability of that ribosome to ... 1990). The Ribosome. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology. ISBN 1555810209. Wenk, G. L.; Stoehr, J. D.; et al. ( ... 1983). "Ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort) of Agrostemma githago L. (corn ... Saporin is a so-called ribosome inactivating protein (RIP), due to its N-glycosidase activity, from the seeds of Saponaria ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saporin
Five prime untranslated regionFive prime untranslated region
These uORFs contain their own initiation codon, known as an upstream AUG (uAUG). This codon can be scanned for by ribosomes and ... Translation of the uORF2 requires that the ribosomes pass by the ATF4 ORF, whose start codon is located within uORF2. This ... However, during stress conditions, the 40S ribosome will bypass uORF2 because of a decrease in concentration of eIF2-TC, which ... The prokaryotic 5′ UTR contains a ribosome binding site (RBS), also known as the Shine Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGGU), which is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region
Shine-Dalgarno sequenceShine-Dalgarno sequence
The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the messenger RNA (mRNA) to initiate protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome ... This change is due to a reduced or increased mRNA-ribosome pairing efficiency, as evidenced by the fact that compensatory ... doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90122-0. Steitz J A, Jakes K (1975). "How ribosomes select initiator regions in mRNA: base pair ... Pieczenik G, Model P, Robertson HD (1974). "Sequence and symmetry in ribosome binding sites of bacteriophage f1RNA". Journal of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence
5.8S ribosomal RNA5.8S ribosomal RNA
Its function is thought to be in ribosome translocation. It is also known to form covalent linkage to the p53 tumour suppressor ... Abou, Elela S; Nazar RN (1997). "Role of the 5.8S rRNA in ribosome translocation". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (9): 1788-1794. doi: ... is a non-coding RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in protein ... "Cytoplasmic p53 polypeptide is associated with ribosomes". Mol Cell Biol. 17 (6): 3146-3154. PMC 232167 . PMID 9154813. Shi R, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.8S_ribosomal_RNA
DDOSTDDOST
The protein complex co-purifies with ribosomes. The product of this gene is also implicated in the processing of advanced ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDOST
FourU thermometerFourU thermometer
This prevents ribosomes from binding the gene's start codon. They are also found in the 5'UTR of htrA (high temperature ... Shine, J.; Dalgarno, L. (1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes". Nature. 254 (5495): 34-8. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FourU_thermometer
BiomoleculeBiomolecule
Examples are tRNA, ribosomes, ribozymes, and riboswitches. These complex structures are facilitated by the fact that RNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule
Nucleic acid sequenceNucleic acid sequence
DNA is transcribed into mRNA molecules, which travels to the ribosome where the mRNA is used as a template for the construction ... Shine J, Dalgarno L (1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes". Nature. 254 (5495): 34-8. doi:10.1038/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence
In vitroIn vitro
... mitochondria or ribosomes); cellular or subcellular extracts (e.g. wheat germ or reticulocyte extracts); purified molecules ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro
John ShineJohn Shine
During the course of his studies he discovered the RNA sequence necessary for ribosome binding and the initiation of protein ... Shine, J.; Dalgarno, L. (6 March 1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes". Nature. 254 (5495): 34-38 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shine
Biomolecular structureBiomolecular structure
Shine, J.; Dalgarno, L. (1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes". Nature. 254 (5495): 34-38. Bibcode ... or to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome or spliceosome. Structure probing is the process by which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_structure
List of Romanian inventors and discoverersList of Romanian inventors and discoverers
George Emil Palade: discoverer of the ribosomes. Nicolae Paulescu: physiologist and discoverer of insulin. Gheorghe Paun: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_inventors_and_discoverers
PuromycinPuromycin
That makes the molecule much more resistant to hydrolysis and stops the ribosome. Puromycin is selective for either prokaryotes ... "Inhibitors of ribosome functions". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 25: 487-562. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.25.100171.002415. PMID 4949424. ... that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. Part of the molecule resembles the 3' ... can also be used to purify newly synthesized polypeptides and to visualize the distribution of actively translating ribosomes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin
S4 protein domainS4 protein domain
Maguire BA, Zimmermann RA (March 2001). "The ribosome in focus". Cell. 104 (6): 813-6. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00278-1. PMID ... a bacterial ribosome-associated protein. The S4 protein helps to initiate assembly of the 16S rRNA. In this way proteins serve ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4_protein_domain
Eukaryotic transcriptionEukaryotic transcription
Bacteria do not have a distinct nucleus that separates DNA from ribosome and mRNA is translated into protein as soon as it is ... RNA polymerase I is responsible for transcribing RNA that codes for genes that become structural components of the ribosome. ... Fromont-Racine, Micheline; Senger, Bruno; Saveanu, Cosmin; Fasiolo, Franco (August 2003). "Ribosome assembly in eukaryotes". ... where the transcribed rRNAs are combined with proteins to form ribosomes. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is responsible for the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
RibosomesRibosomal ProteinsRibosome Subunits, Small, BacterialProtein BiosynthesisRibosome SubunitsRibosome Subunits, Large, BacterialRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticRNA, RibosomalRibosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1Escherichia coliRNA, TransferPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalPeptide Elongation Factor GRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalRNA, BacterialPuromycinPoly UPolyribosomesNucleic Acid ConformationPeptide Elongation FactorsBase SequenceMolecular Sequence DataRNA, MessengerRibosome Subunits, SmallRNA, Ribosomal, 23S5' Untranslated RegionsPeptide BiosynthesisPeptide Elongation Factor TuCodonCodon, InitiatorCentrifugation, Density GradientGuanosine TriphosphatePeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalBinding SitesCryoelectron MicroscopyRibosome Subunits, LargePeptide Initiation FactorsThiostreptonRicinPhenylalanineRNA, Ribosomal, 28SCodon, TerminatorThermus thermophilusCell NucleolusModels, MolecularSaccharomyces cerevisiaeReticulocytesRNA, Transfer, PhePeptide Elongation Factor 2GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation FactorsRNA, Transfer, MetMutationPeptidyl TransferasesEscherichia coli ProteinsRibonucleasesRNA, Ribosomal, 18SPeptide Termination FactorsCell-Free SystemBacterial ProteinsFusidic AcidProtein BindingSparsomycinAnticodonAmino Acid SequenceKineticsChloramphenicolRNA-Binding ProteinsParomomycinViomycinSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsRNA, FungalRNAProtein Synthesis InhibitorsRNA, ViralMagnesiumRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalDihydrostreptomycin SulfateCell FractionationRNA CapsProkaryotic Initiation Factor-3Frameshifting, RibosomalCarbon IsotopesStreptomycinEndoplasmic Reticulum, RoughLincomycinErythromycinEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4GRNA, Ribosomal, 5.8SPicornaviridaeMicroscopy, ElectronEukaryotic Initiation Factor-3Signal Recognition ParticleGTP PhosphohydrolasesTritiumTranscription, GeneticRibonucleoproteinsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOpen Reading FramesRNA Precursors
internal ribosome bindinginternal ribosome binding
... and spoke with them about their work on internal ribosome entry, and the requirement for a cellular microRNA for hepatitis C ...
http://www.virology.ws/tag/internal-ribosome-binding/
IDEALS @ Illinois: Building Ribosomes from Computational LEGOIDEALS @ Illinois: Building Ribosomes from Computational LEGO
Ribosomes, the molecular machines responsible for assembling protein from amino acids, are among the most fundamental ... The spheres represent the ribosomal protein (gray), small (yellow) and large (brown) subunits, completed ribosomes (white), and ... assembling ribosomes (orange). Inside the cell is a representation of the bacterial chromosome from which the ribosomal ...
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/89888
Ribosome - Biology-Online DictionaryRibosome - Biology-Online Dictionary
Ribosomes of prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria) are smaller than most of the ribosomes of eukaryotes (e.g. plants and animals). ... noun, plural: ribosomes (cell biology) A minute, sphere-shaped particle composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that ... A ribosome is a molecule consisting of two subunits that fit together and work as one to build proteins according to the ... In mid-1950s, ribosomes were first observed as dense particles or granules by George Palade with his electron microscope. In ...
https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ribosome
Ribosome | Springer for Research & DevelopmentRibosome | Springer for Research & Development
Microsome; Translation machinery The ribosome is the central component of the protein synthesis machinery in the cell. It ... The ribosome is the central component of the protein synthesis machinery in the cell. It contains both RNA and protein and is ... Frank J, Spahn CMT (2006) The ribosome and the mechanism of protein synthesis. Rep Prog Phys 69:1383-1417CrossRefADSGoogle ... Ribosomes are essential for accurate translation of the mRNA-encoded genetic message; they biosynthesize proteins by catalyzing ...
https://rd.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1382
Structural Biochemistry/Biophysical Studies of Bacterial Ribosome Assembly - Wikibooks, open books for an open worldStructural Biochemistry/Biophysical Studies of Bacterial Ribosome Assembly - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Introduction to Bacterial Ribosomes[edit]. One of the key processes ribosome carries as a ribonucleoprotein complex is protein ... Ribosome assembly is the core of ribosome genesis, which involves the following steps: (1) the appropriate folding or ribosomal ... Ribosome assembles improperly can lead to various diseases in human body because ribosomes assembly plays an important role in ... Therefore, understanding the ribosome assembly is a need to see how they connect together. Studies how ribosomes are regulated ...
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Biophysical_Studies_of_Bacterial_Ribosome_Assembly
EF-G-induced ribosome sliding along the noncoding mRNA | Science AdvancesEF-G-induced ribosome sliding along the noncoding mRNA | Science Advances
The ribosome can now resume translation in the second ORF. Ribosome dynamics during bypassing, with the ribosome going through ... where ribosomes move by one codon at a time, during bypassing, the ribosome slides over the mRNA. A similar type of ribosome ... Ribosomes. Ribosomes (70S) were prepared from E. coli according to the published protocol (31). Fluorescence labeling of ... Upon temperature shift to 37°C, the ribosomes resume bypassing (Fig. 1C) (6). Those ribosomes that landed at the GGA codon at ...
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaaw9049
ARRTI researcher earns $642,600 CIHR grant to investigate complex process of ribosome formation | UNewsARRTI researcher earns $642,600 CIHR grant to investigate complex process of ribosome formation | UNews
"Ribosomes consist predominantly of RNA, a sister molecule of DNA," says Kothe. "Critical steps during ribosome formation ... If a tumor wants to grow, it needs proteins, and cancer cells are smart - they have found a way to make more ribosomes, to make ... "RNA is an awesome drug target, so once we understand ribosome formation and the role of RNA in this process, we are one ... Identifying Critical RNA-RNA Interactions during Ribosome Biogenesis is the title of the project that will be based at the U of ...
https://www.uleth.ca/unews/article/arrti-researcher-earns-642600-cihr-grant-investigate-complex-process-ribosome-formation
Ribosomes and translation in plant developmental controlRibosomes and translation in plant developmental control
... Gorou Horiguchi, Maria Van Lijsebettens UGent, Héctor Candela, José ... "Ribosomes and Translation in Plant Developmental Control." PLANT SCIENCE 191-192 (2012): 24-34. Print. ... "Ribosomes and Translation in Plant Developmental Control." Plant Science 191-192: 24-34. ... Horiguchi G, Van Lijsebettens M, Candela H, Micol JL, Tsukaya H. Ribosomes and translation in plant developmental control. ...
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2974015
Ribosomes lacking protein S20 are defective in mRNA binding and subunit associationRibosomes lacking protein S20 are defective in mRNA binding and subunit association
ribosome, protein synthesis, ribosomal proteins, translation initiation, ribosome biogenesis, fitness costs, compensatory ... Ribosomes lacking protein S20 are defective in mRNA binding and subunit association. Tobin, Christina Uppsala University, ... 1. Removal and Replacement of Ribosomal Proteins: Effects on Bacterial Fitness and Ribosome Function. Open this publication in ... This clearly demonstrates the robustness and plasticity of the ribosome and protein synthesis in general and it also implies ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:374647
Ribosome display for selection and evolution of affibody moleculesRibosome display for selection and evolution of affibody molecules
... Grimm, Sebastian KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), ... Ribosome display was further applied to the selection of affibody molecules binding to SATB1, a suggested marker protein for ... affibody molecule, VHH antibody fragment, phage display, ribosome display, SATB1 Identifiers. urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33425 (URN) ... 1. Ribosome Display Selection of a Murine IgG(1) Fab Binding Affibody Molecule Allowing Species Selective Recovery Of ...
http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:413896
Genome-wide analysis of thylakoid-bound ribosomes in maize reveals principles of cotranslational targeting to the thylakoid...Genome-wide analysis of thylakoid-bound ribosomes in maize reveals principles of cotranslational targeting to the thylakoid...
Ribosomes at the end of the psaA ORF remain bound to the membrane after ribonuclease treatment, whereas ribosomes at the start ... A method termed ribosome profiling generates a genome-wide, quantitative map of ribosome positions in vivo by sequencing the ... We used ribosome profiling to provide a comprehensive, high-resolution map of ribosome positions on chloroplast mRNAs in ... Recent analyses of ribosome profiling data have revealed mRNA-programmed ribosome pauses that enhance SRP binding and faithful ...
http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/E1678
Ribosome - WikipediaRibosome - Wikipedia
Lab computer simulates ribosome in motion Role of the Ribosome, Gwen V. Childs, copied here Ribosome in Proteopedia - The free ... A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two ... mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome is able to identify the start codon by use of the Shine-Dalgarno ... When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome
Mitochondrial ribosome - WikipediaMitochondrial ribosome - Wikipedia
"Ribosome. The complete structure of the 55S mammalian mitochondrial ribosome". Science. 348 (6232): 303-308. doi:10.1126/ ... Mitochondrial ribosome or mitoribosome is a protein complex that is active in mitochondria and functions as a riboprotein for ... Mitoribosomes, like cytoplasmic ribosomes, consist of two subunits - large (mtLSU) and small (mt-SSU). However, the ratio of ... Alexey Amunts; Alan Brown; Jaan Toots; Sjors H. W. Scheres; V. Ramakrishnan (2015). "Ribosome. The structure of the human ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_ribosome
Ribosomes | SpringerLinkRibosomes | SpringerLink
The ribosome is a macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins with a high degree of speed and accuracy. Our present ... New high-resolution crystal structures of functional ribosome complexes and cryo-EM structures of translating ribosomes are ... Dynamic views of ribosome function: Energy landscapes and ensembles P. C. Whitford, R. B. Altman, P. Geggier, D. S. Terry, J. B ... The mechanism of ribosome recycling in eukaryotes Andrey V. Pisarev, Maxim A. Skabkin, Vera P. Pisareva, Olga V. Skabkina, ...
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-0215-2
Ribosome-binding site - WikipediaRibosome-binding site - Wikipedia
9] Sequences within ribosome binding site affecting messenger RNA translatability and method to direct ribosomes to single ... Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)[edit]. Eukaryotic ribosomes are known to bind to transcripts in a mechanism unlike the one ... the rate at which a ribosome is recruited to the RBS. *the rate at which a recruited ribosome is able to initiate translation ( ... A ribosome binding site, or ribosomal binding site (RBS), is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_binding_site
Mimicking Living Cells: Synthesizing Ribosomes - RedorbitMimicking Living Cells: Synthesizing Ribosomes - Redorbit
Cells require ribosomes to live.. Jewett likens a ribosome to a chef. The ribosome takes the recipe, encoded in DNA, and makes ... "Then we can alter ribosomes to do new things for us.". "The ability to make ribosomes in vitro in a process that mimics the way ... an advanced understanding of how ribosomes form and function; and the creation of tailor-made ribosomes to produce new proteins ... "We can mimic nature and create ribosomes the way nature has evolved to do it, where all the processes are co-activated at the ...
https://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112888159/mimicking-living-cells-synthesizing-ribosomes/
All Your Ribosomes Belong to Us | ScienceBlogsAll Your Ribosomes Belong to Us | ScienceBlogs
The day that the Nobel was given for the structure of the ribosome, I told my wife that we are all ribosome monsters. Deep down ... Ribosome targeting is the next most common (there are several classes of ribosome targeting drugs, though). Something like 75% ... If you are a new cell and you didnt inherit enough ribosomes from your mother cell, then your ability to produce new ribosomes ... Of all the biological molecules, ribosomes are probably the oldest. If life is 4 billion years old, it is likely that ribosomes ...
https://scienceblogs.com/transcript/2009/10/15/all-your-ribosomes-belong-to-u
Are your ribosomes in a twist? - OReillyAre your ribosomes in a twist? - O'Reilly
... that ribosomes pick up to build their proteins with. These can be arranged such that the ribosome has multiple choices of ... The ribosome will skip such crumped parts of the mRNA and start reading at the first sentence that makes sense. That sentence ... Are your ribosomes in a twist?. How Vulpine Designs is addressing the cellular equivalent of compiler problems. ... Ribosomes are like factories, which are assembled on demand for protein production. Their assembly and that of the proteins ...
https://www.oreilly.com/content/are-your-ribosomes-in-a-twist/
Catching Ribosomes in the Act - Scientific AmericanCatching Ribosomes in the Act - Scientific American
Catching Ribosomes in the Act. New images reveal how these tiny organelles turn genetic information into vital proteins¿and how ... Ramakrishnans work reveals for the first time the exact four parts the ribosome uses to make sure that the three base pairs on ... PROTEIN FACTORIES in all cells, known as ribosomes, are revealing their secrets. New detailed images are showing how their two ... They, too, produced images of T. thermophilus ribosomes, which are slightly smaller than those in higher organisms and so ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/catching-ribosomes-in-the/
Ribosome | cytology | Britannica.comRibosome | cytology | Britannica.com
Ribosome, particle that is present in large numbers in all living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes ... the cell are made on ribosomes that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Bacterial ribosomes are different from ribosomes in ... Ribosome, particle that is present in large numbers in all living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes ... In eukaryotes, ribosomes are about half protein and half rRNA. Ribosomes are usually made up of three or four rRNA molecules ...
https://www.britannica.com/science/ribosome
How ribosomes shape the proteome | EurekAlert! Science NewsHow ribosomes shape the proteome | EurekAlert! Science News
... positively charged proteins stick to the surface of ribosome complexes. This explains why most water-soluble proteins carry an ... So far, we have no explanation of how these organisms are able to deal with slow diffusion and ribosomes being engulfed with ... Further analysis showed that the positive proteins didnt bind to the DNA or the cell membrane but to the ribosome complex. ... The negative charge of the ribosome complex and the ambient ionic strength of the cytoplasm appear to have shaped the evolution ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-12/uog-hrs120617.php
Where Are Ribosomes Produced? | Reference.comWhere Are Ribosomes Produced? | Reference.com
... the subunits that will become ribosomes are produced within the subnuclear structure called the nucleolus, and the subunits ... and the subunits then combine in the cells cytoplasm to become functioning ribosomes. Because the ribosomes are the protein ... Mature and functioning ribosomes are comprised of more than 50 proteins and contain their own ribosomal RNA, which can also be ... Ribosomes are found floating throughout the cells cytosol, which is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, and many are also ...
https://www.reference.com/science/ribosomes-produced-a2aa6b3a16a73095
The ribosome filter hypothesis | PNASThe ribosome filter hypothesis | PNAS
Ribosome heterogeneity has been well documented in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, in which ribosomes of ... Potential Effects of Ribosome Heterogeneity on the Filter. The filter hypothesis predicts that ribosomes will initiate ... Ribosome heterogeneity can occur as a result of interactions with cellular molecules. Interactions with ribosomes of ... Viral Internal Ribosome Entry Site Elements: Novel Ribosome-RNA Complexes and Roles in Viral Pathogenesis ...
http://www.pnas.org/content/99/19/12031?ijkey=06f8b03f1c49037ddacfe288abac0b4eaffd01dd&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Ribosome News, ResearchRibosome News, Research
Inhibition of ribosome biogenesis as new treatment strategy for advanced cancers Nearly ninety per cent of all cancer patient ... Scientists record assembly of ribosomes in real time A team of scientists from Scripps Research and Stanford University has ... Researchers discover new function of ribosomes in human cells Researchers from the Stowers Institute for Medical Research have ... One of the main factors favoring a microorganisms survival in extreme conditions is preserving ribosomes - a macromolecular ...
https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Ribosome
SCIENCE: ribosomes by awesome ness on PreziSCIENCE: ribosomes by awesome ness on Prezi
Do you really want to delete this prezi? Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. DeleteCancel ...
https://prezi.com/mg3hlk6tnsot/science-ribosomes/
Ribosome Display and Related Technologies | SpringerLinkRibosome Display and Related Technologies | SpringerLink
Since this is in part due to the complexity of the methods, Ribosome Display and Related Technologies: Methods and Protocols ... Invaluable and easy to use, Ribosome Display and Related Technologies: Methods and Protocols will be of great benefit to those ... Applications of Ribosome Display Methods Using Natural Amino Acids. * Front Matter Pages 137-137 ... Incorporation of Non-natural Amino Acids for Selection by Ribosome Display and Related Methods. * Front Matter Pages 333-333 ...
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-61779-379-0
Ribosome | Define Ribosome at Dictionary.comRibosome | Define Ribosome at Dictionary.com
Ribosome definition, a tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, ... Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes exist in both ... ribosome. n.. 1958, coined by U.S. microbiologist Richard B. Roberts (1910-1980) from ribo(nucleic acid) + -some "body." ... ribosome. C20: from ribo (nucleic acid) + -some ³. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © ...
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ribosome
Bloody Mysteries of Ribosomes : HemaSphereBloody Mysteries of Ribosomes : HemaSphere
... leading to defects in ribosome assembly and reduction of the cellular ribosome pool. This leaves fewer ribosomes available for ... Occasionally, ribosomes become trapped on an mRNA and can be freed by ribosome rescue factors. The authors found that the ... Impaired ribosome assembly and/or function stemming from mutations in one of the hundreds known ribosome assembly factors or 1 ... Resulting inefficient ribosome recycling might synergize with a shortage of ribosomes in reticulocytes to create an additive ...
https://journals.lww.com/hemasphere/Fulltext/2018/10000/Bloody_Mysteries_of_Ribosomes.2.aspx
Ribosome AntibioticRibosome Antibiotic
Extra Meterial: Other Ribosome Antibiotics from Daniel Wilson Review Article. Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and mechanisms of ... Show E. coli ribosome with telithromycin antibiotic bound (residue name TEL), PDB 4v7s, a 2010 structure from the Jamie Cate ... Ribosome Antibiotic Virtual Reality Demo. Tom Goddard. January 26, 2017 Virtual reality demonstration showing antibiotic bound ... Structure contains two copies of full ribosome in crystal asymmetric unit. Also show x-ray density (3.25 Angstrom) mesh from ...
http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/data/antibiotic-jan2017/antibiotic.html
Recent Articles | Ribosomes | The Scientist Magazine®Recent Articles | Ribosomes | The Scientist Magazine®
Feeding-fasting rhythms and light-dark cycles direct regular changes in organ and cell size, as well as ribosome number and ... Scientists build a specialized ribosome with linked subunits that can translate designer transcripts in bacteria. ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.list/tagNo/307/tags/ribosomes/
Function of the RibosomesFunction of the Ribosomes
The ribosome is an incredibly complex organelle found in all living cells. They serve as the main source of protein synthesis, ... Function of the Ribosomes. The ribosome is an incredibly complex organelle found in all living cells. They serve as the main ... When a ribosome is finished reading an mRNA molecule, the large and small subunits split apart.. Ribosomes can differ in size ... Then, the attached chains are joined together by another part of the ribosome.. Ribosomes have two major components: the ...
http://softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_ribosomes/
2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Ribosome | ScienceBlogs2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Ribosome | ScienceBlogs
... for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome. The information encoded in DNA is decoded to produce functional ... Ramakrishnan, who got his start in ribosomes working as a postdoctoral fellow at Yale with Dr. Steitzâs colleague Peter Moore, ... "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome." And because I am (or was, or am, or..whatever) a physicist, I will ... aided by electron microscope images of the ribosome obtained by Joachim Frank, then at the Wadsworth Center in Albany and now ...
https://scienceblogs.com/scientificactivist/2009/10/07/2009-nobel-prize-in-chemistry
Watching the ribosome at work | EurekAlert! Science NewsWatching the ribosome at work | EurekAlert! Science News
It can be used to clarify the roles of DNA, RNA and ribosomes much more precisely. "We know, for example, that a specific ... The answer can be found by looking at the ribosomes and the construction manual that they work from. Ribo-seq helps with this, ... Everything except ribosome and the associated RNA are digested using biochemical tools. This allows the molecular biologists to ... Watching the ribosome at work. Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-12/mdcf-wtr121815.php
Ribosome biogenesis protein BRX1 (IPR026532) | InterPro | EMBL-EBIRibosome biogenesis protein BRX1 (IPR026532) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR026532
Ribosome Regulation by Protein Products | ScienceRibosome Regulation by Protein Products | Science
Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/297/5588/1765.9.full
ribosome in a cell, Reference.comribosome in a cell, Reference.com
education.seattlepi.com/location-ribosomes-cell-4728.html. All living cells have ribosomes, and each ribosome forms from two ... book.bionumbers.org/how-many-ribosomes-are-in-a-cell. Ribosomes are one of the dominant constituents in cells and in rapidly ... www.biologyreference.com/Re-Se/Ribosome.html. The ribosome is the molecular machine inside the cell that makes proteins from ... courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-nucleus-and-ribosomes. The Nucleus and Ribosomes. Found within eukaryotic ...
https://www.reference.com/web?q=ribosome%20in%20a%20cell&qo=pagination&o=600605&l=dir&sga=1&qsrc=998&page=3
The Eukaryotic Ribosome | ScienceThe Eukaryotic Ribosome | Science
Ribosomes from all species consist of two subunits: a small subunit that decodes messenger RNA (mRNA), and a large subunit that ... The past decade has seen a remarkable advance in our understanding of ribosomes, the large protein-RNA machines in all cells ... In 2000, researchers determined the atomic structures of the small and large ribosome subunits from bacteria and archaea, ... structure of a translating plant ribosome from Triticum aestivum at 5.5 Ã… (4, 5), represents a breakthrough in studying ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6018/681
Real-time observation of trigger factor function on translating ribosomes. - PubMed - NCBIReal-time observation of trigger factor function on translating ribosomes. - PubMed - NCBI
Ribosome binding stabilizes TF in an open, activated conformation. Activated TF departs from the ribosome after a mean ... Real-time observation of trigger factor function on translating ribosomes.. Kaiser CM1, Chang HC, Agashe VR, Lakshmipathy SK, ... Ribosome-associated trigger factor (TF) is the first molecular chaperone encountered by nascent polypeptides in bacteria. Here ... allowing entry of a new TF molecule at the ribosome docking site. The duration of nascent-chain interaction correlates with the ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051157
From histones to ribosomes: a chromatin regulator tangoes with translation. - PubMed - NCBIFrom histones to ribosomes: a chromatin regulator tangoes with translation. - PubMed - NCBI
From histones to ribosomes: a chromatin regulator tangoes with translation.. Rothbart SB1, Dickson BM2, Strahl BD3. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25749972
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
RibosomesRibosomal ProteinsRibosome Subunits, Small, BacterialProtein BiosynthesisRibosome SubunitsRibosome Subunits, Large, BacterialRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticRNA, RibosomalRibosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1Escherichia coliRNA, TransferPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalPeptide Elongation Factor GRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalRNA, BacterialPuromycinPoly UPolyribosomesNucleic Acid ConformationPeptide Elongation FactorsBase SequenceMolecular Sequence DataRNA, MessengerRibosome Subunits, SmallRNA, Ribosomal, 23S5' Untranslated RegionsPeptide BiosynthesisPeptide Elongation Factor TuCodonCodon, InitiatorCentrifugation, Density GradientGuanosine TriphosphatePeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalBinding SitesCryoelectron MicroscopyRibosome Subunits, LargePeptide Initiation FactorsThiostreptonRicinPhenylalanineRNA, Ribosomal, 28SCodon, TerminatorThermus thermophilusCell NucleolusModels, MolecularSaccharomyces cerevisiaeReticulocytesRNA, Transfer, PhePeptide Elongation Factor 2GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation FactorsRNA, Transfer, MetMutationPeptidyl TransferasesEscherichia coli ProteinsRibonucleasesRNA, Ribosomal, 18SPeptide Termination FactorsCell-Free SystemBacterial ProteinsFusidic AcidProtein BindingSparsomycinAnticodonAmino Acid SequenceKineticsChloramphenicolRNA-Binding ProteinsParomomycinViomycinSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsRNA, FungalRNAProtein Synthesis InhibitorsRNA, ViralMagnesiumRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalDihydrostreptomycin SulfateCell FractionationRNA CapsProkaryotic Initiation Factor-3Frameshifting, RibosomalCarbon IsotopesStreptomycinEndoplasmic Reticulum, RoughLincomycinErythromycinEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4GRNA, Ribosomal, 5.8SPicornaviridaeMicroscopy, ElectronEukaryotic Initiation Factor-3Signal Recognition ParticleGTP PhosphohydrolasesTritiumTranscription, GeneticRibonucleoproteinsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOpen Reading FramesRNA Precursors
MRNAProteinsSubunitsTRNATranslationRRNAMammalianAminoTranslationalEukaryotesCytoplasmMRNAsRNAsNascentMolecularSynthesisEvolution of the RibosomeInteractionsFunctionalSmall subunitEndoplasmic reticulumIRESBacterial ribosomeComplexesAntibioticsPeptide bondStructuralStudying ribosome biogenesisInternal ribosome entryElongationCellularSaccharomycesIncluding the 30S subunitMitochondriaOrganismCharacterizationVitro
MRNA17
  • A ribosome is a molecule consisting of two subunits that fit together and work as one to build proteins according to the genetic sequence held within the messenger RNA ( mRNA ). (biology-online.org)
  • Using the mRNA as a template , the ribosome traverses each codon , pairing it with the appropriate amino acid . (biology-online.org)
  • Translational bypassing is a recoding event during which ribosomes slide over a noncoding region of the messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize one protein from two discontinuous reading frames. (sciencemag.org)
  • Structures in the mRNA orchestrate forward movement of the ribosome, but what causes ribosomes to start sliding remains unclear. (sciencemag.org)
  • Here, we show that elongation factor G (EF-G) triggers ribosome take-off by a pseudotranslocation event using a small mRNA stem-loop as an A-site transfer RNA mimic and requires hydrolysis of about two molecules of guanosine 5′-triphosphate per nucleotide of the noncoding gap. (sciencemag.org)
  • Our results demonstrate a new function of EF-G in promoting ribosome sliding along the mRNA, in contrast to codon-wise ribosome movement during canonical translation, and suggest a mechanism by which ribosomes could traverse untranslated parts of mRNAs. (sciencemag.org)
  • The ribosome reads the first 46 mRNA codons of the open reading frame (ORF) up to the GGA triplet coding for amino acid glycine. (sciencemag.org)
  • However, Fbl mRNA and 28S rRNA, downstream ribosome processing markers, were lowest in O-WD/EX rats. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding GPR40 and GPR41 proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Thus, GPR41 expression is mediated via an internal ribosome entry site located in the intergenic region of a bicistronic mRNA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In bacteria, protein synthesis stalls when the ribosome reaches the 3'-end of truncated mRNA transcripts lacking a stop codon. (byu.edu)
  • The ribosome releases the truncated mRNA and resumes translation on the tmRNA template. (byu.edu)
  • A stop codon at the end of the open reading frame allows the ribosome to be recycled and engage in future rounds of translation.The entry of tmRNA into stalled ribosomes presents a challenge to our understanding of ribosome function because during the canonical decoding process, the ribosome specifically recognizes the codon-anticodon duplex formed between tRNA and mRNA in the A site. (byu.edu)
  • A portion of the C-terminal tail forms a helix within the mRNA channel, monitoring the length of mRNA bound in the ribosome to avoid aborting productive protein synthesis. (byu.edu)
  • The mechanism of the translocation step, i.e. the movement of tRNAs and mRNA through the ribosome, remains a major challenge. (mpg.de)
  • Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. (haldanessieve.org)
  • Due to its robustness and low computational demand, RUST could be used for quick routine characterization of ribosome profiling datasets to assess their quality as well as for the analysis of the relative impact of mRNA sequence features on local decoding rates. (haldanessieve.org)
Proteins23
  • Ribosomes are composed of about 65 % RNA and 35 % proteins distributed into a small and a large subunit. (springer.com)
  • The structure of bacterial ribosomes is composed of over 50 proteins and three large domain RNA molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • 2) Synthesis of ribosomal proteins-about 55 ribosome protein synthesized in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation mechanisms. (wikibooks.org)
  • If a tumor wants to grow, it needs proteins, and cancer cells are smart - they have found a way to make more ribosomes, to make more protein machines, and that's how they can outcompete all the other cells," says Kothe. (uleth.ca)
  • Ribophagy (USP10 and G3BP1) and TRAMP-exosome rRNA degradation pathway (EXOSC10 and SKIV2L2) proteins were assayed to determine if these pathways were involved with lower ribosome density in O-WD/EX rats. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • All cells make proteins by using molecular machines called ribosomes, which read a messenger RNA template and "translate" the RNA code into the protein code. (software.ac.uk)
  • The ribosome is advanced cellular organelles that are made up of Proteins macromolecules and RNA and that adds up to various million Daltons in size. (ibiologia.com)
  • Ribosomes are basically the structures of Proteins macromolecules or the protein synthesizers of the cell. (ibiologia.com)
  • Whereas a structure like a nucleus is simply found in eukaryotes, each cell wants ribosomes to manufacture proteins. (ibiologia.com)
  • Those floating ribosomes create proteins that may be used within the cell. (ibiologia.com)
  • The hooked-up ribosomes create proteins that may be used within the cell and proteins which are created for export are moved out of the cell. (ibiologia.com)
  • Those ribosomes synthesize proteins that are discharged into the perinuclear area. (ibiologia.com)
  • The free and hooked-up ribosomes are significantly alike in structure and responsible for synthesis for Proteins. (ibiologia.com)
  • Almost 37 to 62 % of the ribosome is comprised of RNA and the rest part of ribosomes are composed of Proteins. (ibiologia.com)
  • Prokaryotic ribosomes are approximately 20 nm (200 ) in diameter and are manufactured from thirty-five 35% ribosomal proteins and sixty-five 65% of rRNA. (ibiologia.com)
  • Ribosomes synthesize proteins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but the process is initiated differently in each cell type. (sciencing.com)
  • During their synthesis on ribosomes, proteins are particularly susceptible to aggregation, which prohibits their proper folding. (wisc.edu)
  • The origin and early evolution of the active site of the ribosome can be elucidated through an analysis of the ribosomal proteins' taxonomic block structures and their RNA interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bacterial ribosome has 58 proteins (24/34) as compared to the Archaea, which has 68 proteins (28/40) and the Eukarya, which has 78 proteins (32/46). (biomedcentral.com)
  • One possible conjecture is that the universal sequence blocks of these ribosomal proteins and their interactions with the ribosomal RNAs could map out a simpler and perhaps older ribosome especially at the decoding site of the SSU and the PTC (peptidyl transferase center) of the LSU. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) are responsible for synthesizing 13 membrane proteins that form essential components of the complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation or ATP generation for the eukaryotic cell. (wordpress.com)
  • Protein synthesis from amino acids in the cell is performed on ribosomes, large ribonucleoprotein particles that consist of several RNA molecules and over 50 proteins. (mpg.de)
  • Developing of highly efficient and controlled ribosome translation systems on a highly sophisticated technological level is important for production of proteins with desired properties for purposes of proteomics and high-throughput structural studies emerging in the post-genomic era. (mpg.de)
Subunits7
  • The spheres represent the ribosomal protein (gray), small (yellow) and large (brown) subunits, completed ribosomes (white), and assembling ribosomes (orange). (illinois.edu)
  • Prokaryotes usually have 70S ribosomes separately they are comprised of two subunits. (ibiologia.com)
  • Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S particle units with 30S and 50S subunits -- with the 30S subunit containing 16S RNA and 21 peptides. (sciencing.com)
  • Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S units with 40S and 60S subunits -- with the 40S subunit containing 18S RNA and 33 polypeptides and the 60S containing 28S RNA, 5.8S RNA, 5S RNA and 49 polypeptides. (sciencing.com)
  • Comparison between the two subunits, exploiting the detailed three-dimensional structures of the bacterial and archaeal ribosomes, is especially informative. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ribosome is made up of two major subunits: the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) and the small ribosomal subunit (SSU). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This raises the evolutionary question of why there are two separate subunits of the ribosome interacting with the widely separated arms of the activated tRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
TRNA9
  • Spahn CM, Beckmann R, Eswar N, Penczek PA, Sali A, Blobel G, Frank J (2001) Structure of the 80 S ribosome from saccharomyces cerevisiae-tRNA- ribosome and subunit-subunit interactions. (springer.com)
  • Although all ribosomes disengage from the take-off GGA codon and start sliding, only 50 to 60% of them synthesize the full-length protein, while the remaining ribosomes stop translation due to termination or the spontaneous drop-off of the peptidyl-tRNA Gly ( 3 - 5 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and its protein partner SmpB mimic a tRNA by entering the A site of the ribosome and accepting the growing peptide chain. (byu.edu)
  • Recognition of proper base-pairing leads to conformational changes that accelerate GTP hydrolysis by EF-Tu and rapid accommodation of the tRNA into the ribosome for peptidyl transfer. (byu.edu)
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA is delivered to the ribosome in a ternary complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP. (mpg.de)
  • We have discovered the induced-fit mechanism of tRNA selection on the ribosome. (mpg.de)
  • Kinetic measurements showed that the ribosome not only bound correct substrates more tightly than the incorrect ones (stability discrimination), but also accelerated the rate of forward reactions for correct, rather than for incorrect tRNA (induced fit). (mpg.de)
  • Codon reading by the anticodon of tRNA is controlled by a network of ribosome contacts that are specific for each position of the codon-anticodon duplex and involve A-minor RNA interactions. (mpg.de)
  • To investigate these pathways we analyzed the brain of C57BL/6J-Gtpbp2(nmf205)(-/-) mice in which neuronal elongation complexes are stalled at AGA codons due to deficiencies in a tRNA(Arg)UCU tRNA and GTPBP2, a mammalian ribosome rescue factor. (jax.org)
Translation10
  • These structures are essential factors in determining the mechanism of translation, but information about how the ribosome assembles into a stable multi-component complex is still very limited. (wikibooks.org)
  • It is believed that these modifications are a part of stabilizing RNA structure or RNA-protein interactions, mediate translation, or as checkpoints in ribosome assembly. (wikibooks.org)
  • Bypassing ribosomes adopt a hyper-rotated conformation, also observed with ribosomes stalled by the SecM sequence, suggesting common ribosome dynamics during translation stalling. (sciencemag.org)
  • The subsequent codon is stop codon UAG ( Fig. 1A ), but instead of terminating protein synthesis, the ribosome slides over a 50-nucleotide (nt)-long noncoding gap, lands at a distal GGA codon, and resumes translation to the end of the second ORF. (sciencemag.org)
  • Horiguchi G, Van Lijsebettens M, Candela H, Micol JL, Tsukaya H. Ribosomes and translation in plant developmental control. (ugent.be)
  • KKL-35 is ribosome rescue (trans-translation) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.9 µM. (axonmedchem.com)
  • Trans-translation is a conserved bacterial quality control process that rescues stalled ribosomes. (byu.edu)
  • Activation of GCN2 kinase by ribosome stalling links translation elong" by Ryuta Ishimura, Gabor Nagy et al. (jax.org)
  • Activation of GCN2 kinase by ribosome stalling links translation elongation with translation initiation. (jax.org)
  • Ribosome stalling during translation has recently been shown to cause neurodegeneration, yet the signaling pathways triggered by stalled elongation complexes are unknown. (jax.org)
RRNA3
  • Modifications in the rRNA require dozens of gene products but the role of these modifications in ribosome function are not fully understood or seem nonessential. (wikibooks.org)
  • Interestingly, total RNA (i.e., ribosome density) was 2.3-fold greater in O-WD/SED versus O-WD/EX rats (p = 0.003) despite levels of upstream binding factor protein, RNA polymerase I protein and pre-45S rRNA being greater in O-WD/EX rats. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • However, endurance training may reduce muscle ribosome density by interfering with rRNA processing and/or export through mechanisms independent of ribophagy or rRNA degradation. (physiciansweekly.com)
Mammalian2
  • Cryo-EM structure of the small subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. (wordpress.com)
  • We used RUST to analyse 28 publicly available ribosome profiling datasets obtained from mammalian cells and tissues and from yeast. (haldanessieve.org)
Amino6
  • Ribosomes, the molecular machines responsible for assembling protein from amino acids, are among the most fundamental structures in biology and are found across all domains of life. (illinois.edu)
  • It can be crosslinked to short nascent chains that extend only a few amino acids beyond the ribosome exit site. (wisc.edu)
  • Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA molecules. (scoodle.co.uk)
  • Ribosomes translate the genetic information contained in mRNAs into protein by linking together amino acids with the help of aminoacyl-tRNAs. (byu.edu)
  • The ribosome is a molecular machine that selects its substrates, aminoacyl-tRNAs, very rapidly and accurately and catalyses the synthesis of peptides from amino acids. (mpg.de)
  • We also found that bulky amino acids slow down ribosome movement when they occur within the peptide tunnel and Proline residues may decrease or increase ribosome velocities depending on the context in which they occur. (haldanessieve.org)
Translational1
  • The Hsp70 Ssb, which is associated with ribosomes regardless of their translational state, is the major ribosome-associated chaperone. (wisc.edu)
Eukaryotes5
  • Ribosomes of prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria ) are smaller than most of the ribosomes of eukaryotes (e.g. plants and animals). (biology-online.org)
  • However, the plastids and mitochondria in eukaryotes have smaller ribosomes similar to those in prokaryotes - a possible indication of the evolutionary origin of these organelles . (biology-online.org)
  • Ribosomes are special because they're found in each prokaryote and eukaryotes. (ibiologia.com)
  • Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes along with comprising of 40S smaller subunit and 60S larger subunit. (ibiologia.com)
  • The ribosomes which are present within the other cellular organelles such as Chloroplasts, Mitochondria of eukaryotes are encompassed of 70S ribosomes. (ibiologia.com)
Cytoplasm4
  • The outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum contains small granules commonly known as ribosomes, which are the smallest particulate components of the cytoplasm. (ibiologia.com)
  • Since there are not any membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes, the ribosomes float free within the cytoplasm. (ibiologia.com)
  • This means that ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are free-floating in the cytoplasm. (sciencing.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes can roam free in the cytoplasm, but they can also be bound to the exterior of the endoplasmic reticulum. (sciencing.com)
MRNAs1
  • Nop56 and Ncl mRNAs, ribosome assembly markers, were highest in O-WD/EX rats. (physiciansweekly.com)
RNAs1
  • Most of these steps are carried simultaneously with the transcription of the ribosomal RNAs, and the ribosome assembly process is carried through protein-binding events and RNA conformational changes. (wikibooks.org)
Nascent2
  • We are studying ribosome-associated molecular chaperones that are tethered near the site from which the nascent chain exits the ribosome tunnel. (wisc.edu)
  • The puzzle is that tmRNA enters stalled ribosomes and reacts with the nascent peptide in the absence of a codon-anticodon interaction. (byu.edu)
Molecular2
  • 2005) Human Mpp11 J protein: Ribosome-Tethered Molecular Chaperones Are Ubiquitous. (wisc.edu)
  • The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves at the site of biological protein synthesis. (scoodle.co.uk)
Synthesis14
  • The ribosome is the central component of the protein synthesis machinery in the cell. (springer.com)
  • Frank J, Spahn CMT (2006) The ribosome and the mechanism of protein synthesis. (springer.com)
  • Harris EH, Boynton JE, Gillham NW (1994) Chloroplast ribosomes and protein synthesis. (springer.com)
  • Nierhaus KH, Wilson DN (eds) (2004) Protein synthesis and ribosome structure. (springer.com)
  • One of the key processes ribosome carries as a ribonucleoprotein complex is protein synthesis. (wikibooks.org)
  • The metabolism of the bacterial ribosomes helps ensure the proper and timely synthesis of other components. (wikibooks.org)
  • A multi-disciplinary team of biologists, bioinformaticians and research software engineers based at EPCC and The Wallace Lab at University of Edinburgh, The Shah Lab at Rutgers University and The Lareau Lab at University of California, Berkeley will enhance and extend a software suite, called RiboViz to extract biological insight from "ribosome profiling" data and drive forward understanding of protein synthesis. (software.ac.uk)
  • These tools need to be implemented in usable and reliable software in order for all scientists studying protein synthesis to be able to get the maximum possible information from ribosome profiling data, which is expensive and time-consuming to collect. (software.ac.uk)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein synthesis is mediated by a highly conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES), mostly located at the 5′ untranslatable region (UTR) of the viral genome. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • One in all the essential cell organelles are ribosomes, that are responsible for Protein Synthesis within the cell. (ibiologia.com)
  • One mechanism for protein synthesis suppression is the dimerization of ribosomes into hibernation complexes. (northwestern.edu)
  • What is the role of ribosome in protein synthesis? (scoodle.co.uk)
  • Dissociation of single ribosomes as a preliminary step for their participation in protein synthesis. (elsevier.com)
  • Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'A Physical Model Illustrating Protein Synthesis on the Ribosome' and will not need an account to access the content. (ucpress.edu)
Evolution of the Ribosome2
  • Web Site Evolution of the Ribosome. (docme.ru)
  • Evolution of the Ribosome In the 1830s, Charles Darwin investigated different species of Galapagos finches for common features, which led to his theory on the origin and evolution of biological species. (docme.ru)
Interactions2
  • Identifying Critical RNA-RNA Interactions during Ribosome Biogenesis is the title of the project that will be based at the U of L and within the Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI), but also include collaborators at the Universities of Sherbrooke and McGill University in Quebec, as well as three German institutions. (uleth.ca)
  • This entirely new concept provided the basis for the interpretation of the interactions and conformational changes in the crystal structured of ribosomes and cryo-EM reconstructions of ribosome complexes. (mpg.de)
Functional2
  • The communication between the functional centers of the ribosome is known to be crucial, but there are only vague ideas as to how this may take place. (mpg.de)
  • Based on transient transfection experiments of dicistronic and bi-monocistronic plasmids expressing reporter genes, we present evidence that the 5′ transcript leader of Scamper contains a functional internal ribosome entry site (IRES). (elsevier.com)
Small subunit4
  • In the process of ultracentrifugation, the bacterial ribosome sediments as a 70S particle, which is composed of a small subunit of 30S and a large subunit of 50S. (wikibooks.org)
  • Each ribosome has a large and a small subunit with a sedimentation constant of the 50s and 30s respectively. (ibiologia.com)
  • These clear distinctions between the two subunit active sites support an earlier origin for the large subunit's peptidyl transferase center (PTC) with the decoding site of the small subunit being a later addition to the ribosome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is triggered by events on the small subunit, but the GTP-binding site of EF-Tu associates with the large subunit, and the way the signal is transmitted within the ribosome remains unknown. (mpg.de)
Endoplasmic reticulum4
  • Some ribosomes occur freely in the cytosol whereas others are attached to the nuclear membrane or to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) giving the latter a rough appearance, hence, the name rough ER or rER. (biology-online.org)
  • Ribosomes are floating inside the cell and also present on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (ibiologia.com)
  • Different ribosomes are found on the Endoplasmic reticulum. (ibiologia.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum with hooked up ribosomes is named as rough ER. (ibiologia.com)
IRES1
  • In this report, we identified that the TM 5′ untranslated region (UTR) bearing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element controls TM protein expression. (elsevier.com)
Bacterial ribosome2
  • It is essential for scientists to understand both temporal and physical pathways of intact ribosomes because that is how they can gain knowledge regarding the regulation and possible errors happened during the assembly of bacterial ribosome. (wikibooks.org)
  • The development of certain biophysical methods have helped better the understanding of how bacterial ribosome was constructed along with how its structure leads to function. (wikibooks.org)
Complexes1
  • Overall, ribosome is an important protein structure used to study principles of RNA, RNA protein recognition, protein folding, and the assembly of multi-component complexes. (wikibooks.org)
Antibiotics2
  • Yonath A (2005) Antibiotics targeting ribosomes: resistance, selectivity, synergism and cellular regulation. (springer.com)
  • In addition, much has been learned about the mechanisms by which antibiotics inhibit ribosome function. (mpg.de)
Peptide bond2
  • The active site for peptide bond formation - the peptidyl transferase center - is composed of ribosomal RNA, and thus the ribosome is the largest known RNA catalyst, and the only natural ribozyme that has polymerase activity. (mpg.de)
  • The ribosome employs entropic catalysis to accelerate peptide bond formation by positioning substrates, reorganizing water in the active site, and providing an electrostatic network that stabilizes reaction intermediates. (mpg.de)
Structural2
  • In addition to the primary sequence of DNA as the main source of genetic information, the development of certain structural features in biomacromolecules, for example, in the ribosome, can be used to identify and explain evolutionary processes. (docme.ru)
  • Among the most important unresolved questions is the role of structural dynamics in ribosome function. (mpg.de)
Studying ribosome biogenesis1
  • Incorrectly assembled ribosomes may give rise to diesases, therefore studying ribosome biogenesis may offer insights in developing more efficient ways to treat diseases. (wikibooks.org)
Internal ribosome entry2
  • Viral internal ribosome entry site structures segregate into two distinct morphologies. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We confirmed this finding by generating bicistronic luciferase reporter plasmids, and we were able to map a potential internal ribosome entry site-containing region to a 2474-nucleotide region of the intergenic sequence. (ox.ac.uk)
Elongation1
  • The activation of the GTPase of elongation factor (EF)-Tu is a key step in selection of aminoacyl tRNAs by the ribosome. (mpg.de)
Cellular1
  • Accordingly, all cancer cells are characterized by an enhanced production of protein factories called ribosomes and by an enlarged cellular compartment, where ribosomes are assembled. (uleth.ca)
Saccharomyces1
  • Kim SY, Craig EA (2005) Broad Sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lacking Ribosome-Associated Chaperone Ssb or Zuo1 to Cations, Including Aminoglycosides. (wisc.edu)
Including the 30S subunit1
  • The structures of a complete ribosome, including the 30S subunit and the 50S subunit, was solved to confirm that the ribosome is actually a ribozyme and the fact that catalytic sites indeed lie within ribosomal RNA components. (wikibooks.org)
Mitochondria1
  • Ribosomes can also be found in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells. (sciencing.com)
Organism1
  • Ribosomes are found in several places around a eukaryotic organism s cell. (ibiologia.com)
Characterization1
  • Here we introduce a simple computational method, Ribo-seq Unit Step Transformation (RUST) for the characterization of ribosome profiling data. (haldanessieve.org)
Vitro1
  • The assembly of these bacterial ribosomes occurs much faster and efficiently in vivo than in vitro. (wikibooks.org)
The Ribosome Biogenesis Protein Nol9 Is Essential for Definitive Hematopoiesis and Pancreas Morphogenesis in Zebrafish
The Ribosome Biogenesis Protein Nol9 Is Essential for Definitive Hematopoiesis and Pancreas Morphogenesis in Zebrafish (journals.plos.org)
Local Absence of Secondary Structure Permits Translation of mRNAs that Lack Ribosome-Binding Sites
Local Absence of Secondary Structure Permits Translation of mRNAs that Lack Ribosome-Binding Sites (journals.plos.org)
October 1969 - Scientific American
October 1969 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Sanbonmatsu Team
Sanbonmatsu Team (lanl.gov)
Ribosomes | SpringerLink
Ribosomes | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Which should be stronger acid, HOCN or HCN? Explain | bartleby
Which should be stronger acid, HOCN or HCN? Explain | bartleby (bartleby.com)
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences (news-medical.net)
5S ribosomal RNA - Wikipedia
5S ribosomal RNA - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
3.2-Ã…-resolution structure of the 90S preribosome before A1 pre-rRNA cleavage | Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
3.2-Ã…-resolution structure of the 90S preribosome before A1 pre-rRNA cleavage | Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (nature.com)
Drug Receptor Interactions in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | SpringerLink
Drug Receptor Interactions in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Ribosome | Define Ribosome at Dictionary.com
Ribosome | Define Ribosome at Dictionary.com (dictionary.com)
Ribosome | cytology | Britannica.com
Ribosome | cytology | Britannica.com (britannica.com)
How ribosomes shape the proteome | EurekAlert! Science News
How ribosomes shape the proteome | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Catching Ribosomes in the Act - Scientific American
Catching Ribosomes in the Act - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Biochemistry & Biophysics | Book | English | Springer
Biochemistry & Biophysics | Book | English | Springer (springer.com)
Tanshinone IIA inhibits human prostate cancer cells growth by induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro and in vivo |...
Tanshinone IIA inhibits human prostate cancer cells growth by induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro and in vivo |... (nature.com)
Transfer RNA - Wikipedia
Transfer RNA - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
MP Research Unit for Structural Molecular Biology at DESY | Max Planck Society
MP Research Unit for Structural Molecular Biology at DESY | Max Planck Society (mpg.de)
Structural and functional analysis of phosphorylation-specific binders of the kinase ERK from designed ankyrin repeat protein...
Structural and functional analysis of phosphorylation-specific binders of the kinase ERK from designed ankyrin repeat protein... (pnas.org)
DNA Translation
DNA Translation (news-medical.net)
Immagina BioTechnology - The ribosome company
Immagina BioTechnology - The ribosome company (immaginabiotech.com)
NASA Astrobiology Institute
NASA Astrobiology Institute (astrobiology.nasa.gov)
NASA Astrobiology Institute
NASA Astrobiology Institute (astrobiology.nasa.gov)
Ribosome profiling of Drosophila third instar larvae body wall muscle (with ribosome affinity purification)
Ribosome profiling of Drosophila third instar larvae body wall muscle (with ribosome affinity purification) (protocols.io)
Cells Smore | Smore Newsletters
Cells Smore | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
Cell structure and function | Smore Newsletters
Cell structure and function | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
Cell organelles | Smore Newsletters
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Cells | Smore Newsletters
Cells | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
Cells | Smore Newsletters
Cells | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
Cells | Smore Newsletters
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Cells and Organelles | Smore Newsletters
Cells and Organelles | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
The Soccer store | Smore Newsletters
The Soccer store | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
The Wonder of Cells | Smore Newsletters
The Wonder of Cells | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
If a gaseous mixture is made of 2.41gof He and 2.79gof | bartleby
If a gaseous mixture is made of 2.41gof He and 2.79gof | bartleby (bartleby.com)