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RewardChoice BehaviorMotivationConditioning, OperantAnticipation, PsychologicalNucleus AccumbensCuesBehavior, AnimalReinforcement (Psychology)Self StimulationPunishmentDopamineImpulsive BehaviorReaction TimeLearningDecision MakingProbability LearningBrain MappingBasal GangliaMagnetic Resonance ImagingPrefrontal CortexRats, Long-EvansConditioning (Psychology)Ventral Tegmental AreaFeedback, PsychologicalConditioning, ClassicalPsychomotor PerformanceCocaineReinforcement ScheduleDriveAssociation LearningGamblingBrainBehavior, AddictiveFood PreferencesCorpus StriatumGames, ExperimentalAnalysis of VarianceNeuronsAnhedoniaAppetitive BehaviorLimbic SystemEconomics, BehavioralPhotic StimulationDopamine Uptake InhibitorsFeeding BehaviorSelf AdministrationNeural PathwaysGyrus CinguliMacaca mulattaPleasureSucroseCaudate NucleusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAmygdalaDiscrimination LearningMesencephalonFrontal LobeGoalsFlupenthixolPlant NectarFoodModels, PsychologicalImage Processing, Computer-AssistedTask Performance and AnalysisFunctional NeuroimagingTime FactorsDopamine AntagonistsDiscrimination (Psychology)Cocaine-Related DisordersNicotineNeostriatumDopaminergic NeuronsReceptors, Dopamine D2Extinction, PsychologicalBehaviorCompulsive BehaviorReversal LearningSweetening AgentsMedial Forebrain BundleRats, Sprague-DawleyAmphetamineSaccharinMotor Activity
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.Choice Behavior: The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.Motivation: Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.Conditioning, Operant: Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.Anticipation, Psychological: The ability to foresee what is likely to happen on the basis of past experience. It is largely a frontal lobe function.Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Reinforcement (Psychology): The strengthening of a conditioned response.Self Stimulation: Stimulation of the brain, which is self-administered. The stimulation may result in negative or positive reinforcement.Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.Probability Learning: Usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study.Brain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.Rats, Long-Evans: An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.Conditioning (Psychology): A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.Feedback, Psychological: A mechanism of information stimulus and response that may control subsequent behavior, cognition, perception, or performance. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)Conditioning, Classical: Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.Reinforcement Schedule: A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response.Association Learning: The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.Gambling: An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Behavior, Addictive: The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Games, Experimental: Games designed to provide information on hypotheses, policies, procedures, or strategies.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).Appetitive Behavior: Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).Economics, Behavioral: The combined discipline of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors: Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.Macaca mulatta: A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.Pleasure: Sensation of enjoyment or gratification.Sucrose: A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Discrimination Learning: Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.Mesencephalon: The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.Frontal Lobe: The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.Goals: The end-result or objective, which may be specified or required in advance.Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595)Plant Nectar: Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.Food: Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.Models, Psychological: Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Task Performance and Analysis: The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.Functional Neuroimaging: Methods for visualizing REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM using various imaging modalities.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Dopamine Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.Discrimination (Psychology): Differential response to different stimuli.Cocaine-Related Disorders: Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.Dopaminergic Neurons: Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.Receptors, Dopamine D2: A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.Extinction, Psychological: The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.Behavior: The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.Compulsive Behavior: The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc.Reversal Learning: Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).Sweetening Agents: Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Medial Forebrain Bundle: A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

Cladistic association analysis of Y chromosome effects on alcohol dependence and related personality traits. (1/3403)

Association between Y chromosome haplotype variation and alcohol dependence and related personality traits was investigated in a large sample of psychiatrically diagnosed Finnish males. Haplotypes were constructed for 359 individuals using alleles at eight loci (seven microsatellite loci and a nucleotide substitution in the DYZ3 alphoid satellite locus). A cladogram linking the 102 observed haplotype configurations was constructed by using parsimony with a single-step mutation model. Then, a series of contingency tables nested according to the cladogram hierarchy were used to test for association between Y haplotype and alcohol dependence. Finally, using only alcohol-dependent subjects, we tested for association between Y haplotype and personality variables postulated to define subtypes of alcoholism-antisocial personality disorder, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. Significant association with alcohol dependence was observed at three Y haplotype clades, with significance levels of P = 0.002, P = 0.020, and P = 0.010. Within alcohol-dependent subjects, no relationship was revealed between Y haplotype and antisocial personality disorder, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, or reward dependence. These results demonstrate, by using a fully objective association design, that differences among Y chromosomes contribute to variation in vulnerability to alcohol dependence. However, they do not demonstrate an association between Y haplotype and the personality variables thought to underlie the subtypes of alcoholism.  (+info)

An analysis of choice making in the assessment of young children with severe behavior problems. (2/3403)

We examined how positive and negative reinforcement influenced time allocation, occurrence of problem behavior, and completion of parent instructions during a concurrent choice assessment with 2 preschool-aged children who displayed severe problem behavior in their homes. The children were given a series of concurrent choice options that varied availability of parent attention, access to preferred toys, and presentation of parent instructions. The results showed that both children consistently allocated their time to choice areas that included parent attention when no instructions were presented. When parent attention choice areas included the presentation of instructions, the children displayed differential patterns of behavior that appeared to be influenced by the presence or absence of preferred toys. The results extended previous applications of reinforcer assessment procedures by analyzing the relative influence of both positive and negative reinforcement within a concurrent-operants paradigm.  (+info)

Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: effect of alcohol. (3/3403)

Little is known about the acute effects of drugs of abuse on impulsivity and self-control. In this study, impulsivity was assessed in humans using a computer task that measured delay and probability discounting. Discounting describes how much the value of a reward (or punisher) is decreased when its occurrence is either delayed or uncertain. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers ingested a moderate dose of ethanol (0.5 or 0.8 g/kg ethanol: n = 12 at each dose) or placebo before completing the discounting task. In the task the participants were given a series of choices between a small, immediate, certain amount of money and $10 that was either delayed (0, 2, 30, 180, or 365 days) or probabilistic (i.e., certainty of receipt was 1.0, .9, .75, .5, or .25). The point at which each individual was indifferent between the smaller immediate or certain reward and the $10 delayed or probabilistic reward was identified using an adjusting-amount procedure. The results indicated that (a) delay and probability discounting were well described by a hyperbolic function; (b) delay and probability discounting were positively correlated within subjects; (c) delay and probability discounting were moderately correlated with personality measures of impulsivity; and (d) alcohol had no effect on discounting.  (+info)

Sodium depletion and aldosterone decrease dopamine transporter activity in nucleus accumbens but not striatum. (4/3403)

Motivated behaviors, including sodium (Na) appetite, are correlated with increased dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). DA transporter (DAT) modulation affects DA transmission and may play a role in motivated behaviors. In vivo Na depletion, which reliably induces Na appetite, was correlated with robust decreases in DA uptake via the DAT in the rat NAc with rotating disk electrode voltammetry [1,277 +/- 162 vs. 575 +/- 89 pmol. s-1. g-1; Vmax of transport for control vs. Na-depleted tissue]. Plasma aldosterone (Aldo) levels increase after in vivo Na depletion and contribute to Na appetite. Decreased DAT activity in the NAc was observed after in vitro Aldo treatment (428 +/- 28 vs. 300 +/- 25 pmol. s-1. g-1). Neither treatment affected DAT activity in the striatum. These results suggest that a direct action of Aldo is one possible mechanism by which Na depletion induces a reduction in DAT activity in the NAc. Reduced DAT activity may play a role in generating increased NAc DA transmission during Na appetite, which may underlie the motivating properties of Na for the Na-depleted rat.  (+info)

Dopamine fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens during maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous D-amphetamine self-administration. (5/3403)

Moment-to-moment fluctuations of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) were determined in rats self-administering or passively receiving "yoked" intravenous infusions of D-amphetamine. The initial lever presses of each session caused elevations in DA concentration, usually to an initial peak that was not maintained throughout the rest of the session. As the initial ("loading") injections were metabolized, DA levels dropped toward baseline but were sustained at elevated plateaus by subsequent lever pressing that was spaced throughout the remainder of the 3 hr sessions. During this period, DA levels fluctuated phasically, time-locked to the cycle of periodic lever pressing. Consistent with the known pharmacological actions and dynamics of amphetamine, peak DA elevations were seen approximately 10-15 min after each injection, and the mean DA level was at a low point in the phasic cycle at the time of each new lever press. During extinction periods when saline was substituted for amphetamine, DA levels dropped steadily toward baseline levels despite a dramatic increase in (now-unrewarded) lever pressing. Noncontingent injections during extinction reinstated lever-pressing behavior and increased nucleus accumbens DA concentrations. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that under the conditions of this experiment-during periods of amphetamine intoxication in well-trained animals-the timing of amphetamine self-administration comes primarily under the control of extracellular DA concentrations. The probability of lever pressing during the maintenance phase is highest when DA concentrations fall near a characteristic trigger point, a trigger point that is significantly elevated above baseline, and falls as DA concentrations fall below or increase above that trigger point.  (+info)

Enhancement of locomotor activity and conditioned reward to cocaine by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. (6/3403)

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system has been implicated in drug reward, locomotor sensitization, and responding for reward-related stimuli [termed conditioned reinforcers (CR)]. Here, we investigated the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which enhances the survival and function of dopaminergic neurons, on stimulant-induced locomotor sensitization and responding for CR. In experiment 1, BDNF was infused into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or ventral tegmental area over 2 weeks via chronically implanted minipumps (1-2.5 microgram/d), and the psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine (5-15 mg/kg, i.p.) were studied. We found that BDNF enhanced the initial stimulant effects of cocaine and seemed to facilitate the development of sensitization to repeated cocaine doses. In experiment 2, we studied the effects of intra-NAc BDNF infusions on responding for CR. BDNF-treated rats showed twice as many CR responses compared with controls when saline was first administered. BDNF enhanced responding on the CR lever more than four times that seen in control animals after a cocaine injection (10 mg/kg, i.p.). The enhanced response to cocaine in BDNF-treated animals persisted for more than a month after the BDNF infusions had stopped, indicating long-lasting changes in the mesolimbic DA system caused by BDNF administration. In experiment 3, we examined locomotor sensitization to cocaine in heterozygous BDNF knock-out mice and found that the development of sensitization was delayed compared with wild-type littermates. These results demonstrate the profound effects of BDNF on the enhancement of both cocaine-induced locomotion and facilitation of CR and suggest a possible role for BDNF in long-term adaptations of the brain to cocaine.  (+info)

High effort, low reward, and cardiovascular risk factors in employed Swedish men and women: baseline results from the WOLF Study. (7/3403)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between measures of work stress (that is, the combination of high effort and low reward) and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: Cross sectional first screening of a prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted among 5720 healthy employed men and women living in the greater Stockholm area aged 19-70 years. All analyses were restricted to subjects with complete data (n = 4958). The investigation of associations between indicators of effort-reward imbalance and cardiovascular risk factors was restricted to the age group 30-55 years (n = 3427). MAIN RESULTS: Subjects reporting high effort and low reward at work had a higher prevalence of well known risk factors for coronary heart disease. After adjustment for relevant confounders, associations between a measure of extrinsic effort and reward (the effort-reward ratio) and hypertension (multivariate prevalence odds ratio (POR) 1.62-1.68), increased total cholesterol (upper tertile 220 mg/dl)(POR = 1.24) and the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol ratio (upper tertile 4.61)(POR 1.26-1.30) were found among men. Among women a measure of high intrinsic effort (immersion) was related to increased low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (upper tertile 130 mg/dl)(POR 1.37-1.39). Analyses of variance showed increasing mean values of LDL cholesterol with an increasing degree of the effort-reward ratio among men and increased LDL-cholesterol among women with high levels of intrinsic effort (upper tertile of immersion). CONCLUSIONS: Findings lend support to the hypothesis that effort-reward imbalance represents a specific constellation of stressful experience at work related to cardiovascular risk. The relation was not explained by relevant confounders (for example, lack of physical exercise, body weight, cigarette smoking).  (+info)

Muscimol-induced inactivation of monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memory-guided saccades. (8/3403)

Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memory-guided saccades. Although neurophysiological, anatomic, and imaging evidence suggest that the frontal eye field (FEF) participates in the generation of eye movements, chronic lesions of the FEF in both humans and monkeys appear to cause only minor deficits in visually guided saccade generation. Stronger effects are observed when subjects are tested in tasks with more cognitive requirements. We tested oculomotor function after acutely inactivating regions of the FEF to minimize the effects of plasticity and reallocation of function after the loss of the FEF and gain more insight into the FEF contribution to the guidance of eye movements in the intact brain. Inactivation was induced by microinjecting muscimol directly into physiologically defined sites in the FEF of three monkeys. FEF inactivation severely impaired the monkeys' performance of both visually guided and memory-guided saccades. The monkeys initiated fewer saccades to the retinotopic representation of the inactivated FEF site than to any other location in the visual field. The saccades that were initiated had longer latencies, slower velocities, and larger targeting errors than controls. These effects were present both for visually guided and for memory-guided saccades, although the memory-guided saccades were more disrupted. Initially, the effects were restricted spatially, concentrating around the retinotopic representation at the center of the inactivated site, but, during the course of several hours, these effects spread to flanking representations. Predictability of target location and motivation of the monkey also affected saccadic performance. For memory-guided saccades, increases in the time during which the monkey had to remember the spatial location of a target resulted in further decreases in the accuracy of the saccades and in smaller peak velocities, suggesting a progressive loss of the capacity to maintain a representation of target location in relation to the fovea after FEF inactivation. In addition, the monkeys frequently made premature saccades to targets in the hemifield ipsilateral to the injection site when performing the memory task, indicating a deficit in the control of fixation that could be a consequence of an imbalance between ipsilateral and contralateral FEF activity after the injection. There was also a progressive loss of fixation accuracy, and the monkeys tended to restrict spontaneous visual scanning to the ipsilateral hemifield. These results emphasize the strong role of the FEF in the intact monkey in the generation of all voluntary saccadic eye movements, as well as in the control of fixation.  (+info)

Chapter 15 - Drug addiction & the brains reward circuits - 1 Chapter 15 Drug Addiction the brains reward circuits Basic...Chapter 15 - Drug addiction & the brain's reward circuits - 1 Chapter 15 Drug Addiction the brains reward circuits Basic...
View Notes - Chapter 15 - Drug addiction & the brains reward circuits from PSYCHOLOGY SPC 211 at Sunway University College. 1 Chapter 15 Drug Addiction & the brains reward circuits Basic
Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine NeuronsPredictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons
CiteWeb id: 19980000092. CiteWeb score: 5133. Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1-27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest that midbrain dopamine systems are involved in processing reward information and learning approach behavior. Most dopamine neurons show phasic activations after primary liquid and food rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting visual and auditory stimuli. They show biphasic, activation-depression responses after stimuli that resemble reward-predicting stimuli or are novel or particularly salient. However, only few phasic activations follow aversive stimuli. Thus dopamine neurons label environmental stimuli with appetitive value, predict and detect rewards and signal alerting and motivating events. By failing to discriminate between different rewards, dopamine neurons appear to emit an alerting message about the surprising presence or absence of rewards. All ...
Frontiers | Neural Processing of Calories in Brain Reward Areas Can be Modulated by Reward Sensitivity | Frontiers in...Frontiers | Neural Processing of Calories in Brain Reward Areas Can be Modulated by Reward Sensitivity | Frontiers in...
A foods reward value is dependent on its caloric content. Furthermore, a foods acute reward value also depends on hunger state. The drive to obtain rewards (reward sensitivity), however, differs between individuals. Here, we assessed the association between brain responses to calories in the mouth and trait reward sensitivity in different hunger states. Firstly, we assessed this in data from a functional neuroimaging study (van Rijn et al., 2015), in which participants (n=30) tasted simple solutions of a non-caloric sweetener with or without a non-sweet carbohydrate (maltodextrin) during hunger and satiety. Secondly, we expanded these analyses to regular drinks by assessing the same relationship in data from a study in which soft drinks sweetened with either sucrose or a non-caloric sweetener were administered during hunger (n=18) (Griffioen-Roose et al., 2013). First, taste activation by the non-caloric solution/soft drink was subtracted from that by the caloric solution/soft drink to eliminate
Patent US20080077489 - Rewards systems - Google PatentsuchePatent US20080077489 - Rewards systems - Google Patentsuche
Rewards systems for permitting a user to motivate one or more other users to perform predetermined activities are provided. A rewards system of the present invention can permit a supervisory user to set up rewards allocation parameters by which the rewards system can automatically distribute rewards to a subordinate user. Once the subordinate user has input data about his activities, the rewards system can determine the appropriate rewards to distribute to the subordinate user account based on the data and the rewards allocation parameters. A rewards system of the present invention also can permit a user to challenge one or more users to a competition. Based on data about the competitors activities and user-defined allocation parameters, the rewards system can automatically distribute rewards to the user account(s) of victorious competitor(s).
How We Decide: The Neuronal Reward SignalHow We Decide: The Neuronal Reward Signal
Dopamine neurons. The strongest and most consistent reward signal is found in the dopamine neurons in pars compacta of substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The signal reflects a reward prediction error, a measure of the difference between the actual reward and what an individual expected it would be (error here does not mean "mistake," just difference). A better reward than predicted (positive prediction error) elicits an increase in the firing rate of the dopamine neurons (activation); a worse reward than predicted (negative error) reduces the firing rate (inhibition), and a fully predicted reward fails to change the rate (no response). This signal does not distinguish between rewards valued innately (the so-called unconditioned stimulus US) and those that have been trained or conditioned (conditioned stimulus. CS). This response is an efficient informational signal and underlies what we term associative learning, the process by which a person or animal learns an association ...
Varenicline on Reward Responses and Cognition in Adolescent Smokers - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.govVarenicline on Reward Responses and Cognition in Adolescent Smokers - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
This is a pilot project using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the influence of varenicline on reward processing, cognitive control, and regulation of craving in adolescent smokers. We hypothesize that adolescent smokers receiving varenicline, when compared with those receiving placebo, will have increased activation of the ventral striatum (VS) in response to anticipation of rewards in the Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT), decreased activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during exposure to incongruent stimuli in the Stroop task, and reduced activation of the ventral striatum in response to tobacco cues, and increased activation of the dlPFC during regulation of responses to tobacco cues during the Regulation of Craving (ROC) task. The results of this pilot project will have important implications regarding the use of varenicline for treating tobacco dependence and understanding vareniclines neurobiological effects in adolescent smokers ...
Using your Rewards Platinum card | ANZUsing your Rewards Platinum card | ANZ
For ANZ Rewards, a Total Annual Fee of $80 applies which includes a $25 Annual Account Fee and a $55 Rewards Program Services Fee. For ANZ Rewards Platinum, a Total Annual Fee of $95 applies, which includes a $40 Annual Account Fee and a $55 Rewards Program Service Fee. For ANZ Rewards Black, a Total Annual Fee of $375 applies, which includes a $320 Annual Account Fee and a $55 Rewards Program Service Fee. For ANZ Rewards Travel Adventures, a Total Annual Fee of $225 applies, which includes a $170 Annual Account Fee and a $55 Rewards Program Service Fee. For additional cardholders on ANZ Rewards, ANZ Rewards Platinum, ANZ Rewards Black and ANZ Rewards Travel Adventures, an annual Additional Cardholder Fee of $10 and an annual Rewards Program Services Fee of $55 will apply per additional cardholder on the account. These fees are current as at and are subject to change. The fee information displayed on this page applies to new customers only.. Back to top ...
COMTVal158Met genotype is associated with reward learning: a replication study and meta-analysis -ORCACOMTVal158Met genotype is associated with reward learning: a replication study and meta-analysis -ORCA
Identifying mechanisms through which individual differences in reward learning emerge offers an opportunity to understand both a fundamental form of adaptive responding as well as etiological pathways through which aberrant reward learning may contribute to maladaptive behaviors and psychopathology. One candidate mechanism through which individual differences in reward learning may emerge is variability in dopaminergic reinforcement signaling. A common functional polymorphism within the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene (COMT; rs4680, Val158Met) has been linked to reward learning, where homozygosity for the Met allele (linked to heightened prefrontal dopamine function and decreased dopamine synthesis in the midbrain) has been associated with relatively increased reward learning. Here, we used a probabilistic reward learning task to asses response bias, a behavioral form of reward learning, across three separate samples that were combined for analyses (age: 21.80 ± 3.95; n = 392; 268 female; ...
Zappos Rewards | Zappos.comZappos Rewards | Zappos.com
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Zappos Rewards | Zappos.comZappos Rewards | Zappos.com
PARTICIPATION IN THE ZAPPOS REWARDS PROGRAM AND ALL OF ITS BENEFITS IS SUBJECT TO AGREEING TO ALL TERMS & CONDITIONS OF THE PROGRAM. Review Zappos Rewards Program Terms & Conditions.. 1Rewards members may earn extra Rewards Points on select purchases during special promotional periods that we communicate to you. To earn extra Rewards Points, you must be enrolled in the Zappos Rewards Program prior to making qualifying purchases. These promotional Rewards Points cannot be applied to previous purchases. Cancellation, return or exchange of qualifying purchases will result in a deduction of the associated Rewards Points in accordance with the Zappos Rewards Program Terms & Conditions. Rewards Points have no cash value. Zappos reserves the right to modify or cancel Rewards Point multiplier events at any time without notice.. 2Early access to select products, sales, and special events means that youll have access to qualifying promotions before members of lower level Zappos Rewards Program Tiers or ...
Motivation and reward systemsMotivation and reward systems
Reward systems are identified as one of the human resource management (HRM) practices that may impact motivation. Reward systems may consist of several components, including financial and nonfinancial rewards, in fixed and variable amounts. Reinforcement, expectancy, and equity principles are discussed to explain why reward systems have motivating properties. The influence of reward systems on motivation is not straightforward, because the psychological meaning of pay has to be taken into account. Each system may have unintended consequences because of the psychological interpretation of the rewards. In an international context, it is reasonable to assume that cultural differences affect the interpretation and meaning of reward systems, as the values that affect their meaning may differ between cultures. As such, a reward system may have differential motivational effects in different cultures. Some research findings regarding these differences are presented, and some issues for future research ...
The interaction between self-bias and reward: Evidence for common and distinct processes. - Oxford NeuroscienceThe interaction between self-bias and reward: Evidence for common and distinct processes. - Oxford Neuroscience
The perceptual matching of shapes and labels can be affected by both self- and reward-biases when shapes are linked either to labels referring to particular individuals (you, friend, stranger) or to different reward values (£8, £2, £0). We investigated the relations between these biases by varying the reward value associated with particular shape-label pairs (circle-you, square-friend, triangle-stranger). Self shape-label pairs (circle-you) always received no reward, while friend shape-label pairs (square-friend) received high reward and stranger shape-label pairs low reward (triangle-stranger), or the reverse (friend-low reward; stranger-high reward). Despite receiving no reward, responses to self-related pairs were advantaged relative to those to low-reward stimuli and did not differ from those to high-reward items. There was also an advantage for responses to high-reward friend pairs relative to low-reward stranger stimuli, and for high-reward stranger stimuli compared to low-reward friends.
HBC RewardsHBC Rewards
If you are a member of the Hudson s Bay Rewards program, you may convert Points to Hudson s Bay Rewards points or auto-convert Hudson s Bay Rewards points to Points. Once Points are converted to Hudson s Bay Rewards points, they must remain in the Hudson s Bay Rewards program and they may not be reversed/returned or converted back to Points. Once Hudson s Bay Rewards points are converted to Points, they must remain in the Program and they may not be reversed/returned or converted back to Hudson s Bay Rewards points.For one-time conversions (from Points to Hudson s Bay Rewards points), a minimum of 500 Points must be converted each time, which may be increased by increments of 2 Points up to a maximum of 99, 900 Points at any one time. For every 500 Points which is converted, you will receive 1,000 Hudson s Bay Rewards points. For auto-convert, your Hudson s Bay Rewards points will automatically be converted to Points each time you have a minimum of 40 points in your Hudson s Bay Rewards account, ...
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If you are a member of the Hudson s Bay Rewards program, you may convert your RBC Rewards points to Hudson s Bay Rewards points or auto-convert Hudson s Bay Rewards points to Points. Once Points are converted to Hudson s Bay Rewards points, they must remain in the Hudson s Bay Rewards program and they may not be reversed/returned or converted back to Points. Once Hudson s Bay Rewards points are converted to Points, they must remain in the Program and they may not be reversed/returned or converted back to Hudson s Bay Rewards points.For one-time conversions (from Points to Hudson s Bay Rewards points), a minimum of 500 Points must be converted each time, which may be increased by increments of 2 Points up to a maximum of 99, 900 Points at any one time. For every 500 Points which is converted, you will receive 1,000 Hudson s Bay Rewards points. For auto-convert, your Hudson s Bay Rewards points will automatically be converted to Points each time you have a minimum of 40 points in your Hudson s Bay ...
Altmetric - Neural signal during immediate reward anticipation in schizophrenia: Relationship to real-world motivation and...Altmetric - Neural signal during immediate reward anticipation in schizophrenia: Relationship to real-world motivation and...
Amotivation in schizophrenia is a central predictor of poor functioning, and is thought to occur due to deficits in anticipating future rewards, suggesting that impairments in anticipating pleasure can contribute to functional disability in schizophrenia. In healthy comparison (HC) participants, reward anticipation is associated with activity in frontal-striatal networks. By contrast, schizophrenia (SZ) participants show hypoactivation within these frontal-striatal networks during this motivated anticipatory brain state. Here, we examined neural activation in SZ and HC participants during the anticipatory phase of stimuli that predicted immediate upcoming reward and punishment, and during the feedback/outcome phase, in relation to trait measures of hedonic pleasure and real-world functional capacity. SZ patients showed hypoactivation in ventral striatum during reward anticipation. Additionally, we found distinct differences between HC and SZ groups in their association between reward-related ...
Neural basis of reward anticipation and its genetic determinants - Nottingham ePrintsNeural basis of reward anticipation and its genetic determinants - Nottingham ePrints
Dysfunctional reward processing is implicated in various mental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addictions. Such impairments might involve different components of the reward process, including brain activity during reward anticipation. We examined brain nodes engaged by reward anticipation in 1,544 adolescents and identified a network containing a core striatal node and cortical nodes facilitating outcome prediction and response preparation. Distinct nodes and functional connections were preferentially associated with either adolescent hyperactivity or alcohol consumption, thus conveying specificity of reward processing to clinically relevant behavior. We observed associations between the striatal node, hyperactivity, and the vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A (VPS4A) gene in humans, and the causal role of Vps4 for hyperactivity was validated in Drosophila. Our data provide a neurobehavioral model explaining the heterogeneity of reward-related ...
RCI Elite Rewards MastercardRCI Elite Rewards Mastercard
Conditions and limitations apply. Refer to the FAQs and Reward Rules within the Terms and Conditions for additional information about the rewards program. 3. RCI Member RewardsSM Redemption: In order to redeem Rewards for RCI Member RewardsSM, you must have a current RCI Subscribing Member account. RCI Member Rewards are issued in the specified amount, which will appear as a credit to the cardmembers designated RCI account and you may apply that credit to pay for certain RCI products and services. RCI Member Rewards may not be used for RCI Travel, RCI Points Partner, RCI Cruise, Lifestyle Benefits, Experiential Vacations, and timeshare resort maintenance fees. Certain other rules, restrictions and exclusions may apply to the use of RCI Member Rewards. Refer to FAQs and Reward Rules within the Terms and Conditions for additional information. 4. Cash Back Redemption: Redemption for cash back statement credits start at 2,500 Rewards. If you redeem for cash back statement credit, it will be posted ...
Rewards - iHerbRewards - iHerb
To earn Rewards Credit, new or existing customers must complete an order using your Rewards code or link. Both new and existing customers receive an instant 5% discount on their order, and you receive 5% of their order in Rewards Credit. Additionally, give a 10% discount and earn 10% in Rewards Credit on all iHerb exclusive products referred. You can also access exclusive Rewards only promotions on our Super Rewards Page. Rewards credits have a pending status of up to 35 days and are subject to adjustments for any returns or cancellations. Once they are available to use, you have 180 days to use them for shopping at iHerb. You can also cash out your Rewards when you have at least $100 of available Rewards at the end of any given month.. ...
Rewards - iHerbRewards - iHerb
To earn Rewards Credit, new or existing customers must complete an order using your Rewards code or link. Both new and existing customers receive an instant 5% discount on their order, and you receive 5% of their order in Rewards Credit. Additionally, give a 10% discount and earn 10% in Rewards Credit on all iHerb exclusive products referred. You can also access exclusive Rewards only promotions on our Super Rewards Page. Rewards credits have a pending status of up to 35 days and are subject to adjustments for any returns or cancellations. Once they are available to use, you have 180 days to use them for shopping at iHerb. You can also cash out your Rewards when you have at least $100 of available Rewards at the end of any given month.. ...
Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingDissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are central to current models of reward-learning. Temporal difference (TD) learning models posit that these signals should be modulated by predictions, not only of magnitude but also timing of reward. Here we show that BOLD activity in the VTA conforms to such TD predictions: responses to unexpected rewards are modulated by a temporal hazard function and activity between a predictive stimulus and reward is depressed in proportion to predicted reward. By contrast, BOLD activity in ventral striatum (VS) does not reflect a TD RPE, but instead encodes a signal on the variable relevant for behavior, here timing but not magnitude of reward. The results have important implications for dopaminergic models of cortico-striatal learning and suggest a modification of the conventional view that VS BOLD necessarily reflects inputs from dopaminergic VTA neurons signaling an RPE.
Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesDissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences
Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are central to current models of reward-learning. Temporal difference (TD) learning models posit that these signals should be modulated by predictions, not only of magnitude but also timing of reward. Here we show that BOLD activity in the VTA conforms to such TD predictions: responses to unexpected rewards are modulated by a temporal hazard function and activity between a predictive stimulus and reward is depressed in proportion to predicted reward. By contrast, BOLD activity in ventral striatum (VS) does not reflect a TD RPE, but instead encodes a signal on the variable relevant for behavior, here timing but not magnitude of reward. The results have important implications for dopaminergic models of cortico-striatal learning and suggest a modification of the conventional view that VS BOLD necessarily reflects inputs from dopaminergic VTA neurons signaling an RPE.
Probabilistic Reward Task - EnglishProbabilistic Reward Task - English
A learning task in which different responses are associated with differing intermittent reinforcement schedules as described in Pizzagalli et al (2005). Go back to Probabilistic Reward Task page ...
City Research Online - Social and non-social reward learning reduced and related to a familial vulnerability in schizophrenia...City Research Online - Social and non-social reward learning reduced and related to a familial vulnerability in schizophrenia...
Patients with a disorder in the schizophrenia spectrum (SZ) demonstrate impairments in reward learning. A reduced sensitivity to social reward may impede social beyond non-social reward learning mechanisms. The aim of the current study was to investigate social and non-social reward learning in SZ by means of two interactive game-theoretical investment paradigms. Unaffected first-degree relatives of patients were included to examine whether (social) reward-learning impairments are part of a familial vulnerability of SZ. We included 50 patients with a SZ disorder, 20 unaffected first-degree relatives of patients and 49 healthy controls. The trust game (social) and the lottery game (non-social) were used, consisting of 20 game trials each. The game paradigms were programmed to increase the likelihood of higher repayments in response to increased investments. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine learning over trials in both contexts. The results showed that controls learned equally ...
Reward signals - ScholarpediaReward signals - Scholarpedia
Dopamine neurons acquire responses to reward-predicting visual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CS). The responses covary with the expected value of reward, irrespective of spatial position, sensory stimulus attributes and arm, mouth and eye movements ( Figure 6). The responses are modulated by the motivation of the animal, the time course of predictions and the animals choice among rewards (Satoh et al. 2003, Nakahara et al. 2004, Morris et al. 2006). Although discriminating between reward-predicting CSs and neutral stimuli, dopamine activations have a non-negligible propensity for generalization (Waelti et al. 2001). During the course of learning, the dopamine response to the reward decreases gradually, and a response to the immediately preceding CS develops in parallel. The gradual, opposite changes in US and CS responses do not involve backpropagating waves of prediction error (Pan et al 2005) assumed in earlier reinforcement models (Montague et al. 1996, Schultz et al. 1997) and are ...
e.guigon.free.fre.guigon.free.fr
terbalanced with respect to pre-drug performance and the The spatial location of the high and low reward arms left/right orientation of the high/low reward arms. Twenty- remained unchanged, although the high reward arm now four hours after each injection day, the rats were retrained contained ten pellets and the low reward arm two pellets on the task. They received ten forced trials (five to both the (Thiebot et al. Bizot et al. ). When the rat chose high and low reward arms) and ten choice trials: at this the high reward arm, it was locked in the goal arm by point all animals were once again choosing the high re- means of the pair of sliding doors. After 15 s the sliding ward arm on at least 75% of the trials. On the following door adjacent to the food well was opened and the rat was day, a second test session was conducted but with the al- allowed to consume the reward. In contrast, when the rat location of animals to the drug and vehicle conditions now chose the low reward arm, the door ...
NAB Velocity Rewards Card changes | NAB Rewards Classic Card - NABNAB Velocity Rewards Card changes | NAB Rewards Classic Card - NAB
5Velocity Points bonus:. Available to NAB Rewards customers who have their NAB Rewards Points automatically transferred once a month to their Velocity account. The 15% bonus Velocity Points are calculated on the total number of base Velocity Points automatically transferred to the primary cardholders Velocity account for each of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th automatic transfers completed monthly between 1 August 2020 and 30 June 2021. If you choose to opt out of automatic transfers of NAB Rewards Points to be converted to Velocity Points, the bonus Points will be forfeited. If you hold multiple NAB Rewards Cards, the offer is only available once on one card. Bonus Points awarded will be rounded to the nearest whole Point. Standard conversion rate is 1 Velocity Point for every 2 NAB Rewards Points. A minimum of 2 NAB Reward Points is required for an automatic transfer, and then additional multiples of 2 NAB Reward Points. Velocity Points will be available in your Velocity account in accordance with NABs ...
AutoZone.com | Rewards FAQAutoZone.com | Rewards FAQ
In order to redeem your Rewards online, you must register your AutoZone Rewards account online. To do so please click here: www.AutoZone.com/rewards. If you are registered and logged in, upon checkout, you have the option to redeem your Reward online on the Order Summary & Payment page. If you choose to use your Reward at that time, simply select Redeem and your Reward balance will be deducted from your account and applied towards your purchase. If you choose not to use your Reward, proceed with the checkout process and your Reward balance will remain in your account.. ...
Rewards InformationRewards Information
Our Facewest Rewards system rewards our regular repeat customers. Here are the details: All customers who create an account at checkout are enrolled into our free rewards programme. You have to have an online account so our store can track your points. The rewards programme is very straightforward. For every £1 you spend on-line you receive 5p onto your reward balance. On future orders you can redeem up to the full order value (not including shipping charges). ...
City Rewards Network API Followers | ProgrammableWebCity Rewards Network API Followers | ProgrammableWeb
The City Rewards Network combines deals and coupons from Groupon, Coupons.com, Yelp, and Living Social on their website. In addition, the company has over 1000 exclusive merchants running over 3000 daily deals. By using the City Rewards Network API, users gain programmatic access to all local deals as well as exclusive e-commerce deals, all consolidated in one service ...
Nucleus accumbens corticotropin-releasing factor increases cue-triggered motivation for sucrose reward: paradoxical positive...Nucleus accumbens corticotropin-releasing factor increases cue-triggered motivation for sucrose reward: paradoxical positive...
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is typically considered to mediate aversive aspects of stress, fear and anxiety. However, CRF release in the brain is also elicited by natural rewards and incentive cues, raising the possibility that some CRF systems in the brain mediate an independent function of positive incentive motivation, such as amplifying incentive salience. Here we asked whether activation of a limbic CRF subsystem magnifies the increase in positive motivation for reward elicited by incentive cues previously associated with that reward, in a way that might exacerbate cue-triggered binge pursuit of food or other incentives? We assessed the impact of CRF microinjections into the medial shell of nucleus accumbens using a pure incentive version of Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer, a measure specifically sensitive to the incentive salience of reward cues (which it separates from influences of aversive stress, stress reduction, frustration and other traditional explanations for stress-increased
Favorite Customer Rewards ProgramsFavorite Customer Rewards Programs
I like getting free stuff. And I like it when companies reward me for purchases I regularly make.. Now, Im not talking about credit card rewards… thats a whole other thing entirely. Im talking about when you buy something and you get a code or a stamp that you can use to earn goodies.. I know that these little rewards are usually built into the purchase price of the things Im buying… But sometimes I just turn that little voice off and enjoy the bounty that comes my way.. Here are a few of my favorite customer rewards programs:. My Coke Rewards. We still buy soda in our house. And Im still fighting the battle to give it up. Its really hard. Collect the codes for My Coke Rewards and you can get everything from magazine subscriptions to movie tickets to free Coke products.. Pampers Gifts to Grow and Huggies Enjoy the Ride Rewards. If you have kiddos in diapers, these two programs are excellent ways to earn things like gift cards, free photo prints, toys and more. Youll find the Pampers ...
Adolescents, Adults and Rewards: Comparing Motivational Neurocircuitry Recruitment Using fMRIAdolescents, Adults and Rewards: Comparing Motivational Neurocircuitry Recruitment Using fMRI
Background Adolescent risk-taking, including behaviors resulting in injury or death, has been attributed in part to maturational differences in mesolimbic incentive-motivational neurocircuitry, including ostensible oversensitivity of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) to rewards. Methodology/Principal Findings To test whether adolescents showed increased NAcc activation by cues for rewards, or by delivery of rewards, we scanned 24 adolescents (age 12-17) and 24 adults age (22-42) with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. The MID task was configured to temporally disentangle potential reward or potential loss anticipation-related brain signal from reward or loss notification-related signal. Subjects saw cues signaling opportunities to win or avoid losing $0, $.50, or $5 for responding quickly to a subsequent target. Subjects then viewed feedback of their trial success after a variable interval from cue presentation of between 6 to17 s. Adolescents
Inflammation is associated with decreased functional connectivity within corticostriatal reward circuitry in depression |...Inflammation is associated with decreased functional connectivity within corticostriatal reward circuitry in depression |...
Depression is associated with alterations in corticostriatal reward circuitry. One pathophysiological pathway that may drive these changes is inflammation. Biomarkers of inflammation (for example, cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP)) are reliably elevated in depressed patients. Moreover, administration of inflammatory stimuli reduces neural activity and dopamine release in reward-related brain regions in association with reduced motivation and anhedonia. Accordingly, we examined whether increased inflammation in depression affects corticostriatal reward circuitry to lead to deficits in motivation and goal-directed motor behavior. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on 48 medically stable, unmedicated outpatients with major depression. Whole-brain, voxel-wise functional connectivity was examined as a function of CRP using seeds for subdivisions of the ventral and dorsal striatum associated with motivation and motor control. Increased CRP was associated with decreased
Dopamine and reward responses to music causally linked | Newsroom - McGill UniversityDopamine and reward responses to music causally linked | Newsroom - McGill University
A new study published in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, reveals a causal link between the neurotransmitter dopamine and the reward responses to music. The study was conducted by an international team including researchers from the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital of McGill University, the University of Barcelona, and the Hospital de
CVS puts emphasis on ExtraCare Rewards program - Drug Store NewsCVS puts emphasis on ExtraCare Rewards program - Drug Store News
To encourage members to redeem their rewards, CVS/pharmacy is shining a spotlight on MoneyTrashers, customers who are trashing their money by not doing such simple things as checking their receipts for ExtraBucks rewards before tossing them in the trash, or redeeming special coupons cardholders receive by email and at in-store Coupon Centers.. As of July 1, ExtraCare cardholders began receiving their quarterly ExtraBucks rewards, which are automatic savings each shopper earns for scanning their ExtraCare card during each shopping visit. These quarterly rewards are paid out four times a year.. To help more customers realize these rewards can be used to buy almost anything in the store, the CVS/pharmacy Facebook page now features interactive content, including videos, showing shoppers all the ways they might be a MoneyTrasher, alongside tips to save more at CVS/pharmacy by spending ExtraBucks rewards and taking advantage of savings opportunities. Viewers will be able to vote on their ...
Sensitivity to cocaine conditioned reward depends on sex and age<...Sensitivity to cocaine conditioned reward depends on sex and age<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Sensitivity to cocaine conditioned reward depends on sex and age. AU - Zakharova, Elena. AU - Wade, Dean. AU - Izenwasser, Sari E. PY - 2009/3/1. Y1 - 2009/3/1. N2 - Human and animal laboratory studies show that females and males respond differently to drugs and that drug administration during adolescence leads to different behavioral effects than during adulthood. Adult female rats are more sensitive to the behavioral effects of cocaine than adult males, but it is not known if the same effect of sex exists during adolescence. In the present study, sensitivity to the conditioned reward of cocaine was evaluated using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm where adolescent (PND 34) and adult (PND 66) male and female rats were trained and tested for the development of CPP to multiple doses of cocaine. Female rats developed CPP at lower doses than males, regardless of age. In addition, adolescent male and female rats established a CPP at lower doses of cocaine than adult male ...
Effort but not Reward Sensitivity is Altered by Acute Sickness Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Humans. - Wellcome Centre...Effort but not Reward Sensitivity is Altered by Acute Sickness Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia in Humans. - Wellcome Centre...
Sickness behavior in humans is characterized by low mood and fatigue, which have been suggested to reflect changes in motivation involving reorganization of priorities. However, it is unclear which specific processes underlying motivation are altered. We tested whether bacterial endotoxin E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affected two dissociable constructs of motivational behavior, ie, effort and reward sensitivity. After familiarization with 5 effort levels, participants made a series of accept/reject decisions on whether the stake offered (1, 4, 8, 12, or 15 apples) was worth the effort (10%, 27.5%, 45%, 62.5%, and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction in a hand-held dynamometer). Effort and reward levels were parametrically modulated to dissociate their influence on choice. Overall, 29 healthy young males were administered LPS (2 ng/kg; n=14) or placebo (0.9% saline; n=15). The effort-stake task, and self-reported depression and fatigue were assessed prior to LPS/placebo injection, 2 and 5 h post
Most recent papers with the keyword reward prediction error | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword reward prediction error | Read by QxMD
Prediction errors are critical for associative learning [1, 2]. Transient changes in dopamine neuron activity correlate with positive and negative reward prediction errors and can mimic their effects [3-15]. However, although causal studies show that dopamine transients of 1-2 s are sufficient to drive learning about reward, these studies do not address whether they are necessary (but see [11]). Further, the precise nature of this signal is not yet fully established. Although it has been equated with the cached-value error signal proposed to support model-free reinforcement learning, cached-value errors are typically confounded with errors in the prediction of reward features [16 ...
The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards in Committing Violence During Combat: A Cross-Sectional Study With Former...The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards in Committing Violence During Combat: A Cross-Sectional Study With Former...
It has been postulated that the violent behavior that characterizes armed conflict is reinforced by the possibility of receiving rewards. The present study examined the potential influence of two types of rewards in an ongoing setting of conflict: extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Former combatants active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (N = 198) were interviewed and questioned about the way they were recruited, the offenses they committed during combat, their level of perceived intrinsic rewards (i.e., appetitive perception of violence), and the number of received extrinsic rewards during their time in the armed group (e.g., money, extra food, alcohol, or drugs). A moderated multiple regression analysis showed that the number of received extrinsic rewards and the level of intrinsic rewards were significantly positively related to the number of different types of offenses committed. In contrast to our expectations and previous findings, the recruitment type (forced conscription vs. ...
Victorias Secret Reward Card Promo ExtendedVictoria's Secret Reward Card Promo Extended
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Mixing the Carrots with the Sticks: Third Party Punishment and RewardMixing the Carrots with the Sticks: Third Party Punishment and Reward
While the opportunity to punish selfish and reward generous behavior coexist in many instances in daily life, in most laboratory studies, the demand for punishment and reward are studied separately from one another. This paper presents the results from an experiment measuring the demand for reward and punishment by unaffected third parties, separately and jointly. We find that the demand for costly punishment is substantially lower when individuals are also given the ability to reward. Similarly, the demand for costly reward is lower when individuals can also punish. The evidence indicates the reason for this is that costly punishment and reward are not only used to alter the material payoff of others as assumed by recent economic models, but also as a signal of disapproval and approval of others actions, respectively. When the opportunity exists, subjects often choose to withhold reward as a form of costless punishment, and to withhold punishment as a form of costless reward. We conclude that
download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) in ePub - teogelirehsl5ot25download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) in ePub - teogelirehsl5ot25
Last checked: 1 Hour ago! download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) ebook Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) epub download download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) in ePub Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) kf8 download download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) audiobook Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) ePub download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) ipad download Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) in pdf Secrets of the I Ching (Reward Classics) .doc ...
THE EFFECTS OF MODES OF PRESENTATION AND LARGE REWARDS ON A PRISONERS DILEMMA GAME.THE EFFECTS OF MODES OF PRESENTATION AND LARGE REWARDS ON A PRISONERS' DILEMMA GAME.
Eight male and eight female subjects played a matrix form of the Prisoners Dilemma game; an additional eight male and eight female subjects played a non-matrix form of the game. Each subject played for both high monetary reward (maximum joint payoff of $1.00 per trial for 15 trials) and low monetary reward (maximum joint payoff of $.10 per trial for 15 trails). Half of the subjects played first for low reward and then for high. The order was reversed for the other half of the subjects. It was predicted that there would be greater cooperation when the subjects were given (1) large rewards as compared to small, and (2) non-matrix presentation as compared to matrix. The results failed to confirm these hypotheses. In addition, there were no sex differences in style of play nor were there significant interactions among the three variables. However, the overall level of cooperative play was considerably higher than is usually encountered in these games, averaging 55%, and the usual over trials decline
This is your brain on God: Spiritual experiences activate brain reward circuits | EurekAlert! Science NewsThis is your brain on God: Spiritual experiences activate brain reward circuits | EurekAlert! Science News
Religious and spiritual experiences activate the brain reward circuits in much the same way as love, sex, gambling, drugs and music, report researchers at the University of Utah School of Medicine. The findings will be published Nov. 29 in the journal Social Neuroscience.
Distinct Subtypes of Basolateral Amygdala Taste Neurons Reflect Palatability and Reward | Journal of NeuroscienceDistinct Subtypes of Basolateral Amygdala Taste Neurons Reflect Palatability and Reward | Journal of Neuroscience
When the rat receives tastes passively, SD neurons produce a brief, short-latency burst of action potentials. Responses to different tastes are highly similar in time course but differ markedly in magnitude, such that the amygdala becomes privy to information concerning taste quality well before chemosensory information is available in GC (Katz et al., 2001a).. We propose that SD neurons are likely a part of the reward system, for several reasons. First, just as BLA reward neurons have been shown to code the reward value of stimuli delivered to passive primates (Belova et al., 2007), SD neurons code the reward value of tastes [most SD neurons respond most strongly to the most rewarding taste and least strongly to the most punishing taste (or vice versa), or else respond to both; this latter subtype, observed elsewhere, has been referred to as nonvalenced neurons (Belova et al., 2007)]. Second, just as BLA reward responses are inhibited by self-administration [unexpected cocaine administration ...
AFC Rewards Information centerAFC Rewards Information center
... - You wil find ways to get AFC rewards points here as well as information on what they can be used for.
AFC Rewards Information centerAFC Rewards Information center
... - You wil find ways to get AFC rewards points here as well as information on what they can be used for.
Rewards may work like drugs for children with ADHD.Rewards may work like drugs for children with ADHD.
A research study conducted at Nottingham University in the UK found that immediate reward in the form of points in a video game had a similar effect on brain activity as stimulant medication. Based on EEG results, the team found that both the rewards and the childs usual dose of stimulant medication resulted in the normalization of brain regions and improved task completion though the medication yielded a slightly higher effect.. The researchers cautioned that immediate consequences in this case, reward are associated with positive effects on behavior in ADHD children. They stated that it may be difficult for parents and teachers to provide rewards immediately. However, other research shows than children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder actually respond as well or better to social reinforcement such as a smile as they do to tangible reinforcers like points, tokens or money. This means that a smile or a brief word of encouragement may achieve significant benefits and could reduce or ...
Pleasure - WikipediaPleasure - Wikipedia
Rewards in operant conditioning are positive reinforcers. ... Operant behavior gives a good definition for rewards. Anything that makes an individual come back for more is a positive reinforcer and therefore a reward. Although it provides a good definition, positive reinforcement is only one of several reward functions. ... Rewards are attractive. They are motivating and make us exert an effort. ... Rewards induce approach behavior, also called appetitive or preparatory behavior, and consummatory behavior. ... Thus any stimulus, object, event, activity, or situation that has the potential to make us approach and consume it is by definition a reward. ... Rewarding stimuli, objects, events, situations, and activities consist of several major components. First, rewards have basic sensory components (visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory) ... Second, rewards are salient and thus elicit attention, which are manifested as orienting responses (FIGURE 1, middle). The salience of ...
Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation - Research - Royal...Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation - Research - Royal...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation. AU - Ramnani, N.. AU - Miall, R. C.. N1 - 1047-3211 Journal Article. PY - 2003. Y1 - 2003. KW - Analysis of Variance Comparative Study Humans Prefrontal Cortex/physiology Psychomotor Performance/physiology Reaction Time/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Reward. M3 - Article. VL - 13. SP - 318. EP - 327. JO - Cerebral Cortex. JF - Cerebral Cortex. SN - 1047-3211. IS - 3. ER - ...
Establishing the dopamine dependency of human striatal signals during reward and punishment reversal learningEstablishing the dopamine dependency of human striatal signals during reward and punishment reversal learning
Drugs that alter dopamine transmission have opposite effects on reward and punishment learning. These opposite effects have been suggested to depend on dopamine in the striatum. Here, we establish for the first time the neurochemical specificity of such drug effects, during reward and punishment learning in humans, by adopting a coadministration design. Participants (N = 22) were scanned on 4 occasions using functional magnetic resonance imaging, following intake of placebo, bromocriptine (dopamine-receptor agonist), sulpiride (dopamine-receptor antagonist), or a combination of both drugs. A reversal-learning task was employed, in which both unexpected rewards and punishments signaled reversals. Drug effects were stratified with baseline working memory to take into account individual variations in drug response. Sulpiride induced parallel span-dependent changes on striatal blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal during unexpected rewards and punishments. These drug effects were found to be ...
Frontiers | Representation of Reward Feedback in Primate Auditory Cortex | Frontiers in Systems NeuroscienceFrontiers | Representation of Reward Feedback in Primate Auditory Cortex | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
It is well established that auditory cortex is plastic on different time scales and that this plasticity is driven by the reinforcement that is used to motivate subjects to learn or to perform an auditory task. Motivated by these findings, we study in detail properties of neuronal firing in auditory cortex that is related to reward feedback. We recorded from the auditory cortex of two monkeys while they were performing an auditory categorization task. Monkeys listened to a sequence of tones and had to signal when the frequency of adjacent tones stepped in downward direction, irrespective of the tone frequency and step size. Correct identifications were rewarded with either a large or a small amount of water. The size of reward depended on the monkeys performance in the previous trial: it was large after a correct trial and small after an incorrect trial. The rewards served to maintain task performance. During task performance we found three successive periods of neuronal firing in auditory cortex that
Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice - edocLateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice - edoc
Disruption of function of left, but not right, lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) increased choices of immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. rTMS did not change choices involving only delayed rewards or valuation judgments of immediate and delayed rewards, providing causal evidence for a neural lateral-prefrontal cortex-based self-control mechanism in intertemporal choice ...
Differential, but not opponent, effects of L-DOPA and citalopram on action learning with reward and punishmentDifferential, but not opponent, effects of L-DOPA and citalopram on action learning with reward and punishment
Decision-making involves two fundamental axes of control namely valence, spanning reward and punishment, and action, spanning invigoration and inhibition. We recently exploited a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action to show that these axes are inextricably coupled during learning. This results in a disadvantage in learning to go to avoid punishment and in learning to no-go to obtain a reward. The neuromodulators dopamine and serotonin are likely to play a role in these asymmetries: Dopamine signals anticipation of future rewards and is also involved in an invigoration of motor responses leading to reward, but it also arbitrates between different forms of control. Conversely, serotonin is implicated in motor inhibition and punishment processing. To investigate the role of dopamine and serotonin in the interaction between action and valence during learning. We combined computational modeling with pharmacological manipulation in 90 healthy human volunteers, using ...
Do rewards kill motivation? Talk amongst yourselves.Do rewards kill motivation? Talk amongst yourselves.
Ive commented on this extensively before - Im a big fan of intrinsic motivation. Sometimes the parent has to figure out what the childs intrinsic motivation is, and then adapt the system to that reward. And yes, for some kids, their intrinsic motivation is getting stuff they want in a material sense, and that can work. What helps for me is identifying what the child WANTS as the reward - not what theyd ask for if you asked them (which is often stuff) but what theyre deep down jonesing for. That can then be used as a problem-solving trade, which, IMHO, is much more above-board than reward charts. Reward charts tend to present the idea that the childs behavior change earns them the reward. What is really going on is that the parent has a problem, the childs behavior change solves the problem, and the parent is willing to make some effort or spend some money to encourage or thank for the change that removes their problem. I prefer to keep it more I have a problem, and you have a ...
Tennessee Celebrates 2017 Reward SchoolsTennessee Celebrates 2017 Reward Schools
NASHVILLE - Education Commissioner Candice McQueen announced Tennessees 2017 Reward schools today, which include the top 5 percent of schools for academic achievement and the top 5 percent for student growth. These 169 schools span 60 districts across Tennessee.. These schools represent what is possible for students in Tennessee as they exemplify excellence in performance or progress and in some cases, both, Commissioner McQueen said. We want to replicate this success across the state and continue to celebrate the hard work of our educators and students happening in classrooms every day.. Of the 2017 Reward schools, 59 are being recognized for performance, 85 are recognized for progress, and 25 schools are Reward schools both for performance and progress. The complete list of Reward schools is below and is also posted on the departments website.. In addition to recognizing Reward schools, Commissioner McQueen also named schools that have improved and earned their way off of the Priority or ...
Inflammation attacks brains reward center | EurekAlert! Science NewsInflammation attacks brain's reward center | EurekAlert! Science News
A new study by Neil Harrison and colleagues published in Biological Psychiatry suggests that a brain reward center, the striatum, may be directly affected by inflammation and that striatal change is related to the emergence of illness behaviors.
Understanding Brain Reward Responses in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govUnderstanding Brain Reward Responses in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe form of depression that can significantly interfere with an individuals thoughts, behavior, mood, and physical health. People who suffer from MDD may experience anhedonia, or the inability to gain pleasure from normally pleasurable experiences. Such individuals do not respond to motivational rewards in the same way as do individuals who are not depressed. Anhedonia has been recognized as a core symptom of depression and it is not always remedied with antidepressant medication. Abnormal brain activity and processing may be the underlying cause of depression and specifically anhedonia. A better understanding of the brain mechanisms of depression may lead to the development of new effective medications or psychological treatments.. Event-related potential (ERP), which measures electrical activity in the brain, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which uses scanned images to illustrate changes in brain activity, are two techniques that can ...
Engage staff through total reward - Employee BenefitsEngage staff through total reward - Employee Benefits
Knowing the value of their benefits package increases engagement for staff, says Buckinghamshire County Councils Gillian Hibberd. Too often we try to overcomplicate the relationship between employees and employers. In reality, employees expectations are quite straightforward - they are simply looking for answers to a number of questions. They want to know what is expected of them, what tools and training they will be given, how they are doing, and what care and support the organisation will provide. Given this simplicity, and given that research shows how important benefit and reward packages can be in attracting and retaining talent, many employers are now looking at new ways of communicating the answers to these questions via total reward.†. Total reward describes how a range of monetary and non-monetary rewards are provided to employees in exchange for their time, talent and effort. A particularly important factor in this equation is effort. Discretionary effort, or going the extra mile, ...
Patent Reform: Aligning Reward and ContributionPatent Reform: Aligning Reward and Contribution
Downloadable! Economists and policy makers have long recognized that innovators must be able to appropriate a reasonable portion of the social benefits of their innovations if innovation is to be suitably rewarded and encouraged. However, this paper identifies a number of specific fact patterns under which the current U.S. patent system allows patent holders to capture private rewards that exceed their social contributions. Such excessive patentee rewards are socially costly, since they raise the deadweight loss associated with the patent system and discourage innovation by others. Economic efficiency is promoted if rewards to patent holders are aligned with and do not exceed their social contributions. This paper analyzes two major reforms to the patent system designed to spur innovation by better aligning the rewards and contributions of patent holders: establishing an independent invention defense in patent infringement cases, and strengthening the procedures by which patents are re-examined after
Morphine-Induced Place Preference: Interactions with Neurotransmitter SystemsMorphine-Induced Place Preference: Interactions with Neurotransmitter Systems
This review gives an overview of our recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of morphine reward from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm. Intracranial place conditioning methodology has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and drug reward mechanisms. Several studies have established that morphine induces a conditioned preference for the place in which it has been administered in rats. Transmitter systems that have been investigated with respect to their involvement in morphine reward mechanisms include dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine, adrenalin and nitric oxide, the motivational significance of which has been examined either directly, by using respective agonist or antagonist drugs. Although, considerable evidence suggested that the mesocorticolimbic DA system, which originates in the VTA and projects to the Nac, various limbic and cortical areas is a major neural substrate of the rewarding effects
Gift vouchers: Reward staff, promote sales, increase retention | My FinancesGift vouchers: Reward staff, promote sales, increase retention | My Finances
When it comes to making your staff feel valued, boosting sales or encouraging employees to meet their targets, selecting the right reward system can make all the difference.. Choosing a scheme that is cost-effective, has tangible value for recipients and measurable positive results is essential.. Ticking all the boxes, gift vouchers provide a flexible, easy-to-implement solution for businesses of all sizes and budgets.. At Love2reward, we offer a comprehensive range of vouchers which can be used to reward and incentivise staff members and customers.. As an expert provider of this kind of solution, we can also offer invaluable, free advice on best practice and selecting an initiative to fit your firm.. What are the benefits of Love2reward gift vouchers?. Gift vouchers can be used to achieve a wide range of aims, including boosting morale and staff motivation, providing an effective incentive for sales teams and encouraging customers to buy your products or services - and not your ...
Serotonin Gives Oxytocin a Helping Hand | Science Translational MedicineSerotonin Gives Oxytocin a Helping Hand | Science Translational Medicine
The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in social behavior and is being evaluated as a possible treatment for autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia, but the neural mechanisms through which oxytocin modulates social behavior remain largely unknown. One possibility is that social interaction recruits the brains reward circuits and that oxytocin plays a role in this process, which ultimately reinforces social behavior. In a recent study, Dolen et al. elucidate key circuits and mechanisms through which oxytocin can modulate social behavior via actions on the nucleus accumbems, a key component of the brains reward circuitry.. Dolen et al. studied social conditioned place preference (social CPP), in which mice prefer to spend time in a chamber that was previously associated with social interaction instead of in a chamber previously associated with social isolation. This task measures the rewarding effects of social interactions. Dolen et al. found that ablating presynaptic oxytocin ...
COMT Val<sup>158</sup>Met genotype is associated with reward learning: A replication study and meta...COMT Val<sup>158</sup>Met genotype is associated with reward learning: A replication study and meta...
TY - JOUR. T1 - COMT Val158Met genotype is associated with reward learning: A replication study and meta-analysis. AU - Corral-Frías, N. S.. AU - Pizzagalli, D. A.. AU - Carré, J. M.. AU - Michalski, L. J.. AU - Nikolova, Y. S.. AU - Perlis, R. H.. AU - Fagerness, J.. AU - Lee, M. R.. AU - Conley, E. Drabant. AU - Lancaster, T. M.. AU - Haddad, S.. AU - Wolf, A.. AU - Smoller, J. W.. AU - Hariri, A. R.. AU - Bogdan, R.. PY - 2016/6/1. Y1 - 2016/6/1. KW - Anhedonia. KW - COMT. KW - Dopamine. KW - Meta-analysis. KW - Response bias. KW - Reward. KW - Anhedonia. KW - COMT. KW - Dopamine. KW - Meta-analysis. KW - Response bias. KW - Reward. UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84971476742&origin=inward. UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84971476742&origin=inward. U2 - 10.1111/gbb.12296. DO - 10.1111/gbb.12296. M3 - Article. VL - 15. SP - 503. EP - 513. JO - Genes, Brain and Behavior. JF - Genes, Brain and Behavior. SN - ...
Publications [#252289] of Scott HuettelPublications [#252289] of Scott Huettel
How does the brain translate information signaling potential rewards into motivation to get them? Motivation to obtain reward is thought to depend on the midbrain [particularly the ventral tegmental area (VTA)], the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), but it is not clear how the interactions among these regions relate to reward-motivated behavior. To study the influence of motivation on these reward-responsive regions and on their interactions, we used dynamic causal modeling to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from humans performing a simple task designed to isolate reward anticipation. The use of fMRI permitted the simultaneous measurement of multiple brain regions while human participants anticipated and prepared for opportunities to obtain reward, thus allowing characterization of how information about reward changes physiology underlying motivational drive. Furthermore, we modeled the impact of external reward cues on causal ...
Is total reward dead? - Employee BenefitsIs total reward dead? - Employee Benefits
Total reward, both as a concept and a framework for delivering benefits, is dead, according to Duncan Brown, head of the UK performance, reward and talent consulting practice at Aon Hewitt and his colleague Martha How, reward and benefits partner, speaking at Employee Benefits Live. But are they right? As we move into a post-recessionary economic cycle, but one wherepay growth remains anaemic , is total reward still relevant and, if not, what are the alternatives?. Browns argument, as articulated in a six-page analysis in the journal Compensation and Benefits Review, is complex.. In essence, he argues that the downward pressure on pay seen since 2007/2008, the erosion of core benefits such as pensions and the fracturing of traditional employment securities (as seen in the rise of zero-hours contracts) has meant the idea of being able to engage and motivate employees through a notionally employee-driven, flexible package of chocolate box benefits bundled together under the brand total reward ...
Google Play Security Rewards - Application Security - GoogleGoogle Play Security Rewards - Application Security - Google
We are unable to issue rewards to individuals who are on US sanctions lists, or who are in countries (e.g. Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria) on US sanctions lists. You are responsible for any tax implications depending on your country of residency and citizenship. There may be additional restrictions on your ability to enter depending upon your local law. This is not a competition, but rather an experimental and discretionary reward program. You should understand that we can cancel the program at any time and the decision as to whether or not to pay a reward has to be entirely at our discretion. Of course, your testing must not violate any law, or disrupt or compromise any data that is not your own. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, we will not grant rewards to people employed by Google or Google Partner companies who develop code for devices covered by this program. ...
Google Play Security Rewards - Application Security - GoogleGoogle Play Security Rewards - Application Security - Google
We are unable to issue rewards to individuals who are on US sanctions lists, or who are in countries (e.g. Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria) on US sanctions lists. You are responsible for any tax implications depending on your country of residency and citizenship. There may be additional restrictions on your ability to enter depending upon your local law. This is not a competition, but rather an experimental and discretionary reward program. You should understand that we can cancel the program at any time and the decision as to whether or not to pay a reward has to be entirely at our discretion. Of course, your testing must not violate any law, or disrupt or compromise any data that is not your own. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, we will not grant rewards to people employed by Google or Google Partner companies who develop code for devices covered by this program. ...
Google Play Security Rewards - Application Security - GoogleGoogle Play Security Rewards - Application Security - Google
We are unable to issue rewards to individuals who are on US sanctions lists, or who are in countries (e.g. Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria) on US sanctions lists. You are responsible for any tax implications depending on your country of residency and citizenship. There may be additional restrictions on your ability to enter depending upon your local law. This is not a competition, but rather an experimental and discretionary reward program. You should understand that we can cancel the program at any time and the decision as to whether or not to pay a reward has to be entirely at our discretion. Of course, your testing must not violate any law, or disrupt or compromise any data that is not your own. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, we will not grant rewards to people employed by Google or Google Partner companies who develop code for devices covered by this program. ...
Calculating The RewardCalculating The Reward
Awards Under the IRS Whistleblower Program. Guaranteed Minimum Reward of 15%. Under the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, a whistleblower will receive at least 15% of the proceeds collected and may receive up to 30% of the amounts collected as a result of any administrative or judicial action resulting from the information provided. There is no limit on the dollar amount of the award.. Thus, assuming the IRS takes action based upon information filed by a whistleblower, that whistleblower is automatically entitled to a reward of 15% of the amount collected as a result of any administrative or judicial action. If the IRS collects $20 million in taxes, penalties and interest, for example, then the whistleblower would be entitled to receive the minimum reward of 15% or $3 million.. Additional Discretionary Award up to 30%. The IRS Whistleblower Office has the discretion to pay more than a 15% reward. The IRS has identified a nonexclusive list of factors in the award procedures outlined in the ...
Here are your 2014 Club Nintendo Platinum and Gold rewards - GameZoneHere are your 2014 Club Nintendo Platinum and Gold rewards - GameZone
Nintendo devotees have patiently awaited for Club Nintendo to reveal this years Gold and Platinum rewards, and the result is… a little anti-climactic. To bring you up to speed, Club Nintendo awards points to gamers who registers both physical and digital copies of games, as well as their hardware purchases. The more coins you accumulate, the higher the tier.. This year, the rewards for both Platinum and Gold members are a selection of digital titles. This isnt anything out of the ordinary since previous years have also offered similar rewards, though those usually only extended to Gold members, while Platinum tier was able to pick between a physical reward as well.. Here is whats available this year:. Platinum only. ...
Reward for information - The Marthas Vineyard TimesReward for information - The Martha's Vineyard Times
The Tehama County Sheriffs office is offering a $1,500 reward for information leading to the capture of the man who murdered Pat Gregory. They accept donations to the reward fund. If you want to add to the reward for the capture of Pats murderer, send a check to Tehama County Sheriffs Office, Secret Witness Program, P.O. Box 729, Red Bluff, CA 96080.. Please be sure to indicate you are contributing to the reward fund for the murder of Francis Patrick Gregory. ...
Nikkis Notes: Mondays Quote: When Do I Want my Reward? Now or in Heaven?Nikki's Notes: Monday's Quote: When Do I Want my Reward? Now or in Heaven?
When I live for reward in this life, when I seek primary happiness in the here and now, Im discounting all the promises of God about whats to come. Now, certainly, living a godly life produces many rewards in this life. We rightfully celebrate those rewards and are thankful for those blessings. But God has told us He is preparing an even better place; He has said that while there are many blessings on this good earth that we can receive with thanksgiving, our ultimate reward wont be found here. Ultimate happiness and fulfillment wont be found here. They are waiting for us in the new heavens and the new earth, so at the very least, lets live our lives here remembering the importance of preparing for life there. (p. 55 ...
New insights into the roles of microRNAs in drug addiction and neuroplasticity | Genome Medicine | Full TextNew insights into the roles of microRNAs in drug addiction and neuroplasticity | Genome Medicine | Full Text
Cocaine use is a common disorder of neuroplasticity that triggers cellular and molecular alterations in brain reward systems, mainly in the dorsal striatum. Compulsive cocaine use and cocaine relapse is due to drug-induced neuroadaptations in reward-related learning and memory processes, and these cause hypersensitivity to cocaine-associated cues, impulsive decision making and abnormal habit-like learned behaviors that are insensitive to adverse consequences [3]. Cocaine-induced neuroplasticity changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system mediate psychomotor sensitization and cocaine-seeking behaviors. Hollander et al. [4] demonstrated that cocaine-seeking behavior in rats is modulated by miR-212, which decreases the activity of a group of genes (CREB, TORC1, Raf1 and SPRED1), thus limiting the transition to an uncontrolled intake of cocaine in animals exposed to the drug over a long period of time. Interestingly, artificially increasing miR-212 expression leads to decreased cocaine intake under ...
Optogenetic Stimulation in a Computational Model of the Basal Ganglia Biases Action Selection and Reward Prediction ErrorOptogenetic Stimulation in a Computational Model of the Basal Ganglia Biases Action Selection and Reward Prediction Error
We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. Reinforcement learning theories suggest that an action will be more or less likely to be selected if the outcome has been better or worse than expected. A group of subcortical structures, the basal ganglia (BG), is critically involved in both the selection and the reward prediction.. We developed and investigated a computational model of the BG. We implemented a Bayesian-Hebbian learning rule, which computes the weights between two units based on the probability of their activations. We were able test how various configurations of the represented pathways impacted the performance in several reinforcement learning and conditioning tasks. Then, following the development of a more biologically plausible version ...
mobile rewards service | TheMarketingblogTheMarketingblogmobile rewards service | TheMarketingblogTheMarketingblog
The UKs favourite family dairy teams-up with mobile rewards firm Shopitize to offer consumers exclusive organic deals and gain deep insight into their shopping behaviour. Favourite family dairy Yeo Valley has today jumped onto the fast-developing Shopitize (www.shopitize.com) mobile rewards platform to offer Britains savvy smartphone shoppers exclusive deals on its in-store ranges of home-grown organic products.. By teaming with Shopitize to offer rewards on whole, semi-skimmed or skimmed milk, butter, sour cream, Creme Fraiche and Natural Probiotic Yogurt, Yeo Valley aims to build greater brand awareness with a new wave of shoppers and also gain fast and actionable insights into their buying behaviours at the checkout. The brand will then leverage that data as part of its forward multi-channel business strategy.. [more…]. ...
سازمانهای خیریه - بیمارستان‏ها: ترخیص، آخرین مرحله نیست| سایت مردمی ارزیابی بیمارستان‏هاسازمانهای خیریه - بیمارستان‏ها: ترخیص، آخرین مرحله نیست| سایت مردمی ارزیابی بیمارستان‏ها
2D Scanners: Being one with all the achievements of the latest technology, 2D scanners need a camera you just read by barcodes within the form of images. However, to appease them as well as the southern delegations who were indicating strong support to the opinions of Messrs. Stealth Virus - Stealth viruses try and hide themselves by tricking the os or antivirus programs. Sub-sections for instance health and sweetness, entertainment, relationships, food, books, money, home and garden, as well as some more can be obtained. Zombie processes persist until their parent process ends, at which point theyre adopted from your "init" system process and shortly cleaned up.. There is the use of rewarding yourself if you wish to remain motivated. You dont want to give yourself ridiculous rewards, and that means you must consider what the rewards is going to be. Its also wise to arrange a reward system to keep the individuals that really work for you motivated. If the reward is something worth receiving, ...
Multi-criteria average reward reinforcement learningMulti-criteria average reward reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning (RL) is the study of systems that learn from interaction with their environment. The current framework of Reinforcement Learning is based on receiving scalar rewards, which the agent aims to maximize. But in many real world situations, tradeoffs must be made among multiple objectives. This necessitates the use of vector representation of values and rewards and the use of weights to represent the importance of different objectives. In this thesis, we consider the problem of learning in the presence of time-varying preferences among multiple objectives. Learning a new policy for every possible weight vector is wasteful. Instead we propose a method that allows us store a finite number of policies, choose an appropriate policy for any weight vector and improve upon it. The idea is that though there can be infinitely many weight vectors, a lot of them will have the same optimal policy. We prove this empirically in two domains: a version of the Buridans ass problem and network ...
Intra-Accumbens Amphetamine Increases the Conditioned Incentive Salience of Sucrose Reward: Enhancement of Reward Wanting...Intra-Accumbens Amphetamine Increases the Conditioned Incentive Salience of Sucrose Reward: Enhancement of Reward "Wanting"...
Subjects. Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats (born at the University of Michigan) weighing between 220 and 330 gm were housed in pairs under a reverse 12 hr light/dark cycle (lights off at 9:00 A.M.). Rats were kept in plastic tub cages in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room. Subjects had access to water ad libitum and were given 20-25 gm of rat chow each day after the training or test session. This feeding regimen was designed to maintain the subjects on a regular feeding schedule without significantly depriving them of food and yet keep them motivated to work for food reward. A pure conditioned incentive paradigm was used, which followed the Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedures for training and behavioral testing developed by Dickinson and colleagues (Dickinson and Dawson, 1987; Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Dickinson et al., 2000).. Instrumental training. The four operant chambers (Med Associates Inc., St. Albans, VT) were made of stainless steel and Plexiglas and contained a ...
Listening to rhythmic music reduces connectivity within the basal ganglia and the reward systemListening to rhythmic music reduces connectivity within the basal ganglia and the reward system
Music can trigger emotional responses in a more direct way than any other stimulus. In particular, music-evoked pleasure involves brain networks that are part of the reward system. Furthermore, rhythmic music stimulates the basal ganglia and may trigger involuntary movements to the beat. In the present study, we created a continuously playing rhythmic, dance floor-like composition where the ambient noise from the MR scanner was incorporated as an additional instrument of rhythm. By treating this continuous stimulation paradigm as a variant of resting-state, the data was analyzed with stochastic dynamic causal modeling (sDCM), which was used for exploring functional dependencies and interactions between core areas of auditory perception, rhythm processing, and reward processing. The sDCM model was a fully connected model with the following areas: auditory cortex, putamen/pallidum, and ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens of both hemispheres. The resulting estimated parameters were compared to ...
Plus itPlus it
Recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. In addition, orexin deficiency also cause abnormalities in energy homeostasis and reward systems. Orexin activates waking active monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem regions to maintain a long, consolidated waking period. Orexin neurons receive abundant input from the limbic system. Orexin neurons also have reciprocal links with the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, which regulates feeding. Moreover, the responsiveness of orexin neurons to peripheral metabolic cues, such as leptin and glucose, suggest that these neurons have important role as a link between the energy homeostasis and vigilance states. Orexin neurons also have a link with the dopaminergic reward ...
Performance and Reward Management (ebook) by Florence Stone | 9781841122755Performance and Reward Management (ebook) by Florence Stone | 9781841122755
Buy, download and read Performance and Reward Management ebook online in PDF format for iPhone, iPad, Android, Computer and Mobile readers. Author: Florence Stone. ISBN: 9781841122755. Publisher: Wiley. Fast track route to mastering performance and reward management Covers the key areas of performance and reward management, from conducting performance appraisals effectively and recognizing outstandi
Kroger Community Rewards Program | WVEAKroger Community Rewards Program | WVEA
The West Virginia Foundation for the Improvement of Education (WVFIE) was recently accepted to become part of the Kroger Community Rewards Program. WVFIE is the WVEAs non-profit foundation to assist at-risk youth.. Once you register your Kroger card, every time you shop at Kroger a contribution will be made to the WVFIE account to assist in the education of at-risk children. This rewards program and partnership with Kroger is a great opportunity to give back to the community and help children. "We are pleased to partner with Kroger in an effort to increase the funds our foundation has available to assist our teachers and schools," says WVEA Executive Director David Haney. "I encourage all of you to go online and register your Kroger Plus card with WVFIE.". WVFIE has been assigned the NPO number 84834. Go online, register today and begin assisting West Virginias at-risk students.. The directions to register with the Kroger Community Rewards Program are listed below.. ...
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AppetiteAppetite
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
RewardChoice BehaviorMotivationConditioning, OperantAnticipation, PsychologicalNucleus AccumbensCuesBehavior, AnimalReinforcement (Psychology)Self StimulationPunishmentDopamineImpulsive BehaviorReaction TimeLearningDecision MakingProbability LearningBrain MappingBasal GangliaMagnetic Resonance ImagingPrefrontal CortexRats, Long-EvansConditioning (Psychology)Ventral Tegmental AreaFeedback, PsychologicalConditioning, ClassicalPsychomotor PerformanceCocaineReinforcement ScheduleDriveAssociation LearningGamblingBrainBehavior, AddictiveFood PreferencesCorpus StriatumGames, ExperimentalAnalysis of VarianceNeuronsAnhedoniaAppetitive BehaviorLimbic SystemEconomics, BehavioralPhotic StimulationDopamine Uptake InhibitorsFeeding BehaviorSelf AdministrationNeural PathwaysGyrus CinguliMacaca mulattaPleasureSucroseCaudate NucleusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAmygdalaDiscrimination LearningMesencephalonFrontal LobeGoalsFlupenthixolPlant NectarFoodModels, PsychologicalImage Processing, Computer-AssistedTask Performance and AnalysisFunctional NeuroimagingTime FactorsDopamine AntagonistsDiscrimination (Psychology)Cocaine-Related DisordersNicotineNeostriatumDopaminergic NeuronsReceptors, Dopamine D2Extinction, PsychologicalBehaviorCompulsive BehaviorReversal LearningSweetening AgentsMedial Forebrain BundleRats, Sprague-DawleyAmphetamineSaccharinMotor Activity
Instant Rewards Network Review - YouTubeInstant Rewards Network Review - YouTube
Chrome Rewards - Application Security - GoogleChrome Rewards - Application Security - Google
Android Rewards - Application Security - GoogleAndroid Rewards - Application Security - Google
Zappos Rewards | Zappos.comZappos Rewards | Zappos.com
Rewards - iHerbRewards - iHerb
Motivation and reward systemsMotivation and reward systems
Personalized Rewards and Profitable Behavior: Case Studies - ClickZPersonalized Rewards and Profitable Behavior: Case Studies - ClickZ
AutoZone.com | Rewards FAQAutoZone.com | Rewards FAQ
Reward signals - ScholarpediaReward signals - Scholarpedia
Reward Link 101Reward Link 101
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Recognition and reward advisoryRecognition and reward advisory
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The RewardThe Reward
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Pressure Washer Review Wins $1,000 RewardPressure Washer Review Wins $1,000 Reward
Reward offered to catch cheats - TelegraphReward offered to catch cheats - Telegraph
Car Accident Driver Search. $10,000 REWARDCar Accident Driver Search. $10,000 REWARD
Caesars Rewards - YouTubeCaesars Rewards - YouTube
Microsoft Rewards FAQMicrosoft Rewards FAQ
MAN RECEIVES REWARD - Sun SentinelMAN RECEIVES REWARD - Sun Sentinel
100,000 REWARD OFFERED - Sun Sentinel100,000 REWARD OFFERED - Sun Sentinel
Claim your reward! | Salon.comClaim your reward! | Salon.com
Raffle script to reward VotersRaffle script to reward Voters
Reward Programs - Application Security - GoogleReward Programs - Application Security - Google
Risk-Reward With Empresa DistribuidoraRisk-Reward With Empresa Distribuidora
Reward or Ripoff? | CBC.caReward or Ripoff? | CBC.ca
10m reward for Halabis whereabouts10m reward for Halabi's whereabouts
Good Works, Bad Reward - WSJGood Works, Bad Reward - WSJ
Risk and Reward - The AtlanticRisk and Reward - The Atlantic
A Dangerous RewardA Dangerous Reward
reward | Autism Speaksreward | Autism Speaks
Morphine reward in dopamine-deficient mice | NatureMorphine reward in dopamine-deficient mice | Nature
To reward, or not to reward? | SurveyMonkeyTo reward, or not to reward? | SurveyMonkey
Hotels reward guests for Twitter, Facebook postsHotels reward guests for Twitter, Facebook posts
Road-RewardsRoad-Rewards
AARP® RewardsAARP® Rewards
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
RewardChoice BehaviorMotivationConditioning, OperantAnticipation, PsychologicalNucleus AccumbensCuesBehavior, AnimalReinforcement (Psychology)Self StimulationPunishmentDopamineImpulsive BehaviorReaction TimeLearningDecision MakingProbability LearningBrain MappingBasal GangliaMagnetic Resonance ImagingPrefrontal CortexRats, Long-EvansConditioning (Psychology)Ventral Tegmental AreaFeedback, PsychologicalConditioning, ClassicalPsychomotor PerformanceCocaineReinforcement ScheduleDriveAssociation LearningGamblingBrainBehavior, AddictiveFood PreferencesCorpus StriatumGames, ExperimentalAnalysis of VarianceNeuronsAnhedoniaAppetitive BehaviorLimbic SystemEconomics, BehavioralPhotic StimulationDopamine Uptake InhibitorsFeeding BehaviorSelf AdministrationNeural PathwaysGyrus CinguliMacaca mulattaPleasureSucroseCaudate NucleusSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAmygdalaDiscrimination LearningMesencephalonFrontal LobeGoalsFlupenthixolPlant NectarFoodModels, PsychologicalImage Processing, Computer-AssistedTask Performance and AnalysisFunctional NeuroimagingTime FactorsDopamine AntagonistsDiscrimination (Psychology)Cocaine-Related DisordersNicotineNeostriatumDopaminergic NeuronsReceptors, Dopamine D2Extinction, PsychologicalBehaviorCompulsive BehaviorReversal LearningSweetening AgentsMedial Forebrain BundleRats, Sprague-DawleyAmphetamineSaccharinMotor Activity
StimuliStriatumBehaviorNeuralRedeemParkinson'sEarnPurchasesSignalsPrediction error signalMonetaryMotivationAmountsEligibleProgram100,000BrainReceiveAlterations in rewardSystemFuture rewardsDiscretionCoke RewardsVulnerabilityDependsStimulusMotivationalVelocityPoints
Stimuli1
  • Here, we examined neural activation in SZ and HC participants during the anticipatory phase of stimuli that predicted immediate upcoming reward and punishment, and during the feedback/outcome phase, in relation to trait measures of hedonic pleasure and real-world functional capacity. (altmetric.com)
Striatum9
  • In their study of 45 subjects, Ahmad Hariri, PhD, and colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh and collaborators at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the University of Chicago showed that activity in the ventral striatum, a core component of the brain's reward circuitry, correlated with individuals' impulsiveness. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Choice central The striatum is a key structure in the brain involved in representing reward values of actions and picking one. (brown.edu)
  • The model, developed by Frank, Cockburn, and co-author Anne Collins, a postdoctoral researcher, was based on prior research on the function of the striatum, a part of the brain's basal ganglia (BG) that is principally involved in representing reward values of actions and picking one. (brown.edu)
  • When a rewarding choice has been made, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) releases dopamine into the striatum to reinforce connections between cortex and striatum, so that rewarded actions are more likely to be repeated. (brown.edu)
  • TEHRAN (Tasnim) - A brain reward center, the striatum, may be directly affected by inflammation and that striatal change is related to the emergence of illness behaviors, scientists report. (tasnimnews.com)
  • SZ patients showed hypoactivation in ventral striatum during reward anticipation. (altmetric.com)
  • HC participants recruited reward-related regions in striatum that significantly correlated with subjective consummatory pleasure, while SZ patients revealed activation in attention-related regions, such as the IPL, which correlated with consummatory pleasure and functional capacity. (altmetric.com)
  • Dissociable reward and timing signals in human midbrain and ventral striatum. (ox.ac.uk)
  • By contrast, BOLD activity in ventral striatum (VS) does not reflect a TD RPE, but instead encodes a signal on the variable relevant for behavior, here timing but not magnitude of reward. (ox.ac.uk)
Behavior9
Neural2
  • Additionally, we found distinct differences between HC and SZ groups in their association between reward-related immediate anticipatory neural activity and their reported experience of pleasure. (altmetric.com)
  • To address this question, we recorded neural activity in a prefrontal sensorimotor area while monkeys naturally switched between exploring and exploiting rewarding options. (readbyqxmd.com)
Redeem6
Parkinson's1
Earn23
Purchases6
Signals4
  • When the SNr decides that striatal valuation signals are strong enough for one action, it releases the brakes not only on downstream structures that allow actions to be executed, but also on the SNc dopamine system, so any unexpected rewards are amplified. (brown.edu)
  • Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are central to current models of reward-learning. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Temporal difference (TD) learning models posit that these signals should be modulated by predictions, not only of magnitude but also timing of reward. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A Vanderbilt University team recently described how error and reward signals are organized within the cerebral cortex, which is only as thick as a nickel. (scienmag.com)
Prediction error signal1
Monetary1
Motivation4
  • This study highlights that the brain regions central to reward and motivation are directly altered by inflammation in ways that that appear to predispose or protect against developing fatigue but not depression. (tasnimnews.com)
  • Nucleus accumbens corticotropin-releasing factor increases cue-triggered motivation for sucrose reward: paradoxical positive incentive effects in stress? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Performance-dependent (contingent) reward is instrumental, relying on an internal action-outcome model, whereas motivation by guaranteed reward may serve to minimise opportunity cost in reward-rich environments. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We posit that dopamine is necessary for goal-directed motivation, but dampens reward-driven vigour, challenging the theory that tonic dopamine encodes reward expectation. (ox.ac.uk)
Amounts3
  • Less convincing or more constrained bug submissions will likely qualify for reduced reward amounts, as chosen at the discretion of the reward panel. (google.ca)
  • Reward amounts below $100 are rolled over to next month, subject to the Terms of Use Agreement . (iherb.com)
  • i) Subject to these terms and conditions, for each Qualifying Line and Qualifying Add-On Line that a Referred Customer orders within six (6) months of the date first referred to 8x8 by Referrer, 8x8 shall pay Referrer the amounts specified in the tables below ("Reward") depending on the Qualifying Line and/or Qualifying Add-On purchased. (8x8.com)
Eligible5
  • Who is eligible to participate in Zappos Rewards? (zappos.com)
  • Current Zappos employees and contractors, and their immediate family members living in the same household, are not eligible to participate in the Zappos Rewards Program. (zappos.com)
  • Rewards Points earned for eligible participation in Promotional Activities may take 7 or more days to be added to your Rewards Program Account. (zappos.com)
  • Cards must be registered with accurate name, phone number, birthdate and unique email address (not shared with another Rock Rewards member) to be eligible to receive prizes. (rockbottom.com)
  • To be eligible to receive a Reward under the Program, Referrer must be validly enrolled in the program, including by providing complete, accurate, and up to date contact information prior to the expiration of the applicable Qualifying Period for a Referred Customer. (8x8.com)
Program23
  • The Chrome Reward Program was launched in January 2010 to help reward the contributions of security researchers who invest their time and effort in helping us to make Chrome and Chrome OS more secure. (google.ca)
  • If you have a fuzzer running as part of our Chrome Fuzzer Program, you will not receive a reward if one of our fuzzers finds the same bug within 48 hours. (google.ca)
  • Significant patches can also be submitted under our Patch Reward Program . (google.ca)
  • Zappos may automatically enroll certain customers in Zappos Rewards, however, all customers (including auto-enrolled customers) must accept the Zappos Rewards Program Terms and Conditions before they can participate in Zappos Rewards, including redeeming Rewards Points for Rewards Codes or receiving any other Zappos Rewards benefits. (zappos.com)
  • Every 1,000 Rewards Points awarded to your Zappos Rewards Program account ("Rewards Program Account") can be redeemed for a $1 Rewards Code. (zappos.com)
  • Rewards Points accumulated under the Zappos Rewards Program are promotional in nature and have no cash value. (zappos.com)
  • Each November, we will automatically convert all unredeemed Rewards Points in your Rewards Program Account into Rewards Codes. (zappos.com)
  • Welcome to iHerb Rewards, an easy-to-use referral program for customers and everyone they know. (iherb.com)
  • The iHerb Rewards program is a customer referral program to share with friends and family via your email or your social media accounts. (iherb.com)
  • Extending this idea, the marriage of personalization and loyalty programs begets an entirely new type of reward program, one users actually have a stake in. (clickz.com)
  • A more interesting program, one that might actually build loyalty, offers personalized rewards. (clickz.com)
  • A poorly designed reward program can feel like a slap in the face. (clickz.com)
  • Providing us with an accurate email address and phone number is critical to keeping you in the AutoZone Rewards program loop and providing you with exclusive member discounts. (autozone.com)
  • Your information is used solely for administering the benefits of the AutoZone Rewards program. (autozone.com)
  • Must be 21 years of age or older to register or participate in the Rock Rewards program. (rockbottom.com)
  • Rock Bottom reserves the right to disqualify entrants who fail to follow these official rules and regulations or who make any misrepresentations relative to the program and redemption of rewards. (rockbottom.com)
  • Sponsor and each of its affiliates are not responsible for any negligence, claims, liability, injury, property loss or other damages of participants and/or winners arising from, or in connection with the use/misuse of rewards awarded or participation in program. (rockbottom.com)
  • b. " 8x8 Referral Program " or "Program" means the program described on the website located at https://www.8x8.com/uk/rewards-program (or such successor site as designated by 8x8) and to which these Terms and Conditions apply. (8x8.com)
  • My big favorite is my the Fuel Rewards program offered at my local grocery store. (northerncheapskate.com)
  • Important Information about the RCI Elite Rewards Credit Card Program: Offers may vary. (barclaycardus.com)
  • Please review the below and the Terms and Conditions , which include the Reward Rules for full information about the Reward program, interest rates and account fees and terms for this particular offer before applying. (barclaycardus.com)
  • Refer to the FAQs and Reward Rules within the Terms and Conditions for additional information about the rewards program. (barclaycardus.com)
  • WOONSOCKET, R.I. - CVS/pharmacy's ExtraCare Rewards program, which has more than 67 million active cardholders and this year celebrates its 10-year anniversary, announced on Friday the launch of a new interactive digital campaign that encourages cardholders to take advantage of their earned rewards, as well as a new look for the ExtraBucks rewards receipt. (drugstorenews.com)
100,0002
  • Rewards for qualifying bugs typically range from $500 to $100,000. (google.ca)
  • We have a standing $100,000 reward for participants that can compromise a Chromebook or Chromebox with device persistence in guest mode (i.e. guest to guest persistence with interim reboot, delivered via a web page). (google.ca)
Brain2
  • A new imaging study shows that our brains react with varying sensitivity to reward and suggests that people most susceptible to impulse are those who need to buy it, eat it, or have it, now - show the greatest activity in a reward center of the brain . (emaxhealth.com)
  • Errors in reward prediction are reflected in the event-related brain potential. (ox.ac.uk)
Receive6
Alterations in reward1
  • Individuals with obesity are often characterized by alterations in reward processing. (readbyqxmd.com)
System2
Future rewards1
  • Amotivation in schizophrenia is a central predictor of poor functioning, and is thought to occur due to deficits in anticipating future rewards, suggesting that impairments in anticipating pleasure can contribute to functional disability in schizophrenia. (altmetric.com)
Discretion1
Coke Rewards2
Vulnerability1
  • We will typically focus on critical, high and medium impact bugs , but any clever vulnerability at any severity might get a reward. (google.ca)
Depends1
  • Summary We can be motivated when reward depends on performance, or merely by the prospect of a guaranteed reward. (ox.ac.uk)
Stimulus1
  • Here we show that BOLD activity in the VTA conforms to such TD predictions: responses to unexpected rewards are modulated by a temporal hazard function and activity between a predictive stimulus and reward is depressed in proportion to predicted reward. (ox.ac.uk)
Motivational1
Velocity1
  • When PD patients were ON dopamine, they had greater response vigour (peak saccadic velocity) for contingent rewards, whereas when PD patients were OFF medication, they had greater vigour for guaranteed rewards. (ox.ac.uk)
Points5
Instant Rewards Network Review - YouTube
Instant Rewards Network Review - YouTube (youtube.com)
Phillies Reward Waiting Fans, Moyer - WSJ
Phillies Reward Waiting Fans, Moyer - WSJ (wsj.com)
Tito Deler: 'My Fine Reward' | TED Talk
Tito Deler: 'My Fine Reward' | TED Talk (ted.com)
Reward stickers collection on eBay!
Reward stickers collection on eBay! (ebay.co.uk)
Family posts reward in killing
Family posts reward in killing (commercialappeal.com)
Priority Rewards
Priority Rewards (aircanada.com)
Russian plane crash: $50M reward for information - CNN
Russian plane crash: $50M reward for information - CNN (edition.cnn.com)
PEPPA PIG REWARD CHART | 681326970200 | Item | Barnes & Noble®
PEPPA PIG REWARD CHART | 681326970200 | Item | Barnes & Noble® (barnesandnoble.com)
Dropbox - My Reward_PC.pdf - Simplify your life
Dropbox - My Reward_PC.pdf - Simplify your life (dropbox.com)
Reward offered in robbery of Parklawn Post Office
Reward offered in robbery of Parklawn Post Office (jsonline.com)
Pakistan's president comes to Washington for his reward.
Pakistan's president comes to Washington for his reward. (slate.com)
Spring gardeners reap potato harvest reward
Spring gardeners reap potato harvest reward (tallahassee.com)
'Razzies' reward Hollywood's...
'Razzies' reward Hollywood's... (pjmedia.com)
U.S. puts $3 million reward for Russian cyber criminal - CNNPolitics
U.S. puts $3 million reward for Russian cyber criminal - CNNPolitics (cnn.com)
Book With PointSavers & Boost Your Rewards | Marriott Bonvoy
Book With PointSavers & Boost Your Rewards | Marriott Bonvoy (marriott.com)
Westampton Hotel Specials - Marriott Rewards in New Jersey
Westampton Hotel Specials - Marriott Rewards in New Jersey (marriott.com)
Seoul to quadruple reward fee for North Korea defectors - CNN
Seoul to quadruple reward fee for North Korea defectors - CNN (edition.cnn.com)
Vodafone Shareholders Could Reap Huge Reward From Orange Spinoff - WSJ
Vodafone Shareholders Could Reap Huge Reward From Orange Spinoff - WSJ (wsj.com)
Qunyonce Louis-Moore shooting: $25K reward offered in teen's killing
Qunyonce Louis-Moore shooting: $25K reward offered in teen's killing (jsonline.com)
WATCH: Reward announced in Maple Shade cold case
WATCH: Reward announced in Maple Shade cold case (courierpostonline.com)
Lakewood mother offers reward in son's murder case
Lakewood mother offers reward in son's murder case (app.com)
Etheralus, the Eternal Reward - Item - World of Warcraft
Etheralus, the Eternal Reward - Item - World of Warcraft (wowhead.com)
Less-Coveted Finance Careers Offer Enviable Rewards
Less-Coveted Finance Careers Offer Enviable Rewards (investopedia.com)
Marriott Rewards | Bismarck Hotel Deals | Fairfield Inn & Suites Bismarck
Marriott Rewards | Bismarck Hotel Deals | Fairfield Inn & Suites Bismarck (marriott.com)
Marriott Rewards Bedford, TX Hotels | TownePlace Suites Dallas Bedford
Marriott Rewards Bedford, TX Hotels | TownePlace Suites Dallas Bedford (marriott.com)
Liberals reward cultural institutions with fresh funding | Ottawa Citizen
Liberals reward cultural institutions with fresh funding | Ottawa Citizen (ottawacitizen.com)
Reward Management: A critical text, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge
Reward Management: A critical text, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge (routledge.com)
Blockchain-Backed Sneakers Will Reward Customers For Taking Surveys
Blockchain-Backed Sneakers Will Reward Customers For Taking Surveys (psfk.com)
Aon Hewitt's 8th Annual Rewards Conference
Aon Hewitt's 8th Annual Rewards Conference (aon.com)
Cash rewards offered for public information
Cash rewards offered for public information (shreveporttimes.com)
Marriott Rewards | Minneapolis Hotel Deals | Fairfield Inn & Suites Eden Prairie
Marriott Rewards | Minneapolis Hotel Deals | Fairfield Inn & Suites Eden Prairie (marriott.com)
About JetPrivilege - Award-Winning Loyalty & Reward Programme
About JetPrivilege - Award-Winning Loyalty & Reward Programme (jetairways.com)
WhatsApp Co-Founder's 'Rest and Vest' Reward From Facebook: $450 Million - WSJ
WhatsApp Co-Founder's 'Rest and Vest' Reward From Facebook: $450 Million - WSJ (wsj.com)