Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Base Sequence
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
HIV Reverse Transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.
DNA Primers
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Gene Expression
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Sensitivity and Specificity
Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
Immunohistochemistry
Amino Acid Sequence
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA, Complementary
Transcription, Genetic
Cells, Cultured
Gene Expression Profiling
Cloning, Molecular
In Situ Hybridization
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
Blotting, Southern
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
Neoplasm Proteins
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Blotting, Western
Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine
A form of arboviral encephalitis (which primarily affects horses) endemic to western and central regions of NORTH AMERICA. The causative organism (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS, WESTERN EQUINE) may be transferred to humans via the bite of mosquitoes (CULEX tarsalis and others). Clinical manifestations include headache and influenza-like symptoms followed by alterations in mentation, SEIZURES, and COMA. DEATH occurs in a minority of cases. Survivors may recover fully or be left with residual neurologic dysfunction, including PARKINSONISM, POSTENCEPHALITIC. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-9)
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. "Alveolar" refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
Monophenol Monooxygenase
Gene Expression Regulation
Tumor Markers, Biological
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Up-Regulation
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Mutation
Translocation, Genetic
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
Exons
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Neoplasm, Residual
Blotting, Northern
RNA Polymerase II
Genotype
DNA-Binding Proteins
Prognosis
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)
Gene Rearrangement
Biopsy
Transcription Factors
Bone Marrow
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Templates, Genetic
Sarcoma, Ewing
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Keratins
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Transfection
Down-Regulation
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Phenotype
Telomerase
HIV-1
Alternative Splicing
A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.
Liver
Oligonucleotides, Antisense
Cattle
DNA Polymerase I
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in prokaryotes and may be present in higher organisms. It has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity, but cannot use native double-stranded DNA as template-primer. It is not inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents and is active in both DNA synthesis and repair. EC 2.7.7.7.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Antigens, Neoplasm
Transforming Growth Factor beta
A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.
Case-Control Studies
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Disease Outbreaks
Neoplasm Staging
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Drug Resistance, Multiple
Reproducibility of Results
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Interleukin-1
A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.
Oligonucleotide Probes
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Pregnancy
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Skin
Disease Models, Animal
Prospective Studies
Keratinocytes
Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Influenza, Human
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Rats, Wistar
P-Glycoprotein
A 170-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).
Cell Differentiation
DNA Polymerase II
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms. It may be present in higher organisms and has an intrinsic molecular activity only 5% of that of DNA Polymerase I. This polymerase has 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is effective only on duplex DNA with gaps or single-strand ends of less than 100 nucleotides as template, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 2.7.7.7.
Survival Analysis
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
Testis
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Interleukin-6
Predictive Value of Tests
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Chickens
MicroRNAs
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.
Membrane Proteins
Ribonuclease H
Protein Isoforms
Isoenzymes
Lymph Nodes
Organ Specificity
Fibroblasts
Epithelial Cells
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Polymerase III
A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms but may be present in higher organisms. Use also for a more complex form of DNA polymerase III designated as DNA polymerase III* or pol III* which is 15 times more active biologically than DNA polymerase I in the synthesis of DNA. This polymerase has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activities, is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and has the same template-primer dependence as pol II. EC 2.7.7.7.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Cell Division
Gene Amplification
A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.
Immunoblotting
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Cluster Analysis
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel
Biological Markers
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Statistics, Nonparametric
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Anti-HIV Agents
Interleukin-8
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
DNA Probes
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Interleukin-10
A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.
Disease Progression
Alleles
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Zidovudine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Antigens, CD
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Lymphatic Metastasis
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Neoplasm Metastasis
Drug Resistance, Viral
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
Cell Survival
Rabbits
Treatment Outcome
RNA Polymerase I
RNA Polymerase III
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.
Homeodomain Proteins
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
DNA Polymerase beta
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
Lung
Cell Movement
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Restriction Mapping
Thymine Nucleotides
Virus Replication
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Alternative sulfonylurea receptor expression defines metabolic sensitivity of K-ATP channels in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. (1/55562)
ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels couple the metabolic state to cellular excitability in various tissues. Several isoforms of the K-ATP channel subunits, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) and inwardly rectifying K channel (Kir6.X), have been cloned, but the molecular composition and functional diversity of native neuronal K-ATP channels remain unresolved. We combined functional analysis of K-ATP channels with expression profiling of K-ATP subunits at the level of single substantia nigra (SN) neurons in mouse brain slices using an RT-multiplex PCR protocol. In contrast to GABAergic neurons, single dopaminergic SN neurons displayed alternative co-expression of either SUR1, SUR2B or both SUR isoforms with Kir6.2. Dopaminergic SN neurons expressed alternative K-ATP channel species distinguished by significant differences in sulfonylurea affinity and metabolic sensitivity. In single dopaminergic SN neurons, co-expression of SUR1 + Kir6.2, but not of SUR2B + Kir6.2, correlated with functional K-ATP channels highly sensitive to metabolic inhibition. In contrast to wild-type, surviving dopaminergic SN neurons of homozygous weaver mouse exclusively expressed SUR1 + Kir6.2 during the active period of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Therefore, alternative expression of K-ATP channel subunits defines the differential response to metabolic stress and constitutes a novel candidate mechanism for the differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in response to respiratory chain dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. (+info)Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (2/55562)
A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Ag-STAT) has been cloned from the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. Ag-STAT is most similar to Drosophila D-STAT and to vertebrate STATs 5 and 6, constituting a proposed ancient class A of the STAT family. The mRNA is expressed at all developmental stages, and the protein is present in hemocytes, pericardial cells, midgut, skeletal muscle and fat body cells. There is no evidence of transcriptional activation following bacterial challenge. However, bacterial challenge results in nuclear translocation of Ag-STAT protein in fat body cells and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site. In vitro treatment with pervanadate (vanadate and H2O2) translocates Ag-STAT to the nucleus in midgut epithelial cells. This is the first evidence of direct participation of the STAT pathway in immune responses in insects. (+info)Expression of novel alternatively spliced isoforms of the oct-1 transcription factor. (3/55562)
Analysis of the alternatively spliced isoforms of the human and mouse oct-1 genes, combined with their exon-intron structure, show a high level of evolutionary conservation between these two species. The differential expression of several oct-1 isoforms was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction performed on the 3' region of the murine oct-1 cDNA. Variations in the relative levels and patterns of expression of the isoforms were found among different tissues. Three novel isoforms originating from the 3'-distal region of oct-1, were isolated and sequenced: Two were derived from testis, and one from myeloma cells. Splicing out of different exons as revealed in the structure of these isoforms results in reading frameshifts that presumably lead to the expression of shortened Oct-1 proteins, with distinct C-terminal tails. Altogether, six out of the eight known murine oct-1 isoforms may have distinct C-termini, implying that these multiple tails have different functional roles in cellular differentiation and physiology. (+info)Chemokine mRNA expression in gastric mucosa is associated with Helicobacter pylori cagA positivity and severity of gastritis. (4/55562)
AIM: To investigate the association between the quantity of gastric chemokine mRNA expression, severity of gastritis, and cagA positivity in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. METHODS: In 83 dyspeptic patients, antral and corpus biopsies were taken for semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histological grading of gastritis. Gastritis was evaluated by visual analogue scales. Quantities of chemokine (IL-8, GRO alpha, ENA-78, RANTES, MCP-1) RT-PCR products were compared with G3PDH products. Each sample was also evaluated for the presence of cagA and ureA mRNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS: mRNA expression of all five chemokines was significantly greater in H pylori positive than in H pylori negative mucosa. In H pylori positive patients, in the antrum C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression was significantly greater in cagA positive patients than in cagA negative patients, but there were no significant differences in C-C chemokine mRNA expression. In H pylori positive patients, chemokine mRNA expression in the corpus was less than in the antrum. In contrast to the antrum, only GRO alpha mRNA expression was significantly greater in cagA positive infection. Polymorphonuclear cell infiltration was correlated with C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression. Significant correlations were also found between bacterial density and C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: In H pylori infection, C-X-C chemokines may play a primary role in active gastritis. Infection with cagA positive H pylori induces greater gastric chemokine mRNA expression in the antral mucosa, which may be relevant to the increased mucosal damage associated with cagA positive H pylori infection. (+info)The role of alternative splicing of the adhesion molecule, CD44, in lymphoid malignancy. (5/55562)
AIM: To investigate the expression of CD44 isoforms containing variant exon 6 (v6) in a well characterised cohort of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and to correlate this with phenotype and disease course. METHODS: Cryostat sections of OCT embedded diagnostic nodal material from NHL patients and cryopreserved mononuclear preparations from CLL patients were used as sources of RNA. After reverse transcription, PCR was carried out with amplimers positioned at either side of the variant exon insertion site to amplify all possible CD44 isoforms. Those isoforms containing v6 were identified after Southern blotting and hybridisation with a radiolabelled oligonucleotide. RESULTS: Of 32 NHL samples analysed, 16 did not express CD44 isoforms containing v6, six expressed an isoform containing exon v6 alone, and 10 expressed v6 long isoforms which contained exon v6 in addition to other variant exons. These data did not correlate with lymphoma classification, disease staging, or the presence or absence of extranodal disease. However, those patients expressing v6 long CD44 isoforms had a worse overall survival than those that did not. The plateau of the survival curves was 50% compared with 82%. No v6 long isoforms were detected in the 21 CLL samples investigated. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of v6 long CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive disease in NHL, independent of grade, stage, or presence of extranodal disease. (+info)Transcriptional regulation and induction of apoptosis: implications for the use of monomeric p53 variants in gene therapy. (6/55562)
The p53 tumour suppressor protein is a transcriptional activator, which can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. p53 Gene mutations occur in more than 50% of all human tumours. Reintroduction of wild-type p53 but also of oligomerisation-independent p53 variants into tumour cells by gene transfer methods has been considered. We have investigated the biological properties of two carboxy-terminal deletion mutants of p53, p53 delta 300 (comprising amino acids 1-300) and p53 delta 326 (amino acids 1-326), to evaluate their potential deployment in gene therapy. Transactivation was measured in transiently transfected HeLa and SKBR3 cells. Both monomeric variants showed reduced activities compared with wild-type p53. Individual promoters were differently affected. In contrast to wild-type p53, monomeric variants were not able to induce apoptosis. We also provided wild-type p53 and p53 delta 326 with tetracycline-regulated promoters and stably introduced these constructs into Saos2 and SKBR3 cells. Upon induction, wild-type p53 expressing cells, but not p53 delta 326 expressing cells underwent apoptosis. Consistently, only wild-type p53 expressing cells accumulated p21/waf1/cip1 mRNA and protein and showed increased bax, Gadd45 and mdm2 mRNA. Neither wild-type p53 nor p53 delta 326 repressed the transcription of the IGF-1R gene in these cell lines. We conclude that the transactivation potential of monomeric, carboxy-terminally truncated p53 is not sufficient to cause induction of the endogenous target genes which trigger apoptosis. (+info)Astrocyte-specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase after intracerebral gene transfer induces behavioral recovery in experimental parkinsonism. (7/55562)
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine in the caudate putamen. Dopamine replacement with levodopa, a precursor of the neurotransmitter, is presently the most common treatment for this disease. However, in an effort to obtain better therapeutic results, tissue or cells that synthesize catecholamines have been grafted into experimental animals and human patients. In this paper, we present a novel technique to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the host's own astrocytes. This procedure uses a transgene in which the expression of a TH cDNA is under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, which confers astrocyte-specific expression and also increases its activity in response to brain injury. The method was tested in a rat model of Parkinson's disease produced by lesioning the striatum with 6-hydroxydopamine. Following microinjection of the transgene into the denervated striatum as a DNA-liposome complex, expression of the transgene was detected by RT-PCR and TH protein was observed specifically in astrocytes by using double-labeling immunofluorescence for GFAP and TH coupled with laser confocal microscopy. Efficacy was demonstrated by significant behavioral recovery, as assessed by a decrease in the pharmacologically induced turning behavior generated by the unilateral denervation of the rat striatum. These results suggest this is a valuable technique to express molecules of therapeutic interest in the brain. (+info)Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 in human breast cancer. (8/55562)
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is an important developmental protein which is oncogenic and able to cooperate with wnt-1 to produce mouse mammary carcinoma. The level of expression of FGF8 mRNA was measured in 68 breast cancers and 24 non-malignant breast tissues. Elevated levels of FGF8 mRNA were found in malignant compared to non-malignant breast tissues with significantly more malignant tissues expressing FGF8 (P=0.019) at significantly higher levels (P=0.031). In situ hybridization of breast cancer tissues and analysis of purified populations of normal epithelial cells and breast cancer cell lines showed that malignant epithelial cells expressed FGF8 mRNA at high levels compared to non-malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts. Although two of the receptors which FGF8 binds to (FGFR2-IIIc, FGFR3-IIIc) are not expressed in breast cancer cells, an autocrine activation loop is possible since expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 4 and FGFR1 are retained in malignant epithelial cells. This is the first member of the FGF family to have increased expression in breast cancer and a potential autocrine role in its progression. (+info)
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Somatostatin receptor 5
A correlative immunohistochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis". Virchows Arch. 440 (5): 461-75 ...
Somatostatin receptor 1
A correlative immunohistochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis". Virchows Archiv. 440 (5): 461- ...
Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic
These facilities uses reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kits. The facilities are meant to prioritize the ...
Transcriptomics technologies
Grillo M, Margolis FL (September 1990). "Use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to monitor expression of ... Becker-André M, Hahlbrock K (November 1989). "Absolute mRNA quantification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A novel ... RNA is first copied as complementary DNA (cDNA) by a reverse transcriptase enzyme before the resultant cDNA is sequenced. ... Fragmentation may be achieved by chemical hydrolysis, nebulisation, sonication, or reverse transcription with chain-terminating ...
Rabies
Biswal M, Ratho R, Mishra B (September 2007). "Usefulness of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection of ... 10: PCR technology for lyssavirus diagnosis". In Clewley JP (ed.). The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Human Viral ... the viral polymerase will begin to synthesize new negative strands of RNA from the template of the positive-strand RNA. These ... and the viral RNA polymerase (L). To enter cells, trimeric spikes on the exterior of the membrane of the virus interact with a ...
Mammaglobin
... in gynecologic malignancies and malignant effusions detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction". ...
Feline infectious peritonitis
"Feline coronavirus quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on effusion samples in cats with and without ... "Comparison of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, serum and cell- ... "Sensitivity and specificity of a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detecting feline coronavirus ... such as by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is diagnostic of effusive FIP. However, that does require ...
Taura syndrome
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods have been developed for detection of TSV and are very ... The IQ2000TM TSV detection system, a RT-PCR method, is said to have a detection limit of 10 copies per reaction. RNA-based ... These very high rates might be due to the lack of proofreading function of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and have resulted ...
COVID-19 testing
"Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since ... Reverse transcription converts RNA into DNA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) first uses reverse ... digital polymerase chain reaction, microarray analysis, and next-generation sequencing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a ... As of 2021[update], the most common form of molecular test is the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test ...
CEACAM7
... prognostic value of detection of circulating colorectal cancer cells using CGM2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ...
Deformed wing virus
The genome is detectable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the head, thorax, abdomen and wings of infected ... The genome structure is 5'UTR-L-VP2-(VP4)-VP1-VP3-RNA helicase-(VPg)-3C protease-RNA dependent RNA polymerase-3'UTR The ... a chymotrypsin-like 3C protease and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. VP1 is encoded between codons 486 to 880 and VP3 lies ...
Virus quantification
ISBN 978-0-470-84475-5. Callahan JD, et al., Use of a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay ... Quantitative PCR utilizes polymerase chain reaction chemistry to amplify viral DNA or RNA to produce high enough concentrations ... "Taqman Technology and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction". In Crocker, J.; Murray, P.G. (eds.). Molecular Biology in Cellular ... SYBR Green dye binds to all double-stranded DNA produced during the reaction. While SYBR Green is easy to use, its lack of ...
Webtag
These tags can be appended to gene specific primers for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments, ... In order to overcome genomic DNA contamination in transcriptional studies, reverse template-specific polymerase chain reaction ... of using tags whose sequences are not found in the genome further improves reverse specific polymerase chain reaction ... Shuldiner, Alan R.; Ajay Nirula; Jesse Roth (1990). "RNA template-specific polymerase chain reaction (RS-PCR): a novel strategy ...
KiSS1-derived peptide receptor
Ikeguchi M, Hirooka Y, Kaibara N (Sep 2003). "Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for KiSS-1 ...
Guanylate cyclase 2C
2006). "A validated quantitative assay to detect occult micrometastases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of ... 2009). "GUCY2C reverse transcriptase PCR to stage pN0 colorectal cancer patients". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 9 (8): 777-85. doi: ...
Glucuronic acid
... and Application for Localization in Various Human Tissues by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction". Drug ... glucuronides is known to occur to nucleophilic sites on serum albumin via transacylation reactions, for example. Phenols, ...
Glucuronidation
... and Application for Localization in Various Human Tissues by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction". Drug ... Al-Zoughool M., Talaska, G. (2006). "4-Aminobiphenyl N-glucuronidation by liver microsomes: optimization of the reaction ...
Viral disease testing
They typically use reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions to multiply the amount of genetic material in a small ...
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
"Detection of human 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms using reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and ... In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol ... It belongs to the family of short-chain dehydrogenases. The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes ...
AMPA receptor
... a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 44 (1): 92-8. doi: ... For the latter, PICK1 and PKC can displace GRIP1 to return AMPARs to the surface, reversing the effects of endocytosis and LTD ... of excitatory neurotransmission by decanoic acid in the brain contributes to the anticonvulsant effect of the medium-chain ...
Cannabinoid
"Quantitative method to determine mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from leukocyte subsets purified ... In THC, CBD, and CBN, this side-chain is a pentyl (5-carbon) chain. In the most common homologue, the pentyl chain is replaced ... However, some do not follow this rule, primarily because of variation in the length of the side-chain attached to the aromatic ... Cannabinoids with the propyl side chain are named using the suffix varin and are designated THCV, CBDV, or CBNV, while those ...
Potato virus Y
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become a powerful and effective method for detection of potato ... Different types of reverse transcriptase polymerases are available to suit different needs and reaction conditions. Reverse ... It could also be that the reverse transcriptase polymerase and DNA polymerase is one and the same enzyme and that the enzyme ... the RNA of the virus must first be transcribed to DNA by means of a reverse transcriptase polymerase. This polymerase ...
Morpholino
Splice modification can be conveniently assayed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and is seen as a ... Morpholinos are used as research tools for reverse genetics by knocking down gene function. This article discusses only the ...
Paget's disease of bone
... reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus RNA in ... and other evidence suggests an intrinsic hyperresponsive reaction to vitamin D and RANK ligand is the cause.[citation needed] ...
AMPA receptor
... a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study, Eastwood et al., Molecular Brain Research Vol44, Iss1, ... reversing the effects of endocytosis and LTD. when appropriate.[66] Nevertheless, the highlighted calcium-dependent, dynamin- ... of excitatory neurotransmission by decanoic acid in the brain contributes to the anticonvulsant effect of the medium-chain ...
Nipah virus infection
RNA can be detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from throat swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, ...
Equine viral arteritis
... detection of the viral RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and detection of antibodies by ELISA tests. A ... "Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These ...
PSMB2
... other interstitial lung disease during clinical studies applying quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ( ...
Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
... and reverse transcriptase activity (using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction techniques) from neoplastic tissue. ... amino acid identity in the pol region of reverse transcriptase. This finding suggests that they are different strains of the ...
Anatomical pathology
... reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialized studies of disease in tissues and ...
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
... polymerase - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - polyneuritis - polypeptide - polyvalent vaccine - post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP ... reverse transcriptase - ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ribosome - RNA - route of administration - RT-PCR - RTI - Ryan White C.A.R.E. ... non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) - NRTI - nucleic acid ... nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) - nucleotide - nucleotide analogs - nucleus - null cell ...
DNA sequencing
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) then coats each bead with clonal copies of the DNA molecule followed by immobilization for ... using reverse transcriptase-a DNA polymerase that synthesizes a complementary DNA based on existing strands of RNA in a PCR- ... "Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B ... Chain-termination methods[edit]. Main article: Sanger sequencing. The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger ...
Infection
Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics ... For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are ... There is a general chain of events that applies to infections.[22] The chain of events involves several steps-which include the ... An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of ...
Nucleic acid sequence
This is overcome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Digital representationEdit. ... Instead, it is copied to a DNA by reverse transcriptase, and this DNA is then sequenced. ... Nucleic acids consist of a chain of linked units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three subunits: a phosphate ... Current sequencing methods rely on the discriminatory ability of DNA polymerases, and therefore can only distinguish four bases ...
Serial analysis of gene expression
... and using a lower number of ditag polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to obtain a complete cDNA library.[11] ... The mRNA of an input sample (e.g. a tumour) is isolated and a reverse transcriptase and biotinylated primers are used to ... and reverse transcriptase is used to copy the mRNA into stable double-stranded-cDNA (ds-cDNA; blue). In SAGE, the ds-cDNA is ... The cleaved cDNA tags are then repaired with DNA polymerase to produce blunt end cDNA fragments. ...
BRCA1
Zhou C, Liu J (March 2003). "Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression by BRCA1 in human ovarian ... RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity. • RNA polymerase binding. • identical protein binding. ... Wu-Baer F, Lagrazon K, Yuan W, Baer R (September 2003). "The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer assembles polyubiquitin chains through an ... "Control of biochemical reactions through supramolecular RING domain self-assembly". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (24): ...
Paget's disease of bone
... reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus RNA in ... and other evidence suggests an intrinsic hyperresponsive reaction to vitamin D and RANK ligand is the cause.[citation needed] ...
DNA
HIV reverse transcriptase is an enzyme for AIDS virus replication.[126] Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains ... such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction. Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these ... Polymerases. Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates. The sequence of their ... They include reverse transcriptase, which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses, and telomerase ...
Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
... was designed with a chloroindole part in wing I to expand interactions with the side chain of conserved W229 of the polymerase ... shown that the NNRTIs have other mechanisms of action and interfere with various steps in the reverse transcriptase reaction. ... nucleoside/nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ( ... Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that controls the replication of the genetic material of HIV and other retroviruses. ...
জৈৱ প্ৰযুক্তি - অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া
Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR) দ্বাৰা অসংখ্য একে ধৰণৰ আকাংক্ষিত DNA প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ টেক্ DNA পলিমেৰেজ উসেচক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ( ... Reverse transcriptase): mRNA ক সাচ দণ্ড (Template strand) হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি একদণ্ডযুক্ত পৰিপূৰক DNA (cDNA) সৃষ্টি হওঁতে এই ... Polymerase Chain Reaction/PCR)। (a) জিন ক্লনিং (Gene Cloning): জীৱ কোষৰ ভিতৰত (in vivo) ৰিকম্বিনেণ্ট DNA প্ৰস্তুত কৰি উপযুক্ত ... Polymerase Chain Reaction): পলিমেৰেজ উৎসেচকৰ সহায়ত দুই ধৰণৰ অলিগ'নিউক্লিয়'টাইড প্ৰাইমাৰ (Oligonucleotide primers), ...
Polymerase chain reaction
Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR): for amplifying DNA from RNA. Reverse transcriptase reverse transcribes RNA into cDNA, which ... The Polymerase Chain Reaction".. *^ "Determining Annealing Temperatures for Polymerase Chain Reaction". The American Biology ... In vitro Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction *^ "Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)". National Center for ... "An Overview of Nanoparticle-Assisted Polymerase Chain Reaction Technology". An Overview of Nanoparticle‐Assisted Polymerase ...
BRCA1 - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Zhou, Chenyi; Liu Jinsong (2003). «Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression by BRCA1 in human ... RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity. • RNA polymerase binding. • identical protein binding. ... Kentsis, Alex; Gordon Ronald E, Borden Katherine L B (2002). «Control of biochemical reactions through supramolecular RING ... Wu-Baer, Foon; Lagrazon Karen, Yuan Wei, Baer Richard (2003). «The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer assembles polyubiquitin chains ...
সংক্ৰমণ - অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া
Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics ... For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are ... There is a general chain of events that applies to infections.[12] The chain of events involves several steps-which include the ... This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example ...
Taq polymerase
Polymerase. DNA polymerase. DNA-directed DNA polymerase. I. II. III. IV. V. RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Reverse transcriptase ... Mullis KB (April 1990). "The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction". Sci. Am. 262 (4): 56-61, 64-5. doi:10.1038/ ... RNA polymerase/DNA-directed RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase I. II. III. IV. V. Primase. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PNPase. ... It is frequently used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for greatly amplifying the quantity of short segments of ...
Creatine kinase
RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Reverse transcriptase Telomerase. RNA nucleotidyltransferase. Template-directed. RNA polymerase I ... This CK enzyme reaction is reversible and thus ATP can be generated from PCr and ADP. ... Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase. *Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex ... Polymerase. DNA polymerase. DNA-directed DNA polymerase. I/A γ. θ. ν. T7. Taq. II/B α. δ. ε. ζ. Pfu. III/C. IV/X β. λ. μ. TDT. ...
Enzyme inhibitor
Vmax will decrease due to the inability for the reaction to proceed as efficiently, but Km will remain the same as the actual ... This is a potent enzyme inhibitor, in this case preventing the RNA polymerase II enzyme from transcribing DNA.[53] The algal ... These electrophilic groups react with amino acid side chains to form covalent adducts. The residues modified are those with ... Irreversible inhibitors usually covalently modify an enzyme, and inhibition can therefore not be reversed. Irreversible ...
RNA polymerase
One lineage led to the modern DNA Polymerases and reverse transcriptases, as well as to a few single-subunit RNA polymerases ( ... The second Mg2+ will hold on to the pyrophosphate of the NTP.[17] The overall reaction equation is: (NMP)n + NTP → (NMP)n+1 + ... It then produces an RNA chain, which is complementary to the template DNA strand. The process of adding nucleotides to the RNA ... Polymerase. DNA polymerase. DNA-directed DNA polymerase. I/A γ. θ. ν. T7. Taq. II/B α. δ. ε. ζ. Pfu. III/C. IV/X β. λ. μ. TDT. ...
HIV
... a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot or, less commonly, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA)). Only specimens that are ... Bonhoeffer et al.[80] suggested that template switching by reverse transcriptase acts as a repair process to deal with breaks ... The reverse transcriptase also has ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA, as well as ... Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase liberates the positive-sense single- ...
Complementarity (molecular biology)
This principle is the basis of commonly performed laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, PCR.[1] ... cDNA libraries are constructed from mRNA using RNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase (RT), which transcribes an ... Reverse-complement tool page with documented IUPAC code conversion, source code available. ... much like looking in the mirror and seeing the reverse of things. This complementary base pairing allows cells to copy ...
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
Polymerase. DNA polymerase. DNA-directed DNA polymerase. I. II. III. IV. V. RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Reverse transcriptase ... The chemical reaction performed by these enzymes can be written as ATP + a protein ⇌. {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }. ADP ... Myosin-heavy-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.7). *Aurora kinase *Aurora A kinase ... RNA polymerase/DNA-directed RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase I. II. III. IV. V. Primase. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PNPase. ...
mTOR inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. *NS5A inhibitors. *Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ... Myosin-heavy-chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.7). *Aurora kinase *Aurora A kinase ... That reaction breaks the binding of BAD to BCL-XL and BCL2, a mitochondrial death inhibitors, resulting in inactivation of BAD[ ... DNA polymerase inhibitor (Cytarabine#). *Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (Gemcitabine#). *Hypomethylating agent (Azacitidine ...
List of experiments
Kary Mullis demonstrates the polymerase chain reaction, a method for amplifying specific bits of DNA (1983). ... Demonstration of the role of reverse transcriptases in tumor viruses, independently by Howard Temin and David Baltimore, 1970. ... Enrico Fermi and his team in Rome achieved a nuclear reaction (1934, although the results were not understood until 1938, when ... Antoine Lavoisier determines that chemical reactions in a closed container do not alter total mass. From these observations he ...
Index of biochemistry articles
... polymerase chain reaction - polymerization - polymyxin - polymyxin B - polyomavirus transforming antigen - polypeptide - ... Reverse transcriptase - RFLP - rho factor - rhodopsin - ribonucleoprotein - ribose - ribosomal protein - ribosomal protein S6 ... Hill reaction - His tag - histamine H1 receptor - histamine H2 receptor - histamine receptor - Histidine - histone - History of ... heavy-chain immunoglobulin - Hela cell - helminth protein - helper T cell - hemopexin - hemoglobin - herpes simplex virus ...
Telomerase
Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) quantifying hTERT expression in various tumor samples ... TERT is a reverse transcriptase, which is a class of enzyme that creates single-stranded DNA using single-stranded RNA as a ... Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase enzyme that carries its own RNA molecule (e.g., with the sequence 3′-CCCAAUCCC-5′ in ... with the cloning of the RNA and catalytic components of human telomerase and the development of a polymerase chain reaction ( ...
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
The two-step reaction requires that the reverse transcriptase reaction and PCR amplification be performed in separate tubes. ... Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into ... December 2004). "TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus". J. ... The exponential amplification via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction provides for a highly sensitive technique in ...
Influenza
Among NATs, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most traditional and considered the gold standard ... Three segments encode three subunits of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex: PB1, a transcriptase, PB2, which ... Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR ... There, the viral RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA using the genomic negative-sense strand as a template. The polymerase snatches ...
Nucleoside triphosphate
Menéndez-Arias L (June 2008). "Mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase". ... causing chain termination. This can be exploited for therapeutic uses in viral infections because viral DNA polymerase ... In the cell, this reaction is often coupled with unfavourable reactions to provide the energy for them to proceed. GTP is ... "Difference Between DNA Polymerase and RNA Polymerase". www.differencebetween.com-US. 2011-12-24. Retrieved 2017-11-11. Lodish H ...
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Utility of Cycle Threshold Values of Qualitative Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Tejal Mehta, Eric McGrath, Suchitha ... Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR for Simultaneous Surveillance of Influenza A and B Viruses Bin Zhou, Yi-Mo Deng, John R. ... Superiority of Digital Reverse Transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) over Real-Time RT-PCR for Quantitation of Highly Divergent Human ... Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus in Clinical Samples by Culturing and Nested Reverse Transcription-PCR Japhette Esther Kembou ...
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Novel Fast Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Molecular Detection of Human Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Isa F. Dutra, Bruno F. ... phagocytophilum in Bovine Peripheral Blood Samples by Duplex Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay James B. Reinbold, ... 2009 Virus Neuraminidase Resistance Mutation H275Y by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Musa Hindiyeh, Daniela Ram, Michal ... Bacterial rRNA-Targeted Reverse Transcription-PCR Used To Identify Pathogens Responsible for Fever with Neutropenia Sachi ...
Detection of viable Vibrio cholerae by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
A comparison of in situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the...
Experts and Doctors on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in Netherlands
Locale about Experts and Doctors on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in Netherlands ... Experts and Doctors on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in Netherlands. Summary. Locale: Netherlands ... You are here: Locale , Experts and Doctors on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in Netherlands ... beta chain t cell antigen receptor gene rearrangement*tribolium*hiv receptors*desmoplakins*earless seals*complement membrane ...
Quantification of HPV-16 E6-E7 transcription in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain...
A Study of an Ad26.RSV.preF-based Regimen in the Prevention of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)...
A Study of an Ad26.RSV.preF-based Regimen in the Prevention of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)- ... A Study of an Ad26.RSV.preF-based Regimen in the Prevention of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)- ... is to demonstrate the efficacy of active study vaccine in the prevention of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT ...
Comparative Evaluation of Immunochromatographic and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction based tests for Diagnosis...
... general DNA polymerases Analysis Dogs Gastroenteritis Polymerase chain reaction RNA ... Comparative Evaluation of Immunochromatographic and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction based tests for Diagnosis ... Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been applied successfully for detection of canine distemper virus ... APA style: Comparative Evaluation of Immunochromatographic and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction based tests for ...
EMF-Portal | reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
Get PDF - Ultrahigh-throughput Mammalian single-cell reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in microfluidic drops
Ultrahigh-throughput Mammalian single-cell reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in microfluidic drops ... type 2 by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ... reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nested or commercial reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for ... reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nested or commercial reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for ...
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of thyrocyte-relevant genes in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the...
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of thyrocyte-relevant genes in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the ... Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of thyrocyte-relevant genes in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the ... Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of thyrocyte-relevant genes in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the ...
Expression Profiling of the Whole Arabidopsis Shaggy-Like Kinase Multigene Family by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase...
... of the Whole Arabidopsis Shaggy-Like Kinase Multigene Family by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. ... 2000) Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J Mol Endocrinol ... of the family has been performed using the technique of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ... of the Whole Arabidopsis Shaggy-Like Kinase Multigene Family by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction ...
Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique - How is Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique...
It is Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique. Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique ... Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique. Looking for abbreviations of RT-PCR? ... Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique - How is Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique ... Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique. RT-PCR. Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ...
Measurement of Cytochrome P450 Gene Induction in Human Hepatocytes using Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase...
quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RT-PCR. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ... Here, we describe the application of quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to studyCYP1A1 and ... Here we describe the application of quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) to the ... These data demonstrate the applicability of quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to the determination ...
Use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats |...
Use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats ... Use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats ... Viral RNA was detected in faeces by reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and plasma antiviral antibodies by immunofluorescence. ...
Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a long-term care facility detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain...
... and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for up to 15 viruses in symptomatic residents and chart ... and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for up to 15 viruses in symptomatic residents and chart ... syncytial virus outbreak in a long-term care facility detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: an ...
Her2 assessment using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction reliably identifies Her2 overexpression...
Real-time quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qRT-PCR) is able to detect HER2 overexpression. Here we compared FISH, IHC, ... Q-PCR quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction, qRT-PCR quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction ... Zoppoli, G., Garuti, A., Cirmena, G. et al. Her2 assessment using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ... Bartlett JM, Starczynski J. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and the oncotype DX test for ...
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | REACH
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction*Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. *Polymerase Chain Reaction, ... "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" by people in this website by year, and whether "Reverse Transcriptase ... "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" by people in Profiles. ...
Subject: 'reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' / Journal: 3 Biotech / Subject: 3 selected - PubAg Search Results
Subject reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Remove constraint Subject: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ... reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, etc ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum; biosynthesis; conidia; gene expression ... quantitative polymerase chain reaction; trichothecenes; Show all 14 Subjects. Abstract:. ... MicroRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) are ... reaction Journal 3 Biotech Remove constraint Journal: 3 Biotech Subject gene expression Remove constraint Subject: gene ...
FBH1 co-operates with MUS81 in inducing DNA double-strand breaks and cell death following replication stress | Nature...
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). First-strand cDNA was synthesized by incubating 3 μg isolated mRNA, ... After chilling, reverse transcriptase, dithiothreitol and RNase inhibitor (Invitrogen Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis ... The reaction was inactivated by the addition of RNase H. PCR reactions were prepared in 50 μl volumes containing 1x ... Click-it reaction was performed according to the manufacturers description (Invitrogen). Flow cytometry was performed on a FACS ...
Multiple environmental stressors induce complex transcriptomic responses indicative of phenotypic outcomes in Western fence...
Reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Microarray results were validated using RT-qPCR of 41 ... immobilized onto DNA capture beads and emulsified in oil for polymerase chain reaction (emPCR). The emPCR was titrated to ... Briefly, 500 ng of total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA in a 6.3 μL reaction containing 250 ng of random primers and ... SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), following the manufacturers protocol. RT-qPCR was performed ...
Plus it
Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Oligonucleotide primers (Tyndale et al., 1994) for α4 (503 bp ... Assessment of α4 mRNA levels after 3α,5α-THP withdrawal with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( ... were housed in groups of three under a reverse light/dark cycle (14/10 hr light/dark). Food and water were available ad libitum ... Total RNA was isolated using Tri reagent and a chloroform extraction and was followed by reverse transcription (SuperScript II ...
Hirsutella sinensis mycelium suppresses interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 secretion by inhibiting both canonical and non...
RNA isolation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Total RNA was extracted from THP-1 cells ... III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The cDNA for ASC, caspase-1, caspase-4, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP1, NLRP3, R2X4R ... and reverse primer 5′-GCCCTTCACTCTTCGGAAACTC-3′; and β-actin forward primer 5′-GAGACCTTCAACACCCCAGCC-3′ and reverse primer 5′- ... and reverse primer 5′-GCAGCAAACTGGAAAGGAAG-3′; P2X4R forward primer 5′-GGATGTGGCGGATTATGTGATAC-3′ and reverse primer 5′- ...
Balance of MafB and PU.1 specifies alternative macrophage or dendritic cell fate | Blood Journal
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Total RNA was extracted from cells using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, ... PCR amplifications were performed using 2 μL of the reverse transcription products in 25 μL of reaction with puReTaq Ready-to- ... G) Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) of myeloid cells differentiated by PU.1 or MafB activation. Ctrl, PU.1, and MafB clones were ... Pierre P, Mellman I. Developmental regulation of invariant chain proteolysis controls MHC class II trafficking in mouse ...
Heat-Shock Protein 60-Reactive CD4+CD28null T Cells in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes | Circulation
Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cellular RNA was extracted with Trizol reagent and 20 μg glycogen followed by ... The CD4+CD28null phenotype was further confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of mRNA ... Detection of cell specific cluster determinant expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Immunol Methods ... cDNA synthesis with Superscript II reverse transcriptase and random hexamers (Life Technologies). Amplification of IFN-γ and ...
Relationships between reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen, survival, and various...
Gandhok NK, Looney SW, Koochekpour S, Sartor O. Relationships between reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for ... T1 - Relationships between reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen, survival, and various ... Relationships between reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen, survival, and various ... Relationships between reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen, survival, and various ...
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction versus chest computed tomography for detecting early symptoms of COVID-19. A...
Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction versus chest computed tomography for detec Reverse-transcriptase polymerase ... A positive real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS CoV-2, from nasopharyngeal swabs, is the ... chain reaction versus chest computed tomography for detecting early symptoms of COVID-19. A diagnostic accuracy systematic ... Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa ...
Serial detection of circulating tumour cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays is a marker for poor...
... through a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay seems to be a demonstration of systemic disease. We ... Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) can detect a single specific messenger RNA (mRNA) in a mixed cell ... Serial detection of circulating tumour cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays is a marker for poor ... Detection of circulating malignant cells (CMCs) through a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay seems ...
Human Genetic Relevance and Potent Antitumor Activity of Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibition in Canine Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell...
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify the presence of mRNA for NKX2-1, also known as ... RNA Isolation and Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Total RNA was isolated from both cell lines using the ... B) Reverse transcriptase cDNA transcripts of HSP70 and three HSP90 isoforms in BACA and CLAC cell lines. NDUFA1 serves as a ... A) Reverse transcriptase cDNA transcripts of NKX2-1 (lung cancer cell marker) and HSP90 client proteins in BACA and CLAC cell ...
Subject: 'reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' / Publication Year: 2017 - PubAg Search Results
Subject reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Remove constraint Subject: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ... reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, etc ; influenza; messenger RNA; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ... reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, etc ; Enterovirus; diagnostic sensitivity; quantitative polymerase chain ... reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, etc ; biomarkers; microRNA; quantitative analysis; quantitative polymerase ...
DetectionQuantitative reverseAssayProstate specifiReal- Time PoGenesAmplificationCoronavirusProteinTranscriptionGene expressionMolecularMRNAsRespiratory Tract InfeAnalysisTechniqueRabiesDiagnosisCDNA is madeMethodsDetectSubjectSuggestTestExpressionTopicChildrenCellularMessengerShowsTechniquesPublicationsStudyTestsSingleRapidHeavy
Detection16
- A comparison of in situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine dist. (nih.gov)
- A comparison of in situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus RNA in Paget's disease. (nih.gov)
- Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been applied successfully for detection of canine distemper virus (Agnihotri et al. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a long-term care facility detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: an argument for real-time detection methods. (escholarship.org)
- The detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the bloodstream of prostate cancer patients has been hypothesized as a prognostic marker, however little data are available concerning the association between this molecular marker and other laboratory values of potential importance. (elsevier.com)
- Detection of circulating malignant cells (CMCs) through a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay seems to be a demonstration of systemic disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Optimization of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the detection of circulating prostate cells. (openrepository.com)
- Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and prostate stem cell antigen in one milliliter of peripheral blood: value for the staging of prostate cancer. (openrepository.com)
- Detection of circulating prostate cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of human glandular kallikrein (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) messages. (openrepository.com)
- To improve on existing methods of detection, we have developed a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for keratin 19 (K19) transcripts to identify mammary carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with breast cancer. (umn.edu)
- Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction detection of cytokeratin-19 mRNA in bone marrow and blood of breast cancer patients. (wizdom.ai)
- 1990. Analysis of cytokine mRNA and DNA: detection and quantitation by competitive polymerase chain reaction. (koreascience.or.kr)
- Duplex nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 from tissue samples. (gcgenome.com)
- In order to establish an accurate, ready-to-use assay for simultaneous detection of Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), we developed one duplex TaqMan real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, which can be used in human and vector surveillance. (biomedcentral.com)
- Bowers, RM, Lapatra, SE & Dhar, AK 2008, ' Detection and quantitation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using lethal and non-lethal tissue sampling ', Journal of Virological Methods , vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 226-234. (elsevier.com)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Heminested RT-PCR (hnRT-PCR) techniques for the detection of rabies virus genome in brain samples stored at -20°C (average freezers) for distinct periods and after decomposition for 72 hours in room temperature. (biomedcentral.com)
Quantitative reverse6
- An analysis of the transcript level of the 10 members of the family has been performed using the technique of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. (plantphysiol.org)
- These data demonstrate the applicability of quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to the determination of gene dynamics in human hepatocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
- Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. (elsevier.com)
- The real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) has become the method of choice for the quantification of specific mRNAs. (elsevier.com)
- Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. (elsevier.com)
- We compared quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) to qualitative RT-PCR in determining response to therapy and predicting clinical outcome in 18 retrospectively selected patients with ALL positive for the ALL1-AF4 fusion and with frozen RNA samples collected at diagnosis and during follow-up (96 samples analysed). (elsevier.com)
Assay3
- A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect measles virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, urine, and nasopharyngeal specimens from Zambian children during hospitalization and approximately 1-2 months after discharge. (lshtm.ac.uk)
- The purpose of the present study was aimed to show whether measurement of mononuclear cell (MNC) MT mRNA, using a competitive-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (competitive-RT-PCR) assay, could indicate zinc status in human subjects. (koreascience.or.kr)
- Using a series of dilutions of transcripts containing target genes as template, we showed that the sensitivity of the assay reached 1 copy/reaction for EEEV and WEEV, and the performance was linear within the range of at least 10 6 transcript copies. (biomedcentral.com)
Prostate specifi2
- Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen in the management of prostate cancer. (openrepository.com)
- Positive prostate-specific antigen circulating cells detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction does not imply the presence of prostatic micrometastases. (openrepository.com)
Real- Time Po2
- We aimed to evaluate the expression of VEGF genes using reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction method. (scitechnol.com)
- The RNA from these cells was used for analysis of select messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (elsevier.com)
Genes3
- Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of thyrocyte-relevant genes in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the human thyroid. (harvard.edu)
- Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the relative expression levels of mRNAs of the SOD1 , TGF-β1 , and DUSP1 genes. (molvis.org)
- Among the 25 clones that showed at least a 2-fold difference in expression was the gene of perilipin, upregulated in ruptured plaques, and the genes coding for fibronectin and immunoglobulin λ chain, which were downregulated in ruptured plaques. (ahajournals.org)
Amplification1
- Consequently, this work was directed toward development of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based in vitro DNA amplification method, which specifically detects only viable cells. (nih.gov)
Coronavirus4
- Sensitivity and specificity of a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detecting feline coronavirus mutations in effusion and serum/plasma of cats to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Diagnostic performance of CT and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for coronavirus disease 2019: a meta-analysis. (paho.org)
- The purpose of this study was to report the analysis of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal (NP) samples of cornea donors dying because of causes unrelated to severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). (cdc.gov)
- Background: No reports describe falsepositive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for novel coronavirus in preoperative screening. (elsevier.com)
Protein3
- Cytokine-induced gene expression of several NF-κB targets, namely inducible nitric oxide synthase, Fas, and manganese superoxide dismutase, was prevented by AdIκB (SA)2 , as established by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, protein blot, and measurement of nitrite in the medium. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Non-muscle myosin 2 (NM II) is a hexameric protein composed of two dimeric heavy chains (NMHCs), a pair of regulatory light chains (RLCs) and a pair of essential light chains. (biologists.org)
- METHODS Analysis of SwissProt protein and EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence banks, protein sequence alignment, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing were used. (bmj.com)
Transcription5
- Quantification of HPV-16 E6-E7 transcription in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. (nih.gov)
- A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. (sickkids.ca)
- Reverse-transcription/limiting-dilution polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that in response to IFN/TNF/IL-1, mRNA abundance of GTPCH and PTPS was increased ≈64-fold and 10-fold, respectively. (ahajournals.org)
- a laboratory technology known as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a powerful tool used in research and in the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer. (britannica.com)
- Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a predictor of outcome. (bmj.com)
Gene expression2
- Subject 'reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' Remove constraint Subject: 'reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' Journal 3 Biotech Remove constraint Journal: 3 Biotech Subject gene expression Remove constraint Subject: gene expression Subject Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. (usda.gov)
- Method Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to identify RNA transcripts which are differentially expressed in the frontal cortex of brains obtained postmortem from individuals with bipolar disorder compared with other psychiatric and control conditions. (rcpsych.org)
Molecular3
- 2014). This study is an attempt to compare polymerase chain reaction based molecular tests with commercially available IC based test for diagnosis of Canine distemper by testing rectal swabs and serum samples respectively from dogs suffering from gastroenteritis and suspected for Canine distemper. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Recently, our group has synthesized a new biocompatible nanocarrier, poly(ester amine) (degradable polyethylenimine-alt-poly[ethylene glycol] copolymer), by reaction of low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) diacrylate (number average molecular weight [M^sub n^] = 258) as a cross-linker. (redorbit.com)
- A subsequent molecular analysis performed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with RNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue, revealed SYT/SSX1 fusion gene which confirmed the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma. (who.int)
MRNAs1
- Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect extracellular mRNAs. (tcd.ie)
Respiratory Tract Infe1
- To investigate 15 respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory tract infections [ARTIs] using multiplex reverse- transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR], and to analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of these viruses . (bvsalud.org)
Analysis5
- Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a widely used method that enables transcriptional profiling and sequencing analysis on bulk populations of cells. (eurekamag.com)
- Cytogenetic, fluorescent in situ hybridization & reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia patients. (bvsalud.org)
- Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis on 10 individual ruptured and 10 individual stable plaques showed a striking consistency of expression for the clones SSH6, present in 8 ruptured and 2 stable plaques, and perilipin, expressed in 8 ruptured plaques and completely absent in stable plaques. (ahajournals.org)
- To validate the reproducibility of expression of these clones, reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on a larger series of ruptured (n=10) and stable (n=10) plaques. (ahajournals.org)
- Diagnostic accuracy of novel and traditional rapid tests for influenza infection compared with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (bmj.com)
Technique2
- The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a sensitive technique that can detect prostate-specific messenger RNA in circulating blood. (openrepository.com)
- A study was conducted to apply reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique for the confirmative diagnosis of canine distemper in dogs. (unud.ac.id)
Rabies2
- Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed for both samples gave a product of 443-bp amplifying the highly conserved "N"-region gene of virus confirming the rabies infection in both cases. (researcherslinks.com)
- Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) has been used in rabies diagnosis with good results, even in decomposed materials. (biomedcentral.com)
Diagnosis3
- Comparative Evaluation of Immunochromatographic and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction based tests for Diagnosis of Canine Distemper. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Various methods have been suggested for the diagnosis of COVID-19, including chest computed tomography (CT) scans and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. (paho.org)
- The objective of the present study was to compare fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and karyotyping in 18 samples (12 at diagnosis and 6 after treatment) from 13 AML M3 patients. (unifesp.br)
CDNA is made1
- cDNA is made from RNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase . (emf-portal.org)
Methods2
- Although some quantitative data have been reported, precise quantification of mRNA expression by conventional methods such as Northern blotting is unreliable, and use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) requires elaborate methodology, which limits their use for routine prediction of CYP induction. (aspetjournals.org)
- Design and Methods Expression of c-Kit isoforms was investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in fresh plasma cells from patients and cell lines. (haematologica.org)
Detect4
- The aim of this study was to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) specifically designed to detect FCoV spike gene mutations at two nucleotide positions. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Real-time quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qRT-PCR) is able to detect HER2 overexpression. (biomedcentral.com)
- To detect MDR1 mRNA, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed in all samples. (elsevier.com)
- Real-time RT-PCR has the ability to measure several fluorophores in one well and permits multiplex assays, so it can be used to detect different target sequences simultaneously in one reaction [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Subject1
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sickkids.ca)
Suggest1
- Our findings suggest that such peptides may be used in reversing or halting the neurodegenerative process observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as the peripheral neuropathy associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (aspetjournals.org)
Test1
- At present, and as with adults, a confirmed case of COVID-19 in children requires a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2. (imedpub.com)
Expression2
- Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) along with confirmation by DNA sequencing and real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to identify and demonstrate expression of mRNA for the natriuretic peptide family. (molvis.org)
- To better define the spectrum of lymphomas that contain this translocation, we have analyzed 70 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) for expression of the t(2;5)-derived NPM/ALK chimeric message by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (ashpublications.org)
Topic1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" by people in this website by year, and whether "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (sickkids.ca)
Children1
- Enrolled children had nasal/throat swabs tested for influenza by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and their medical records reviewed. (aappublications.org)
Cellular1
- Aliquots containing 5 μg of total cellular RNA were reverse transcribed, and first-strand cDNA was used as a template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (ahajournals.org)
Messenger1
- Purpose: We evaluate the diagnostic use of cytokeratin 20 messenger (m) RNA quantitation in urine as a marker of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma using the real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Shows1
- 1997. Competitive reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction shows that dietary zinc supplementation in humans increases mononuclear cell metallothionein mRNA levels. (koreascience.or.kr)
Techniques2
- Whilst several groups have demonstrated Paramyxoviruses using techniques such as in situ hybridisation (ISH), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and in situ-RT-PCR (IS-RT-PCR), others have found no evidence of viruses using only RT-PCR. (nih.gov)
- Cytogenetic (CG), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are mainly the techniques used for detecting this abnormality. (bvsalud.org)
Publications1
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction" by people in Profiles. (sickkids.ca)
Study3
- The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of active study vaccine in the prevention of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-mediated lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD), when compared to placebo. (centerwatch.com)
- Here, we describe the application of quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to study CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 gene induction in 5-day-old cultures of human hepatocytes by known CYP inducers. (aspetjournals.org)
- In this study, three lineages of LMP1 transgenic mice were established with LMP1 expressed under the control of the Ig heavy chain promoter and enhancer. (pnas.org)
Tests1
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) will help determine shedding of the herd while antibody-based tests help to determine herd exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
Single1
- In this report, we describe a novel droplet-based microfluidic system for performing ~50000 single-cell RT-PCR reactions in a single experiment while consuming a minimal amount of reagent. (eurekamag.com)
Rapid1
- Rapid antigen testing, viral culture, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for up to 15 viruses in symptomatic residents and chart review. (escholarship.org)
Heavy1
- Gene rearrangement of the Ig heavy chain indicated monoclonality or oligoclonality in all lymphomas, some of the lymphoid hyperplastic spleens, and some histologically normal spleens. (pnas.org)