Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.
The former British crown colony located off the southeast coast of China, comprised of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, and New Territories. The three sites were ceded to the British by the Chinese respectively in 1841, 1860, and 1898. Hong Kong reverted to China in July 1997. The name represents the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese xianggang, fragrant port, from xiang, perfume and gang, port or harbor, with reference to its currents sweetened by fresh water from a river west of it.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
A medical facility which provides a high degree of subspecialty expertise for patients from centers where they received SECONDARY CARE.
A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.
Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Hospitals engaged in educational and research programs, as well as providing medical care to the patients.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of medical care.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients.
A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A country in northern Africa between ALGERIA and LIBYA. Its capital is Tunis.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
Fractures of the upper jaw.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
The period following a surgical operation.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Large hospitals with a resident medical staff which provides continuous care to maternity, surgical and medical patients.
Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.
Fractures of the zygoma.
The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
Surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Special hospitals which provide care for ill children.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
The process of accepting patients. The concept includes patients accepted for medical and nursing care in a hospital or other health care institution.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Surgical incision of the trachea.
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
The introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. It may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured.
Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.
The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment.
A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part (subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) of the stomach. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The capital is Seoul. The country, established September 9, 1948, is located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Its northern border is shared with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
A neoplasm containing HISTIOCYTES. Important forms include BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA; and MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.
The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Postmortem examination of the body.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
The period before a surgical operation.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Breaks in bones.
Surgery performed on the ear and its parts, the nose and nasal cavity, or the throat, including surgery of the adenoids, tonsils, pharynx, and trachea.
Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
The practice of replacing one prescribed drug with another that is expected to have the same clinical or psychological effect.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Hospitals which provide care for a single category of illness with facilities and staff directed toward a specific service.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Excision of the uterus.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Prednisone in MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. (1/73093)

High remission rates have been produced by MOPP (mustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) chemotherapy in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, but the prednisone component has caused adverse effects in patients who have undergone radiotherapy. The remission rates and length of remission were reviewed in 211 patients with Hodgkin's disease who received chemotherapy either with or without prednisone. In contrast to the findings of a British study, there were no significant differences in remission rates or length of remission between patients who had received prednisone and patients who had not. There were differences between the British prospective study and this retrospective one, but it is difficult to know what accounted for the substantial differences in the findings.  (+info)

Expression of nitric oxide synthase in inflammatory bowel disease is not affected by corticosteroid treatment. (2/73093)

AIM: To examine the effect of corticosteroid treatment on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Four groups of patients were studied: (1) ulcerative colitis treated with high dose corticosteroids (six patients, 10 blocks); (2) ulcerative colitis patients who had never received corticosteroids (10 patients, 16 blocks); (3) Crohn's disease treated with high dose corticosteroids (12 patients, 24 blocks); (4) Non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic controls (four patients, six blocks). Full thickness paraffin sections of colons removed at surgery were immunostained with an antibody raised against the C terminal end of iNOS. Sections were assessed semiquantitatively for the presence and degree of inflammation and immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase. RESULTS: Cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease with active inflammation showed strong staining for nitric oxide synthase. The staining was diffuse in ulcerative colitis and patchy in Crohn's disease, in accordance with the distribution of active inflammation. Staining was seen in epithelial cells and was most intense near areas of inflammation such as crypt abscesses. Non-inflamed epithelium showed no immunoreactivity. Treatment with corticosteroids made no difference to the amount of nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of nitric oxide synthase is increased in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and appears to be unaffected by treatment with corticosteroids. Disease severity necessitated surgery in all the cases included in this study, regardless of whether or not the patients had received long term corticosteroid treatment. It seems therefore that a high level of iNOS expression and, presumably, production of nitric oxide characterise cases which are refractory to clinical treatment; this suggests that specific inhibition of the enzyme may be a useful therapeutic adjunct.  (+info)

The role of alternative splicing of the adhesion molecule, CD44, in lymphoid malignancy. (3/73093)

AIM: To investigate the expression of CD44 isoforms containing variant exon 6 (v6) in a well characterised cohort of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and to correlate this with phenotype and disease course. METHODS: Cryostat sections of OCT embedded diagnostic nodal material from NHL patients and cryopreserved mononuclear preparations from CLL patients were used as sources of RNA. After reverse transcription, PCR was carried out with amplimers positioned at either side of the variant exon insertion site to amplify all possible CD44 isoforms. Those isoforms containing v6 were identified after Southern blotting and hybridisation with a radiolabelled oligonucleotide. RESULTS: Of 32 NHL samples analysed, 16 did not express CD44 isoforms containing v6, six expressed an isoform containing exon v6 alone, and 10 expressed v6 long isoforms which contained exon v6 in addition to other variant exons. These data did not correlate with lymphoma classification, disease staging, or the presence or absence of extranodal disease. However, those patients expressing v6 long CD44 isoforms had a worse overall survival than those that did not. The plateau of the survival curves was 50% compared with 82%. No v6 long isoforms were detected in the 21 CLL samples investigated. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of v6 long CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive disease in NHL, independent of grade, stage, or presence of extranodal disease.  (+info)

Analysis of the effect of conversion from open to closed surgical intensive care unit. (4/73093)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect on clinical outcome of changing a surgical intensive care unit from an open to a closed unit. DESIGN: The study was carried out at a surgical intensive care unit in a large tertiary care hospital, which was changed on January 1, 1996, from an open unit, where private attending physicians contributed and controlled the care of their patients, to a closed unit, where patients' medical care was provided only by the surgical critical care team (ABS or ABA board-certified intensivists). A retrospective review was undertaken over 6 consecutive months in each system, encompassing 274 patients (125 in the open-unit period, 149 in the closed-unit period). Morbidity and mortality were compared between the two periods, along with length-of-stay (LOS) and number of consults obtained. A set of independent variables was also evaluated, including age, gender, APACHE III scores, the presence of preexisting medical conditions, the use of invasive monitoring (Swan-Ganz catheters, central and arterial lines), and the use of antibiotics, low-dose dopamine (LDD) for renal protection, vasopressors, TPN, and enteral feeding. RESULTS: Mortality (14.4% vs. 6.04%, p = 0.012) and the overall complication rate (55.84% vs. 44.14%, p = 0.002) were higher in the open-unit group versus the closed-unit group, respectively. The number of consults obtained was decreased (0.6 vs. 0.4 per patient, p = 0.036), and the rate of occurrence of renal failure was higher in the open-unit group (12.8% vs. 2.67%, p = 0.001). The mean age of the patients was similar in both groups (66.48 years vs. 66.40, p = 0.96). APACHE III scores were slightly higher in the open-unit group but did not reach statistical significance (39.02 vs. 36.16, p = 0.222). There were more men in the first group (63.2% vs. 51.3%). The use of Swan-Ganz catheters or central and arterial lines were identical, as was the use of antibiotics, TPN, and enteral feedings. The use of LDD was higher in the first group, but the LOS was identical. CONCLUSIONS: Conversion of a tertiary care surgical intensive care unit from an open to closed environment reduced dopamine usage and overall complication and mortality rates. These results support the concept that, when possible, patients in surgical intensive care units should be managed by board-certified intensivists in a closed environment.  (+info)

Peripheral hepatojejunostomy as palliative treatment for irresectable malignant tumors of the liver hilum. (5/73093)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concept of surgical decompression of the biliary tree by peripheral hepatojejunostomy for palliative treatment of jaundice in patients with irresectable malignant tumors of the liver hilum. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Jaundice, pruritus, and recurrent cholangitis are major clinical complications in patients with obstructive cholestasis resulting from malignant tumors of the liver hilum. Methods for palliative treatment include endoscopic stenting, percutaneous transhepatic drainage, and surgical decompression. The palliative treatment of choice should be safe, effective, and comfortable for the patient. METHODS: In a retrospective study, surgical technique, perioperative complications, and efficacy of treatment were analyzed for 56 patients who had received a peripheral hepatojejunostomy between 1982 and 1997. Laparotomy in all of these patients had been performed as an attempt for curative resection. RESULTS: Hepatojejunostomy was exclusively palliative in 50 patients and was used for bridging to resection or transplantation in 7. Anastomosis was bilateral in 36 patients and unilateral in 20. The 1-month mortality in the study group was 9%; median survival was 6 months. In patients surviving >1 month, a marked and persistent decrease in cholestasis was achieved in 87%, although complete return to normal was rare. Among the patients with a marked decrease in cholestasis, 72% had no or only mild clinical symptoms such as fever or jaundice. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral hepatojejunostomy is a feasible and reasonably effective palliative treatment for patients with irresectable tumors of the liver hilum. In patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for attempted curative resection, this procedure frequently leads to persistent-although rarely complete-decompression of the biliary tree. In a few cases it may also be used for bridging to transplantation or liver resection after relief of cholestasis.  (+info)

Reconstruction for chronic dysfunction of ileoanal pouches. (6/73093)

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective review was performed to determine the results after surgical reconstruction for chronic dysfunction of ileal pouch-anal procedures for ulcerative colitis and familial colonic polyposis at a university medical center. METHODS: During the 20-year period from 1978 to 1998, 601 patients underwent colectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis, familial colonic polyposis, or Hirschsprung's disease. A J pouch was used for 351 patients, a lateral pouch for 221, an S pouch for 6, and a straight pull-through for 23. Acute complications after pouch construction have been detailed in previous publications and are not included in this study. Chronic pouch stasis with diarrhea, frequency, urgency, and soiling gradually became more severe in 164 patients (27.3%), associated with pouch enlargement, an elongated efferent limb, and obstruction to pouch outflow, largely related to the pouch configuration used during the authors' early clinical experience. These patients were sufficiently symptomatic to be considered for reconstruction (mean 68 months after IPAA). Transanal resection of an elongated IPAA spout was performed on 58 patients; abdominoperineal mobilization of the pouch with resection and tapering of the lower end (AP reconstruction) and ileoanal anastomosis on 83; pouch removal and new pouch construction on 7; and conversion of a straight pull-through to a pouch on 16. RESULTS: Good long-term results (mean 7.7 years) with improvement in symptoms occurred in 98% of transanal resections, 91.5% of AP reconstructions, 86% of new pouch constructions, and 100% of conversions of a straight pull-through to a pouch. The average number of bowel movements per 24 hours at 6 months was 4.8. Complications occurred in 11.6% of reconstructed patients. Five of the 164 patients (3.1%) required eventual pouch removal and permanent ileostomy. The high rate of pouch revision in this series of patients undergoing IPAA is due to a policy of aggressive correction when patients do not experience an optimal functional result, or have a progressive worsening of their status. CONCLUSIONS: Although occasionally a major undertaking, reconstruction of ileoanal pouches with progressive dysfunction due to large size or a long efferent limb has resulted in marked improvement in intestinal function in >93% of patients and has reduced the need for late pouch removal.  (+info)

Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract: a case-control study. (7/73093)

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates for cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Southern Brazil are among the highest in the world. A case-control study was designed to identify the main risk factors for carcinomas of mouth, pharynx, and larynx in the region. We tested the hypothesis of whether use of wood stoves is associated with these cancers. METHODS: Information on known and potential risk factors was obtained from interviews with 784 cases and 1568 non-cancer controls. We estimated the effect of use of wood stove by conditional logistic regression, with adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption and for other sociodemographic and dietary variables chosen as empirical confounders based on a change-in-estimate criterion. RESULTS: After extensive adjustment for all the empirical confounders the odds ratio (OR) for all upper aero-digestive tract cancers was 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 2.2-3.3). Increased risks were also seen in site-specific analyses for mouth (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2), pharyngeal (OR = 3.82; 95% CI: 2.0-7.4), and laryngeal carcinomas (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.2-4.7). Significant risk elevations remained for each of the three anatomic sites and for all sites combined even after we purposefully biased the analyses towards the null hypothesis by adjusting the effect of wood stove use only for positive empirical confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The association of use of wood stoves with cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract is genuine and unlikely to result from insufficient control of confounding. Due to its high prevalence, use of wood stoves may be linked to as many as 30% of all cancers occurring in the region.  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. (8/73093)

BACKGROUND: Cangshan County of Shandong Province has one of the lowest rates of gastric cancer (GC) in China. While intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) are less common in Cangshan than in areas of Shandong at high risk of GC, these precursor lesions nevertheless affect about 20% of adults age > or = 55. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: In order to evaluate determinants of IM and DYS in Cangshan County, a low risk area of GC a survey was conducted among 214 adults who participated in a gastroscopic screening survey in Cangshan County in 1994. METHOD: A dietary interview and measurement of serum Helicobacter pylori antibodies were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori was lowest (19%) among those with normal gastric mucosa, rising steadily to 35% for superficial gastritis (SG), 56% for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 80% for IM, and 100% for DYS. The prevalence odds of precancerous lesions were compared with the odds of normal histology or SG. The odds ratio (OR) or CAG associated with H. pylori positivity was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.7-10.0), while the OR of IM/DYS associated with H. pylori positivity was 31.5 (95% CI: 5.2-187). After adjusting for H. pylori infection, drinking alcohol was a risk factor for CAG (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.2) and IM/DYS (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 1.3-47.7). On the other hand, consumption of garlic showed non-significant protective effects and an inverse association with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that infection with H. pylori is a risk factor and garlic may be protective, in the development and progression of advanced precancerous gastric lesions in an area of China at relatively low risk of GC.  (+info)

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

This definition of 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local' is from the Healthcare Professionals edition of the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, copyright © 2007 by Merriam-Webster, Inc.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

Acute wounds and injuries are those that occur suddenly and heal within a relatively short period of time, usually within a few days or weeks. Examples of acute wounds include cuts, scrapes, and burns. Chronic wounds and injuries, on the other hand, are those that persist over a longer period of time and may not heal properly, leading to long-term complications. Examples of chronic wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and chronic back pain.

Wounds and injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, sports injuries, violence, and medical conditions such as diabetes or circulatory problems. Treatment for wounds and injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may include cleaning and dressing the wound, applying antibiotics, immobilizing broken bones, and providing pain management. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or restore function.

Preventive measures for wounds and injuries include wearing appropriate protective gear during activities such as sports or work, following safety protocols to avoid accidents, maintaining proper hygiene and nutrition to prevent infection, and seeking medical attention promptly if an injury occurs.

Overall, wounds and injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper treatment and management of wounds and injuries can help to promote healing, reduce the risk of complications, and improve long-term outcomes.

Lymphatic metastasis occurs when cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and are carried through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. This can happen through several mechanisms, including:

1. Direct invasion: Cancer cells can invade the nearby lymphatic vessels and spread through them.
2. Lymphatic vessel embolization: Cancer cells can block the flow of lymphatic fluid and cause the formation of a clot-like structure, which can trap cancer cells and allow them to grow.
3. Lymphatic vessel invasion: Cancer cells can infiltrate the walls of lymphatic vessels and spread through them.

Lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer, particularly in the breast, melanoma, and other cancers that have a high risk of lymphatic invasion. The presence of lymphatic metastasis in a patient's body can indicate a more aggressive cancer and a poorer prognosis.

Treatment for lymphatic metastasis typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery may be used to remove any affected lymph nodes or other tumors that have spread through the lymphatic system. Chemotherapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells, while radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

In summary, lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer through the body, particularly in cancers that originate in organs with a high lymphatic drainage. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to remove or shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

1. Gingivitis: An inflammation of the gums that can be caused by poor oral hygiene, smoking, or other factors. Gingivitis is often reversible with proper treatment.
2. Periodontitis: A more severe form of gingival disease that affects the bone and tissues supporting the teeth. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.
3. Pyorrhea: An inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of pus in the gums and pockets between the teeth and gums. Pyorrhea is often a symptom of periodontitis.
4. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG): A severe and painful form of gingival disease that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss if left untreated.
5. Desquamative gingivitis: A condition characterized by the thinning and shedding of the gums, often due to smoking or other systemic factors.
6. Necrotizing periodontal disease: A rare but severe form of periodontitis that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss.
7. Peri-implant diseases: Conditions that affect the tissues surrounding dental implants, including peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis.

Treatment for gingival diseases may include antibiotics, scaling and root planing, surgical intervention, and lifestyle changes such as improved oral hygiene and smoking cessation. It is important to seek professional dental care if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of maxillary fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Pain and swelling in the face
* Difficulty opening or closing the mouth
* Numbness or loss of sensation in the face
* Crooked or misshapen appearance of the face
* Difficulty breathing through the nose

Treatment for maxillary fractures may include:

* Immobilization of the jaw with a splint or cast to allow the bone to heal
* Medication to manage pain and swelling
* Surgery to realign the bones and stabilize them with plates, screws, or wires.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated maxillary fractures can lead to complications such as infection, nerve damage, or long-term facial deformity.

Types of Eye Injuries:

1. Corneal abrasion: A scratch on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye.
2. Conjunctival bleeding: Bleeding in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
3. Hyphema: Blood in the space between the iris and the cornea.
4. Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the eyelid or under the retina.
5. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from the underlying tissue, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly.
6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, which can cause vision loss or blindness.
7. Orbital injury: Injury to the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, which can cause double vision, swelling, or vision loss.

Symptoms of Eye Injuries:

1. Pain in the eye or around the eye
2. Redness and swelling of the eye or eyelid
3. Difficulty seeing or blurred vision
4. Sensitivity to light
5. Double vision or loss of vision
6. Discharge or crusting around the eye
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face

Treatment of Eye Injuries:

1. Depending on the severity and nature of the injury, treatment may include antibiotics, pain relief medication, or surgery.
2. In some cases, a tube may be inserted into the eye to help drain fluid or prevent pressure from building up.
3. In severe cases, vision may not return completely, but there are many options for corrective glasses and contact lenses to improve remaining vision.
4. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if there is a foreign object in the eye, as this can cause further damage if left untreated.
5. In cases of penetrating trauma, such as a blow to the eye, it is important to seek medical attention right away, even if there are no immediate signs of injury.
6. Follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are essential to monitor healing and address any complications that may arise.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

Surgical wound infections can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Poor surgical technique: If the surgeon does not follow proper surgical techniques, such as properly cleaning and closing the incision, the risk of infection increases.
2. Contamination of the wound site: If the wound site is contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms during the surgery, this can lead to an infection.
3. Use of contaminated instruments: If the instruments used during the surgery are contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms, this can also lead to an infection.
4. Poor post-operative care: If the patient does not receive proper post-operative care, such as timely changing of dressings and adequate pain management, the risk of infection increases.

There are several types of surgical wound infections, including:

1. Superficial wound infections: These infections occur only in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and can be treated with antibiotics.
2. Deep wound infections: These infections occur in the deeper tissues, such as muscle or bone, and can be more difficult to treat.
3. Wound hernias: These occur when the intestine bulges through the incision site, creating a hernia.
4. Abscesses: These occur when pus collects in the wound site, creating a pocket of infection.

Surgical wound infections can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

1. Cultures: These are used to identify the type of bacteria or other microorganisms causing the infection.
2. Imaging studies: These can help to determine the extent of the infection and whether it has spread to other areas of the body.
3. Physical examination: The surgeon will typically perform a physical examination of the wound site to look for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage.

Treatment of surgical wound infections typically involves a combination of antibiotics and wound care. In some cases, additional surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged structures.

Prevention is key when it comes to surgical wound infections. To reduce the risk of infection, surgeons and healthcare providers can take several steps, including:

1. Proper sterilization and disinfection of equipment and the surgical site.
2. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis, which is the use of antibiotics to prevent infections in high-risk patients.
3. Closure of the incision site with sutures or staples to reduce the risk of bacterial entry.
4. Monitoring for signs of infection and prompt treatment if an infection develops.
5. Proper wound care, including keeping the wound clean and dry, and changing dressings as needed.
6. Avoiding unnecessary delays in surgical procedure, which can increase the risk of infection.
7. Proper patient education on wound care and signs of infection.
8. Use of biological dressings such as antimicrobial impregnated dressings, which can help reduce the risk of infection.
9. Use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) which can help to promote wound healing and reduce the risk of infection.
10. Proper handling and disposal of sharps and other medical waste to reduce the risk of infection.

It is important for patients to follow their healthcare provider's instructions for wound care and to seek medical attention if they notice any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or increased pain. By taking these precautions, the risk of surgical wound infections can be significantly reduced, leading to better outcomes for patients.

In the medical field, emergencies are situations that require immediate medical attention to prevent serious harm or death. These situations may include:

1. Life-threatening injuries, such as gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or severe head trauma.
2. Severe illnesses, such as heart attacks, strokes, or respiratory distress.
3. Acute and severe pain, such as from a broken bone or severe burns.
4. Mental health emergencies, such as suicidal thoughts or behaviors, or psychosis.
5. Obstetric emergencies, such as preterm labor or placental abruption.
6. Pediatric emergencies, such as respiratory distress or dehydration in infants and children.
7. Trauma, such as from a car accident or fall.
8. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or floods.
9. Environmental emergencies, such as carbon monoxide poisoning or exposure to toxic substances.
10. Mass casualty incidents, such as a terrorist attack or plane crash.

In all of these situations, prompt and appropriate medical care is essential to prevent further harm and save lives. Emergency responders, including paramedics, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other healthcare providers, are trained to quickly assess the situation, provide immediate care, and transport patients to a hospital if necessary.

Zygomatic fractures, also known as zygoma fractures or malar fractures, are breaks in the bone of the zygomatic arch, which is a curved bone that forms the upper and lateral portion of the eye socket. These fractures can be caused by direct blows to the face, such as in a fall or a sports injury, or by indirect forces, such as those sustained during a motor vehicle accident.

Types of Zygomatic Fractures[2]

There are several types of zygomatic fractures, including:

1. Extension-rotation fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is broken in both the vertical and horizontal planes.
2. Simple fractures: These fractures involve a single break in the bone without any displacement.
3. Comminuted fractures: These fractures involve multiple breaks in the bone with displacement.
4. Open fractures: These fractures involve a break in the skin over the affected area, exposing the bone and increasing the risk of infection.

Symptoms of Zygomatic Fractures[3]

The symptoms of zygomatic fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

1. Pain and tenderness in the affected eye socket and cheekbone.
2. Swelling and bruising around the eyes and face.
3. Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face.
5. Difficulty closing the eye or eyelid on the affected side.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Zygomatic Fractures[4]

Zygomatic fractures are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and other diagnostic tests. Treatment for these fractures may include:

1. Pain management with medication and ice packs.
2. Immobilization of the affected eye socket with a facial splint or sling.
3. Surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments, which may involve the use of plates, screws, or wires.
4. Monitoring for signs of infection or other complications.
5. Physical therapy to help regain strength and range of motion in the affected eye and jaw.

Prognosis and Complications of Zygomatic Fractures[5]

The prognosis for zygomatic fractures is generally good, with most patients experiencing a full recovery within 6-8 weeks. However, there are potential complications to be aware of, including:

1. Infection: As with any surgical procedure, there is a risk of infection with zygomatic fracture repair.
2. Nerve damage: The nerves that control sensation and movement in the face and jaw can be damaged during the injury or surgical repair, leading to numbness, tingling, or weakness.
3. Eye complications: Zygomatic fractures can lead to eye complications such as double vision, dry eyes, or even loss of vision if the fracture is not properly treated.
4. Asymmetry: The bone fragments may not heal perfectly, leading to asymmetry in the face and jaw.
5. Malocclusion: The teeth may no longer fit together properly after a zygomatic fracture, leading to malocclusion or misaligned teeth.
6. Maxillary sinus involvement: The maxillary sinus, a air-filled cavity in the cheekbone, can become involved in the fracture and may require additional treatment.
7. Cerebral injury: Zygomatic fractures can be associated with cerebral injury, particularly if the fracture is caused by a high-energy trauma such as a car accident or fall from a height.

Conclusion[6]

Zygomatic fractures are complex injuries that require prompt and careful management to ensure proper healing and minimize complications. Treatment may involve a combination of conservative and surgical methods, depending on the severity and location of the fracture. Patients with zygomatic fractures should be closely monitored for signs of infection, malocclusion, and asymmetry, and may require long-term follow-up to address any complications that arise.

Multiple trauma can involve various types of injuries, including:

1. Blunt trauma: This refers to injuries caused by a blow or impact, such as those sustained in a car accident or fall.
2. Penetrating trauma: This refers to injuries caused by a sharp object, such as a gunshot wound or stab wound.
3. Burns: This refers to injuries caused by heat or chemicals that can cause tissue damage and scarring.
4. Neurological trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the brain and spinal cord, such as concussions or herniated discs.
5. Orthopedic trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the musculoskeletal system, such as fractures or dislocations.
6. Soft tissue trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues, such as lacerations or contusions.
7. Visceral trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the internal organs, such as internal bleeding or organ damage.

The severity of multiple trauma can vary widely, ranging from mild to life-threatening. In some cases, multiple trauma may be caused by a single incident, while in other cases, it may result from a series of events over time.

Treatment for multiple trauma typically involves a comprehensive approach that addresses all of the injuries and takes into account the patient's overall health and well-being. This may include surgery, medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. In severe cases, multiple trauma can result in long-term disability or even death, making prompt and appropriate treatment essential for optimal outcomes.

SCC typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on the skin, and may be pink, red, or scaly. The cancer cells are usually well-differentiated, meaning they resemble normal squamous cells, but they can grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.

SCC is more common in fair-skinned individuals and those who spend a lot of time in the sun, as UV radiation can damage the skin cells and increase the risk of cancer. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment for SCC usually involves surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and may also include radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Early detection and treatment are important to improve outcomes for patients with SCC.

A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their function over time, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body. Also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Prevalence:

Chronic kidney failure affects approximately 20 million people worldwide and is a major public health concern. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 5 adults has CKD, with African Americans being disproportionately affected.

Causes:

The causes of chronic kidney failure are numerous and include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
2. Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
3. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
4. Interstitial nephritis: Inflammation of the tissue between the kidney tubules.
5. Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
6. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder that causes cysts to grow on the kidneys.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase blood pressure and strain on the kidneys.
8. Family history: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing chronic kidney failure.

Symptoms:

Early stages of chronic kidney failure may not cause any symptoms, but as the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
2. Swelling: In the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Poor appetite: Loss of interest in food.
5. Difficulty concentrating: Cognitive impairment due to the buildup of waste products in the brain.
6. Shortness of breath: Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
7. Pain: In the back, flank, or abdomen.
8. Urination changes: Decreased urine production, dark-colored urine, or blood in the urine.
9. Heart problems: Chronic kidney failure can increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

Diagnosis:

Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: Waste products in the blood that increase with decreased kidney function.
2. Electrolyte levels: Imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus can indicate kidney dysfunction.
3. Kidney function tests: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine the level of kidney function.
4. Urinalysis: Examination of urine for protein, blood, or white blood cells.

Imaging studies may include:

1. Ultrasound: To assess the size and shape of the kidneys, detect any blockages, and identify any other abnormalities.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: To provide detailed images of the kidneys and detect any obstructions or abscesses.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment:

Treatment for chronic kidney failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. The goals of treatment are to slow progression of the disease, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

1. Medications: To control high blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, reduce proteinuria, and manage anemia.
2. Diet: A healthy diet that limits protein intake, controls salt and water intake, and emphasizes low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.
3. Fluid management: Monitoring and control of fluid intake to prevent fluid buildup in the body.
4. Dialysis: A machine that filters waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Transplantation: A kidney transplant may be considered for some patients with advanced chronic kidney failure.

Complications:

Chronic kidney failure can lead to several complications, including:

1. Heart disease: High blood pressure and anemia can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Bone disease: A disorder that can lead to bone pain, weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Electrolyte imbalance: Imbalances of electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium can cause muscle weakness, heart arrhythmias, and other complications.
5. Infections: A decrease in immune function can increase the risk of infections.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure, anemia, and other complications can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pain: Chronic kidney failure can cause pain, particularly in the back, flank, and abdomen.
9. Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common complications.
10. Depression and anxiety: The emotional burden of chronic kidney failure can lead to depression and anxiety.

Adenocarcinoma is a term used to describe a variety of different types of cancer that arise in glandular tissue, including:

1. Colorectal adenocarcinoma (cancer of the colon or rectum)
2. Breast adenocarcinoma (cancer of the breast)
3. Prostate adenocarcinoma (cancer of the prostate gland)
4. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (cancer of the pancreas)
5. Lung adenocarcinoma (cancer of the lung)
6. Thyroid adenocarcinoma (cancer of the thyroid gland)
7. Skin adenocarcinoma (cancer of the skin)

The symptoms of adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Blood in the stool or urine
2. Abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Changes in bowel habits
4. Unusual vaginal bleeding (in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma)
5. A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Coughing up blood (in the case of lung adenocarcinoma)

The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma is typically made through a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Treatment options for adenocarcinoma depend on the location of the cancer and can include:

1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to kill cancer cells
3. Radiation therapy, which involves using high-energy X-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
4. Targeted therapy, which involves using drugs that target specific molecules on cancer cells to kill them
5. Immunotherapy, which involves using drugs that stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenocarcinoma is generally good if the cancer is detected and treated early, but it can be more challenging to treat if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

* Thoracic scoliosis: affects the upper back (thoracic spine)
* Cervical scoliosis: affects the neck (cervical spine)
* Lumbar scoliosis: affects the lower back (lumbar spine)

Scoliosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Genetics: inherited conditions that affect the development of the spine
* Birth defects: conditions that are present at birth and affect the spine
* Infections: infections that affect the spine, such as meningitis or tuberculosis
* Injuries: injuries to the spine, such as those caused by car accidents or falls
* Degenerative diseases: conditions that affect the spine over time, such as osteoporosis or arthritis

Symptoms of scoliosis can include:

* An uneven appearance of the shoulders or hips
* A difference in the height of the shoulders or hips
* Pain or discomfort in the back or legs
* Difficulty standing up straight or maintaining balance

Scoliosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays: images of the spine that show the curvature
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): images of the spine and surrounding tissues
* Computed tomography (CT) scans: detailed images of the spine and surrounding tissues

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Observation: monitoring the condition regularly to see if it progresses
* Bracing: wearing a brace to support the spine and help straighten it
* Surgery: surgical procedures to correct the curvature, such as fusing vertebrae together or implanting a metal rod.

It is important for individuals with scoliosis to receive regular monitoring and treatment to prevent complications and maintain proper spinal alignment.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

1. Injury to blood vessels during surgery
2. Poor suturing or stapling techniques
3. Bleeding disorders or use of anticoagulant medications
4. Infection or hematoma (a collection of blood outside the blood vessels)
5. Delayed recovery of blood clotting function

Postoperative hemorrhage can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. Mild bleeding may present as oozing or trickling of blood from the surgical site, while severe bleeding can lead to hypovolemic shock, organ failure, and even death.

To diagnose postoperative hemorrhage, a physical examination and medical history are usually sufficient. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be ordered to evaluate the extent of bleeding and identify any underlying causes.

Treatment of postoperative hemorrhage depends on the severity and location of the bleeding. Mild bleeding may be managed with dressings, compression bandages, and elevation of the affected limb. Severe bleeding may require interventions such as:

1. Surgical exploration to locate and control the source of bleeding
2. Transfusion of blood products or fresh frozen plasma to restore clotting function
3. Use of vasopressors to raise blood pressure and perfuse vital organs
4. Hemostatic agents such as clotting factors, fibrin sealants, or hemostatic powder to promote clot formation
5. In some cases, surgical intervention may be required to repair damaged blood vessels or organs.

Prevention of postoperative hemorrhage is crucial in reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes. Preventive measures include:

1. Proper preoperative evaluation and preparation, including assessment of bleeding risk factors
2. Use of appropriate anesthesia and surgical techniques to minimize tissue trauma
3. Conservative use of hemostatic agents and blood products during surgery
4. Closure of all bleeding sites before completion of the procedure
5. Monitoring of vital signs, including pulse rate and blood pressure, during and after surgery
6. Preoperative and postoperative management of underlying conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and coagulopathies.

Early recognition and prompt intervention are critical in effectively managing postoperative hemorrhage. In cases of severe bleeding, timely and appropriate interventions can reduce the risk of complications and improve patient outcomes.

Some common horse diseases include:

1. Equine Influenza (EI): A highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the equine influenza virus. It can cause fever, coughing, and nasal discharge.
2. Strangles: A bacterial infection of the lymph nodes, which can cause swelling of the neck and difficulty breathing.
3. West Nile Virus (WNV): A viral infection that can cause fever, weakness, and loss of coordination. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can be fatal in some cases.
4. Tetanus: A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which can cause muscle stiffness, spasms, and rigidity.
5. Rabies: A viral infection that affects the central nervous system and can be fatal if left untreated. It is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually through a bite.
6. Cushing's Disease: A hormonal disorder caused by an overproduction of cortisol, which can cause weight gain, muscle wasting, and other health issues.
7. Laminitis: An inflammation of the laminae, the tissues that connect the hoof to the bone. It can be caused by obesity, overeating, or excessive exercise.
8. Navicular Syndrome: A condition that affects the navicular bone and surrounding tissue, causing pain and lameness in the foot.
9. Pneumonia: An inflammation of the lungs, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
10. Colic: A general term for abdominal pain, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including gas, impaction, or twisting of the intestines.

These are just a few examples of the many potential health issues that can affect horses. Regular veterinary care and proper management can help prevent many of these conditions, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

1. Angular Cheilitis: This is a condition that causes redness, swelling, and cracking at the corners of the mouth. It is often caused by poor fitting dentures, mouth breathing, or a vitamin deficiency.
2. Cold Sores: These are small, painful blisters that appear on the lips and are caused by the herpes simplex virus.
3. Canker Sores: These are shallow sores that develop on the inner lips and are not contagious. They can be caused by stress, allergies, or a vitamin deficiency.
4. Chapped Lips: This is a common condition that can be caused by dry weather, over-licking, or using harsh lip products.
5. Lip Frenulum: This is a condition where the tissue under the upper lip is too short, causing the lip to pull back and create a gap between the front teeth.
6. Oral Lichen Planus: This is an autoimmune condition that can cause painless purple or red patches on the lips.
7. Mucous Cysts: These are small, fluid-filled bumps that can develop under the skin of the lower lip. They are usually harmless but can become inflamed or infected.
8. Pyogenic Granuloma: This is a type of growth that can occur on the lips and is caused by a bacterial infection. It can be treated with antibiotics.
9. Seborrheic Keratosis: This is a benign growth that can appear as a rough, scaly patch on the lips. It is usually harmless but can be removed for cosmetic reasons.
10. Oral Cancer: This is a serious condition that can affect any part of the mouth, including the lips. It is important to see a dentist or doctor if there are any unusual changes in the appearance of the lips or mouth.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several types of penetrating eye injuries, including:

1. Perforating injuries: These occur when an object punctures the globe of the eye, creating a hole in the retina or the sclera. These injuries can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
2. Non-perforating injuries: These occur when an object does not penetrate the globe of the eye but still causes damage to the surrounding tissues. These injuries are typically less severe than perforating injuries but can still cause significant vision loss.
3. Hyphemas: These occur when blood collects in the space between the cornea and the iris, often due to a blow to the eye.
4. Retinal detachments: These occur when the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, often due to a traumatic injury.

Symptoms of penetrating eye injuries can include:

* Severe pain in the eye
* Redness and swelling of the affected eye
* Difficulty seeing or blindness
* Floaters or flashes of light
* A feeling of something in the eye

Treatment of penetrating eye injuries depends on the severity of the injury and can include:

1. Immediate medical attention to assess the extent of the injury and provide appropriate treatment.
2. Surgery to repair any damage to the eye, such as removing a foreign object or repairing a retinal detachment.
3. Antibiotics to prevent infection.
4. Pain management with medication.
5. Monitoring for complications, such as glaucoma or cataracts.

Preventive measures for penetrating eye injuries include:

1. Wearing protective eyewear when performing activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as playing sports or working with power tools.
2. Avoiding touching the eyes or face to prevent the spread of infection.
3. Keeping the environment clean and free of hazards to reduce the risk of injury.
4. Properly storing and disposing of sharp objects to prevent accidents.
5. Seeking medical attention immediately if an eye injury occurs.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a penetrating eye injury, as timely treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

It is important to identify and address prosthesis failure early to prevent further complications and restore the functionality of the device. This may involve repairing or replacing the device, modifying the design, or changing the materials used in its construction. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct issues related to the implantation of the prosthetic device.

Prosthesis failure can occur in various types of prosthetic devices, including joint replacements, dental implants, and orthotic devices. The causes of prosthesis failure can range from manufacturing defects to user error or improper maintenance. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to prosthesis failure to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

In conclusion, prosthesis failure is a common issue that can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals who rely on prosthetic devices. Early identification and addressing of prosthesis failure are crucial to prevent further complications and restore functionality. A comprehensive understanding of the causes of prosthesis failure is necessary to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

There are several types of jaw cysts that can develop, including:

1. Dermoid cysts: These cysts are made up of skin cells and are usually found in the temples of the jawbone.
2. Epidermoid cysts: These cysts are also made up of skin cells, but they are usually found on the underside of the tongue or in the floor of the mouth.
3. Mucocele: This type of cyst is made up of mucous membranes and is usually found in the lower jawbone.
4. Branchial cysts: These cysts are remnants of the second branchial arch, which normally disappears before birth. They are usually found on one side of the neck or jawbone.
5. Median mandibular cysts: These cysts are located in the middle of the lower jawbone and are typically small and round.

The exact cause of jaw cysts is not known, but they may be related to a blockage of the salivary glands or a developmental abnormality. Jaw cysts can be diagnosed using imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans. Treatment for jaw cysts usually involves surgical removal, but the type of treatment will depend on the size, location, and type of cyst. In some cases, observation may be recommended if the cyst is small and not causing any symptoms.

In summary, jaw cysts are non-cancerous growths that can develop in the tissues of the jawbone. There are several types of jaw cysts, and they can cause a range of symptoms from none to pain and difficulty opening the mouth. Treatment usually involves surgical removal, but the type of treatment will depend on the size, location, and type of cyst.

Congenital Abnormalities are relatively common, and they affect approximately 1 in every 30 children born worldwide. Some of the most common types of Congenital Abnormalities include:

Heart Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the structure or function of the heart. They can range from mild to severe and can be caused by genetics, viral infections, or other factors. Examples include holes in the heart, narrowed valves, and enlarged heart chambers.

Neural Tube Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the brain and spine. They occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spine, does not close properly during fetal development. Examples include anencephaly (absence of a major portion of the brain), spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spine), and encephalocele (protrusion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect).

Chromosomal Abnormalities: These are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes that can affect physical and mental development. Examples include Down syndrome (an extra copy of chromosome 21), Turner syndrome (a missing or partially deleted X chromosome), and Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome).

Other types of Congenital Abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and polydactyly (extra fingers or toes).

Congenital Abnormalities can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing such as ultrasound, blood tests, and amniocentesis. After birth, they can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment for Congenital Abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, and may include surgery, medication, and other forms of therapy. In some cases, the abnormality may be minor and may not require any treatment, while in other cases, it may be more severe and may require ongoing medical care throughout the person's life.

The exact cause of histiocytoma is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal growth of histiocytes in response to an underlying genetic mutation or exposure to certain environmental factors.

Symptoms of histiocytoma may include:

1. Redness and swelling of the affected area
2. Pain or tenderness in the affected area
3. A small, firm bump on the skin that may be raised or flat
4. Skin discoloration or pigmentation in the affected area

Histiocytoma can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as biopsy, imaging studies (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, MRI), or blood tests.

Treatment for histiocytoma usually involves surgical excision of the tumor, which can be performed under local anesthesia. In some cases, the tumor may recur after surgery, and radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended to prevent recurrence. However, histiocytoma is generally a benign condition, and the prognosis is good if the tumor is completely removed.

It's important to note that histiocytoma should not be confused with malignant histiocytic disorders such as lymphoma or leukemia, which are cancerous conditions that can have more aggressive symptoms and a poorer prognosis if left untreated.

Types of Foreign Bodies:

There are several types of foreign bodies that can be found in the body, including:

1. Splinters: These are small, sharp objects that can become embedded in the skin, often as a result of a cut or puncture wound.
2. Glass shards: Broken glass can cause severe injuries and may require surgical removal.
3. Insect stings: Bee, wasp, hornet, and yellow jacket stings can cause swelling, redness, and pain. In some cases, they can also trigger an allergic reaction.
4. Small toys or objects: Children may accidentally ingest small objects like coins, batteries, or small toys, which can cause blockages or other complications.
5. Food items: Foreign bodies can also be found in the digestive system if someone eats something that is not easily digestible, such as a piece of bone or a coin.

Removal of Foreign Bodies:

The removal of foreign bodies depends on the type and location of the object, as well as the severity of any injuries or complications. In some cases, foreign bodies can be removed with minimal intervention, such as by carefully removing them with tweezers or a suction device. Other objects may require surgical removal, especially if they are deeply embedded or have caused significant damage to nearby tissues.

In conclusion, foreign bodies in the medical field refer to any object or material that is not naturally present within the body and can cause harm or discomfort. These objects can be removed with minimal intervention or may require surgical removal, depending on their type, location, and severity of complications. It's important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has ingested a foreign body.

Tibial fractures can range in severity from minor cracks or hairline breaks to more severe breaks that extend into the bone's shaft or even the joint. Treatment for these injuries often involves immobilization of the affected leg with a cast, brace, or walking boot, as well as pain management with medication and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

1. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): This is a highly contagious virus that weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to other infections and cancer.
2. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Similar to HIV in humans, this virus attacks the immune system and can lead to a range of secondary infections and diseases.
3. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): A viral disease that causes fluid accumulation in the abdomen and chest, leading to difficulty breathing and abdominal pain.
4. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A group of conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, including urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
5. Feline Diabetes: Cats can develop diabetes, which can lead to a range of complications if left untreated, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and blindness.
6. Feline Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland that can cause weight loss, anxiety, and heart problems if left untreated.
7. Feline Cancer: Cats can develop various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and skin cancer.
8. Dental disease: Cats are prone to dental problems, such as tartar buildup, gum disease, and tooth resorption.
9. Obesity: A common problem in cats, obesity can lead to a range of health issues, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease.
10. Behavioral disorders: Cats can develop behavioral disorders such as anxiety, stress, and aggression, which can impact their quality of life and relationships with humans.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or managed with proper care, including regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, parasite control, a balanced diet, exercise, and mental stimulation. Additionally, early detection and treatment can significantly improve the outcome for cats with health issues.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:

* Loss of sensation below the level of the injury
* Weakness or paralysis below the level of the injury
* Pain or numbness in the back, arms, or legs
* Difficulty breathing or controlling bladder and bowel functions
* Changes in reflexes or sensation below the level of the injury.

Spinal injuries can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays or CT scans to assess the alignment of the spine and detect any fractures or dislocations
* MRI scans to assess the soft tissues of the spine and detect any damage to the spinal cord
* Electromyography (EMG) tests to assess the function of muscles and nerves below the level of the injury.

Treatment for spinal injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, and may include:

* Immobilization using a brace or cast to keep the spine stable
* Medications to manage pain, inflammation, and other symptoms
* Rehabilitation therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational therapy to help restore function and mobility.

In summary, spinal injuries can be classified into two categories: complete and incomplete, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Symptoms may include loss of sensation, weakness or paralysis, pain, difficulty breathing, and changes in reflexes or sensation. Diagnosis is typically made using X-rays, MRI scans, and EMG tests, and treatment may involve immobilization, medications, and rehabilitation therapies.

1. Preeclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as stroke or premature birth.
2. Gestational diabetes: A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, which can cause complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
3. Placenta previa: A condition in which the placenta is located low in the uterus, covering the cervix, which can cause bleeding and other complications.
4. Premature labor: Labor that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
5. Fetal distress: A condition in which the fetus is not getting enough oxygen, which can lead to serious health problems or even death.
6. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
7. Cesarean section (C-section) complications: Complications that may arise during a C-section, such as infection or bleeding.
8. Maternal infections: Infections that the mother may contract during pregnancy or childbirth, such as group B strep or urinary tract infections.
9. Preterm birth: Birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
10. Chromosomal abnormalities: Genetic disorders that may affect the baby's growth and development, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.

It is important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for any potential complications and ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. In some cases, pregnancy complications may require medical interventions, such as hospitalization or surgery, to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby.

Examples of penetrating wounds include:

1. Gunshot wounds: These are caused by a bullet entering the body and can be very serious, potentially causing severe bleeding, organ damage, and even death.
2. Stab wounds: These are caused by a sharp object such as a knife or broken glass being inserted into the skin and can also be very dangerous, depending on the location and depth of the wound.
3. Puncture wounds: These are similar to stab wounds but are typically caused by a sharp point rather than a cutting edge, such as a nail or an ice pick.
4. Impaling injuries: These are caused by an object being pushed or thrust into the body, such as a broken bone or a piece of wood.

Penetrating wounds can be classified based on their severity and location. Some common classifications include:

1. Superficial wounds: These are wounds that only penetrate the skin and do not involve any underlying tissue or organs.
2. Deep wounds: These are wounds that penetrate deeper into the body and may involve underlying tissue or organs.
3. Critical wounds: These are wounds that are potentially life-threatening, such as gunshot wounds to the head or chest.
4. Non-critical wounds: These are wounds that are not immediately life-threatening but may still require medical attention to prevent infection or other complications.

The treatment of penetrating wounds depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments for penetrating wounds include:

1. Wound cleaning and irrigation: The wound is cleaned and irrigated to remove any debris or bacteria that may be present.
2. Debridement: Dead tissue is removed from the wound to promote healing and prevent infection.
3. Stitches or staples: The wound is closed with stitches or staples to bring the edges of the skin together and promote healing.
4. Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infection.
5. Tetanus shot: If the patient has not had a tetanus shot in the past 10 years, they may receive one to prevent tetanus infection.
6. Pain management: Pain medication may be prescribed to manage any discomfort or pain associated with the wound.
7. Wound dressing: The wound is covered with a dressing to protect it from further injury and promote healing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you have sustained a penetrating wound, as these types of injuries can be serious and potentially life-threatening. A healthcare professional will be able to assess the severity of the wound and provide appropriate treatment.

Some common types of bone neoplasms include:

* Osteochondromas: These are benign tumors that grow on the surface of a bone.
* Giant cell tumors: These are benign tumors that can occur in any bone of the body.
* Chondromyxoid fibromas: These are rare, benign tumors that develop in the cartilage of a bone.
* Ewing's sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that usually occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
* Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of bone neoplasms can include pain, swelling, or deformity of the affected bone, as well as weakness or fatigue. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In medicine, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure. This type of transmission can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, where patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infection.

Cross-infection can occur through a variety of means, including:

1. Person-to-person contact: Direct contact with an infected individual, such as touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
2. Contaminated surfaces and objects: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that have been touched by an infected individual, such as doorknobs, furniture, or medical equipment.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhaling droplets or aerosolized particles that contain the infectious agent, such as during coughing or sneezing.
4. Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or drinks that have been handled by an infected individual or contaminated with the infectious agent.
5. Insect vectors: Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects can transmit infections through their bites.

Cross-infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to outbreaks of nosocomial infections (infections acquired in hospitals) and can spread rapidly among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. To prevent cross-infection, healthcare providers use strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and implementing isolation precautions for infected individuals.

In summary, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure in healthcare settings. Preventing cross-infection is essential to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

Some common examples of critical illnesses include:

1. Sepsis: a systemic inflammatory response to an infection that can lead to organ failure and death.
2. Cardiogenic shock: a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to serious complications such as heart failure and death.
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a condition where the lungs are severely inflamed and unable to provide sufficient oxygen to the body.
4. Multi-system organ failure: a condition where multiple organs in the body fail simultaneously, leading to serious complications and death.
5. Trauma: severe physical injuries sustained in an accident or other traumatic event.
6. Stroke: a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain that can lead to permanent brain damage and death.
7. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a blockage of coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, leading to damage or death of heart muscle cells.
8. Pulmonary embolism: a blockage of the pulmonary artery, which can lead to respiratory failure and death.
9. Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to severe abdominal pain, bleeding, and organ failure.
10. Hypovolemic shock: a condition where there is a severe loss of blood or fluid from the body, leading to hypotension, organ failure, and death.

The diagnosis and treatment of critical illnesses require specialized knowledge and skills, and are typically handled by intensive care unit (ICU) teams consisting of critical care physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The goal of critical care is to provide life-sustaining interventions and support to patients who are critically ill until they recover or until their condition stabilizes.

Types of Jaw Abnormalities:

1. Malocclusion: This is a misalignment of the teeth, which can cause problems with biting and chewing, as well as difficulty opening and closing the mouth.
2. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders: These are conditions that affect the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, leading to pain, limited movement, and clicking or locking of the jaw.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: This is a genetic disorder that affects the development of the jaw bones, causing them to be weak and brittle.
4. Cleft lip and palate: A congenital deformity that can affect the jaw bones, teeth, and soft tissues of the face and mouth.
5. Orthognathic anomalies: These are abnormalities in the position or shape of the jaw bones, such as a receding chin or a protruding jaw.
6. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths can occur in the jaw bones or soft tissues, causing pain, swelling, and other symptoms.
7. Trauma: Injuries to the jaw can result from accidents, sports injuries, or other forms of trauma.
8. Infection: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the jaw bones, muscles, or other tissues, causing pain, swelling, and other symptoms.
9. Degenerative conditions: Conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and temporomandibular joint disease can cause degeneration of the jaw bones and surrounding tissues.
10. Genetic syndromes: Certain genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome, can increase the risk of jaw abnormalities.

Causes of Jaw Pain in Children:

1. Teething: Teething can cause discomfort and pain in the jaw, especially during the eruption of the first and second molars.
2. Ear infections: Middle ear infections can cause pain in the jaw, as well as fever and other symptoms.
3. Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses can cause pain in the jaw and face.
4. Dental problems: Tooth decay, gum disease, or other dental issues can cause pain in the jaw.
5. Orthodontic problems: Issues with braces or other orthodontic appliances can cause discomfort and pain in the jaw.
6. Jaw injuries: Injuries to the jaw bones or soft tissues, such as from sports or falls, can cause pain and swelling.
7. TMJ disorders: Disorders of the temporomandibular joint can cause pain and dysfunction in the jaw.
8. Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome, can increase the risk of jaw pain in children.
9. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A rare genetic disorder that affects the development of bones, including the jaw.
10. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: An autoimmune condition that affects the joints, including the temporomandibular joint.

It's important to note that jaw pain in children can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

There are several types of jaw neoplasms, including:

1. Ameloblastoma: A benign tumor that arises from the odontogenic epithel (the cells that form teeth).
2. Odontogenic carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the odontogenic epithel.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the squamous epithel (the cells that line the mouth and throat).
4. Osteosarcoma: A malignant bone tumor that can occur in the jawbone.
5. Ewing's sarcoma: A rare, malignant bone tumor that can occur in the jawbone.

Jaw neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tumor, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Prognosis for jaw neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with benign tumors, while malignant tumors can be more challenging to treat and may have a lower survival rate.

There are several risk factors for developing jaw neoplasms, including genetic predisposition, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions such as dental trauma or infections. Regular dental check-ups and early detection can help to identify tumors at an early stage and improve treatment outcomes.

In summary, jaw neoplasms are abnormal growths that can occur in the jawbone and can be benign or malignant. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, and early detection is key to improving outcomes for patients with these conditions.

Some common types of maxillary neoplasms include:

1. Osteosarcoma: a type of bone cancer that affects the maxilla.
2. Chondrosarcoma: a type of cancer that arises in the cartilage cells of the maxilla.
3. Squamous cell carcinoma: a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells lining the maxilla.
4. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: a rare type of cancer that affects the salivary glands in the maxilla.
5. Pleomorphic adenoma: a benign tumor that arises in the salivary glands of the maxilla.
6. Pyogenic granuloma: a type of benign tumor that occurs in the blood vessels of the maxilla.
7. Hemangiopericytic fibroma: a rare type of benign tumor that affects the blood vessels of the maxilla.

Maxillary neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth or eye. They are typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI scans, and biopsies. Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The term "maxillofacial" refers to the bones of the skull and face, including the maxilla (the bone that forms the upper jaw), the zygoma (cheekbone), and the mandible (lower jaw). Injuries to these bones can be complex and may require specialized medical attention.

Maxillofacial injuries can range from mild to severe and may include:

1. Fractures of the skull or face bones
2. Soft tissue injuries (such as lacerations, bruises, or burns)
3. Injuries to the teeth, jaw, or tongue
4. Eye injuries
5. Nose and sinus injuries
6. Facial paralysis or nerve damage
7. Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Maxillofacial injuries can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, such as:

1. Blunt trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls, or sports injuries)
2. Penetrating injuries (e.g., gunshot wounds or stabbing injuries)
3. Blows to the head or face
4. Sports-related injuries (e.g., facial hits or falls)
5. Assault or violence

Treatment for maxillofacial injuries may involve a combination of medical and surgical interventions, such as:

1. Immobilization of broken bones with casts or splints
2. Repair of soft tissue lacerations or avulsions (tearing away of tissues)
3. Drainage of blood or fluid accumulation
4. Treatment of associated injuries, such as concussion or other forms of TBI
5. Reconstruction or repair of damaged facial structures (e.g., nose, jaw, or eye sockets)
6. Plastic surgery to restore form and function to the face
7. Dental procedures to repair damaged teeth or jaw structure
8. Antibiotics to prevent or treat infection
9. Pain management with medication and other therapies.

The specific treatment plan for a patient with a maxillofacial injury will depend on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the individual needs and medical history of the patient.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience any signs or symptoms of a maxillofacial injury, such as:

1. Difficulty breathing or swallowing
2. Numbness or weakness in the face
3. Severe pain or tenderness in the head or face
4. Swelling or bruising of the face or neck
5. Difficulty opening or closing the mouth
6. Changes in vision or hearing
7. Cuts or lacerations to the face or mouth.

Some common types of mandibular diseases include:

1. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders: These are conditions that affect the joint that connects the mandible to the skull, causing pain and limited mobility in the jaw.
2. Osteomyelitis: This is a bone infection that can occur in the mandible, often as a result of trauma or infection.
3. Bone cancer: This is a malignant tumor that can develop in the mandible, often affecting the jawbone and surrounding tissues.
4. Osteogenic sarcoma: This is a type of bone cancer that typically occurs in the mandible of young adults.
5. Fibrous dysplasia: This is a developmental disorder where abnormal fibrous tissue develops in the mandible, leading to bone deformity and pain.
6. Non-odontogenic mandibular keratocyst: This is a benign cyst that can occur in the mandible, often causing pain and swelling.
7. Mandibular fracture: This is a break in the mandible that can be caused by trauma, such as a fall or a blow to the face.
8. Ameloblastoma: This is a rare benign tumor that develops in the mandible, often causing pain and swelling.
9. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a type of bacterial infection that can occur in the mandible, often causing pain and swelling.
10. Osteochondroma: This is a benign cartilage-capped bone tumor that can occur in the mandible, often causing pain and limited mobility in the jaw.

These are just a few examples of mandibular diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the mandible as well. If you are experiencing any symptoms or pain in your jaw, it is important to see a dentist or oral surgeon for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several subtypes of carcinoma, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in glandular cells, which produce fluids or mucus. Examples include breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in squamous cells, which are found on the surface layers of skin and mucous membranes. Examples include head and neck cancers, cervical cancer, and anal cancer.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in the deepest layer of skin, called the basal layer. It is the most common type of skin cancer and tends to grow slowly.
4. Neuroendocrine carcinoma: This type of carcinoma originates in cells that produce hormones and neurotransmitters. Examples include lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid cancer.
5. Small cell carcinoma: This type of carcinoma is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that spreads quickly to other parts of the body.

The signs and symptoms of carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* A lump or mass
* Pain
* Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the color or texture of the skin
* Changes in bowel or bladder habits
* Abnormal bleeding

The diagnosis of carcinoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. Treatment options for carcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

In conclusion, carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells and can occur in various parts of the body. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes.

References:

1. American Cancer Society. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from
3. MedlinePlus. (2022). Carcinoma. Retrieved from

Contusions are bruises that occur when blood collects in the tissue due to trauma. They can be painful and may discolor the skin, but they do not involve a break in the skin. Hematomas are similar to contusions, but they are caused by bleeding under the skin.

Non-penetrating wounds are typically less severe than penetrating wounds, which involve a break in the skin and can be more difficult to treat. However, non-penetrating wounds can still cause significant pain and discomfort, and may require medical attention to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.

Examples of Non-Penetrating Wounds

* Contusions: A contusion is a bruise that occurs when blood collects in the tissue due to trauma. This can happen when someone is hit with an object or falls and strikes a hard surface.
* Hematomas: A hematoma is a collection of blood under the skin that can cause swelling and discoloration. It is often caused by blunt trauma, such as a blow to the head or body.
* Ecchymoses: An ecchymosis is a bruise that occurs when blood leaks into the tissue from damaged blood vessels. This can happen due to blunt trauma or other causes, such as injury or surgery.

Types of Non-Penetrating Wounds

* Closed wounds: These are injuries that do not involve a break in the skin. They can be caused by blunt trauma or other forms of injury, and may result in bruising, swelling, or discoloration of the skin.
* Open wounds: These are injuries that do involve a break in the skin. They can be caused by penetrating objects, such as knives or gunshots, or by blunt trauma.

Treatment for Contusions and Hematomas

* Rest: It is important to get plenty of rest after suffering a contusion or hematoma. This will help your body recover from the injury and reduce inflammation.
* Ice: Applying ice to the affected area can help reduce swelling and pain. Wrap an ice pack in a towel or cloth to protect your skin.
* Compression: Using compression bandages or wraps can help reduce swelling and promote healing.
* Elevation: Elevating the affected limb above the level of your heart can help reduce swelling and improve circulation.
* Medication: Over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help manage pain and inflammation.

Prevention

* Wear protective gear: When engaging in activities that may cause injury, wear appropriate protective gear, such as helmets, pads, and gloves.
* Use proper technique: Proper technique when engaging in physical activity can help reduce the risk of injury.
* Stay fit: Being in good physical condition can help improve your ability to withstand injuries.
* Stretch and warm up: Before engaging in physical activity, stretch and warm up to increase blood flow and reduce muscle stiffness.
* Avoid excessive alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of injury.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

* Increasing pain or swelling
* Difficulty moving the affected limb
* Fever or chills
* Redness or discharge around the wound
* Deformity of the affected limb.

Causes of Female Infertility
--------------------------

There are several potential causes of female infertility, including:

1. Hormonal imbalances: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid dysfunction, and premature ovarian failure can affect hormone levels and ovulation.
2. Ovulatory disorders: Problems with ovulation, such as anovulation or oligoovulation, can make it difficult to conceive.
3. Tubal damage: Damage to the fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, or surgery can prevent the egg from traveling through the tube and being fertilized.
4. Endometriosis: This condition occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with implantation of a fertilized egg or disrupt ovulation.
6. Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissue in the pelvis can cause fallopian tubes to become damaged or blocked, making it difficult for an egg to travel through the tube and be fertilized.
7. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities such as a bicornuate uterus or a narrow cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
8. Age: A woman's age can affect her fertility, as the quality and quantity of her eggs decline with age.
9. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and being overweight or underweight can affect fertility.
10. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and ovulation, making it more difficult to conceive.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical assistance, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). If you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of your infertility and discuss potential treatment options.

There are several different types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear skull fractures: These are fractures that occur in a straight line and do not involve the brain.
2. Depressed skull fractures: These are fractures that cause the bone to be pushed inward, creating a depression in the skull.
3. Comminuted skull fractures: These are fractures that involve multiple pieces of bone breaking off and fragmenting.
4. Basilar skull fractures: These are fractures that occur at the base of the skull and can involve the brainstem or cranial nerves.
5. Cerebral edema: This is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain as a result of a head injury or other traumatic event.
6. Epidural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater, which is the membrane that covers the brain.
7. Subdural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.
8. Intracerebral hematoma: This is a collection of blood within the brain tissue.

Skull fractures can be diagnosed using a variety of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for skull fractures may involve observation, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the injury and any other complications that may have arisen.

Complications of skull fractures can include:

1. Cerebral edema
2. Epidural hematoma
3. Subdural hematoma
4. Intracerebral hematoma
5. Brain contusion
6. Skull base fractures
7. Facial trauma
8. Sinus fractures
9. Orbital blowout fractures
10. Meningitis or sepsis.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any of the following symptoms are present:

1. Severe headache
2. Confusion or disorientation
3. Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
4. Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
5. Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
6. Difficulty with balance or coordination
7. Seizures or convulsions
8. Fever
9. Stiff neck
10. Loss of consciousness or coma.

In general, surgical blood loss is considered excessive if it exceeds 10-20% of the patient's total blood volume. This can be determined by measuring the patient's hemoglobin levels before and after the procedure. A significant decrease in hemoglobin levels post-procedure may indicate excessive blood loss.

There are several factors that can contribute to surgical blood loss, including:

1. Injury to blood vessels or organs during the surgical procedure
2. Poor surgical technique
3. Use of scalpels or other sharp instruments that can cause bleeding
4. Failure to control bleeding with proper hemostatic techniques
5. Pre-existing medical conditions that increase the risk of bleeding, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.

Excessive surgical blood loss can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Anemia and low blood counts
2. Hypovolemic shock (a life-threatening condition caused by excessive fluid and blood loss)
3. Infection or sepsis
4. Poor wound healing
5. Reoperation or surgical intervention to control bleeding.

To prevent or minimize surgical blood loss, surgeons may use a variety of techniques, such as:

1. Applying topical hemostatic agents to the surgical site before starting the procedure
2. Using energy-based devices (such as lasers or ultrasonic devices) to seal blood vessels and control bleeding
3. Employing advanced surgical techniques that minimize tissue trauma and reduce the risk of bleeding
4. Monitoring the patient's hemoglobin levels throughout the procedure and taking appropriate action if bleeding becomes excessive.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

There are several types of odontogenic tumors, including:

1. Ameloblastoma: This is a rare benign tumor that arises from the odontoblasts, which are the cells that produce dental enamel. It usually develops in the mandible (lower jawbone) and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth.
2. Ameloblastic fibroma: This is a benign tumor that also arises from odontoblasts. It is less aggressive than ameloblastoma and usually occurs in the maxilla (upper jawbone).
3. Odontoma: This is a benign tumor that consists of teeth-like structures made up of dental pulp, enamel, and dentin. It can occur anywhere in the mouth and is usually asymptomatic.
4. Dental melanoma: This is a rare malignant tumor that arises from the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the teeth. It can occur in any tooth, but it is most common in the maxilla.
5. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a benign tumor that occurs due to an overgrowth of blood vessels and tissue in response to chronic dental infections or inflammation. It can occur anywhere in the mouth and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth.

The symptoms of odontogenic tumors vary depending on their location and size. They can include pain, swelling, difficulty opening the mouth, and changes in sensation or numbness in the face. Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans are used to diagnose these tumors. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for achieving a good outcome in patients with odontogenic tumors.

The severity of GIH can vary widely, ranging from mild to life-threatening. Mild cases may resolve on their own or with minimal treatment, while severe cases may require urgent medical attention and aggressive intervention.

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Symptoms:

* Vomiting blood or passing black tarry stools
* Hematemesis (vomiting blood)
* Melena (passing black, tarry stools)
* Rectal bleeding
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Weakness and dizziness

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Causes:

* Peptic ulcers
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
* Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
* Cancer of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine
* Vascular malformations

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Diagnosis:

* Physical examination
* Medical history
* Laboratory tests (such as complete blood count and coagulation studies)
* Endoscopy (to visualize the inside of the gastrointestinal tract)
* Imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI)

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Treatment:

* Medications to control bleeding and reduce acid production in the stomach
* Endoscopy to locate and treat the site of bleeding
* Surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or remove a bleeding tumor
* Blood transfusions to replace lost blood

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Prevention:

* Avoiding alcohol and spicy foods
* Taking medications as directed to control acid reflux and other gastrointestinal conditions
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Reducing stress
* Avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine consumption.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

There are several types of thyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths or lumps that can develop in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous).
2. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
3. Thyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Thyroid cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms.

Thyroid neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions, such as thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).

Symptoms of thyroid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the neoplasm, and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medications.

There are several types of spinal cord compression, including:

1. Central canal stenosis: This occurs when the central canal of the spine narrows, compressing the spinal cord.
2. Foraminal stenosis: This occurs when the openings on either side of the spine (foramina) narrow, compressing the nerves exiting the spinal cord.
3. Spondylolisthesis: This occurs when a vertebra slips out of place, compressing the spinal cord.
4. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out and presses on the spinal cord.
5. Bone spurs: This occurs when bone growths develop on the vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord.
6. Tumors: This can be either primary or metastatic tumors that grow in the spine and compress the spinal cord.
7. Trauma: This occurs when there is a direct blow to the spine, causing compression of the spinal cord.

Symptoms of spinal cord compression may include:

* Pain, numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms and legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Muscle wasting or loss of muscle mass
* Decreased reflexes
* Loss of bladder or bowel control
* Weakness in the muscles of the face, arms, or legs
* Difficulty with fine motor skills such as buttoning a shirt or typing

Diagnosis of spinal cord compression is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for spinal cord compression depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

In conclusion, spinal cord compression is a serious medical condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life, mobility, and overall health. It is important to be aware of the causes and symptoms of spinal cord compression in order to seek medical attention if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of spinal cord compression can be effectively managed and improved.

The venom from snake bites contains a variety of toxins that can affect different parts of the body, including the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems. Some common symptoms of snake bites include:

* Pain and swelling at the bite site
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing
* Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
* Seizures or convulsions
* Difficulty breathing or swallowing
* Rapid heartbeat or slow heart rate
* Low blood pressure or high blood pressure
* Nausea and vomiting

In severe cases, snake bites can cause respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and other life-threatening complications.

The diagnosis of a snake bite is typically made based on the symptoms and medical history of the patient. In some cases, imaging tests like X-rays or CT scans may be ordered to confirm the presence of venom in the body.

Treatment for snake bites usually involves administering antivenin (also known as antivenom) to neutralize the venom and manage symptoms. Antivenin is a type of medicine that contains antibodies specifically designed to counteract the effects of snake venom. In severe cases, patients may require hospitalization and intensive care to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention is key in avoiding snake bites, and this includes avoiding areas where snakes are known to live, wearing protective clothing and footwear when in these areas, and using repellents or other deterrents to discourage snakes from approaching. Education and awareness about snake behavior and safety measures can also help reduce the risk of snake bites.

There are several types of stomach neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases. It begins in the glandular cells that line the stomach and can spread to other parts of the body.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer begins in the squamous cells that cover the outer layer of the stomach. It is less common than adenocarcinoma but more likely to be found in the upper part of the stomach.
3. Gastric mixed adenocarcinomasquamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer is a combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Lymphoma: This is a cancer of the immune system that can occur in the stomach. It is less common than other types of stomach cancer but can be more aggressive.
5. Carcinomas of the stomach: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial cells lining the stomach. They can be subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and others.
6. Gastric brunner's gland adenoma: This is a rare type of benign tumor that arises from the Brunner's glands in the stomach.
7. Gastric polyps: These are growths that occur on the lining of the stomach and can be either benign or malignant.

The symptoms of stomach neoplasms vary depending on the location, size, and type of tumor. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of endoscopy, imaging studies (such as CT or PET scans), and biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. The prognosis for stomach neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

There are different types of osteitis, including:

1. Osteitis fibrosa: A benign condition characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue in the bone, which can cause pain and stiffness.
2. Osteitis multiformis: A chronic condition that causes multiple areas of bone inflammation, often seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.
3. Osteitis pseudogout: A condition characterized by the deposition of crystals in the bone, which can cause episodes of sudden and severe joint pain.
4. Osteitis suppurativa: A chronic condition characterized by recurring abscesses or pockets of pus in the bone, often seen in patients with a history of skin infections.

Symptoms of osteitis can include pain, swelling, redness and warmth over the affected area. Treatment options may vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics for infection, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgical intervention to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

The definition of AKI has evolved over time, and it is now defined as a syndrome characterized by an abrupt or rapid decrease in kidney function, with or without oliguria (decreased urine production), and with evidence of tubular injury. The RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage kidney disease) criteria are commonly used to diagnose and stage AKI based on serum creatinine levels, urine output, and other markers of kidney damage.

There are three stages of AKI, with stage 1 representing mild injury and stage 3 representing severe and potentially life-threatening injury. Treatment of AKI typically involves addressing the underlying cause, correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and providing supportive care to maintain blood pressure and oxygenation. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary to remove waste products from the blood.

Early detection and treatment of AKI are crucial to prevent long-term damage to the kidneys and improve outcomes for patients.

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

Terms related to 'Humeral Fractures' and their definitions:

Displaced Humeral Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken and out of place.

Non-Displaced Humeral Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken but still in its proper place.

Greenstick Fracture: A type of fracture that occurs in children, where the bone bends and partially breaks but does not completely break through.

Comminuted Fracture: A fracture where the bone is broken into several pieces.

Open Fracture: A fracture that penetrates the skin, exposing the bone.

Closed Fracture: A fracture that does not penetrate the skin.

Operative Fracture: A fracture that requires surgery to realign and stabilize the bones.

Conservative Fracture: A fracture that can be treated without surgery, using immobilization and other non-surgical methods.

There are two main types of umbilical hernias:

1. Primary umbilical hernia: This type of hernia occurs when there is a weakness or gap in the abdominal wall at the point where the umbilical cord passed through during fetal development. This type of hernia is more common in infants and children.
2. Incisional umbilical hernia: This type of hernia occurs when there is a weakness or gap in the abdominal wall near the site of a previous surgical incision, usually from a cesarean section or hysterectomy. This type of hernia is more common in adults.

Symptoms of an umbilical hernia may include:

* A bulge or lump near the belly button
* Discomfort or pain in the abdomen, especially when straining or lifting
* Inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement
* Feeling of fullness or pressure in the abdomen

If an umbilical hernia is not treated, it can lead to complications such as:

* Incarceration (the hernia becomes trapped and cannot be reduced)
* Strangulation (the blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off)
* Obstruction (the herniated tissue blocks the intestine, causing a bowel obstruction)

Treatment for an umbilical hernia usually involves surgery to repair the weakness or gap in the abdominal wall. In some cases, the hernia may be able to be pushed back into place (reduced), but if the hernia is too large or if there are any complications, surgery may be necessary.

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Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7727-2029-0. Getz, Faye M. Western Medieval Medicine ... The term retrospective diagnosis is also sometimes used by a clinical pathologist to describe a medical diagnosis in a person ... A retrospective diagnosis (also retrodiagnosis or posthumous diagnosis) is the practice of identifying an illness after the ... Crude attempts at retrospective diagnosis fail to be sensitive to historical context, may treat historical and religious ...
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Retrospective study". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 31 (1): 21-6. doi:10.1007/BF01347905. PMID 3940820. ONG, GB (February ... Chou, S. T.; Chan, C. W. (1980-07-01). "Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: a necropsy study". Pathology. 12 (3): 415-428. doi: ... Miyake, H; Johnston, CG (1968). "Gallstones: ethnological studies". Digestion. 1 (4): 219-28. doi:10.1159/000196857. PMID ... 1962). "A study of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis". Archives of Surgery. 84 (2): 199-225. doi:10.1001/archsurg. ...
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The results of Hokusai's perspectival studies in Manga can be seen here in The Great Wave where he uses what would have been ... Retrieved 9 July 2007; Archived 8 November 2002 at the Wayback Machine Rhodes, David (November 2011). "Hokusai Retrospective". ... He was soon expelled from the Katsukawa school by Shunkō, the chief disciple of Shunshō, possibly due to his studies at the ... The Journal of Japanese Studies. 33 (2): 521-525. doi:10.1353/jjs.2007.0048. ISSN 1549-4721. S2CID 143267375. Carelli, ...
e-Study Guide for: East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History Japan and the High Treason Incident edited by Masako ... "Retrospective" (PDF). Momaw. Retrieved 14 January 2014. Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary ... Jun and Tomoe came to America to study art in 1939, leaving behind their son, Makoto Iwamatsu, who would grow up to be a ... Asian Studies. Retrieved 14 January 2014. From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi By Koji Ariyoshi Chapter ...
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Gerstenfeld, Manfred (Fall 2010). "A Rich Retrospective". Jewish Political Studies Review. 22 (3/4): 137-140. JSTOR 25834909. ... Jewish Political Studies Review) said that a short review of the book was not justifiable. He wrote that readers who had a keen ...
The mammalian eIF4F complex was first described in 1983, and has been a major area of study into the molecular mechanisms of ... Merrick WC (October 2015). "eIF4F: a retrospective". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (40): 24091-9. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Fraser CS (July 2015). "Quantitative studies of mRNA recruitment to the eukaryotic ribosome". Biochimie. 114: 58-71. doi: ...
"Pueblo: A Retrospective", p. 9. Mobley. Flash Point North Korea, p. 68. Mobley,"Pueblo: A Retrospective," p.103. Francillon, ... Studies in Intelligence. Center for the Study of Intelligence. 59 (1): 1-10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December ... Studies in Intelligence. Center for the Study of Intelligence. 59 (1): 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2016 ... "Pueblo: A Retrospective" Mobley, Richard A. Flash Point North Korea: The Pueblo and EC-121 Crises. p. 78. Hereafter referred to ...
A retrospective study. Canadian Clobazam Cooperative Group". Epilepsia. 32 (3): 407-16. 1991. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991. ... Classic (non-anxioselective) benzodiazepines in animal studies have been shown to increase reward-seeking behaviours which may ... Freche C (April 1975). "[Study of an anxiolytic, clobazam, in otorhinolaryngology in psychosomatic pharyngeal manifestations ...
A retrospective study". BJOG. 120 (4): 428-434. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12099. PMC 3621136. PMID 23210536. Hibbert, Katharine ( ... Sakuta, Tsutomu; Saito, Satoru (1981). "A socio-medical study on 71 cases of infanticide in Japan". The Keio Journal of ... A 1999 United States Department of Justice study concluded that between 1976 and 1997 in the United States, mothers were ... A number of studies have evaluated risk factors in infant homicide with the aim of preventing it. Anonymous delivery, a system ...
Based on a review of hundreds of usability studies, Sauro and Lewis proposed a curved grading scale for mean SUS scores. Brooke ... 1] Sauro, J. (2011). Measuring Usability with the System Usability Scale (SUS) Brooke, J. (2013). SUS - a retrospective. ... Journal of Usability Studies. [2] System Usability Scale (SUS) Score Calculator (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, ...
Intercollegiate Studies Institute. ISBN 1-882926-46-3 2000. Christ and science. Real View Books. 2001. Praying the Psalms, A ... A Centenary Retrospective. Edinburgh: Scottish Academis Press, and Macon, GA.: Mercer University Press. 1986. Chance or Reality ... Anselm in Rome (1950) and in physics from Fordham University (1958), where he studied under the Nobel laureate Victor Hess, the ... Lanham, MD: University Press of America & Intercollegiate Studies Institute. 1987. The Keys of the Kingdom: A Tool's Witness to ...
Tribune, International Herald (2015-07-16). "1940: Rome Reports Bombing Haifa". IHT Retrospective Blog. Retrieved 2019-05-05. " ... Middle Eastern Studies. 46 (3): 331-347. doi:10.1080/00263200903068565. ISSN 0026-3206. S2CID 144057558. "Shell and British ...
A European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors Retrospective Study". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. ... A population-based retrospective study 1977-2015". Endocrine Abstracts. doi:10.1530/endoabs.49.oc1.4. ISSN 1479-6848. Aygun N, ... A retrospective cohort study". Clinical Endocrinology. 85 (1): 62-9. doi:10.1111/cen.13066. PMC 4899243. PMID 26998836. Sheaves ... A retrospective analysis of beta blocker found that some beta blocker use may cause people to more prone to hypoglycemia and ...
Retrospective and prospective studies". Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement. 275: 112-121. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979. ... In the initial studies that discovered FAS, growth deficiency was a requirement for inclusion in the studies; thus, all the ... Within nine years of the Washington discovery, animal studies, including non-human monkey studies carried out at the University ... which contemporary studies on the subjects usually concluded. A case study by Henry H. Goddard of the Kallikak family-popular ...
A retrospective cohort study]". Epidemiol Prev (in Italian). 36 (5 Suppl 4): 34-43. PMID 23139187. "Valle del Sacco: a poisoned ... Human studies show that exposure to beta-HCH is linked to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. β-HCH was present in elevated ... Animal studies show that organochlorine pesticides, including beta-HCH, are neurotoxic, cause oxidative stress, and damage the ... A study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the extent and risk factors for contamination. α-Hexachlorocyclohexane ...
A retrospective, observational study". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 53 (2): 193-8. doi:10.1067/mge.2001.112709. PMID 11174291. ... Other medications (hyoscine butylbromide, benzodiazepines and opioids) have been studied but the evidence is limited. Hyoscine ... a retrospective analysis of 139 cases". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 40 (9): 784-9. doi:10.1097/01.mcg. ...
A retrospective neuropsychological study". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 83 (1): 9-13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb03952.x ... Studies have reported that the average number of taps per 10-second interval can be used to distinguish between patients with ...
Francis Bacon: A Retrospective. NY: Harry N Abrams, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8109-2925-8 (Articles with short description, Short ... Study after Velázquez is a large 1950 panel painting by the Irish-born English artist Francis Bacon. After Head VI, it is the ... "Painting the Pope: An Analysis of Francis Bacon's Study After Velazquez's Portrait of Innocent X". Literature and Theology, ...
He studied at University College Dublin.[citation needed] In his early career he was play editor at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. ... The Moon and the Yellow River : Denis Johnson's Shavianism., Denis Johnson : A Retrospective. Joseph Ronsley Ed. Irish Literary ... Irish Literary Studies 9. Ed. Peter Connolly. Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1982. 175-87. The Anglo-Irish., The Irish Times. 7 ... Kilroy, Thomas (1958). "Mervyn Wall: The Demands of Satire". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 47 (185): 83-89. JSTOR ...
A retrospective immunohistochemical study". Human Pathology. 85: 228-234. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.11.006. PMID 30502378. ... Other studies suggest hereditary, neurodegenerative, genetic and infective contributions. Due to the similarity of symptoms, ... Gockel HR, Schumacher J, Gockel I, Lang H, Haaf T, Nöthen MM (October 2010). "Achalasia: will genetic studies provide insights ... Mayberry JF, Newcombe RG, Atkinson M (April 1988). "An international study of mortality from achalasia". Hepato- ...
... a retrospective 1922-1980 2002, 9 March-7 April: Peter Wegner: sitting still, portrait studies of Graeme Doyle 2002, 6 April - ... retrospective, Castlemaine Art Gallery & Historical Museum, retrieved 22 September 2021 "Miles Evergood retrospective". ... Amor, Rick; Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum (2013). Rick Amor: from study to painting: 1 June - 28 July 2013. ... Amor, Rick; Castlemaine Art Gallery and Historical Museum (2013). Rick Amor: from study to painting: 1 June - 28 July 2013. ...
Francis Bacon: A Retrospective. New York: Harry N Abrams, 1999. ISBN 0-8109-2925-2 Muir, Robin. A Maverick Eye: The Street ... Three Studies for a Portrait of Henrietta Moraes is an oil on canvas 1963 triptych by the Irish-born British figurative painter ... Three Studies for a Portrait of Henrietta Moraes is one of Bacon's most intimate portraits, described by art critic John ...
Analytical Cohort study Prospective cohort Retrospective cohort Time series study Case-control study Nested case-control study ... The term retrospective study is sometimes used as another term for a case-control study. This use of the term "retrospective ... Retrospective Studies". Stats Direct. Retrieved May 30, 2019. Some aspects of study design Tufts University web site Comparison ... Cross-sectional study Community survey (a type of cross-sectional study) Ecological study When choosing a study design, many ...
Chen made two research trips to Japan in the 1950s which were mainly for the purpose of studying art. In the 1960s, he studied ... the development of Taiwan painting retrospective painting exhibition "Geneva." 44.1994 on 18 to 31 May, the fourth green water ... His mother died in 1920 and then he moved to his aunt's home and changed to study at Woo-tsih public school. After five months ... These exhibitions are the result of his studying in Eastern and Western art. For instance, in 1973 in France, he put oil paint ...
In Windsor, Ontario, her exhibition of photographer Brenda Francis Pelkey: A Retrospective toured Canada (2016-2018), along ... she served as an Adjunct Member in the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Art History at York University, Toronto, Canada. In 1993 ...
He studied at the Royal Academy of Art and the Free Academy of Visual Art in The Hague. His teachers were Christiaan de Moor ... Laansma, Klazien (1994) 'De eeuwige vragen van Jaap Schreurs', opening speech at the retrospective exhibition in Stadsmuseum ... After he had finished his studies, he installed himself as a professional painter, and led the life of a poor but hard-working ...
Retrospectives of his work have been held at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery in 2005-6, and in London at the Ben Uri ... Jeffrey Merrick, Bryant T. Ragan, "Homosexuality in modern France", Studies in the history of sexuality, Oxford University ... lesbian studies, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 1-56023-486-5, pp. 77-78. Lockard, Ray Anne (2002), "Solomon, Simeon", glbtq.com, ...
"Why Study With Us?". Margaret Beaufort Institute of Theology. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 ... It was not until the 17th century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret, but even then ...
... in Sydney Studies in English, argues that Black Mirror "foregrounds the need to rectify past and present injustices and the ... "an alluring example of the retrospective novel, one that uses the device of a biographer's interviews with her subject to prod ... Sydney Studies in English. 35. (2002 Australian novels, Novels by Gail Jones). ...
Keating had earlier taken several measures to oppose Gray and the FHLBB, including recruiting a study from then-private ... During the 2000s, several retrospective accounts of the controversy reiterated the contention that McCain was included in the ...
October 2010). "Risk of skin cancer after neonatal phototherapy: retrospective cohort study". Archives of Disease in Childhood ... Recent studies from several countries show that the biliblanket setup can safely and effectively be used in the families home ...
After the master fails to properly fight off a group of thugs, he sends Chi-Hao to study under a superior master, Shen Chin-Pei ... In a retrospective review, AllMovie gave the film three stars out of five, stating the film was "not the best Kung fu movie the ... A promising young martial arts student named Chi-Hao has spent most of his life studying under a master and has fallen in love ... He reaches town and begins studying under Suen Chin-Pei. After an initial beating by Chin-Pei's star pupil, Han Lung, Chi-Hao ...
He began his studies in 1837, with the court painter, Johann Heinrich Schilbach. His first study trips took him through ... In October, 2002, a major retrospective of his works was held at the Kunst Archiv Darmstadt [de]. Rudolf Theilmann: "Die ... In 1854, he stayed in London for several weeks to study the museums. His brother, Ernst [de], had been serving there as a ...
She studied teaching at the University of Michigan from which she graduated with honors. After graduating, she spent six months ... In 1992 her films were honoured with a four-day retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art including the New York premiere of ...
Under the act, the changes to which were retrospective, if a court determined that the relationship between a creditor and a ... Chapter 23 is titled "Innovation in Financial Services, Case Study 8: Shared Appreciation Mortgage - Bank of Scotland". This is ... Case study 8: Shared Appreciation Mortgage - Bank of Scotland" "Home loan for the Dome" by Michelle Carabine, published in the ...
24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet ... A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in ...
In a retrospective study of 1,147 females with IPC: 1) 46.8% were 70-90 years old while only 8.0% were 40-49 years old; 2) 74.6 ... However, studies have shown that the outcomes of in situ and invasive EPC are statically similar. Consequently, most studies ... By the end of the study, 47 individuals had no evidence of disease and 2 had died of unknown causes. The study suggested ... In a study of 25 individuals with EPC, 14 had in situ and 11 had invasive disease with 6 of the invasive tumors rated as high ...
Biography portal A Garroway retrospective 'Garroway at Large' from the Museum of Broadcast Communications TVParty.com tribute ... includes video clips and photos from the Garroway era Dave Garroway at IMDb Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of ... helped establish the Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression at the University of Pennsylvania. Robert McKimson's ...
Journal of Hellenic Studies 75: 90-103. A. Ure. 1955. Threshing-floor or Vineyard. Classical Quarterly n.s. 5: 225-30. A. Ure. ... "Introduction to 'The Ure Museum: a Retrospective' (26 October 2005)". A Short Biography of Professor Percy Ure Commemorating ... 1922 A Black-figure Fragment in the Dorset Museum, Journal of Hellenic Studies 42: 192-97. P. Ure and A. Ure. 1927. Sixth and ... During these years, she travelled for study and research in museums across Europe, and was elected as a corresponding member of ...
In: Harvard Slavic Studies. Bd. 3, 1957, S. 273 "Hauptstadt Bratislava Stadtteile". Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. ... ahoi see quote in the retrospective language (CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Webarchive template wayback links, ... In: Early Modern Literary Studies 14.3 (2009) 3.1-36. William Falconer: An universal dictionary of the Marine. London 1769, s. ...
In 2017 a retrospective of her work entitled The Curious Seeker was shown at DAG, Delhi. The exhibition traveled to DAG, Mubai ... In 1957, at the age of fifteen, she married Manu Parekh, an Indian artist who studied at the JJ School of Art. They moved first ... "Madhvi Parekh: Retrospective". DAG. Retrieved 3 November 2021. Paik, Sherry. "Madhvi Parekh Defies Categorisation in New York ... Retrospective". Ocula Magazine. Retrieved 3 November 2021. The Self & The World , an exhibition of Indian Women Artist. 1997. p ...
From 1953 to 1958 he studied art and stage-design with Professor Kamilo Tompa, at the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb. His ... It was also presented during the Croatian design retrospective exhibition "Design in the City" in Zagreb in 2019. From 1957 ...
A previous study by the same authors had found similar results, comparing 6 different models to the ANES data.: 37 A study of ... Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-7862. (CS1 errors: missing periodical, CS1 German-language ... European Parliament Election Study 2009, Voter Study (in German), GESIS Data Archive, doi:10.4232/1.11760, retrieved 2021-11-13 ... For example, a study of German voters found that at least four dimensions were required to adequately represent all political ...
He holds a PhD in Communication Studies from Concordia University, Montréal with a dissertation on artist-run culture as a ... "Then and Then Again Touring Retrospective , Modern Fuel Artist-Run Centre". www.modernfuel.org. Retrieved 8 October 2016. " ... Cardiff and Liverpool Colleges of Art in the UK before obtaining an MFA in Sculpture/Performance Studies at the University of ... Robertson co-organized a touring archival retrospective exhibition of his individual and collaborative projects, Then + Then ...
"Retrospective comparison of non-skin-sparing mastectomy and skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction". ... multicenter study". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 111 (3): 1060-1068. doi:10.1097/01.PRS.0000046249.33122.76. ISSN 0032- ...
ISBN 0-08-044206-4 Transport Advisory Committee (2014). Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong (PDF) (Report ... The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives. Chinese University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-962-996-357-6. ... Urbanism Through the Lens of Cultural Studies. forewords by Andrew Lee, Leong Teng Wui, Linda Lim & Lim Teck Ghee. World ...
A 2016 study found that real estate prices dropped by 19% within the cordoned-off areas of Singapore where congestion pricing ... Regardless of the scheme's impact, in a retrospective analysis Transport for London (TfL) estimated there would have already ... A 2019 study of congestion pricing in Stockholm between 2006 and 2010 found that in the absence of congestion pricing that ... A 2020 study of London found that congestion pricing (introduced in 2003) led to reductions in pollution and reductions in ...
He went to West Germany to study with Hugo Noth at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Trossingen, and then studied jazz with ... p. 7. "Array Presents III: Retrospectives - Joseph Petric - April 3, 2021". Arraymusic.ca. Retrieved August 29, 2021. Goldman, ... Petric began private studies at the Royal Conservatory with Joe Macerollo in 1968. In 1971 he was accepted into a liberal arts ... He began to study theory and figured bass with John Goobie in Guelph, gave performances in church halls, banquets, business ...
A traveling retrospective entitled "Simple Pleasures: The Art of Doris Lee", is planned for 2021-2023, and a related exhibit is ... She graduated from Rockford College in 1927 and studied with the American Impressionist and Ashcan School painter Ernest Lawson ...
A retrospective. "Published to accompany an exhibition at Sala del Canal de Isabel II, Madrid, Nov.-Dec. 2001 and at three ... He returned to New York in 1947 and studied painting at City College of New York and painting and photography at Columbia ... A retrospective, published to accompany an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and which travelled. Reproduces work from ... "Major Garry Winogrand Retrospective Opens at the Museum of Modern Art" (PDF). Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved January 31, 2015 ...
... lab-based experimental studies, observational studies in preschools, prospective parental diary studies, and retrospective ... He also conducted a study to demonstrate how symbolic relations can be quite challenging for young children. In 1994, he ... At Northwestern University, he served as the Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Psychology, as Vice-Chair ...
24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet ... An analysis of studies by a journalist indicates that "about 10-to-15% of cases have been hospitalized, mostly for pain and ... However, in a study published in August 2022, infectious monkeypox virus was able to be isolated from semen samples, and the ... A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in ...
Whigfield (AKA Sannie Charlotte Carlson) studied fashion design in Copenhagen and went to Bologna in Italy where she worked as ... "Saturday Night" was well-received by professional critics, both contemporaneous and retrospective pieces labeling the track as ...
Mortality study of civilian employees exposed to contaminated drinking water at USMC Base Camp Lejeune: A retrospective cohort ... Mortality study of civilian employees exposed to contaminated drinking water at USMC Base Camp Lejeune: A retrospective cohort ... What Was Studied. The study evaluated specific causes of death in 4,647 full-time workers who were employed at Camp Lejeune ... The study included all underlying causes of death that other studies have shown to be associated with one or more of the ...
Retrospective study of mistletoe ingestion H A Spiller 1 , D B Willias, S E Gorman, J Sanftleban ... Retrospective study of mistletoe ingestion H A Spiller et al. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1996. ...
We performed a retrospective study to determine annual clinical incidence of human cystic echinococcosis [‎CE]‎ in 14 Egyptian ... 2004)‎. A retrospective hospital study of human cystic echinococcosis in Egypt. EMHJ - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 10 ...
A Retrospective Cohort Study in Southern California] Sun Y, Molitor J, Benmarhnia T, Avila C, Chiu V, Slezak J, Sacks DA, Chen ... A Retrospective Cohort Study in Southern California [Abstract Association Between Urban Green Space and Postpartum Depression, ... A Retrospective Cohort Study in Southern California] [Synopsis Association Between Urban Green Space and Postpartum Depression ... What We Study NIEHS intramural scientists have defined descriptive terms of particular relevance to their own research, and ...
Observational Study. Hospital readmissions for COPD: a retrospective longitudinal study Timothy H Harries et al. NPJ Prim Care ... Hospital readmissions for COPD: a retrospective longitudinal study Timothy H Harries 1 , Hannah Thornton 2 , Siobhan Crichton 3 ... This retrospective longitudinal observational study included all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions to any ... Clinical Management of COPD in the Real World: Can Studies Reveal Errors in Management and Pathways to Improve Patient Care? ...
... Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2000 Aug;20(4):366-73. ... In this retrospective analysis, 215 implants placed in 40 patients at 2 clinical centers were evaluated. Chart reviews and ... Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to assess the success and survival rates of dental implants in diabetic patients. ...
... Noor A. Megdadi. ,1Ahmad K. Almigdad. ,2Momen O. Alakil. ,1 ... The mean age of patients at the time of the study was 6.03 years (. ). The mean age for symptom onset was 5.61 months (. ), but ... In this retrospective single-center study, we reviewed all patients with HT1 from April 2010 to March 2021. ... In Jordan, studies about HT1 are limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at reviewing all treated tyrosinemia patients ...
Retrospective study of children with renal scarring associated with reflux and urinary infection BMJ 1994; 308 :1193 doi: ... Design: Retrospective study of medical records and discussion with parents.. Setting: Outpatient departments of two teaching ... Retrospective study of children with renal scarring associated with reflux and urinary infection ... Retrospective study of children with renal scarring associated with reflux and urinary infection ...
Factors predicting patient use of the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study. Jane McCusker, Pierre Tousignant, ... We conducted a retrospective, population-based, cohort study, using information from linked provincial administrative databases ... Combined impacts of multimorbidity and mental disorders on frequent emergency department visits: a retrospective cohort study ... 1, 2005, receiving long-term care at any time during the study or living outside of Quebec at any time during the study. A ...
... ... What We Study NIEHS intramural scientists have defined descriptive terms of particular relevance to their own research, and ...
Data Source and Study Design. Data for this retrospective study were extracted from a large United States-based managed care ... A retrospective cohort study using a managed care claims database in the United States from January 2007 to June 2017. Included ... This retrospective cohort study examined risks of development of nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in patients with chronic ... For instance, a Danish retrospective study with a follow-up time of 8 years found that a cohort of 688 patients with ...
... and breastfeeding mothers were all excluded from this study. A retrospective cohort study compared two groups of patients ... This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of liver injury in FVP-treated COVID-19 patients in General East ... 4) Conclusion: This study showed a significant difference between the treated and the untreated groups with FVP in liver injury ... In our study, we followed the same study design as the retrospective cohort study but evaluated the liver injury caused by FVP. ...
Nurse Staffing Levels, Missed Vital Signs and Mortality in Hospitals: Retrospective Longitudinal Observational Study.. Citation ... Nurse staffing and inpatient mortality in the English National Health Service: a retrospective longitudinal study. ... Nurse Staffing Levels, Missed Vital Signs And Mortality In Hospitals: Retrospective Longitudinal Observational Study. ... Nurse Staffing Levels, Missed Vital Signs And Mortality In Hospitals: Retrospective Longitudinal Observational Study. ...
COVID-19 and Substance Misuse Case Identification using Data Science: A Retrospective Cohort Study ... COVID-19 and Substance Misuse Case Identification using Data Science: A Retrospective Cohort Study ...
Methods: This retrospective study was carried out by Neurosurgeons from the Indian Armed forces covering a period of 10 years. ...
The present retrospective study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of eptifibatide in the treatment of PIS. The ... Treatment of progressive ischemic stroke with low‑dose eptifibatide: A retrospective case‑control study. *Authors: *Long Luo ... In the present retrospective study of 74 patients with PIS, the rates of complications, including ecchymosis, gastrointestinal ... The present retrospective study enrolled 74 participants, all patients received routine basic treatment, including routine ...
We performed a retrospective study to assess the safety and efficacy of MMF in patients with MS. ... Mycophenolate mofetil in multiple sclerosis: a multicentre retrospective study on 344 patients ... Mycophenolate mofetil in multiple sclerosis: a multicentre retrospective study on 344 patients ... Several studies have reported the relative safety of this treatment but, to date, its efficacy has rarely been described. ...
Pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injury: a retrospective study.. date: 10/01/2003. author: Garber SL, Rintala DH.. ... This study illustrates the magnitude of the pressure ulcer problem among veterans with SCI living in the community. Reducing ... The objectives of this retrospective chart review were to determine prevalence, duration, and severity of pressure ulcers in ... during the 3 years studied (1997, 1998, and 1999). From this sample, 102 veterans met the inclusion criteria for further ...
This was a retrospective cohort study with initial characteristics of the approved protocols extracted from the committees ... Initial characteristics (design, study size, investigator) of completed studies and follow-up information (direction of results ... Contributors: both authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data ... were studied. All completed research protocols, which had been approved in 1994 by these committees, were included. ...
Reproducing a Prospective Clinical Study as a Computational Retrospective Study in MIMIC-II.. Kury F, Huser V, Cimino JJ AMIA ... Reproducing a Prospective Clinical Study as a Computational Retrospective Study in MIMIC-II. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2015 Nov 5; ... as a computational retrospective study in an EHR database (MIMIC-II), a recent large prospective clinical study: the 2013 ... Our program identified 2,257 eligible patients in MIMIC-II, and the results remarkably agreed with the prospective study. A ...
This is a retrospective report by the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. It describes their success with salvage radiotherapy ... A Retrospective Analysis From the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Author: Reviewer: Drew Moghanaki, MD, MPH ... A Retrospective Analysis From the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study G... ... This study provides useful data regarding the salvage with radiation of progressive or relapsed Hodgkins Disease, with an ...
Cardiac microstructural alterations in immune-inflammatory myocardial disease: a retrospective case-control study.. ... Cardiac microstructural alterations in immune-inflammatory myocardial disease: a retrospective case-control study. ... Cardiac microstructural alterations in immune-inflammatory myocardial disease: a retrospective case-control study. ...
... a 10-year retrospective study of the National Trauma Data Bank Journal Article Overview abstract * BACKGROUND: This 10 year ... CONCLUSION: This study is the first to describe a full decade of scapula fracture epidemiology on a national scale. The number ... retrospective study of the NTDB is the first to describe trends in scapula fracture diagnosis frequency, epidemiology, injury ...
Post-operative Refractive Prediction Error After Phacovitrectomy: A Retrospective Study. Publication. Publication. ... Methods This was a retrospective study which included 140 patients who underwent phacovitrectomy (39 with macular holes, 88 ... A Retrospective Study. Ophthalmology and Therapy, 7(1), 83-94. doi:10.1007/s40123-017-0116-4 ... In this study we evaluate the amount of this error in our facility and try to elucidate the various factors involved. ...
EDRN has also developed and adopted the Prospective specimen collection, Retrospective Blinded Evaluation study design, an ... The Prospective specimen collection, Retrospective Blinded Evaluation study design has four key elements: clinical context and ... Five-Phase Approach and Prospective specimen collection, Retrospective Blinded Evaluation Study Design ... Five-Phase Approach and Prospective specimen collection, Retrospective Blinded Evaluation Study Design. ...
This retrospective study from the Gyncentrum Genetic Laboratory in Sosnowiec, Poland aimed to evaluate reinfections from SARS- ... MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study extended the previously published report on SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in Poland by analyzing ... The study showed that of the 8041 patients who experienced reinfection, the vast majority (5505) became reinfected more than ... A limitation of our study (as a retrospective study) is the inability to collect additional data on patients, especially those ...
Radiation therapy for oral melanoma in dogs: A retrospective study A utilização da radioterapia no melanoma oral de cães: ... Our retrospective study was performed with dogs with histological diagnoses of oral melanoma that attended a private veterinary ... Our retrospective study evaluated the survival of 24 dogs with unresectable malignant melanoma treated with radiation therapy. ... p. 193-210.). One study used megavoltage radiation therapy with a protocol similar to that used in our study (three fractions ...
  • A retrospective cohort study using a managed care claims database in the United States from January 2007 to June 2017. (springer.com)
  • This large retrospective cohort study showed a statistically significant and clinically meaningful increased risk of nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in patients who have chronic hypoparathyroidism compared with those who do not have chronic hypoparathyroidism. (springer.com)
  • Nurse staffing, nursing assistants and hospital mortality: retrospective longitudinal cohort study. (ahrq.gov)
  • The association between a prolonged stay in the emergency department and adverse events in older patients admitted to hospital: a retrospective cohort study. (ahrq.gov)
  • Excess Stroke Deaths in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Population-based Cohort Study Using Data Linkage. (anzdata.org.au)
  • Methods and Findings: Using primary care data from the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), we conducted a retrospective cohort study in which individuals with diabetes who were newly prescribed GTZ (GTZ-exposed group) were matched by age, sex, practice, and diabetes treatment stage with up to five individuals prescribed other diabetes treatments (other antidiabetic drug-exposed group). (ucl.ac.uk)
  • In 2003, a retrospective cohort study among children and a case-control study among adults in Colorado were conducted to provide preliminary data on the effectiveness of the 2003--04 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Using electronic medical records and an immunization registry database from 2003, Kaiser Permanente Colorado and CDC conducted a retrospective cohort study among children aged 6--23 months. (cdc.gov)
  • In health sciences, the epidemiological method can be divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology and the latter being divided into observational (cross-sectional study, case-control study and cohort study) and experimental studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cohort studies may be retrospective or prospective, and both assume that the researcher will follow a population over time to seek a possible association between exposure (s) and outcome(s). (bvsalud.org)
  • Validating machine learning models for the prediction of labour induction intervention using routine data: a registry-based retrospective cohort study at a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania. (bvsalud.org)
  • Atorvastatin associated with decreased hazard for death in COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU: a retrospective cohort study. (bvsalud.org)
  • This retrospective longitudinal observational study included all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions to any hospital in the United Kingdom among patients registered at London general practices who had emergency National Health Service chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospital admissions between April 2006 and March 2010. (nih.gov)
  • Nurse Staffing Levels, Missed Vital Signs and Mortality in Hospitals: Retrospective Longitudinal Observational Study. (ahrq.gov)
  • Insights from a covert observational study. (ahrq.gov)
  • An observational study, HOT, Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Observational Thromboembolism Study, was designed to address the incidence of isolated HIT, and whether such patients had an increased rate of symptomatic or asymptomatic clots. (nih.gov)
  • A multicentre retrospective study was performed in 10 French centres, including patients with aortitis between January 1st, 2014 and December 31st, 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • ABSTRACT We performed a retrospective study to determine annual clinical incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in 14 Egyptian hospitals between January 1997 and December 1999. (who.int)
  • Estimations from recent studies have found that the incidence of Heart failure and stroke were the most common admission diag- stroke in many parts of SSA is higher than in many high-income noses. (who.int)
  • A previous study showed that eptifibatide had a higher GP IIb/IIIa receptor occupancy ratio compared with tirofiban, where the incidence of 30-day adverse cardiovascular events was also lower compared with that of tirofiban ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Based on previous studies, this study aimed to go further to explore the possible risk factors and the incidence of VABAM. (cureepilepsy.org)
  • In our study, the occurrence of vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging was 32.5%, indicating a higher incidence than in most previous reports. (cureepilepsy.org)
  • For a screening application, this design may require large numbers of study participants because the incidence of most cancers is low. (nih.gov)
  • Methods This was a retrospective study which included 140 patients who underwent phacovitrectomy (39 with macular holes, 88 with puckers, and 13 with floaters). (eur.nl)
  • Methods We conducted this retrospective record -based study using data from the outpatient department register of the Psychiatry Department of Government Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this retrospective analysis, 215 implants placed in 40 patients at 2 clinical centers were evaluated. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, this study was aimed at reviewing all treated tyrosinemia patients' clinical features and outcomes in Jordan and comparing our findings with the literature. (hindawi.com)
  • Reproducing a Prospective Clinical Study as a Computational Retrospective Study. (nih.gov)
  • In this paper we sought to reproduce, as a computational retrospective study in an EHR database (MIMIC-II), a recent large prospective clinical study: the 2013 publication, by the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM), about disseminated intravascular coagulation, in the journal Critical Care (PMID: 23787004). (nih.gov)
  • This study aims to describe and compare the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics of IA and NIA and their outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical outcome of postoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in adult glioblastoma multiforme in Ramathibodi Hospital: a retrospective study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Subjects were a combination of participants from the previous HOT Study and/or any patients at selected hospitals associated with the Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Trials Network. (nih.gov)
  • Our program identified 2,257 eligible patients in MIMIC-II, and the results remarkably agreed with the prospective study. (nih.gov)
  • EDRN has also developed and adopted the Prospective specimen collection, Retrospective Blinded Evaluation study design, an approach to reduce bias during all phases of biomarker discovery and validation. (nih.gov)
  • These guidelines are based upon a sparse amount of data, with no randomized placebo-controlled studies, and few prospective studies. (nih.gov)
  • Psychiatric Morbidity: A Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Care Center. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to the significant regional differences in mental illness , the current study assessed the psychiatric morbidity pattern from a tertiary care center in Central India . (bvsalud.org)
  • The study was carried out at general and idence for the presence of cysts in organs specialized hospitals of 3 universities (in or tissues. (who.int)
  • To study factors in the development of renal scarring in children, we reviewed retrospectively the early histories and management of a group of 52 children seen at the two hospitals because of bilateral severe reflux, established bilateral renal scarring, and a history of urinary tract infection to ascertain whether their renal damage might have been limited or prevented. (bmj.com)
  • The objective of this study was to analyze the data of 22 hospitals from Hebei Maternal Near Miss Surveillance System (HBMNMSS) in Hebei Province from 2015 to 2017, and assess the effects of exposure to ambient air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 , CO, O 3 ) on preeclampsia at different trimesters of pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2004)‎. A retrospective hospital study of human cystic echinococcosis in Egypt. (who.int)
  • Potential costs and consequences associated with medication error at hospital discharge: an expert judgement study. (ahrq.gov)
  • The present study enrolled patients with PIS admitted to Xiangtan Central Hospital (Xiangtan, China) between March 2020 and March 2021 with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) progression scores of ≥2 points during the initial 72 h. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • BACKGROUND: This 10 year retrospective study of the NTDB is the first to describe trends in scapula fracture diagnosis frequency, epidemiology, injury mechanisms and the type of hospital where the condition is treated. (healthpartners.com)
  • In order to be included in this study, the medical record had to be available for the hospital admission when the positive heparin-PF4 antibody test was obtained. (nih.gov)
  • In this study we evaluate the amount of this error in our facility and try to elucidate the various factors involved. (eur.nl)
  • These types of studies have as advantages the possibility of measuring several exposure factors and outcomes, both primary and secondary, for both relatively frequent outcomes and rare exposure factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion Our study highlights the types of psychiatric disorders among patients at a tertiary care center , aiding clinicians in improving care and emphasizing early detection and treatment of mental illnesses . (bvsalud.org)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Retrospective studies. (who.int)
  • Objectives Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive agent, sometimes used as a disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have reported the relative safety of this treatment but, to date, its efficacy has rarely been described. (bmj.com)
  • These causes of death were included to assess the possible impact of smoking on the findings because we did not have information on smoking status for study subjects. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to assess the success and survival rates of dental implants in diabetic patients. (nih.gov)
  • We performed a retrospective study to assess the safety and efficacy of MMF in patients with MS. (bmj.com)
  • We included an efficient antimicrobial therapy after the first symptoms, 57 patients from a nationwide 5-year retrospective study diabetes, and coexistence of an osteoarticular location. (cdc.gov)
  • Our study only included patients with diabetes who did not have a PD diagnosis when they were first prescribed GTZ, and thus, it cannot establish whether GTZ use prevents or slows the progression of PD. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Study Design: Patients' records were seen at two teaching pathology Centre's of Shahid Beheshti University between the months of March 2000 to 2010 with histologic diagnosis of any type of odontogenic tumors. (who.int)
  • Retrospective chart review was conducted at the U.S. centers that participated in the HIT Trial and were part of the NIH Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis Network. (nih.gov)
  • Objective: The aim of this study was to review cases of odontogenic tumors diagnosed in two pathology centers in Tehran, Iran, during a 10-year period. (who.int)
  • These are studies that may point to statistical associations between exposure and outcome that need other models to prove the casualty of these associations. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2003--04 influenza vaccine against medically attended illnesses that occurred during November 19--December 7, 2003, the period of peak influenza activity in the Denver metropolitan area. (cdc.gov)
  • Objective: To perform an epidemiological study of all cases of salivary gland tumors diagnosed in an Oral Pathology Laboratory. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSION: This study is the first to describe a full decade of scapula fracture epidemiology on a national scale. (healthpartners.com)
  • Conclusion: Although there are few studies on odontogenic tumors in literature, the comparison of our results with existing data shows significant differences in the distribution of tumors and age of patients, which may be due to ethnic features and geographic distribution of patients. (who.int)
  • Our retrospective study evaluated the survival of 24 dogs with unresectable malignant melanoma treated with radiation therapy. (scielo.br)
  • Cause of death data from 1979-2008 were used to study the Camp Lejeune and Camp Pendleton cohorts. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical records were reviewed by the study personnel for abstraction of data onto case report forms. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of the study was to determine whether potential exposures to the drinking water contaminants at Camp Lejeune are associated with increased risk of death from specific cancers and other chronic diseases among those who were employed at the base. (cdc.gov)
  • An oncologist who studies racial disparities in genitourinary cancers but was not involved in the study told Medscape Medical News that the findings underscore the complex challenges in addressing racial inequities. (medscape.com)
  • Salvage Radiotherapy in Patients With Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Retrospective Analysis From the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study G. (oncolink.org)
  • For their study, Sivakumar and colleagues performed a retrospective analysis of comprehensive genomic profiling performed on biopsy samples from 11,741 men with prostate cancer. (medscape.com)
  • All participants of this study signed an informed consent, and the protocol was approved by the ethic committee of Hebei Women and Children's Health Center. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study also included three causes of death known to be caused by cigarette smoking but not known to be associated with the drinking water contaminants: cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and stomach cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • few large-scale studies have evaluated the long-term effects of chronic hypoparathyroidism on renal function. (springer.com)
  • Speaking up behaviours (safety voices) of healthcare workers: a metasynthesis of qualitative research studies. (ahrq.gov)
  • Future studies on other ethnic groups are essential for further clarification of the findings in this research. (who.int)
  • This study had one of the largest samples of genomes of Black men to date, and found that the prevalence of alterations in medically actionable genes is largely similar across a large range of backgrounds. (medscape.com)
  • The intent of this study was to obtain large samples of positive heparin-PF4 antibody subjects to perform specific, descriptive, and hypothesis-generating outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • The study included all underlying causes of death that other studies have shown to be associated with one or more of the chemicals found in the drinking water at Camp Lejeune. (cdc.gov)
  • The study found elevated risks in the Camp Lejeune civilian workers for several causes of death, including kidney cancer, leukemia's, prostate cancer, rectal cancer and Parkinson's disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The present retrospective study found that patients with PIS tolerated eptifibatide treatment well. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • But another study found that the risk of preeclampsia was not related with the exposure to air pollutants (Particulate Matter (PM), NO 2 , SO 2 , CO, O 3 ) during pregnancy [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further larger-scale studies are needed to examine these risks. (springer.com)
  • Pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injury: a retrospective study. (easystand.com)
  • A study showed that women exposed to high concentration of traffic pollution during pregnancy increased the risk of preeclampsia by 12% [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Retrospective study of medical records and discussion with parents. (bmj.com)
  • From a sampling frame of 553 veterans on the Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center SCI roster, 215 (39%) were reported to have visited the clinic or received home care for pressure ulcers (ICD-9 code 707.0 = decubitus, any site) during the 3 years studied (1997, 1998, and 1999). (easystand.com)
  • Patients were followed up from 1999 until the first recording of a PD diagnosis, end of observation in the database, or end of the study (1 August 2013). (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Previous studies have shown that VGB exposure may cause vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (VABAM). (cureepilepsy.org)
  • This is a retrospective report by the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. (oncolink.org)
  • WHO Drug Injection Collaborative Study Group. (who.int)
  • The HIT-RADIO study would be the largest multi-site retrospective study of this patient population in many years. (nih.gov)
  • Cardiac microstructural alterations in immune-inflammatory myocardial disease: a retrospective case-control study. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The present retrospective study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of eptifibatide in the treatment of PIS. (spandidos-publications.com)