Retinal cone photoreceptor cells. Medical search

Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

'Eye proteins' are structural or functional proteins, such as crystallins, opsins, and collagens, located in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aqueous humor, that contribute to maintaining transparency, refractive power, phototransduction, and overall integrity of the visual system.

Photosensitive proteins expressed in the CONE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of cone photopigments. Cone opsins are classified by their peak absorption wavelengths.

Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.

Photosensitive proteins expressed in the ROD PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as RHODOPSIN.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

Common name for FISHES belonging to the order Perciformes and occurring in three different families.

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.

Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS family. Their ligands are VITAMIN A-based chromophores.

Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.

Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.

Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.

The absence of light.

The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.

The portion of a retinal rod cell situated between the ROD INNER SEGMENT and the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. It contains a stack of photosensitive disk membranes laden with RHODOPSIN.

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in the outer segment PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS of the RETINA. It is comprised of two catalytic subunits, referred to as alpha and beta, that form a dimer. In addition two regulatory subunits, referred to as gamma and delta, modulate the activity and localization of the enzyme.

A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein that mediates the light activation signal from photolyzed rhodopsin to cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and is pivotal in the visual excitation process. Activation of rhodopsin on the outer membrane of rod and cone cells causes GTP to bind to transducin followed by dissociation of the alpha subunit-GTP complex from the beta/gamma subunits of transducin. The alpha subunit-GTP complex activates the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to 5'-GMP. This leads to closure of the sodium and calcium channels and therefore hyperpolarization of the rod cells. EC 3.6.1.-.

Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).

The light sensitive outer portion of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. The outer segment contains a stack of disk membranes laden with photoreceptive pigments (RETINAL PIGMENTS). The outer segment is connected to the inner segment by a PHOTORECEPTOR CONNECTING CILIUM.

Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (1/1671)

In the teleost retina, cone horizontal cells contain a voltage-activated sustained calcium current, which has been proposed to be involved in visual processing. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that modulation of voltage-gated channels can occur through activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Because glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina, we have used whole cell electrophysiological techniques to examine the effect of mGluR activation on the sustained voltage-gated calcium current found in isolated cone horizontal cells in the catfish retina. In pharmacological conditions that blocked voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA channels, application of L-glutamate or 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) to voltage-clamped cone horizontal cells acted to increase the amplitude of the calcium current, expand the activation range of the calcium current by 10 mV into the cell's physiological operating range, and shift the peak calcium current by -5 mV. To identify and characterize the mGluR subtypes found on catfish cone horizontal cells, agonists of group I, group II, or group III mGluRs were applied via perfusion. Group I and group III mGluR agonists mimicked the effect of L-glutamate or 1S,3R-ACPD, whereas group II mGluR agonists had no effect on L-type calcium current activity. Inhibition studies demonstrated that group I mGluR antagonists significantly blocked the modulatory effect of the group I mGluR agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Similar results were obtained when the group III mGluR agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, was applied in the presence of a group III mGluR antagonist. These results provide evidence for two groups of mGluR subtypes on catfish cone horizontal cells. Activation of these mGluRs is linked to modulation of the voltage-gated sustained calcium current. (+info)

Formate-induced inhibition of photoreceptor function in methanol intoxication. (2/1671)

Formic acid is the toxic metabolite responsible for the retinal and optic nerve toxicity produced in methanol intoxication. Previous studies in our laboratory have documented formate-induced retinal dysfunction and histopathology in a rodent model of methanol intoxication. The present studies define the time and concentration dependence of formate-induced retinal toxicity in methanol-intoxicated rats. Retinal function was assessed 24, 48, and 72 h after the initial dose of methanol by flicker electroretinographic measurements. Retinal histopathology was assessed at the same time intervals. Rod- and cone-mediated electroretinogram (ERG) responses were attenuated in a formate concentration- and time-dependent manner, and both retinal sensitivity and maximal responsiveness to light were diminished. Attenuation of UV-cone-mediated responses was temporally delayed in comparison to the functional deficits observed in the 15 Hz/510 nm responses, which have a rod-mediated component and occurred at significantly higher formate concentrations. Both 15 Hz/510 nm and UV-cone-mediated ERG responses were undetectable by 72 h; however, if light intensity was increased, a retinal ERG response could be recorded, indicating that photoreceptor function was profoundly attenuated, but not abolished, under these intoxication conditions. Functional changes preceded structural alterations. Histopathological changes were most pronounced in the outer retina with evidence of inner segment swelling, photoreceptor mitochondrial disruption, and the appearance of fragmented photoreceptor nuclei in the outer nuclear layer. The nature of both the functional and structural alterations observed are consistent with formate-induced inhibition of mitochondrial energy production, resulting in photoreceptor dysfunction and pathology. (+info)

Cone signal contributions to electroretinograms [correction of electrograms] in dichromats and trichromats. (3/1671)

PURPOSE: To find out how the different cone types contribute to the electroretinogram (ERG) by quantifying the contribution of the signal pathways originating in the long (L-) and the middle (M-) wavelength-sensitive cones to the total ERG response amplitude and phase. METHODS: ERG response amplitudes and phases were measured to cone-isolating stimuli and to different combinations of L- and M-cone modulation. Conditions were chosen to exclude any contribution of the short wavelength-sensitive (S-) cones. The sensitivity of the ERG to the L and the M cones was defined as the cone contrast gain. RESULTS: In the present paper, a model is provided that describes the ERG contrast gains and ERG thresholds in dichromats and color normal trichromats. For the X-chromosome-linked dichromats, the contrast gains of only one cone type (either the L or the M cones) sufficed to describe the ERG thresholds for all stimulus conditions. Data suggest that the M-cone contrast gains of protanopes are larger than the L-cone contrast gains of deuteranopes. The response thresholds of the trichromats are modeled by assuming a vector summation of signals originating in the L and the M cones. Their L- and M-cone contrast gains are close to a linear interpolation of the data obtained from the dichromats. Nearly all trichromats had larger L- than M-cone contrast gains. Data from a large population of trichromats were examined to study the individual variations in cone weightings and in the phases of the cone pathway responses. CONCLUSIONS: The data strongly suggest that the missing cone type in dichromats is replaced by the remaining cone type. The mean L-cone to M-cone weighting ratio in trichromats was found to be approximately 4:1. But there is a substantial interindividual variability between trichromats. The response phases of the L- and the M-cone pathways can be reliably quantified using the response phases to the cone-isolating stimuli or using a vector addition of L- and M-cone signals. (+info)

Human cone pigment expressed in transgenic mice yields altered vision. (4/1671)

Genetically driven alterations in the complement of retinal photopigments are fundamental steps in the evolution of vision. We sought to determine how a newly added photopigment might impact vision by studying a transgenic mouse that expresses a human cone photopigment. Electroretinogram (ERG) measurements indicate that the added pigment works well, significantly changing spectral sensitivity without deleteriously affecting the operation of the native cone pigments. Visual capacities of the transgenic mice were established in behavioral tests. The new pigment was found to provide a significant expansion of the spectral range over which mice can perceive light, thus underlining the immediate utility of acquiring a new photopigment. The transgenic mouse also has the receptor basis for a novel color vision capacity, but tests show that potential was not realized. This failure likely reflects limitations in the organizational arrangement of the mouse retina. (+info)

Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (5/1671)

Circadian rhythms of mammals are entrained by light to follow the daily solar cycle (photoentrainment). To determine whether retinal rods and cones are required for this response, the effects of light on the regulation of circadian wheel-running behavior were examined in mice lacking these photoreceptors. Mice without cones (cl) or without both rods and cones (rdta/cl) showed unattenuated phase-shifting responses to light. Removal of the eyes abolishes this behavior. Thus, neither rods nor cones are required for photoentrainment, and the murine eye contains additional photoreceptors that regulate the circadian clock. (+info)

Optical, receptoral, and retinal constraints on foveal and peripheral vision in the human neonate. (6/1671)

We examined the properties of the foveal, parafoveal, and near peripheral cone lattice in human neonates. To estimate the ability of these lattices to transmit the information used in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity tasks, we constructed ideal-observer models with the optics and photoreceptors of the neonatal eye at retinal eccentricities of 0, 5, and 10 degrees. For ideal-observer models limited by photon noise, the eye's optics, and cone properties, contrast sensitivity was higher in the parafovea and near periphery than in the fovea. However, receptor pooling probably occurs in the neonate's parafovea and near periphery as it does in mature eyes. When we add a receptor-pooling stage to the models of the parafovea and near periphery, ideal acuity is similar in the fovea, parafovea, and near periphery. Comparisons of ideal and real sensitivity indicate that optical and receptoral immaturities impose a significant constraint on neonatal contrast sensitivity and acuity, but that immaturities in later processing stages must also limit visual performance. (+info)

Chromatic masking in the (delta L/L, delta M/M) plane of cone-contrast space reveals only two detection mechanisms. (7/1671)

The post-receptoral mechanisms that mediate detection of stimuli in the (delta L/L, delta M/M) plane of color space were characterized using noise masking. Chromatic masking noises of different chromaticities and spatial configurations were used, and threshold contours for the detection of Gaussian and Gabor tests were measured. The results do not show masking that is narrowly-selective for the chromaticity of the noise. On the contrary, our findings suggest that detection of these tests is mediated only by an opponent chromatic mechanism (a red-green mechanism) and a non-opponent luminance mechanism. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis of multiple chromatic mechanisms mediating detection in this color plane [1]. (+info)

S-cone signals to temporal OFF-channels: asymmetrical connections to postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms. (8/1671)

Psychophysical tests of S-cone contributions to temporal ON- and OFF-channels were conducted. Detection thresholds for S-cone modulation were measured with two kinds of test stimuli presented on a CRT: a rapid-on sawtooth test and a rapid-off sawtooth test, assumed to be detected differentially by temporal ON- and OFF-channels, respectively. S-cone related ON- and OFF-temporal responses were separated by adapting for 5 min to 1 Hz monochromatic (420, 440, 450, 540, or 650 nm in separate sessions) sawtooth flicker presented in Maxwellian view. Circular test stimuli, with a sawtooth temporal profile and a Gaussian spatial taper, were presented for 1 s in one of four quadrants 1.0 degree from a central fixation point. A four-alternative forced-choice method combined with a double-staircase procedure was used to determine ON- and OFF-thresholds in the same session. Following adaptation, the threshold elevation was greater if the polarity of the test stimulus was the same as the polarity of the sawtooth adaptation flicker, consistent with separate ON- and OFF-responses from S-cones. This asymmetrical pattern was obtained, however, only when the adaptation stimuli appeared blue with a little redness. When the adaptation flicker had a clear reddish hue component, the threshold elevation did not depend on the polarity of the sawtooth test stimuli. These results are consistent with a model in which OFF-signals originating from S cones are maintained by a postreceptoral mechanism signaling redness, but not by a postreceptoral chromatic mechanism signaling blueness. (+info)

Retinal cone photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons located in the retina of the eye, responsible for visual phototransduction and color vision. They are one of the two types of photoreceptors, with the other being rods, which are more sensitive to low light levels. Cones are primarily responsible for high-acuity, color vision during daylight or bright-light conditions.

There are three types of cone cells, each containing different photopigments that absorb light at distinct wavelengths: short (S), medium (M), and long (L) wavelengths, which correspond to blue, green, and red light, respectively. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows the human visual system to perceive a wide range of colors and discriminate between them. Cones are densely packed in the central region of the retina, known as the fovea, which provides the highest visual acuity.

Photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons in the retina of the eye that convert light into electrical signals. These cells consist of two types: rods and cones. Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels and provide black-and-white, peripheral, and motion sensitivity. Cones are active at higher light levels and are capable of color discrimination and fine detail vision. Both types of photoreceptor cells contain light-sensitive pigments that undergo chemical changes when exposed to light, triggering a series of electrical signals that ultimately reach the brain and contribute to visual perception.

Photoreceptor cells in vertebrates are specialized types of neurons located in the retina of the eye that are responsible for converting light stimuli into electrical signals. These cells are primarily responsible for the initial process of vision and have two main types: rods and cones.

Rods are more numerous and are responsible for low-light vision or scotopic vision, enabling us to see in dimly lit conditions. They do not contribute to color vision but provide information about the shape and movement of objects.

Cones, on the other hand, are less numerous and are responsible for color vision and high-acuity vision or photopic vision. There are three types of cones, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light: short (S), medium (M), and long (L) wavelengths, which correspond to blue, green, and red, respectively. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide range of colors.

Both rods and cones contain photopigments that consist of a protein called opsin and a light-sensitive chromophore called retinal. When light hits the photopigment, it triggers a series of chemical reactions that ultimately lead to the generation of an electrical signal that is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. This process enables us to see and perceive our visual world.

Retinal rod photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons in the retina of the eye that are primarily responsible for vision in low light conditions. They contain a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin, which undergoes a chemical change when struck by a single photon of light. This triggers a cascade of biochemical reactions that ultimately leads to the generation of electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.

Rod cells do not provide color vision or fine detail, but they allow us to detect motion and see in dim light. They are more sensitive to light than cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and detailed sight in bright light conditions. Rod cells are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina, forming a crescent-shaped region called the peripheral retina, with fewer rod cells located in the central region of the retina known as the fovea.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

Retinal degeneration is a broad term that refers to the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, which are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. This process can lead to vision loss or blindness. There are many different types of retinal degeneration, including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt's disease, among others. These conditions can have varying causes, such as genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type and progression of the condition.

Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:

1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.

Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.

Cone opsins are a type of photopigment protein found in the cone cells of the retina, which are responsible for color vision. There are three types of cone opsins in humans, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light: short-wavelength (S) sensitive cone opsin (also known as blue cone opsin), medium-wavelength (M) sensitive cone opsin (also known as green cone opsin), and long-wavelength (L) sensitive cone opsin (also known as red cone opsin).

These cone opsins are activated by light, which triggers a chemical reaction that sends signals to the brain and enables us to perceive color. Differences in the genes that code for these cone opsins can result in variations in color perception and can contribute to individual differences in color vision. Certain genetic mutations can also lead to various forms of color blindness, including red-green color blindness and blue-yellow color blindness.

Photoreceptor cells in invertebrates are specialized sensory neurons that convert light stimuli into electrical signals. These cells are primarily responsible for the ability of many invertebrates to detect and respond to light, enabling behaviors such as phototaxis (movement towards or away from light) and vision.

Invertebrate photoreceptor cells typically contain light-sensitive pigments that absorb light at specific wavelengths. The most common type of photopigment is rhodopsin, which consists of a protein called opsin and a chromophore called retinal. When light hits the photopigment, it changes the conformation of the chromophore, triggering a cascade of molecular events that ultimately leads to the generation of an electrical signal.

Invertebrate photoreceptor cells can be found in various locations throughout the body, depending on their function. For example, simple eyespots containing a few photoreceptor cells may be scattered over the surface of the body in some species, while more complex eyes with hundreds or thousands of photoreceptors may be present in other groups. In addition to their role in vision, photoreceptor cells can also serve as sensory organs for regulating circadian rhythms, detecting changes in light intensity, and mediating social behaviors.

Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a light-sensitive protein found in the rods of the eye's retina. It is a type of opsin, a class of proteins that are activated by light and play a crucial role in vision. Rhodopsin is composed of two parts: an apoprotein called opsin and a chromophore called 11-cis-retinal. When light hits the retina, it changes the shape of the 11-cis-retinal, which in turn activates the rhodopsin protein. This activation triggers a series of chemical reactions that ultimately lead to the transmission of a visual signal to the brain. Rhodopsin is highly sensitive to light and allows for vision in low-light conditions.

In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:

1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.

Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a medical test used to evaluate the functioning of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The test measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation.

During the procedure, a special contact lens or electrode is placed on the surface of the eye to record the electrical activity generated by the retina's light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other cells in the retina. The test typically involves presenting different levels of flashes of light to the eye while the electrical responses are recorded.

The resulting ERG waveform provides information about the overall health and function of the retina, including the condition of the photoreceptors, the integrity of the inner retinal layers, and the health of the retinal ganglion cells. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

Ocular vision refers to the ability to process and interpret visual information that is received by the eyes. This includes the ability to see clearly and make sense of the shapes, colors, and movements of objects in the environment. The ocular system, which includes the eye and related structures such as the optic nerve and visual cortex of the brain, works together to enable vision.

There are several components of ocular vision, including:

* Visual acuity: the clarity or sharpness of vision
* Field of vision: the extent of the visual world that is visible at any given moment
* Color vision: the ability to distinguish different colors
* Depth perception: the ability to judge the distance of objects in three-dimensional space
* Contrast sensitivity: the ability to distinguish an object from its background based on differences in contrast

Disorders of ocular vision can include refractive errors such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, as well as more serious conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. These conditions can affect one or more aspects of ocular vision and may require medical treatment to prevent further vision loss.

I apologize for any confusion, but "bass" is not a medical term. It is a term that can have several meanings depending on the context. In music, "bass" refers to a low-pitched sound or instrument. In fishing and aquatic biology, "bass" refers to various species of freshwater fish.

If you are looking for a medical term related to the human body, perhaps you meant "brachial basal sulcus" or "basilar artery." If you can provide more context or clarify your question, I would be happy to help further!

Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a light-sensitive pigment found in the rods of the vertebrate retina. It is a complex protein molecule made up of two major components: an opsin protein and retinal, a form of vitamin A. When light hits the retinal in rhodopsin, it changes shape, which initiates a series of chemical reactions leading to the activation of the visual pathway and ultimately results in vision. This process is known as phototransduction. Rhodopsin plays a crucial role in low-light vision or scotopic vision.

Opsins are a type of protein that are sensitive to light and play a crucial role in vision. They are found in the photoreceptor cells of the retina, which are the specialized cells in the eye that detect light. Opsins are activated by light, which triggers a series of chemical reactions that ultimately result in the transmission of a signal to the brain, allowing us to see.

There are several different types of opsins, including rhodopsin and the cone pigments, which are found in the rods and cones of the retina, respectively. Rhodopsin is responsible for dim-light vision, while the cone pigments are involved in color vision and bright-light vision.

Opsins belong to a larger family of proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are involved in many different physiological processes in the body. In addition to their role in vision, opsins have also been found to be involved in other light-dependent processes, such as the regulation of circadian rhythms and the entrainment of the biological clock.

Cetomacrogol is not a medical term in and of itself, but it is the generic name for a type of medication known as an emulsifying ointment. Emulsifying ointments are used to help moisturize and soften dry, scaly, or cracked skin. Cetomacrogol is a combination of two ingredients: cetostearyl alcohol and macrogol cetosteraryl ether. These ingredients work together to form a barrier on the skin that helps to lock in moisture and protect the skin from irritants.

Cetomacrogol ointment is often used to treat conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and ichthyosis, which can cause dry, itchy, and scaly skin. It may also be used to help heal minor cuts, burns, and other skin injuries.

Like all medications, cetomacrogol ointment can have side effects, although they are generally mild and uncommon. These may include skin irritation, stinging, or burning at the site of application. If you experience any severe or persistent side effects while using cetomacrogol ointment, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider.

Dark adaptation is the process by which the eyes adjust to low levels of light. This process allows the eyes to become more sensitive to light and see better in the dark. It involves the dilation of the pupils, as well as chemical changes in the rods and cones (photoreceptor cells) of the retina. These changes allow the eye to detect even small amounts of light and improve visual acuity in low-light conditions. Dark adaptation typically takes several minutes to occur fully, but can be faster or slower depending on various factors such as age, prior exposure to light, and certain medical conditions. It is an important process for maintaining good vision in a variety of lighting conditions.

Retinal pigments refer to the light-sensitive chemicals found in the retina, specifically within the photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The main types of retinal pigments are rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) in rods and iodopsins in cones. These pigments play a crucial role in the process of vision by absorbing light and initiating a series of chemical reactions that ultimately trigger nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Rhodopsin is more sensitive to lower light levels and is responsible for night vision, while iodopsins are sensitive to specific wavelengths of light and contribute to color vision.

Urodela is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in the field of biology. It refers to a group of amphibians commonly known as newts and salamanders. These creatures are characterized by their slender bodies, moist skin, and four legs. They undergo a process of metamorphosis during their development, transitioning from an aquatic larval stage to a terrestrial adult stage.

While not a medical term itself, understanding the biology and ecology of Urodela can be relevant in fields such as environmental health and toxicology, where these animals may serve as indicators of ecosystem health or potential subjects for studying the effects of pollutants on living organisms.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "darkness." In general, darkness refers to the absence of light. It is not a term that is commonly used in the medical field, and it does not have a specific clinical meaning. If you have a question about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to try to help you understand it.

Light signal transduction is a biological process that refers to the way in which cells convert light signals into chemical or electrical responses. This process typically involves several components, including a light-sensitive receptor (such as a photopigment), a signaling molecule (like a G-protein or calcium ion), and an effector protein that triggers a downstream response.

In the visual system, for example, light enters the eye and activates photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cells contain a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin, which undergoes a chemical change when struck by a photon of light. This change triggers a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to the transmission of visual information to the brain.

Light signal transduction is also involved in other biological processes, such as the regulation of circadian rhythms and the synthesis of vitamin D. In these cases, specialized cells contain light-sensitive receptors that allow them to detect changes in ambient light levels and adjust their physiology accordingly.

Overall, light signal transduction is a critical mechanism by which organisms are able to sense and respond to their environment.

A rod cell outer segment is a specialized structure in the retina of the eye that is responsible for photoreception, or the conversion of light into electrical signals. Rod cells are one of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina, with the other type being cone cells. Rod cells are more sensitive to light than cone cells and are responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

The outer segment of a rod cell is a long, thin structure that contains stacks of discs filled with the visual pigment rhodopsin. When light hits the rhodopsin molecules in the discs, it causes a chemical reaction that leads to the activation of a signaling pathway within the rod cell. This ultimately results in the generation of an electrical signal that is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.

The outer segment of a rod cell is constantly being regenerated and broken down through a process called shedding and renewal. The tips of the outer segments are shed and phagocytosed by cells called retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which help to maintain the health and function of the rod cells.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina - a light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina converts light into electrical signals which are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images.

In RP, the cells that detect light (rods and cones) degenerate more slowly than other cells in the retina, leading to a progressive loss of vision. Symptoms typically begin in childhood with night blindness (difficulty seeing in low light), followed by a gradual narrowing of the visual field (tunnel vision). Over time, this can lead to significant vision loss and even blindness.

The condition is usually inherited and there are several different genes that have been associated with RP. The diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of genetic testing, family history, and clinical examination. Currently, there is no cure for RP, but researchers are actively working to develop new treatments that may help slow or stop the progression of the disease.

Arrestin is a type of protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in cells. These receptors are involved in various cellular responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules.

When a signaling molecule binds to a GPCR, it activates the receptor and triggers a cascade of intracellular events, including the activation of G proteins. Arrestin binds to the activated GPCR and prevents further interaction with G proteins, effectively turning off the signal.

There are two main types of arrestins: visual arrestin (or rod arrestin) and non-visual arrestins (which include β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2). Visual arrestin is primarily found in the retina and plays a role in regulating the light-sensitive proteins rhodopsin and cone opsin. Non-visual arrestins, on the other hand, are expressed throughout the body and regulate various GPCRs involved in diverse physiological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and migration.

By modulating GPCR signaling, arrestins help maintain proper cellular function and prevent overactivation of signaling pathways that could lead to disease. Dysregulation of arrestin function has been implicated in various pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides, which are important second messengers in various cellular signaling pathways. Among the different types of PDEs, type 6 (PDE6) is specifically expressed in the photoreceptor cells of the retina and is involved in the visual signal transduction cascade.

PDE6 is composed of two catalytic subunits, PDE6α and PDE6β, which are arranged in a heterodimeric complex. These subunits have distinct roles in the enzyme's activity: PDE6α contains the catalytic site that hydrolyzes cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to GMP, while PDE6β regulates the activity of PDE6α through its inhibitory γ subunit.

In the visual signal transduction pathway, light stimulation leads to the activation of rhodopsin, which triggers a cascade of events that ultimately results in the hydrolysis of cGMP by PDE6. This reduction in cGMP levels causes the closure of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in the plasma membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cells and the transmission of visual signals to the brain.

Defects in PDE6 have been implicated in various retinal disorders, including congenital stationary night blindness, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of PDE6 is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these vision-threatening diseases.

Transducin is a G protein found in the rod cells of the retina and plays a crucial role in the visual signal transduction pathway. It is responsible for converting the light-induced isomerization of rhodopsin into a biochemical signal, which ultimately leads to the activation of downstream effectors and the generation of a neural response.

Transducin has three subunits: alpha (Tα), beta (Tβ), and gamma (Tγ). When light activates rhodopsin, it interacts with the Tα subunit, causing it to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the Tβγ complex. The activated Tα then interacts with a downstream effector called phosphodiesterase (PDE), which leads to the hydrolysis of cGMP and the closure of cGMP-gated ion channels in the plasma membrane. This results in the hyperpolarization of the rod cell, which is the initial step in the visual signal transduction pathway.

Overall, transducin is a key player in the conversion of light energy into neural signals, allowing us to see and perceive our visual world.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Goldfish" is not a term used in medical definitions. Goldfish are small domesticated fish that are often kept as pets. They belong to the family Cyprinidae and the genus Carassius. The most common species of goldfish is Carassius auratus. If you have any questions about goldfish or their care, I might be able to help with some general information, but for specific medical concerns, it would be best to consult a veterinarian.

The retinal photoreceptor cells, namely rods and cones, are specialized neurons in the retina responsible for converting light into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. The outer segment of a retinal photoreceptor cell is the portion of the cell where phototransduction primarily occurs. It contains stacks of disc-like structures filled with the visual pigment rhodopsin, which absorbs light and initiates the conversion process.

The outer segment is continuously renewed through a process called shedding and phagocytosis, in which the oldest discs at the base of the outer segment are shed, engulfed by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and degraded. This turnover helps maintain the sensitivity and functionality of the photoreceptor cells.

In summary, the retinal photoreceptor cell outer segment is a highly specialized compartment where light absorption and initial signal transduction occur in rods and cones, supported by continuous renewal through shedding and phagocytosis.

Growth cones are specialized structures found at the tips of growing neurites (axons and dendrites) during the development and regeneration of the nervous system. They were first described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the late 19th century. Growth cones play a crucial role in the process of neurogenesis, guiding the extension and pathfinding of axons to their appropriate targets through a dynamic interplay with environmental cues. These cues include various guidance molecules, such as netrins, semaphorins, ephrins, and slits, which bind to receptors on the growth cone membrane and trigger intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately determine the direction of axonal outgrowth.

Morphologically, a growth cone consists of three main parts: the central domain (or "C-domain"), the peripheral domain (or "P-domain"), and the transition zone connecting them. The C-domain contains microtubules and neurofilaments, which provide structural support and transport materials to the growing neurite. The P-domain is rich in actin filaments and contains numerous membrane protrusions called filopodia and lamellipodia, which explore the environment for guidance cues and facilitate motility.

The dynamic behavior of growth cones allows them to navigate complex environments, make decisions at choice points, and ultimately form precise neural circuits during development. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate growth cone function is essential for developing strategies to promote neural repair and regeneration in various neurological disorders and injuries.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

Cone photoreceptor development and cell death mechanisms during retinal degeneration in mouse models of Achromatopsia. *dos ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/projects/cone-photoreceptor-development-and-cell-death-mechanisms-during

"Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells" by people in this website by year, and whether "Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells" was a major ... "Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells". ...

https://researchers.childrensmercy.org/display/19481

Cell adhesion molecules are known to play a pivotal … ... Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells * Retinal Rod Photoreceptor ... we also observe a decrease in rod-driven retinal responses with disruption of Nfasc function but not in cone-driven responses. ... Neurofascin Is a Novel Component of Rod Photoreceptor Synapses in the Outer Retina Front Neural Circuits. 2021 Feb 10:15:635849 ... Cell adhesion molecules are known to play a pivotal role in assembling neural circuits. They serve as recognition molecules ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33643000/

... it has been controversial whether the same requirement holds for cone … ... Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / physiology* * Rod Opsins / pharmacology * Vision, Ocular / physiology* * Vision, Ocular / ... Mouse cone photoreceptors express two distinct visual arrestins: Arr1 and Arr4. By means of recordings from cones of mice with ... Arrestin-independent inactivation is 70-fold more rapid in cones than in rods, however. Dual arrestin expression in cones could ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18701071/

... mice to blue light not only induces cone cell death but also disrupts the inner blood-retinal barrier. Macular edema in humans ... Recently, we generated R91W;Nrl−/− double-mutant mice, which display a well-ordered all-cone retina with normal retinal ... Microglia/macrophage infiltration at the site of injury was more pronounced in the all-cone retina of R91W;Nrl−/− than in wt ... This was accompanied by retinal swelling and the appearance of cystoid spaces in both inner and ONLs of R91W;Nrl−/− mice ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/cddis2015333?error=cookies_not_supported&code=78ef971f-36d1-4a57-99ad-147c05af6358

November 2012). "Taurine deficiency damages retinal neurones: cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells". Amino Acids. 43 ... The retinal toxicity of vigabatrin can be attributed to a taurine depletion. Due to safety issues, the Vigabatrin REMS Program ... In 2003, vigabatrin was shown by Frisén and Malmgren to cause irreversible diffuse atrophy of the retinal nerve fiber layer in ... Buncic JR, Westall CA, Panton CM, Munn JR, MacKeen LD, Logan WJ (2004). "Characteristic retinal atrophy with secondary "inverse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigabatrin

The ophthalmic preparations may be supplemented with oral intake of various retinal photoreceptors vision supporting lutein, ... Night blindness and decreased night vision is associated with retinal diseases such as dry age related macular degeneration, ... 210000000964 Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells Anatomy 0.000 description 2 * 210000003994 Retinal Ganglion Cells Anatomy 0.000 ... The retinas light-sensing cells are rods and cones. The "cones" are specialized photoreceptor cells. They fill the central ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120157377

Elisa Cuevas: Retinal organoids lacking NRL are rich in blue cone cells at expense of rod photoreceptors ... NRL−/− gene edited human embryonic stem cells generate rod‐deficient retinal organoids enriched in S‐cone‐like photoreceptors ( ... Isolation and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Human Fetal and iPSC-Derived Cone Photoreceptor Cells - PubMed (nih.gov) ... Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Retinal Development Identifies NFI Factors as Regulating Mitotic Exit and Late-Born Cell ...

https://www.nei.nih.gov/about/goals-and-accomplishments/nei-research-initiatives/regenerative-medicine/nei-office-regenerative-medicine-vision-innovation-seminars

Light that enters the eye activates rod and cone photoreceptors, which then activates retinal ganglion cells. A signal travels ... known as bipolar cells. In a healthy eye, bipolar cells receive signals from photoreceptor cells across a synapse and then ... Zack, Gamm, and their teams plan to study precursor photoreceptor cells derived from human stem cells to determine what factors ... retinal damage induces Muller glia to reprogram and re-enter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitor cells, which are ...

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/six-teams-seek-identify-biological-factors-influence-neural-regeneration

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells Medicine & Life Sciences 17% * Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells Medicine & Life Sciences 16% ... with severely reduced retinal rod and cone function. The degree of deterioration correlated well with increasing age. The mfERG ... with severely reduced retinal rod and cone function. The degree of deterioration correlated well with increasing age. The mfERG ... with severely reduced retinal rod and cone function. The degree of deterioration correlated well with increasing age. The mfERG ...

https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/characterization-of-macular-structure-and-function-in-two-swedish

Induction of rod versus cone photoreceptor-specific progenitors from retinal precursor cells. Khalili S, Ballios BG, Belair- ... SINGLE CELL GENOMICS, PREPRINT. *. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: A New Window into Cell Scale Dynamics. Dasgupta S, Bader GD, ... Cell Stem Cell. 2022 Sep 1;29(9):1382-1401. PubMed Abstract - PDF. SINGLE CELL GENOMICS. ... Cell Stem Cell. 2020;S1934-5909(20)30274-5. PubMed Abstract - PDF. SINGLE CELL GENOMICS. ...

http://baderlab.org/Publications

26. Lrit1, a Retinal Transmembrane Protein, Regulates Selective Synapse Formation in Cone Photoreceptor Cells and Visual Acuity ... 51. Amelioration of NK cell function driven by V alpha 24(+) invariant NKT cell activation in multiple myeloma Author(s): Iyoda ... 13. Suppression of DELLA signaling induces procambial cell formation in culture Author(s): Yamazaki, Kyoko; Kondo, Yuki; Kojima ... 45. Fluorogenic Detection of Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Live Cells Author(s): Bera, Kallol; Das, Anand Kant; Rakshit, ...

https://www.riken.jp/pr/publications/papers/180411-180417/

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/pathology. *Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/physiology*. *Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/ ... Her9/Hes4 is required for retinal photoreceptor development, maintenance, and survival. Authors Coomer, C.E., Wilson, S.G., ... The reduction in rods and red/green cones correlated with defects in photoreceptor subtype lineage specification. The remaining ... Her9 homozygous mutants displayed striking retinal phenotypes, including decreased numbers of rods and red/green cones, whereas ...

http://zfin.org/ZDB-PUB-200711-8

Normal vision relies on the function of cells called cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. In patients with ... These researchers have shown that isolated retinal stem cells can generate cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial ... In this study, the researchers will isolate mouse adult retinal stem cells and enrich them for cone photoreceptors by ... In this study, the researchers will isolate mouse adult retinal stem cells and enrich them for cone photoreceptors by ...

https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/grant/retinal-stem-cells-transplantation-macular-degeneration

... arise primarily from mutations in transcripts expressed in rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. ... The retina is a complex tissue in the back of the eye that contains the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptors ... Gene therapy into photoreceptors and Muller glial cells restores retinal structure and function in CRB1 retinitis pigmentosa ... Retinoschisin gene therapy in photoreceptors, Muller glia or all retinal cells in the Rs1h-/- mouse. Gene Ther 21, 585-592 ( ...

https://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/NEU/flanneryj.html

... an early onset rod/cone retinal cell developmental dysplasia (a dominant trait, much lower in incidence, associated with the ... These include a late onset photoreceptor cell degeneration that typically occurs at 3-5 years of age (a recessive trait ... PRA is caused when the cells at the back of the eye degenerate and lose their function. Some signs to look for are dilated ... The cat liver, however, is poor at metabolizing fat, causing a buildup of fat in the cells of the liver, leading to fatty liver ...

https://tica.org/resources/our-newsroom/science-newsletter/tica-science-newsletter-volume-2-december-2018

... to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal lesions is abnormalities in the internal limiting membrane formed by Müller cells ... Fukutin, responsible for FCMD, and α-DG are expressed in Müller cells. Moreover, fukutin may be involved in synaptic functions ... of retinal neurons through the glycosylation of α-DG. In this chapter, ocular lesions of fetal and child FCMD patients are ... Clinical ocular manifestations are myopia, strabismus, retinal detachment, and so on. Since the retina has a structure partly ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64946

Mutations in the polyglutamylase gene TTLL5, expressed in photoreceptor cells and spermatozoa, are associated with cone-rod ... Attenuation of the retinal nerve fibre layer and reduced retinal function assessed by optical coherence tomography and full- ... Cone implicit time as a predictor of visual outcome in macular hole surgery.. Andréasson, S. & Ghosh, F., 2014, I: Graefes ... Retinal structure in young patients aged 10 years or less with Best vitelliform macular dystrophy.. Schatz, P., Sharon, D., Al- ...

https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/persons/sten-andr%C3%A9asson/publications/

The team examined three forms of retinal degenerative diseases, rod cone dysplasia 1 being the most severe, or earliest onset, ... the time before the peak level of photoreceptor cell death; the "execution phase," when the highest rates of photoreceptor cell ... "We were focusing on what would happen with the photoreceptor cells, the cells that we knew were dying," Beltran said. "But what ... All of these diseases involve the death of photoreceptor cells and each is caused by a distinct genetic mutation. But what ...

https://mvrf.org/mvrf-supported-study-penn-discovers-cell-death-pathway-3-forms-blindness/

The differentiation of photoreceptors from multipotent retinal progenitor cells is orchestrated by the combinatorial and ... The murine cone photoreceptor: a single cone type expresses both S and M opsins with retinal spatial patterning ... Pias3 is necessary for dorso-ventral patterning and visual response of retinal cones but is not required for rod photoreceptor ... Physiological features of the S- and M-cone photoreceptors of wild-type mice from single-cell recordings ...

https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/6/6/881/1935/Pias3-is-necessary-for-dorso-ventral-patterning

"Even after retinal diseases kill rod and cone photoreceptors - the cells of the retina that take in light - other retinal cells ... "These non-photoreceptor cells remain physiologically capable of processing electrical and chemical signals, as in the normal ... will support development and testing of the device in nerve cell preparations including isolated cells obtained from rat ... Engineered molecular device may restore vision lost to retinal diseases. Home/Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences/Ophthalmology ...

https://chicago.medicine.uic.edu/engineered-molecular-device-may-restore-vision-lost-to-retinal-diseases/

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells. Photoreceptors. Photoreceptor Cells. Photoreceptors, Invertebrate. Photoreceptor Cells, ... Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Pulmonary. Plasma Cell Granuloma, Pulmonary. C11 - Eye Diseases. Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital. ... G04 - Cell Physiological Phenomena. Cell Physiology. Cell Physiological Phenomena. G05 - Genetic Phenomena. Trans-Activation ( ... Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells. A10 - Tissues. Muscle Fibers. Muscle Fibers, Skeletal. A11 - Cells. Erythroid Progenitor Cells ...

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2009.htm

In this study, we identified a new player in assembling neural circuits in the outer retina, the L1-family cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin (Nfasc). (nih.gov)
Recently, we generated R91W;Nrl −/− double-mutant mice, which display a well-ordered all-cone retina with normal retinal vasculature and a strong photopic function that generates useful vision. (nature.com)
Microglia/macrophage infiltration at the site of injury was more pronounced in the all-cone retina of R91W;Nrl −/− than in wt mice. (nature.com)
Thus, the R91W;Nrl −/− mouse constitutes a model with a well-ordered and functional all-cone retina. (nature.com)
Goldberg and colleagues have demonstrated through a series of interventions in mice with optic nerve injury that they can successfully regenerate retinal ganglion cells axons, which form the optic nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (nih.gov)
They expect their studies to identify a list of small molecules and candidate genes that contribute to the ability of photoreceptor cells to home in on their appropriate target cells in the retina, known as bipolar cells. (nih.gov)
When these retinal stem cells are transplanted into mouse eyes, they are able to integrate into the host retina and develop correctly. (brightfocus.org)
The retina is a complex tissue in the back of the eye that contains the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. (berkeley.edu)
The retina is susceptible to a number of blinding diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and other inherited retinal degenerations. (berkeley.edu)
In particular, for retinal gene therapy it would be highly advantageous to transduce a single cell type that spans the entire retina after an intravitreal injection of a gene delivery vehicle for the subsequent secretion of a general neuroprotective factor throughout the retina. (berkeley.edu)
An additional surprise was that the differentially expressed proteins were present not only in photoreceptor cells but also in other cells in the retina, including horizontal and Müller cells. (mvrf.org)
Even after retinal diseases kill rod and cone photoreceptors - the cells of the retina that take in light - other retinal cells often remain healthy," said Dr. Pepperberg, the Searls-Schenk Professor of Ophthalmology at the UIC College of Medicine and principal investigator on the project. (uic.edu)
These non-photoreceptor cells remain physiologically capable of processing electrical and chemical signals, as in the normal retina, but in the absence of functioning rods and cones, they lack light-responsive input signals," Dr. Pepperberg said. (uic.edu)
Our research seeks to answer both basic and translational questions related to the retina and especially focuses on photoreceptors which initiate the visual process. (nih.gov)
How are specific cell numbers and their organization with the retina determined? (nih.gov)
Our investigations utilize in vivo mouse retina and human retinal organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells as study systems. (nih.gov)
Our lab develops and uses adaptive optics, eye movement correction and optical microscopy technologies to improve the non-invasive visualization of the retina to the point that individual retinal structure and function and can be visualized at the cellular and even sub-cellular scale. (stanford.edu)
Recently, it was shown that by using a larger, offset pinhole in the AO detection unit, images that capture multiply scattered light (as opposed to direct backscatter) can reveal the tiny retinal vasculature network of the human retina with unprecedented clarity. (bostonphotonics.org)
In humans, CERKL mutations cause widespread retinal degeneration: early dysfunction and loss of rod and cone photoreceptors in the outer retina and, progressively, death of cells in the inner retina. (duke.edu)
As cones comprise only 2-3% of the total photoreceptor population in the wild-type mouse retina, we generated mouse lines with CNG channel deficiency on a cone-dominant background, i.e. (cipsm.de)
Figures 323 & 324 from Chapter 13 (Cilia and Flagella) of 'The Cell' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. The outer segments of the rods and cones of the vertebrate retina and many photoreceptors of invertebrates b. (cellimagelibrary.org)
1 ) is to develop transplantable photoreceptors that can integrate into the retina, restore light sensitivity and, hopefully, restore vision. (amegroups.org)
Within the retina, the NYX and CACNA1F proteins are located on the surface of light-detecting cells called photoreceptors. (medlineplus.gov)
Retinal nerve fibers exit the eye through the optic nerve, located nasally and on the same plane as the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
The outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium, is tightly attached to the choroid. (medscape.com)
Assuming that the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous) are not cloudy, the living retina can be examined using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope or a retinal lens at the slit lamp. (medscape.com)
In addition, the retina may be photographed using a retinal camera. (medscape.com)
The retina, with the exception of the blood vessels coursing through it, is transparent to the examiner up to its outer layer, the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
The examiner sees the neurosensory retina against the background orange color of the melanin containing retinal pigment epithelium and blood-filled choroidal layer of the eye. (medscape.com)
There is a potential space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
In a retinal detachment, this space fills with fluid and detaches the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
The central area of the retina, called the macula , contains a high density of color-sensitive photoreceptor (light-sensing) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
The peripheral area of the retina, which surrounds the macula, contains photoreceptor cells called rods , which respond to lower light levels but are not color sensitive. (msdmanuals.com)
The central retinal artery (the other major source of blood to the retina) reaches the retina near the optic nerve and then branches out within the retina. (msdmanuals.com)
Blood drains from the retina into branches of the central retinal vein . (msdmanuals.com)

As the incidence of cone degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration is expected to rise in the future, the understanding of cone physiology and pathophysiology is urgently needed to develop therapeutic approaches for the preservation of cone-mediated vision in patients. (nature.com)
Dr. Bo Chen's research focuses on mechanistic and therapeutic studies of retinal degenerative diseases caused by loss of photoreceptors or retinal ganglion cells, such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. (nih.gov)
Many common eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, put these cells at risk. (nih.gov)
Gene therapy has great potential for treating retinal diseases including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and inherited photoreceptor diseases. (berkeley.edu)
Full-field Electroretinography in Age-related Macular Degeneration: can retinal electrophysiology predict the subjective visual outcome of cataract surgery? (lu.se)
According to Dr. Pepperberg, success in this early work and in future studies that test the technology in animal experiments could lead to a new type of molecular therapy for macular degeneration and related photoreceptor degenerative diseases. (uic.edu)
Dysfunction or loss of photoreceptors is the primary cause of vision impairment in almost all cases of retinal and macular degeneration. (nih.gov)
Gagliardi G, Ben M'Barek K, Goureau O. Photoreceptor cell replacement in macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa: A pluripotent stem cell-based approach. (amegroups.org)
It has been estimated that by 2020 there will be almost 200 million people worldwide losing sight because of dying photoreceptors in age related macular degeneration (AMD). (amegroups.org)

The team examined three forms of retinal degenerative diseases, rod cone dysplasia 1 being the most severe, or earliest onset, followed by X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 2 and then early retinal degeneration. (mvrf.org)
Both address the overall goal of engineering devices to establish light-sensitivity and vision in patients with photoreceptor degenerative diseases. (uic.edu)
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with several degenerative diseases, including retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)

Normal vision relies on the function of cells called cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. (brightfocus.org)
These researchers have shown that isolated retinal stem cells can generate cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. (brightfocus.org)
Inherited forms of retinal degeneration, which afflict 1 in 3000 people worldwide, arise primarily from mutations in transcripts expressed in rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial cells. (berkeley.edu)
The adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports many of the retina's metabolic functions. (berkeley.edu)
This suggested that CERKL may regulate the phagocytosis of OSs by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (duke.edu)
Localisation of the human blue cone pigment gene to chromosome band 7q31.3-32. (ox.ac.uk)
Blue cone pigment (BCP) is one of three types of cone photoreceptors responsible for normal colour vision. (ox.ac.uk)
The largest need for transplants in AMD is for the two cell types most affected, namely cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (amegroups.org)
Clinical evidence for neovascularization includes retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) elevation, subretinal hemorrhage, and/or the presence of exudate. (medscape.com)
The atrophic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) demonstrates staining of the underlying choroidal vasculature. (medscape.com)
The atrophic areas are easily distinguished by the hyperfluorescence of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the mid phase of the angiogram. (medscape.com)
Note the even pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium and the absence of any yellow excrescences (drusen) in the fovea. (medscape.com)
A few areas of atrophy are noted, where the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has lost pigmentation. (medscape.com)
The neuroretina is tightly attached to the underlying retinal pigment only at the margins of the optic nerve and at the ora serrata. (medscape.com)

Light that enters the eye activates rod and cone photoreceptors, which then activates retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
In this next research phase they hope to identify genes and proteins that help or hinder this ability of retinal ganglion cells to regenerate, grow axons to a target and become functional in mice. (nih.gov)
In a healthy eye, bipolar cells receive signals from photoreceptor cells across a synapse and then transmit this information either directly or indirectly to retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
Strittmatter and his team also are searching for genes that contribute to the regeneration of axons from retinal ganglion cells. (nih.gov)
Math5-null mutation results in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and in a concurrent increase of amacrine and cone cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a subset of retinal ganglion cells that respond to light independently from rod and cone photoreceptor input. (indianactsi.org)
Retinal ganglion cells can be purified and matured in vitro to generate models for optic neuropathies. (indianactsi.org)
Dr. Piri's research is aimed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to retinal ganglion cells (RGC) death in glaucoma. (uclahealth.org)
Gene and protein expression studies may lead to a better understanding of the regulatory events involved in RGC apoptosis, and provide molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic agents with neuroprotective effects in order to prevent or delay the loss of ganglion cells in glaucoma. (uclahealth.org)

To study these conditions, his laboratory pursues two main strategies: neuroprotective strategy to save existing retinal neurons and neural regenerative strategy to produce new retinal neurons. (nih.gov)
Moreover, fukutin may be involved in synaptic functions of retinal neurons through the glycosylation of α-DG. (intechopen.com)
Any damage to retinal neurons can have devastating consequences, including loss of vision. (nih.gov)
However, it remains unclear whether there is a cell fate switch of Math5-lineage cells in the absence of Math5 and whether MATH5 cell-autonomously regulates the differentiation of the above retinal neurons. (elsevierpure.com)

Generating appropriate synapses between photoreceptor and bipolar cells is an essential step in restoring vision through photoreceptor transplantation. (nih.gov)
In the absence of Math5, more Math5-lineage cells undergo cell fate conversion from RGCs to the above retinal cell subtypes, and occasionally to cone-bipolar cells and Müller cells. (elsevierpure.com)
In cone photoreceptors, similar to bipolar cells, fusion of the initial ribbon-associated synaptic vesicle cohort was not blocked by the SNARE complex-inhibiting peptide, whereas a later phase of exocytosis, attributable to the recruitment and subsequent fusion of vesicles newly arrived at the synaptic ribbons, was blocked. (nebraska.edu)
CAR affects both rods and cones, whereas MAR is typically characterized by antibodies directed toward bipolar cells that interfere with rod function. (medscape.com)
Epifluorescent, light and confocal microscopy studies, and Western blots demonstrated that late-born rod photoreceptors and rod and cone bipolar cells, but not Müller glial cells, increased in a nonmonotonic manner by 16-30% in PN60 GLE offspring. (cdc.gov)
The NYX and CACNA1F proteins ensure that visual signals are passed from rods and cones to other retinal cells called bipolar cells, which is an essential step in the transmission of visual information from the eyes to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the NYX or CACNA1F gene disrupt the transmission of visual signals between photoreceptors and retinal bipolar cells, which impairs vision. (medlineplus.gov)

In people with the incomplete form of the condition (resulting from CACNA1F mutations), rods and cones are both affected, although they retain some ability to detect light. (medlineplus.gov)

What are intrinsic control mechanisms that lead to photoreceptor cell fate from retinal progenitors? (nih.gov)

To date, most gene therapies have targeted monogenic recessive retinal diseases and employed viral vectors to transfer a 'normal ' copy of the mutated gene to the affected cell. (berkeley.edu)
We are currently developing animal models of inherited retinal diseases to study the disease processes. (berkeley.edu)
Development of effective treatments for retinal diseases. (berkeley.edu)
Another promising strategy for dominantly inherited retinal diseases involves directly targeting the mutant mRNA product using Talens, CRISPR , and siRNA constructs. (berkeley.edu)
We find that gene therapy has vast potential for treating and potentially curing a number of inherited photoreceptor diseases. (berkeley.edu)
Hoping to develop a treatment that works more broadly across diseases, a Penn Vet team used canine disease models to closely examine how retinal gene activity varied during the progression of three different forms of inherited vision disease. (mvrf.org)
Their results turned up an unexpected commonality: Early on in each of the diseases, genes involved in the same specific pathway of cell death appeared to be activated. (mvrf.org)
These findings point to possible interventions that could curb vision loss across a variety of inherited retinal diseases. (mvrf.org)
All of these diseases involve the death of photoreceptor cells and each is caused by a distinct genetic mutation. (mvrf.org)
We wanted to get a better understanding of whether there are any common cell death or cell survival pathways that could be targeted in some of these diseases. (mvrf.org)
We assumed," Aguirre said, "the diseases would be different from one another and that cells would commit suicide by their own specific pathway and that perhaps quite late they would have a common final pathway. (mvrf.org)
Genini, Beltran and Aguirre say their results suggest that these drugs or similar ones might have a role to play in the retinal diseases they investigated and perhaps in others that their team is currently studying. (mvrf.org)
Ciliopathies are diseases that affect the cilia, sensory organelles that most mammalian cells possess and which play a critical role in many biological functions. (news-medical.net)
Retinal and macular diseases are a major cause of visual impairment and affect the quality of life of millions worldwide. (nih.gov)
Our compact, simplified research instruments can be used by ophthalmologists, optometrists, and vision scientists and will facilitate the introduction of this technology and the development of new techniques to detect and treat retinal diseases. (bostonphotonics.org)
Oxidative stress plays a key role in driving pathological events in several different ocular diseases, which lead to retinal degeneration and ultimately blindness. (mdpi.com)

The intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate vertebrate photoreceptor specification and differentiation are complex, and our understanding of all the players is far from complete. (zfin.org)
Our results reveal a previously undescribed role for Her9/Hes4 in photoreceptor differentiation, maintenance, and survival. (zfin.org)
We previously discovered that that Maf-family bZIP transcription factor NRL is critical for rod photoreceptor fate and functional differentiation, and that loss of NRL leads to S-cones instead of rods. (nih.gov)
This change in cell fate choices is accompanied by an up-regulation of NEUROD1, RXR and BHLHB5, the transcription factors essential for the differentiation of retinal cells other than RGCs. (elsevierpure.com)
To address these questions, particularly in a human-relevant system, we have focused upon the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to assess their ability to give rise to RGCs, with a particular emphasis upon ipRGC differentiation. (indianactsi.org)
By immunostaining for cell type specific markers, I have documented the different stages of retinal differentiation and provided insight into the mechanisms of ipRGC differentiation. (indianactsi.org)
A ) Morphology of Nrl -GFP wild-type (WT) and rd16 retinal organoids differentiated from mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) at various differentiation time points. (elifesciences.org)

The electron micrograph in the top panel shows two invaginating synapses between cone and horizontal cells in the outer p. (cellimagelibrary.org)

Researchers recently reported a technique that increases the regenerative capacity of retinal axons in a mouse model of optic nerve injury, a model commonly used to study glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. (nih.gov)
There is no retinal tissue overlying the optic nerve head. (medscape.com)
The optic nerve carries signals generated by the photoreceptors (cones and rods). (msdmanuals.com)
Each photoreceptor is joined to the optic nerve by a tiny nerve branch. (msdmanuals.com)
The optic nerve is connected to nerve cells that carry signals to the vision center of the brain, where they are interpreted as visual images. (msdmanuals.com)
The central retinal vein exits the eye within the optic nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
A novel retinal lesion following the anatomic distribution of the optic nerve axons occurred in 14.6% (97.5% CI 7.1%-25.6%) of EVD survivors and no controls, suggesting neuronal transmission as a route of ocular entry. (cdc.gov)
This is the point where the retinal arterioles and optic nerve enter the rear of the eyeball. (cdc.gov)

The two-year research project, "Nanoparticle-based Photo-activator of Voltage-gated Sodium Channels," will support development and testing of the device in nerve cell preparations including isolated cells obtained from rat retinas. (uic.edu)

Our data reveals Nfasc is expressed in the synaptic layer where photoreceptors make synaptic connections to their respective partners. (nih.gov)
Disruption of Nfasc using a conditional knockout allele results in selective loss of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in the rod synaptic layer but not in the cone synaptic layer. (nih.gov)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy rcd4 is an eye disease that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. (genocan.eu)

Little is known about the mechanisms underlying macular degenerations, mainly for the scarcity of adequate experimental models to investigate cone cell death. (nature.com)
Blue light exposure of the R91W;Nrl −/− mouse could therefore be used to study molecular events preceding edema formation in a cone-rich environment, and thus potentially help to develop treatment strategies for edema-based complications in macular degenerations. (nature.com)
The inherited retinal degenerations are typified by retinitis pigmentosa (RP), which results in blindness from destruction of photoreceptor cells, and the RPE. (berkeley.edu)
Finding genes for retinal degenerations has immediate benefits for people living with blindness and vision loss, their families, and their physicians. (news-medical.net)
While more than 200 genes for retinal degenerations have been identified, approximately 40-50% of cases remain a mystery. (news-medical.net)
On the other hand, most research on retinal transplantation has focused on the rarer group of inherited rod photoreceptor degenerations collectively known as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). (amegroups.org)

RP causes loss of rod photoreceptors, leading to night-blindness, and a secondary loss of cone photoreceptors eventually leading to complete loss of vision. (amegroups.org)
In people with the complete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (resulting from NYX mutations), the function of rods is severely disrupted, while the function of cones is only mildly affected. (medlineplus.gov)

In particular, we have the examined retinal degeneration in the naturally arising rd mouse strains (defects in the b-subunit of phosphodiesterase). (berkeley.edu)

The remaining rods and double cones displayed abnormal outer segments, and elevated levels of apoptosis. (zfin.org)
During the execution and chronic phases of disease, the researchers identified a number of genes involved in programmed cell death, or apoptosis, that had noticeably different patterns of expression between the diseased and normal dogs. (mvrf.org)
These CERKL-/- animals showed progressive degeneration of photoreceptor outer segments (OSs) and increased apoptosis of retinal cells, including those in the outer and inner retinal layers. (duke.edu)
It has been established that RGCs die by apoptosis in glaucoma, but the exact pathway from death stimulus to cell death is not understood. (uclahealth.org)
In addition, we observed a nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G in CNGA3−/−/Nrl−/− and CNGB3−/−/Nrl−/− retinas, implying a mitochondrial insult in the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated cell death process. (cipsm.de)
TUNEL and confocal studies revealed that GLE did not alter developmental apoptosis or produce retinal injur y. (cdc.gov)

While it is well established that normal inactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin, the GPCR of rod phototransduction, requires arrestin (Arr1), it has been controversial whether the same requirement holds for cone opsin inactivation. (nih.gov)
The photoreceptor sensory cilium is recognized for fast membrane renewal, for which rhodopsin and peripherin/rds (P/rds) play critical roles. (jneurosci.org)
Because rhodopsin is known to traffic through conventional secretion, this study of P/rds suggests that both conventional secretion and unconventional secretion need to cooperate for the renewal of the photoreceptor sensory cilium. (jneurosci.org)
This disk membrane deficiency is one of the most severe among the retinal degeneration models and is comparable to rhodopsin knock-out mice that are also incapable of forming disks. (jneurosci.org)
Immunohistochemical analysis showed decreased levels of rhodopsin and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) proteins and increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and calretinin in WNIN/GR-Ob rats compared with the age-matched lean controls, further supporting cellular stress/damage and retinal degeneration. (molvis.org)
B ) Immunostaining of rod cell marker rhodopsin (RHO, green) and cone cell marker S-opsin (OPN1SW, red) in wild-type (WT) and rd16 organoids treated with non-toxic positive hits (B01-B05). (elifesciences.org)

But what scientists did not know is how the mutations trigger a molecular signaling pathway that leads to the death of photoreceptor cells. (mvrf.org)
How do inherited mutations affect photoreceptor homeostasis and cause cell death? (nih.gov)
Can we find common cellular pathways associated with photoreceptor cell death caused by distinct genetic mutations? (nih.gov)

Low-level gestational lead exposure increases retinal progenitor cell proliferation and rod photoreceptor and bipolar cell neurogenesis in mice. (cdc.gov)
In vivo BrdU pulse-labeling and Ki67 labeling of isolated cells from developing mice showed that GLE increased and prolonged retinal progenitor cell proliferation. (cdc.gov)

The sensory primary cilium of vertebrate photoreceptor cells houses thousands of photosensitive disk membranes that are renewed continuously throughout our lifespan. (jneurosci.org)

By means of recordings from cones of mice with one or both arrestins knocked out, this investigation establishes that a visual arrestin is required for normal cone inactivation. (nih.gov)
While exposure of wt mice resulted in massive pyknosis in a focal region of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), the exposure of R91W;Nrl −/− mice led to additional cell death detected within the inner nuclear layer. (nature.com)
This was accompanied by retinal swelling and the appearance of cystoid spaces in both inner and ONLs of R91W;Nrl −/− mice indicating edema in affected areas. (nature.com)
Collectively, our data suggest that exposure of R91W;Nrl −/− mice to blue light not only induces cone cell death but also disrupts the inner blood-retinal barrier. (nature.com)
4 Therefore, the impact of the R91W mutation on cones can be analyzed without the 'contaminating' presence of rods in R91W;Nrl −/− mice. (nature.com)
They will also test the ability of transplanted adult retinal stem cells to restore vision in mice that lack functioning cone photoreceptors. (brightfocus.org)
Cones degenerate in achromatopsia patients and in CNGA3−/− and CNGB3−/− mice. (cipsm.de)
CNGA3−/−/Nrl−/− and CNGB3−/−/Nrl−/− mice showed impaired cone function, opsin mislocalization, and cone degeneration similar to that in the single knock-out mice. (cipsm.de)
Phenotypes of retinal organoids differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells of Nrl -GFP rd16 mice. (elifesciences.org)

The former edit allows for the purification of RGCs from retinal organoids derived from iPSCs, while the latter edit allows for the identification of ipRGCs among the broader RGC population. (indianactsi.org)

These animal models are the subject of study to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms whereby these gene defects lead to photoreceptor degeneration and hopefully will lead to pilot studies of novel therapies for retinal degeneration. (berkeley.edu)
The answers to these questions will be valuable for delineating pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to photoreceptor cell death. (nih.gov)
Collectively, these data suggest that Math5 regulates the generation of multiple retinal cell types via different mechanisms during retinogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
Distinct cortical and collicular mechanisms of inhibition of return revealed with S cone stimuli. (ox.ac.uk)

The retinal morphology and ultrastructure of WNIN/GR-Ob and age-matched littermate lean rats were studied by microscopy and immunohistochemistry. (molvis.org)

T) gene had clinical features characteristic of RP, with severely reduced retinal rod and cone function. (lu.se)
The mfERG showed only centrally preserved macular function that correlated well with retinal thinning on OCT. The family with a mutation in the RHO (p.R135W) gene had an extreme intrafamilial variability of the phenotype, with more severe disease in the younger generations. (lu.se)
The mother, with a de novo mutation in the RHO (p.R135W) gene, had a normal ffERG, and her retinal degeneration was detected merely with the reduced mfERG. (lu.se)
In addition, gene identification in patients permits us to identify naturally occurring animal models or create new transgenic or knockout animal models with retinal degeneration due to defects in the gene homologs. (berkeley.edu)
In previous work, we have demonstrated significant slowing of photoreceptor degeneration in several animal models following gene transfer of neurotrophic agents. (berkeley.edu)
A new study presented at the 121st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) 2017, for the first time found a novel gene therapy that can improve the eyesight of patients with inherited retinal disease. (news-medical.net)
Patients who had lost their sight to an inherited retinal disease could see well enough to navigate a maze after being treated with a new gene therapy, according to research presented today at AAO 2017, the 121st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. (news-medical.net)
Scientists at Oregon Health & Science University's Casey Eye Institute and Baylor College of Medicine's Cullen Eye Institute published findings from a two-year Phase I clinical trial in the journal Ophthalmology, which showed that children had the greatest benefit from gene therapy for treatment of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) or severe early childhood onset retinal degeneration (SECORD). (news-medical.net)
We are using state-of-the-art next generation sequencing combined with bioinformatic strategies, and developing stem cell-based approaches for gene therapy and drug discovery. (nih.gov)
Scholars@Duke publication: CERKL gene knockout disturbs photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis and causes rod-cone dystrophy in zebrafish. (duke.edu)
Cells were initially edited by the CRISPR/Cas9 system to express the Thy1 gene at the Brn3b locus and the tdTomato gene at the melanopsin locus. (indianactsi.org)
In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. (medlineplus.gov)
In X-linked recessive inheritance, a female with one altered copy of the gene in each cell is called a carrier . (medlineplus.gov)

We are working to create light-sensitive devices of nanoscale dimensions that can interact with specific proteins of the remaining healthy cells and bypass the deteriorated cells. (uic.edu)
Paraneoplastic and autoimmune retinopathies belong to a spectrum of uncommon ophthalmic disorders in which autoantibodies directed at various retinal proteins cause progressive vision loss. (medscape.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Paraneoplastic retinopathies (PR) are characterized by retinal antibodies in the setting of an underlying malignancy, whereas autoimmune retinopathies (AR) are characterized by autoantibodies directed against retinal proteins without a known malignancy. (medscape.com)

Although light affects rod photoreceptors primarily, cones seem to be more resilient surviving for a prolonged period of time after light exposure. (nature.com)
This research has been extended to include how aging affects retinal and photoreceptor function. (nih.gov)
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death and affects efficacies of multiple antitumor regimens, showing a great potential in cancer therapy. (bvsalud.org)

A total of 82 EVD survivors with ocular symptoms and 105 controls from asymptomatic civilian and military personnel and symptomatic eye clinic attendees underwent ophthalmic examination, including widefield retinal imaging. (cdc.gov)

The major observation considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal lesions is abnormalities in the internal limiting membrane formed by Müller cells, which is corresponding to the glia limitans formed by astrocytes in the brain. (intechopen.com)
Two published cases ( 9 - 11 ) and 2 case series ( 7 , 12 ) included fundus imaging, which attribute a range of retinal lesions to Ebola uveitis. (cdc.gov)

The set of up-regulated genes includes genes involved in neuroendocrine processes, cell-cell signaling, neurogenesis and development. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of selected retinal marker genes was studied via real-time PCR. (molvis.org)

Her9 homozygous mutants displayed striking retinal phenotypes, including decreased numbers of rods and red/green cones, whereas blue and UV cones were relatively unaffected. (zfin.org)

6 , 7 High photon flux, oxygen tension and the high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in rod outer segment membranes make rod photoreceptor cells especially vulnerable to photochemical damage. (nature.com)

Retinal, and particularly photoreceptor, transplantation in mammals has been studied for over 70 years. (amegroups.org)

Additionally, in vitro and vivo experiments validated PKD2 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of LUAD cells. (bvsalud.org)
B ) Morphology of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) colonies, ( C ) proliferation rate of iPSCs, and ( D ) photoreceptor primary cilium of organoids were compared between WT and rd16 . (elifesciences.org)

BrdU-birthdating and confocal studies confirmed the selective rod and bipolar cell increases and showed that the patterns of neurogenesis and gliogenesis were unaltered by GLE. (cdc.gov)

[ 9 ] and cancer-associated cone dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Patients with cone-associated retinopathy have dysfunction limited to only cones. (medscape.com)
Individuals with cone dysfunction experience photosensitivity, prolonged glare after light exposure (hemeralopia), reduced visual acuity and central vision, and loss of color vision. (medscape.com)

There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. (childrensmercy.org)

Although AO-enhanced confocal SLO enables high-resolution imaging of the eye fundus, the capillaries are essentially transparent and, in standard, bright-field AO imaging can be difficult to visualize, except for the specular glint from blood cells coursing through them or the shadow they cast on deeper layers. (bostonphotonics.org)

In this study, the researchers will isolate mouse adult retinal stem cells and enrich them for cone photoreceptors by manipulating specific cellular pathways as through a cell sorting technique. (brightfocus.org)
The genetic and biochemical diversity of photoreceptor degnereration presents major challenges for therapy as there are many pathways to cell death. (berkeley.edu)
We are now focused on delineating the transcription factors and signaling pathways that are responsible for generating photoreceptors from retinal progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
The retinal phenotype and potential cell death pathways were examined by functional, biochemical, and immunohistochemical approaches. (cipsm.de)

To investigate this mechanism, electrophysiological and molecular biological techniques were used on human cone and rod photoreceptors. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

While AO has yet to fully transition from research lab to clinic, OCT is now a standard diagnostic procedure for glaucoma, macular holes, macula edema, retinal detachments, and other retinal pathologies. (bostonphotonics.org)

We show that during normal retinogenesis, Math5-lineage cells mostly develop into RGCs, horizontal cells, cone photoreceptors, rod photoreceptors, and amacrine cells. (elsevierpure.com)

Why do we have so many rod photoreceptors since cones are more useful for humans? (nih.gov)

Interestingly, amacrine cells of Math5-lineage cells are predominately of GABAergic, cholinergic, and A2 subtypes, indicating that Math5 plays a role in amacrine subtype specification. (elsevierpure.com)

Zack, Gamm, and their teams plan to study precursor photoreceptor cells derived from human stem cells to determine what factors help coax them into becoming fully developed and connected photoreceptor cells. (nih.gov)
The tissue source issue has been overcome with the introduction of stem cell lines, particularly induced pluripotential stem cells (iPSCs) that can be produced from adult tissues. (amegroups.org)
present a comprehensive review of the current efforts to obtain and use transplantable photoreceptors through the controlled treatment of stem cells. (amegroups.org)

With increasing insight into the molecular etiologies of several inherited retinal and macular dystrophies, studies from ours and many laboratories have defined several promising therapeutic strategies. (berkeley.edu)
The data confirmed that voltage-gated Na + channels were expressed not only in human rods but also in cones by electrophysiological and molecular biological experiments. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
This work investigates the molecular basis of cone degeneration in CNG channel deficiency. (cipsm.de)

We have previously shown that her9 is upregulated during chronic rod photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration in adult zebrafish, but little is known about the role of her9 during retinal development. (zfin.org)
Additionally, we confirmed by immunofluorescence and western-blot that rod degeneration in CERKL-/- zebrafish occurred earlier and was more significant than that in cone cells. (duke.edu)
We conclude that CERKL deficiency in zebrafish may cause rod-cone dystrophy, but not cone-rod dystrophy, while interfering with the phagocytosis function of RPE associated with down-regulation of the expression of MERTK. (duke.edu)

Piri N, Gao Y, Danciger M, Mendoza E, Fishman GA, Farber DB: A transition of G to C in the 5' untranslated region of the cone cGMP-phosphodiesterase gamma subunit and cone-rod dystrophy. (uclahealth.org)

This process is also essential to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of retinal development that can inform models of retinogenesis and may be integral for future RGC transplants and disease modeling. (indianactsi.org)
A very useful early part of their review is a description of retinal development focused on the spatial and temporal expression of transcription factors. (amegroups.org)

8 Cones eventually do die, but secondarily to the loss of rod cells. (nature.com)

Dr. Kroeger is independently investigating the contribution of cell stress modulators during eye development and retinal disease pathologies. (nih.gov)

Progressive loss of photoreceptor cells was observed in WNIN/GR-Ob rats with an onset as early as 3 months. (molvis.org)

Ng L, Ma M, Curran T, Forrest D. Developmental expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta2 protein in cone photoreceptors in the mouse. (childrensmercy.org)

Additionally, loss of Math5 causes the failure of early progenitors to exit cell cycle and leads to a significant increase of Math5-lineage cells remaining in cell cycle. (elsevierpure.com)

WNIN/GR-Ob rats with added glucose intolerance developed retinal degeneration similar to the parent line WNIN/Ob. (molvis.org)

We found that iPSCs can be effectively differentiated into retinal cells, including the formation of 3D retinal organoids. (indianactsi.org)
The advantages of a dividing stem cell pool are well known and include and essentially unlimited supply of cells and the possibility of deriving iPSCs from patients and thus avoiding graft rejection problems. (amegroups.org)

We are also interested in understanding photoreceptor morphogenesis and synapse formation. (nih.gov)

Anatomy9

Organisms3

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs10

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (1/1671)

Formate-induced inhibition of photoreceptor function in methanol intoxication. (2/1671)

Cone signal contributions to electroretinograms [correction of electrograms] in dichromats and trichromats. (3/1671)

Human cone pigment expressed in transgenic mice yields altered vision. (4/1671)

Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (5/1671)

Optical, receptoral, and retinal constraints on foveal and peripheral vision in the human neonate. (6/1671)

Chromatic masking in the (delta L/L, delta M/M) plane of cone-contrast space reveals only two detection mechanisms. (7/1671)

S-cone signals to temporal OFF-channels: asymmetrical connections to postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms. (8/1671)

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells

Photoreceptor Cells

Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate

Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells

Retina

Retinal Degeneration

Eye Proteins

Cone Opsins

Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate

Rod Opsins

Light

Electroretinography

Vision, Ocular

Bass

Rhodopsin

Opsins

Cetomacrogol

Dark Adaptation

Retinal Pigments

Urodela

Darkness

Light Signal Transduction

Rod Cell Outer Segment

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Arrestin

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6

Transducin

Goldfish

Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment

Growth Cones

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect

Photic Stimulation

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates the voltage-gated sustained calcium current in a teleost horizontal cell. (1/1671)

Formate-induced inhibition of photoreceptor function in methanol intoxication. (2/1671)

Cone signal contributions to electroretinograms [correction of electrograms] in dichromats and trichromats. (3/1671)

Human cone pigment expressed in transgenic mice yields altered vision. (4/1671)

Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. (5/1671)

Optical, receptoral, and retinal constraints on foveal and peripheral vision in the human neonate. (6/1671)

Chromatic masking in the (delta L/L, delta M/M) plane of cone-contrast space reveals only two detection mechanisms. (7/1671)

S-cone signals to temporal OFF-channels: asymmetrical connections to postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms. (8/1671)

Cone photoreceptor development and cell death mechanisms during retinal degeneration in mouse models of Achromatopsia -...

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells | Profiles RNS

Neurofascin Is a Novel Component of Rod Photoreceptor Synapses in the Outer Retina

Mouse cones require an arrestin for normal inactivation of phototransduction

Blue light-induced retinal lesions, intraretinal vascular leakage and edema formation in the all-cone mouse retina | Cell Death...

Vigabatrin - Wikipedia

US20120157377A1 - Methods to enhance night vision and treatment of night blindness - Google Patents

NEI Office of Regenerative Medicine: Vision Innovation Seminars | National Eye Institute

Six teams seek to identify biological factors that influence neural regeneration | National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Characterization of macular structure and function in two swedish families with genetically identified autosomal dominant...

Publications - Bader Lab @ The University of Toronto

4月11日-4月17日 | 理化学研究所

ZFIN Publication: Coomer et al., 2020

Retinal Stem Cells for Transplantation in Macular Degeneration | BrightFocus Foundation

John G. Flannery | Molecular and Cell Biology

TICA Science Newsletter - Volume 2 - December 2018

Ocular Pathology of Fukuyama Congenital Muscular Dystrophy | IntechOpen

Sten Andréasson - Forskningsoutput - Lunds universitet

MVRF Supported Study At Penn Discovers Same Cell Death Pathway In 3 Forms Of Blindness - Macula Vision Research Foundation

Pias3 is necessary for dorso-ventral patterning and visual response of retinal cones but is not required for rod photoreceptor...

Engineered molecular device may restore vision lost to retinal diseases | Chicago Medicine

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

DeCS 2009 - Changed terms

Retina35

Macular degeneration9

Degenerative diseases3

Pigment14

Ganglion cells9

Neurons4

Bipolar cells7

Rods and c1

Lead to photore1

Diseases16