Retina. Medical search

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.

The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.

Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Photosensitive proteins expressed in the ROD PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as RHODOPSIN.

INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA containing two processes. They receive inputs from the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and send outputs to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS. The bipolar cells also make lateral connections in the retina with the RETINAL HORIZONTAL CELLS and with the AMACRINE CELLS.

Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

NEURONS in the inner nuclear layer of the RETINA that synapse with both the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and the RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS, as well as other horizontal cells. The horizontal cells modulate the sensory signal.

The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.

Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.

Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).

Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.

Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS family. Their ligands are VITAMIN A-based chromophores.

Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.

The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

The portion of a retinal rod cell situated between the ROD INNER SEGMENT and the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. It contains a stack of photosensitive disk membranes laden with RHODOPSIN.

A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species are the axolotl AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and the closely related tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).

An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.

The absence of light.

Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing RADIATION in CHORDATA animals.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

Diseases of the uvea.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.

A neuronal calcium-sensor protein that is found in ROD PHOTORECEPTORS and CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It interacts with G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 in a Ca2+ dependent manner and plays an important role in PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.

A family of freshwater fish comprising the minnows or CARPS.

An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.

Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

The light sensitive outer portion of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. The outer segment contains a stack of disk membranes laden with photoreceptive pigments (RETINAL PIGMENTS). The outer segment is connected to the inner segment by a PHOTORECEPTOR CONNECTING CILIUM.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A common name for fish of the family Percidae, belonging to the suborder Percoidei, order PERCIFORMES.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.

Congenital, often bilateral, retinal abnormality characterized by the arrangement of outer nuclear retinal cells in a palisading or radiating pattern surrounding a central ocular space. This disorder is sometimes hereditary.

An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

The administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Photosensitive proteins expressed in the CONE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of cone photopigments. Cone opsins are classified by their peak absorption wavelengths.

General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.

Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.

Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of geometry about double bonds. EC 5.2.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.

The administration of substances into the VITREOUS BODY of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.

oko meduzy mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. (1/12697)

Mutations of the oko meduzy (ome) locus cause drastic neuronal patterning defect in the zebrafish retina. The precise, stratified appearance of the wild-type retina is absent in the mutants. Despite the lack of lamination, at least seven retinal cell types differentiate in oko meduzy. The ome phenotype is already expressed in the retinal neuroepithelium affecting morphology of the neuroepithelial cells. Our experiments indicate that previously unknown cell-cell interactions are involved in development of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. In genetically mosaic animals, cell-cell interactions are sufficient to rescue the phenotype of oko meduzy retinal neuroepithelial cells. These cell-cell interactions may play a critical role in the patterning events that lead to differentiation of distinct neuronal laminae in the vertebrate retina. (+info)

The cytoskeletal network controls c-Jun expression and glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity in an antagonistic and cell-type-specific manner. (2/12697)

The physical and functional link between adhesion molecules and the cytoskeletal network suggests that the cytoskeleton might mediate the transduction of cell-to-cell contact signals, which often regulate growth and differentiation in an antagonistic manner. Depolymerization of the cytoskeleton in confluent cell cultures is reportedly sufficient to initiate DNA synthesis. Here we show that depolymerization of the cytoskeleton is also sufficient to repress differentiation-specific gene expression. Glutamine synthetase is a glia-specific differentiation marker gene whose expression in the retinal tissue is regulated by glucocorticoids and is ultimately dependent on glia-neuron cell contacts. Depolymerization of the actin or microtubule network in cells of the intact retina mimics the effects of cell separation, repressing glutamine synthetase induction by a mechanism that involves induction of c-Jun and inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity. Depolymerization of the cytoskeleton activates JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induces c-Jun expression by a signaling pathway that depends on tyrosine kinase activity. Induction of c-Jun expression is restricted to Muller glial cells, the only cells in the tissue that express glutamine synthetase and maintain the ability to proliferate upon cell separation. Our results suggest that the cytoskeletal network might play a part in the transduction of cell contact signals to the nucleus. (+info)

Identification of a novel family of targets of PYK2 related to Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) protein. (3/12697)

The protein tyrosine kinase PYK2 has been implicated in signaling pathways activated by G-protein-coupled receptors, intracellular calcium, and stress signals. Here we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of a novel family of PYK2-binding proteins designated Nirs (PYK2 N-terminal domain-interacting receptors). The three Nir proteins (Nir1, Nir2, and Nir3) bind to the amino-terminal domain of PYK2 via a conserved sequence motif located in the carboxy terminus. The primary structures of Nirs reveal six putative transmembrane domains, a region homologous to phosphatidylinositol (PI) transfer protein, and an acidic domain. The Nir proteins are the human homologues of the Drosophila retinal degeneration B protein (rdgB), a protein implicated in the visual transduction pathway in flies. We demonstrate that Nirs are calcium-binding proteins that exhibit PI transfer activity in vivo. Activation of PYK2 by agents that elevate intracellular calcium or by phorbol ester induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Nirs. Moreover, PYK2 and Nirs exhibit similar expression patterns in several regions of the brain and retina. In addition, PYK2-Nir complexes are detected in lysates prepared from cultured cells or from brain tissues. Finally, the Nir1-encoding gene is located at human chromosome 17p13.1, in proximity to a locus responsible for several human retinal diseases. We propose that the Nir and rdgB proteins represent a new family of evolutionarily conserved PYK2-binding proteins that play a role in the control of calcium and phosphoinositide metabolism downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors. (+info)

Involvement of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase in the Pax-6 gene regulation in neuroretina. (4/12697)

The quail Pax-6 gene is expressed from two promoters named P0 and P1. P0 promoter is under the control of a neuroretina-specific enhancer (EP). This enhancer activates the P0 promoter specifically in neuroretina cells and in a developmental stage-dependent manner. The EP enhancer binds efficiently, as revealed by southwestern experiments, to a 110 kDa protein present in neuroretina cells but not in Quail Embryos Cells and Retinal Pigmented Epithelium which do not express the P0-initiated mRNAs. To study the role of p110 in Pax-6 regulation, we have purified the p110 from neuroretina cells extracts. Based on the peptide sequence of the purified protein, we have identified the p110 as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Using bandshift experiments and footprinting studies, we present evidence that PARP is a component of protein complexes bound to the EP enhancer that increases the on rate of the protein complex formation to DNA. Using PARP inhibitors (3AB and 6.5 Hphe), we show that these products are able to inhibit EP enhancer activity in neuroretina cells. Finally, we demonstrate that these inhibitors are able to decrease the expression of the P0-initiated mRNA in the MC29-infected RPE cells which, in contrast to the RPE cells, accumulated the PARP in response to v-myc expression. Our results suggest that PARP is involved in the Pax-6 regulation. (+info)

Cloning of a bovine orphan transporter and its short splicing variant. (5/12697)

We have isolated a cDNA (bv7-3) encoding a member of the Na+,Cl(-)-dependent transporter family and its short splicing variant (bv7-3s) by screening a bovine retina cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed that bv7-3 encodes a protein of 729 amino acids and is a bovine homologue of the rat orphan transporter v7-3-2. bv7-3s contains 265 amino acids, sharing 252 N-terminal amino acids with bv7-3. Both mRNAs for bv7-3 and bv7-3s were detected in nervous system by Northern blot analysis. In immunofluorescence analysis in transfected HEK 293T cells, myc-tagged bv7-3 was mainly detected on the plasma membrane, whereas myc-tagged bv7-3s showed a pattern of intracellular membrane staining. (+info)

Cell junctions in the developing compound eye of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. (6/12697)

Intercellular junctions in the developing retina of the locust Schistocerca gregaria have been examined by electron microscopy. Different types of junction appear in a well defined sequence during development. Five stages of ommatidial development are described. Close junctions and punctate junctions are present throughout development. Gap junctions appear transiently amongst the undifferentiated cells, before clearly defined preommatidia can be distinguished. The subsequent disappearance of gap junctions may be correlated with cell determination. Lanthanum studies confirm these findings. The later sequential appearance of adhesive junction types is described. These include septate desmosomes and two types of desmosomes. In the fully differentiated ommatidium only two types of junction remain, these are: desmosomes and rhabdomeric junctions. (+info)

The neuronal basis of a sensory analyser, the acridid movement detector system. I. Effects of simple incremental and decremental stimuli in light and dark adapted animals. (7/12697)

1. The response of the movement detector (MD) system to proportionally constant incremental and decremental stimuli has been studied at various degrees of light and dark adaptation. Action potentials in the descending contralateral movement detector neurone were taken as the indicator of response. 2. Over a range of at least six log10 units of adapting luminance, the MD system behaves as an ON/OFF unit, giving responses to both incremental and decremental changes in the illumination of a 5 degrees target. 3. With increasing amplitudes of stimuli, both the ON and OFF responses saturate rapidly. Saturation is reached sooner at higher levels of light adaptation. At all levels of light adaptation, the OFF response is greater than the ON. The ratio for saturating stimuli is approximately constant at around 3:2. 4. At the brightest adapting luminances used (20 000 cd/m2) the ON response is reduced but not lost. At the lowest (0-004 cd/m2) the OFF response to a 5 degrees disc fails, but can be regained by increasing the test area to 10 degrees. 5. From what is known of the retina of locusts and other insects, it is thought that light and dark adaptation in the MD system can be adequately explained by events at the retinula cell. (+info)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (8/12697)

Visual activity is thought to be a critical factor in controlling the development of central retinal projections. Neuronal activity increases cytosolic calcium, which was hypothesized to regulate process outgrowth in neurons. We performed an in vivo imaging study in the retinotectal system of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles with the fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green 1 dextran (CaGD) to test the role of calcium in regulating axon arbor development. We find that visual stimulus to the retina increased CaGD fluorescence intensity in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors within the optic tectum and that branch additions to retinotectal axon arbors correlated with a local rise in calcium in the parent branch. We find three types of responses to visual stimulus, which roughly correlate with the ON, OFF, and SUSTAINED response types of RGC reported by physiological criteria. Imaging in bandscan mode indicated that patterns of calcium transients were nonuniform throughout the axons. We tested whether the increase in calcium in the retinotectal axons required synaptic activity in the retina; intraocular application of tetrodotoxin (10 microM) or nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) blocked the stimulus-induced increase in RGC axonal fluorescence. A second series of pharmacological investigations was designed to determine the mechanism of the calcium elevation in the axon terminals within the optic tectum. Injection of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM (BAPTA-AM) (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle reduced axonal calcium levels, supporting the idea that visual stimulation increases axonal calcium. Injection of BAPTA (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle to chelate extracellular calcium also attenuated the calcium response to visual stimulation, indicating that calcium enters the axon from the extracellular medium. Caffeine (10 mM) caused a large increase in axonal calcium, indicating that intracellular stores contribute to the calcium signal. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a role in axon arbor development and the formation of the topographic retinotectal projection. Injection of nicotine (10 microM) into the tectal ventricle significantly elevated RGC axonal calcium levels, whereas application of the nAChR antagonist alphaBTX (100 nM) reduced the stimulus-evoked rise in RGC calcium fluorescence. These data suggest that light stimulus to the retina increases calcium in the axon terminal arbors through a mechanism that includes influx through nAChRs and amplification by calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Such a mechanism may contribute to developmental plasticity of the retinotectal system by influencing both axon arbor elaboration and the strength of synaptic transmission. (+info)

There are many different types of retinal degeneration, each with its own set of symptoms and causes. Some common forms of retinal degeneration include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): This is the most common form of retinal degeneration and affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. AMD can cause blind spots or distorted vision.
2. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): This is a group of inherited conditions that affect the retina and can lead to night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, and eventually complete vision loss.
3. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): This is a rare inherited condition that causes severe vision loss or blindness at birth or within the first few years of life.
4. Stargardt disease: This is a rare inherited condition that causes progressive vision loss and can lead to blindness.
5. Retinal detachment: This occurs when the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, causing vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy (DR): This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO): This occurs when a blockage forms in the small veins that carry blood away from the retina, causing vision loss.

There are several risk factors for retinal degeneration, including:

1. Age: Many forms of retinal degeneration are age-related and become more common as people get older.
2. Family history: Inherited conditions such as RP and LCA can increase the risk of retinal degeneration.
3. Genetics: Some forms of retinal degeneration are caused by genetic mutations.
4. Diabetes: Diabetes is a major risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, which can cause vision loss.
5. Hypertension: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal vein occlusion and other forms of retinal degeneration.
6. Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of several forms of retinal degeneration.
7. UV exposure: Prolonged exposure to UV radiation from sunlight can increase the risk of retinal degeneration.

There are several treatment options for retinal degeneration, including:

1. Vitamin and mineral supplements: Vitamins A, C, and E, as well as zinc and selenium, have been shown to slow the progression of certain forms of retinal degeneration.
2. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help reduce swelling and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy and other forms of retinal degeneration.
3. Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive medication and low-intensity laser light to damage and shrink abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
4. Retinal implants: These devices can be used to restore some vision in people with advanced forms of retinal degeneration.
5. Stem cell therapy: Research is ongoing into the use of stem cells to repair damaged retinal cells and restore vision.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of retinal degeneration can help to slow or stop the progression of the disease, preserving vision for as long as possible. Regular eye exams are crucial for detecting retinal degeneration in its early stages, when treatment is most effective.

Examples of retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50, AMD affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy (DR): a complication of diabetes that damages blood vessels in the retina and can cause blindness.
3. Retinal detachment: a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, causing vision loss.
4. Macular edema: swelling of the macula that can cause vision loss.
5. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO): a blockage of the small veins in the retina that can cause vision loss.
6. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.
7. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): an inherited disorder that causes blindness or severe visual impairment at birth or in early childhood.
8. Stargardt disease: a rare inherited disorder that affects the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood.
9. Juvenile macular degeneration: a rare inherited disorder that causes vision loss in young adults.
10. Retinal dystrophy: a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.

Retinal diseases can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, laser surgery, or vitrectomy.

It's important to note that many retinal diseases can be inherited, so if you have a family history of eye problems, it's important to discuss your risk factors with your eye doctor. Early detection and treatment can help preserve vision and improve quality of life for those affected by these diseases.

The retina is a layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye and senses light to send visual signals to the brain. When the retina becomes detached, it can no longer function properly, leading to vision loss or distortion.

Retinal detachment can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Age-related changes: As we age, the vitreous gel that fills the eye can become more liquid and pull away from the retina, causing a retinal detachment.
2. Injury or trauma: A blow to the head or a penetrating injury can cause a retinal detachment.
3. Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell disease, can increase the risk of developing a retinal detachment.
4. Genetic factors: Some people may be more prone to developing a retinal detachment due to inherited genetic factors.

Symptoms of retinal detachment may include:

1. Flashes of light: People may see flashes of light in the peripheral vision.
2. Floaters: Specks or cobwebs may appear in the vision, particularly in the periphery.
3. Blurred vision: Blurred vision or distorted vision may occur as the retina becomes detached.
4. Loss of vision: In severe cases, a retinal detachment can cause a complete loss of vision in one eye.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A comprehensive eye exam can diagnose a retinal detachment and determine the appropriate treatment.

Treatment for retinal detachment typically involves surgery to reattach the retina to the underlying tissue. In some cases, laser surgery may be used to seal off any tears or holes in the retina that caused the detachment. In more severe cases, a scleral buckle or other device may be implanted to support the retina and prevent further detachment.

In addition to surgical treatment, there are some lifestyle changes you can make to help reduce your risk of developing a retinal detachment:

1. Quit smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of retinal detachment. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk.
2. Maintain a healthy blood pressure: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal detachment. Monitoring and controlling your blood pressure can help reduce this risk.
3. Wear protective eyewear: If you participate in activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as sports or working with hazardous materials, wearing protective eyewear can help reduce the risk of retinal detachment.
4. Get regular eye exams: Regular comprehensive eye exams can help detect any potential issues with the retina before they become serious problems.

Overall, a retinal detachment is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term vision loss. By understanding the causes and symptoms of retinal detachment, as well as making lifestyle changes to reduce your risk, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

The growth of new blood vessels in the retina is a natural response to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and inflammation caused by these diseases. However, these new blood vessels are fragile and can cause damage to the retina, leading to vision loss. In some cases, RNV can also lead to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or glaucoma, which can further exacerbate vision loss.

The diagnosis of RNV is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment options for RNV depend on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, laser therapy, or vitrectomy.

In summary, retinal neovascularization is a common complication of various retinal diseases that can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential to prevent further damage and preserve visual function.

There are two main types of DR:

1. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): This is the early stage of DR, where the blood vessels in the retina become damaged and start to leak fluid or bleed. The symptoms can be mild or severe and may include blurred vision, floaters, and flashes of light.
2. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR): This is the advanced stage of DR, where new blood vessels start to grow in the retina. These vessels are weak and can cause severe bleeding, leading to vision loss.

DR is a common complication of diabetes, and it is estimated that up to 80% of people with diabetes will develop some form of DR over their lifetime. The risk of developing DR increases with the duration of diabetes and the level of blood sugar control.

Early detection and treatment of DR can help to prevent vision loss, so it is important for people with diabetes to have regular eye exams to monitor their retinal health. Treatment options for DR include laser surgery, injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, and vitrectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous gel and blood from the eye.

Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

While there is no surefire way to prevent diabetic retinopathy (DR), there are several steps that people with diabetes can take to reduce their risk of developing this complication:

1. Control blood sugar levels: Keeping blood sugar levels within a healthy range can help to slow the progression of DR. This can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication.
2. Monitor blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in the retina, so it is important to monitor and control blood pressure to reduce the risk of DR.
3. Maintain healthy blood lipids: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of DR.
4. Quit smoking: Smoking can damage the blood vessels in the retina and increase the risk of DR.
5. Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity is a risk factor for DR, so maintaining a healthy weight can help to reduce the risk of this complication.
6. Get regular eye exams: Regular eye exams can help to detect DR in its early stages, when it is easier to treat and prevent vision loss.

Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

While there is no cure for diabetic retinopathy (DR), there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition and prevent vision loss. These include:

1. Laser surgery: This is a common treatment for early-stage DR, where a laser is used to shrink abnormal blood vessels in the retina and reduce the risk of further damage.
2. Injection therapy: Medications such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections can be used to shrink abnormal blood vessels and reduce swelling in the retina.
3. Vitrectomy: In severe cases of DR, a vitrectomy may be performed to remove scar tissue and blood from the center of the eye.
4. Blood pressure control: Maintaining healthy blood pressure can help to slow the progression of DR.
5. Blood glucose control: Keeping blood sugar levels under control can also slow the progression of DR.
6. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with an eye doctor are important to monitor the progress of DR and adjust treatment as needed.

Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy can help to prevent vision loss and improve outcomes for individuals with this complication of diabetes. By managing blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and by getting regular eye exams, individuals with diabetes can reduce their risk of developing DR and other diabetic complications.

The symptoms of RP can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific genetic mutations causing it. Common symptoms include:

* Night blindness
* Difficulty seeing in low light environments
* Blind spots or missing areas in central vision
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Sensitivity to light
* Reduced peripheral vision
* Blurred vision

There is currently no cure for RP, and treatment options are limited. However, researchers are actively working to develop new therapies and technologies to slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for individuals with RP. These include:

* Gene therapy: Using viral vectors to deliver healthy copies of the missing gene to the retina in an effort to restore normal vision.

* Stem cell therapy: Transplanting healthy stem cells into the retina to replace damaged or missing cells.

* Pharmacological interventions: Developing drugs that can slow down or reverse the progression of RP by targeting specific molecular pathways.

* Retinal implants: Implanting a retinal implant, such as a retinal prosthetic, to bypass damaged or non-functional photoreceptors and directly stimulate the visual pathway.

It's important to note that these therapies are still in the experimental stage and have not yet been proven effective in humans. Therefore, individuals with RP should consult with their healthcare provider about the best treatment options available.

In summary, Retinitis Pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss, particularly during childhood or adolescence. While there is currently no cure for RP, researchers are actively working to develop new therapies to slow down or restore vision in those affected by the disease. These include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, pharmacological interventions, and retinal implants. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for the best treatment options available.

FAQs:

1. What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss, typically during childhood or adolescence.

2. What are the symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Symptoms of RP can vary depending on the specific mutation causing the disease, but common symptoms include difficulty seeing at night, loss of peripheral vision, and difficulty adjusting to bright light.

3. Is there a cure for Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Currently, there is no cure for RP, but researchers are actively working on developing new therapies to slow down or restore vision in those affected by the disease.

4. What are some potential treatments for Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Some potential treatments for RP include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, pharmacological interventions, and retinal implants. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for the best treatment options available.

5. Can Retinitis Pigmentosa be prevented?

RP is a genetic disorder, so it cannot be prevented in the classical sense. However, researchers are working on developing gene therapies that can prevent or slow down the progression of the disease.

6. How does Retinitis Pigmentosa affect daily life?

Living with RP can significantly impact daily life, especially as vision loss progresses. It's important to adapt and modify daily routines, such as using assistive devices like canes or guide dogs, and seeking support from family and friends.

7. What resources are available for those affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa?

There are a variety of resources available for those affected by RP, including support groups, advocacy organizations, and online communities. These resources can provide valuable information, support, and connections with others who understand the challenges of living with the disease.

There are several types of retinitis, including:

1. Retinitis pigmentosa: This is a group of inherited conditions that cause progressive vision loss due to degeneration of the retina.
2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis: This is a type of retinitis caused by the CMV virus, which is common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
3. Toxoplasma retinitis: This is a type of retinitis caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can cause vision loss if left untreated.
4. Syphilitic retinitis: This is a type of retinitis caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which can cause vision loss if left untreated.
5. Uveitis-related retinitis: This is a type of retinitis that occurs as a complication of uveitis, an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye.

Symptoms of retinitis can include vision loss, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision). If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Retinitis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment for retinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral or antibacterial medications, immunosuppressive drugs, or surgery. In some cases, vision loss may be permanent, but early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further damage and improve outcomes.

Experimental radiation injuries are those that are intentionally caused in animal models or human subjects for research purposes, with the goal of understanding the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms and developing treatments to mitigate these effects.

The study of experimental radiation injuries involves exposing animals or human subjects to varying levels of ionizing radiation and observing the resulting damage and recovery processes. This research has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of radiation injury and the development of treatment strategies, such as blood transfusions and antioxidants, to mitigate the effects of radiation exposure.

Experimental radiation injuries are classified into two main types: acute and late-onset injuries. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, occurs within hours to days after exposure and is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and damage to the bone marrow, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Late-onset injuries, such as cancer and other chronic effects, can occur months or years after exposure and are caused by DNA damage and epigenetic changes.

Prevention of experimental radiation injuries is essential in reducing the risk of radiation exposure to humans and the environment. This includes using personal protective equipment, minimizing the use of ionizing radiation in medical procedures and research, and developing new technologies that reduce radiation exposure.

In summary, experimental radiation injuries are intentionally caused in animal models or human subjects for research purposes to understand the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms and develop treatments to mitigate these effects. The study of experimental radiation injuries has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of radiation injury and the development of treatment strategies, but prevention is essential in reducing the risk of radiation exposure.

There are many different types of uveal diseases, including:

1. Uveitis: This is inflammation of the uvea, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as infection, injury, or autoimmune disorders.
2. Iridocyclitis: This is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
3. Choroiditis: This is inflammation of the choroid layer of the uvea.
4. Retinal vein occlusion: This is a blockage of the veins that carry blood away from the retina, which can cause vision loss.
5. Macular edema: This is swelling of the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
6. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): This is a condition that affects the macula and can cause vision loss over time.
7. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
8. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
9. Retinal vein thrombosis: This is a blockage of the veins that carry blood away from the retina, which can cause vision loss.
10. Uveal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the uvea and can be potentially life-threatening.

These are just a few examples of uveal diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the uvea as well. Treatment options for uveal diseases vary depending on the specific condition and its cause, but may include medications, laser surgery, or other procedures to treat inflammation, reduce swelling, or remove tumors.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The exact cause of ROP is not known, but it is thought to be related to the immaturity of the retina and the high levels of oxygen in incubators used to care for premature babies. The risk of developing ROP increases with the degree of prematurity, with infants born before 28 weeks gestation being at highest risk.

ROP typically develops in two stages:

1. Stage 1: Early ROP - This stage is characterized by the formation of small blood vessels and immature retinal tissue.
2. Stage 2: Advanced ROP - This stage is characterized by the proliferation of abnormal blood vessels, bleeding, and scarring in the retina.

There are several subtypes of ROP, including:

1. Type 1 ROP: Mildest form of the disease, with few or no complications.
2. Type 2 ROP: More severe form of the disease, with abnormal blood vessel growth and scarring in the retina.
3. Type 3 ROP: Most severe form of the disease, with widespread scarring and bleeding in the retina.

Treatment for ROP typically involves monitoring the infant's eye development closely and applying laser therapy to the affected areas if necessary. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove abnormal blood vessels or scar tissue.

Prevention of ROP is primarily focused on reducing the risk factors, such as prematurity and oxygen exposure. This includes:

1. Proper management of gestational diabetes to prevent preterm birth.
2. Close monitoring of fetal development and early delivery if necessary.
3. Careful regulation of oxygen levels in incubators to avoid over-oxygenation.
4. Early detection and treatment of infections that can lead to preterm birth.
5. Avoiding excessive use of ophthalmic drugs that can be harmful to the developing retina.

Early detection and timely intervention are crucial for effective management and prevention of ROP. Regular eye exams and screening are necessary to identify the disease in its early stages, when treatment is most effective.

There are two main types of MD:

1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.

The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision

MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.

There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:

* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.

It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.

There are several different types of glaucoma, including:

* Open-angle glaucoma: This is the most common form of glaucoma, and is caused by slowed drainage of fluid from the eye.
* Closed-angle glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by a blockage in the drainage channels of the eye, leading to a sudden increase in pressure.
* Normal-tension glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve even though the pressure in the eye is within the normal range.
* Congenital glaucoma: This is a rare type of glaucoma that is present at birth, and is caused by a developmental defect in the eye's drainage system.

Symptoms of glaucoma can include:

* Blurred vision
* Loss of peripheral vision
* Eye pain or pressure
* Redness of the eye
* Seeing halos around lights

Glaucoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of visual acuity tests, dilated eye exams, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for glaucoma usually involves medication to reduce pressure in the eye, but may also include surgery to improve drainage or laser therapy to prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Early detection and treatment of glaucoma is important to prevent vision loss, so it is important to have regular eye exams, especially if you are at risk for the condition. Risk factors for glaucoma include:

* Age (over 60)
* Family history of glaucoma
* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* African or Hispanic ancestry

Overall, glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing vision loss and maintaining good eye health.

Types of Retinal Dysplasia:

1. Retinal dysplasia with macular involvement: This type affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for central vision. It can cause blurred vision, distorted vision, and difficulty reading or recognizing faces.
2. Retinal dysplasia without macular involvement: This type affects the peripheral retina and can cause peripheral vision loss.
3. Coloboma of the retina: This is a rare type of retinal dysplasia that affects the optic nerve and can cause blind spots in the visual field.
4. Retinal pigment epithelial dysplasia: This type affects the layer of cells underneath the retina and can cause vision problems or blindness.

Causes of Retinal Dysplasia:

1. Genetics: Many cases of retinal dysplasia are inherited, with genetic mutations passed down from parents to children.
2. Premature birth: Babies born prematurely are at a higher risk of developing retinal dysplasia.
3. Maternal infection during pregnancy: Certain infections, such as rubella or toxoplasmosis, can increase the risk of retinal dysplasia in the developing fetus.
4. Trauma: In some cases, retinal dysplasia may be caused by trauma to the eye during fetal development or early childhood.

Symptoms of Retinal Dysplasia:

1. Blurred vision
2. Distorted vision
3. Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
4. Peripheral vision loss
5. Blind spots in the visual field (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Retinal Dysplasia:

1. Ophthalmological examination: An eye doctor will perform a comprehensive eye exam to assess vision and examine the retina using an ophthalmoscope or ultrasound.
2. Electrooculography (EOG): This test measures the electrical activity of the retina and can help identify any abnormalities.
3. Visual evoked potentials (VEP): This test measures the response of the retina to visual stimuli and can help identify any abnormalities.
4. Genetic testing: In some cases, genetic testing may be performed to identify genetic mutations associated with retinal dysplasia.

Treatment of Retinal Dysplasia:

1. Glasses or contact lenses: In mild cases, corrective lenses can help improve vision.
2. Vitamin A supplements: Vitamin A is essential for healthy retinal function, and deficiencies can exacerbate retinal dysplasia.
3. Laser therapy: Focal laser therapy can be used to reduce the size of lesions and improve vision.
4. Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive medication and low-intensity laser light to damage and shrink abnormal retinal tissue.
5. Retinal detachment surgery: In cases where retinal dysplasia has led to retinal detachment, surgery may be necessary to reattach the retina.
6. Vitrectomy: In severe cases of retinal dysplasia, a vitrectomy (removal of the vitreous gel) may be performed to relieve symptoms and improve vision.

It is important to note that the prognosis for retinal dysplasia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any underlying conditions. In some cases, retinal dysplasia may resolve on its own over time, while in other cases, it may lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated. Regular follow-up appointments with an eye doctor are essential for monitoring the condition and determining the best course of treatment.

The most common symptoms of albinism include:

* Pale or white skin, hair, and eyes
* Sensitivity to the sun and risk of sunburn
* Poor vision, including nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) and photophobia (sensitivity to light)
* Increased risk of eye problems, such as strabismus (crossed eyes) and amblyopia (lazy eye)
* Increased risk of skin cancer and other skin problems
* Delayed development of motor skills and coordination
* Increased risk of infection and other health problems due to a weakened immune system

Albinism is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the production of melanin. These mutations can be inherited from one or both parents, or they can occur spontaneously. There is no cure for albinism, but there are treatments available to help manage some of the associated symptoms and vision problems.

Diagnosis of albinism is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and genetic testing. Treatment may include sun protection measures, glasses or contact lenses to improve vision, and medication to manage eye problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct eye alignment or other physical abnormalities.

It's important for people with albinism to receive regular medical care and monitoring to ensure early detection and treatment of any associated health problems. With proper care and support, many people with albinism can lead normal, fulfilling lives.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina

A duplex retina is a retina consisting of both rod cells and cone cells, which are the photoreceptor cells for two parallel but ... often called a pure-rod or pure-cone retina. Vertebrates that have lost their cone cells and exhibit a pure-rod retina include ... A duplex retina uses two visual systems, one of which trades acuity for sensitivity (scotopic), and the other which trades ... However, together, considering their overlap, a human duplex retina can detect 14 orders of magnitude. For any visual system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_retina

... Review Plaid Retina in the Fresno Scene Review by Dale Stewart of Capitol Punishment Plaid Retina discography at ... Plaid Retina was an American punk rock band from Visalia, California, United States, formed in 1986 and active until 1996. The ... Stewart convinced the band to change its name to Plaid Retina (the name itself was a group decision), mostly to help them grow ... This was the team that recorded the self-titled debut album, Plaid Retina, that when pressed was actually a little 7" but was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Retina

Liquid Retina display, Liquid Retina XDR display, Super Retina HD display, Super Retina XDR display or Retina 4K/5K/6K display ... "Retina HD display", "Retina 4K/5K display", "Retina 4.5K display", "Super Retina HD display", "Super Retina XDR display", and " ... "Using the Retina MacBook as a Windows PC". Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 July 2015. Hutchinson, Lee. "The Retina iMac and its 5K ... "Apple Retina Display". July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Brownlee, John (June 15, 2012). "Why Retina Isn't Enough". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_display

141 Retina I - 1937 to 1939 Nr. 143 Retina I - 1938 to 1939 Nr. 148 Retina I - 1939 to 1941 Nr. 149 Retina I - 1939 to 1941 Nr ... These last Retina folders included the Type 019 Ausf II Retina IB, Type 029 Retina IIC, and Type 028 Retina IIIC. This group ... 122 Retina II - 1936 to 1937 Nr. 142 Retina II - 1937 to 1939 Nr. 150 Retina IIa - 1939 to 1941 Folding Kodak Retina I cameras ... I Retina IIIc - 1954 to 1957 Type 021 Ausf. II Retina IIIc - 1957 Type 028 Retina IIIC - 1957 to 1960 The first Retina, Nr. 117 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Retina

... is a charity based in Buckingham, England, that works for people affected by inherited sight loss. This includes ... Retina UK is a charitable incorporated organisation (CIO). The charity was originally registered as the British Retinitis ... "Research". https://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details?regid=1153851&subid=0 Official website http://www.retina- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_UK

Retina was released for licence to the public in 2016. Retina was originally created specifically to be used at 5.5 point on ... Retina is a font by created by Tobias Frere-Jones for The Wall Street Journal, which used it for high density print in their ... Retina is a sans-serif font designed for high-density texts and comes in a microplus and standard version. The microplus is ... In 2011 Retina was one of twenty-three digital fonts acquired by MoMA for its Architecture and Design collection after being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_(typeface)

The retina is a light-sensitive layer of tissue, lining the inner surface of the eye. Retina may also refer to: Kodak Retina, a ... for screens with a high pixel density Retina (film), a 2017 American thriller film Retina (or More Fun Than a Vat of Love), a ... a form of vitamin A This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Retina. If an internal link led you here ... 2010 album by How to Swim Retina (software), a network vulnerability scanner application Ratina (disambiguation) Retinal, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_(disambiguation)

... and Retina Reflex IV Wikimedia Commons has media related to Retina Reflex. Retina Reflex III, Retina Reflex and Retina Reflex s ... Rodenstock Retina-Eurygon 30mm f/2.8 Rodenstock Retina-Eurygon 35mm f/4 Rodenstock Retina-Ysarex 50mm f/2.8 Rodenstock Retina- ... It was also used in the later Retina Reflex III, Retina Reflex IV, and the Kodak Instamatic Reflex. As for the original Retina ... It was named Type 025 Retina Reflex since it inherited several features from the Retina rangefinder cameras, like the Retina ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Retina_Reflex

The retina contains two types of photosensitive cells, the rod cells and the cone cells. Because the macula is yellow in colour ... The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in ... Time-Domain OCT of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm, axial resolution 3 µm Spectral-Domain OCT macula cross-section scan ... Polyak, S. L. (1941). The Retina. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Tyler, C.W.; Hamer, R.D. (1990). "Analysis of visual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_of_retina

In the cat, it is observed that A-type horizontal cells have a density of 225 cells/mm2 near the center of the retina and a ... Wässle H, Riemann HJ (March 1978). "The mosaic of nerve cells in the mammalian retina". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 200 ( ... Mosaic arrangements provide a mechanism to distribute each cell type evenly across the retina, ensuring that all parts of the ... Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell

OFF bipolar cells synapse in the outer layer of the inner plexiform layer of the retina, and ON bipolar cells terminate in the ... Instead, rod bipolar cells synapse on to a Retina amacrine cell, which in turn excite cone ON bipolar cells (via gap junctions ... As a part of the retina, bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells. They act, ... ISBN 0-87893-439-1. Masland RH (2001). "The fundamental plan of the retina". Nat. Neurosci. 4 (9): 877-86. doi:10.1038/nn0901- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell

Phone surveillance Employee monitoring software Keystroke logging "Retina-X Studios LLC". local.com. "Retina-X Studios". ... Retina-X Studios is a software manufacturer company that develops computer and cell phone monitoring applications, focused on ... Target audiences for Retina-X Studios are parents and employers.[citation needed] Parents and employers use legal monitoring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina-X_Studios

... is a free search engine for doctors or medical students. It is a Google custom search engine and the ... Google Scholar List of academic databases and search engines Scirus Retina medical Search website v t e (Orphaned articles from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_medical_search

"Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina". Healio: OSLI Retina. Slack Incorporated. 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-14. "Master ... Weinstein, G.W. (1977). "Ophthalmic Surgery Goes to Bi-Monthly Publication". Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina. 8 ( ... Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina is a monthly peer-reviewed ophthalmology journal covering retinal diseases, ... "Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina". MIAR: Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals. University of Barcelona. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmic_Surgery,_Lasers_and_Imaging_Retina

The vertebrate neural retina composed of several layers and distinct cell types (see anatomy of the human retina). A number of ... Importantly, the retina is immune-privileged, and thus does not experience a significant inflammation or immune-response when ... Although this is more invasive than the intravitreal route, the fluid is absorbed by the RPE and the retina flattens in less ... Retina Gene therapy Retinitis pigmentosa Macular degeneration Gene therapy for color blindness Maguire A. M.; Simonelli F.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy_of_the_human_retina

... which is continued forward from the retina, and is named the pars ciliaris retinae. This article incorporates text in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_ciliaris_retinae

... is a ten-track album by Scottish orchestral rock band How to Swim. Produced by Gavin ... vocals Review at www.list.co.uk Review at www.theskinny.co.uk Retina (or More Fun Than a Vat of Love) at Last.fm (Use dmy dates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_(or_More_Fun_Than_a_Vat_of_Love)

... but also neutralized the changes of the retina and the choroid thickness caused by the injection of pro-inflammatory agents. ... Retina. 30 (5): 719-723. doi:10.1097/iae.0b013e3181c59698. PMID 19996819. S2CID 205650971. Tikhonovich, Marina V.; Erdiakov, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

... can be a symptom of a number of eye disorders involving the retina or macula. Some of these conditions include ... "Retina Summary Benchmarks - 2019". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2020-12-07. Simunovic, Matthew P. ( ... The mechanisms that result in the development of metamorphopsia involve structural changes in the retina of the eye (retinal ... Dysmorphopsia Hallucination Retina. Ryan, Stephen J., 1940-2013. (5th ed.). [London?]: Saunders. 2013. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-4557- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphopsia

1990). "Immunocytochemical study of an eye with proliferative vitreoretinopathy and retinal tacks". Retina. 10 (1): 78-85. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_III,_muscle_specific

Some, but not all, totally blind people whose retinae are intact, may benefit from light therapy. Light therapy has been tested ... Sivaprasad S, Arden G (2016). "Spare the rods and spoil the retina: revisited". Eye (Lond) (Review). 30 (2): 189-92. doi: ... is inhibited by light and permitted by darkness as registered by photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina. To some degree, ... light boxes providing very specific types of artificial illumination to the retina of the eye are effective. Light therapy uses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_therapy

... results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 12 months follow-up". Retina. 28 (10): 1387-94. doi:10.1097/IAE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegaptanib

Lasers and Imaging Retina. 36 (1): 57-66. doi:10.3928/15428877-20050101-07. PMID 15688972. Schwartz, M; Belkin, M; Yoles, E; ... Retina. 32 (6): 1165-70. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318234942f. PMID 22290081. S2CID 442241. "Our Organisation Chart". Singapre ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Belkin_(ophthalmologist)

... is a type of obliterative vasculopathy, also known as angiopathia retinae juvenilis, periphlebitis retinae, ... OCT is a noninvasive way to view the retina and identify macular edema, neovascularization, and hemorrhage. The diagnosis of ... 2. Laser photocoagulation of the retina is indicated in stage of neovascularizion. 3. Vitreoretinal surgery is required for ... Retina. pp. 1479-1485. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-0737-9.00083-7. ISBN 9781455707379. (All articles with incomplete citations, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eales_disease

... the retina) where the images fall and are processed. The retina makes a connection to the brain via the optic nerve. The ... The retina has a static contrast ratio of around 100:1 (about 6.5 f-stops). As soon as the eye moves rapidly to acquire a ... The visual system in the human brain is too slow to process information if images are slipping across the retina at more than a ... Three types of cells in the retina convert light energy into electrical energy used by the nervous system: rods respond to low ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye

Retina. 2008;28(1):138-142. Kunimoto DY, Kaiser RS; Wills Eye Retina Service. Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20- and 25- ... As the eye ages, it is common for the vitreous to separate from the retina. But if this separation is not complete, i.e. there ... Paper presented at: Retina Subspecialty Day, Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology; November 7-8, 2008; ... If these liquid pockets are close enough to the interface between the vitreous gel and the retina, they can cause complete ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreomacular_adhesion

Fundus of the eye The central portion of the retina on back or deepest part of the eye. Damage to the fundus, even if the rest ... Special drops are used to enlarge the pupils, enabling the doctor to view the retina at the back of the eye for damage. See ... Macular edema A swelling (edema) in the macula, an area near the center of the retina of the eye that is responsible for fine ... Others develop when a person has had diabetes for a time (often years, or even decades). These include damage to the retina of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes

It is a soluble, cell-surface protein that plays an important role in the maintenance of the retina where it is expressed and ... Retinoschisin is an extracellular protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular organization of the retina: it binds the ... There are over 200 mutations of RS1 recorded in the Retina International Mutation Database, most of which are not pathogenic. ... Retina. 22 (3): 354-7. doi:10.1097/00006982-200206000-00017. PMID 12055472. Wistow G, Bernstein SL, Wyatt MK, Ray S, Behal A, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoschisin

Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Eye diseases, Disorders of choroid and retina). ... region of the retina. As such, a standard vision test may underrepresent the visual deficit experienced by patients who report ... Ophthalmol Retina. 3 (3): 201-210. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2018.11.005. PMID 31014695. Künzel SH, Lindner M, Sassen J, Möller PT, ... Retina. 36: 1843-1850. doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000001059. Fleckenstein M, Mitchell P, Freund KB, Sadda S, Holz FG, Brittain C, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_atrophy

Images that come through the eyes lens are focused on the retina. The retina then converts these images to electric signals ... The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball. ... Sometimes photos or special scans of the retina can show things that the provider cannot see just by looking at the retina ... The development of the retina. In: Schachat AP, Sadda SVR, Hinton DR, Wilkinson CP, Wiedemann P, eds. Ryans Retina. 6th ed. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002291.htm

The second approach-the focus of the AGI workshop-is to recruit other cell types in a patients retina for reprogramming into ... These lab-grown cells would then be transplanted to a patients retina. While preclinical testing has shown promise, the report ... Similarly, adult zebrafish regenerate RGCs by reprogramming cells in the retina called Müller glia. As outlined in the report, ... NEI Audacious Goals Initiative report outlines strategies to replace or reprogram neurons in the retina ...

https://www.nei.nih.gov/about/news-and-events/news/helping-retina-regenerate

Find symptoms and other information about Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina. ... When Do Symptoms of Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina Begin?. Symptoms of this disease may start to appear as a Child.. The ... Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina is a genetic disease, which means that it is caused by one or more genes not working ... About Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina. Many rare diseases have limited information. Currently GARD aims to provide the ...

https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6556/gyrate-atrophy-of-choroid-and-retina

With the Retina MacBook Pro, EPEAT felt there were three specific concerns about the product design that merited further ... Apples Retina MacBook Pro - the least repairable, least recyclable computer I have encountered in more than a decade of ... Does the Retina MacBook meet those criteria? On the surface, it seems that a product assembled with proprietary screws, glued- ... Greenwashing the Retina MacBook Pro. Apples latest unsustainable design was just greenlighted - verified Gold - by the ...

https://www.wired.com/2012/10/apple-and-epeat-greenwashing/

The new creative template doesnt work in Safari on the new MacBook Pro with retina display. ... I do have retina on my macbook, but site is showing for me correctly.. Please contact me on skype, so Ill be able to work ... MacBook Pro with retina display. Support help forum dedicated to free and commerical templates for Joomla 3 and 2.5 version.. ... I have problems with Joomla Music Free template v. Gavern v.3.8.1 with my MacBook Pro Retina (2014) 2,8 GHz Intel Core i7 OSX ...

https://www.gavick.com/forums/template-discussion/macbook-pro-with-retina-display-18567

What does Retina HD actually mean? Find out inside PCMags comprehensive tech and computer-related encyclopedia. ... Retina HD. query=evt.target.value x-on:keyup="onKeyUp" x-on:keydown="onKeyDown" x-on:keydown.enter="submitSearch" x-on:focus=" ...

https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/retina-hd

Retina display with a resolution of 2048x1536, or... ... So the iPad 3 will come out around iOS 5 with Retina display ... More evidence has emerged to suggest that a future version of the iPad will sport a "Retina" display with a resolution of ... So the iPad 3 will come out around iOS 5 with Retina display Twitter functionality and normal everything else? How does THAT ... This suggested a similar pixel-doubling strategy to that used in the iPhone 4s Retina Display. That particular feature wasnt ...

https://www.macrumors.com/2011/06/14/more-evidence-for-2048x1536-ipad-retina-display/

A detached retina is when your retina lifts away from the back of the eye. When you have a retinal detachment, you may see ... What Is a Detached Retina?. A detached retina is when the retina lifts away from the back of the eye. The retina does not work ... How Is a Detached Retina Treated?. Surgery is done to repair a detached retina. Here are some types of detached retina surgery: ... Early Signs of a Detached Retina. A detached retina has to be examined by an ophthalmologist right away. Otherwise, you could ...

https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/detached-torn-retina

iMac with Retina 5K display delivers an amazingly immersive user experience. With a resolution of 5120 x 2880, iMac with Retina ... iMac with Retina 5K display comes standard with 8GB of memory and a 1TB Fusion Drive for the first time. The new iMac can also ... iMac with Retina 5K display begins shipping today with a 3.5 GHz quad-core Intel Core i5 with Turbo Boost speeds up to 3.9 GHz ... Not only is iMac with Retina 5K display more beautiful on the outside, it is also more powerful on the inside. It comes with a ...

https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2014/10/16Apple-Introduces-27-inch-iMac-with-Retina-5K-Display/

Topics Cataract Cornea Glaucoma Retina Paediatric Toric IOLs Presbyopia Refractive OSD See All ... The management of pre-phthisical, post multiple retina surgery and failed keratoplasty eye with a Boston Type 1 ...

https://escrs.org/knowledge-hubs/retina/

Several folks whove received an iPhone 4 early are tipping us and reporting to Apple that the fancy, new Retina displays on ... Several folks whove received an iPhone 4 early are tipping us and reporting to Apple that the fancy, new Retina displays on ...

https://www.engadget.com/2010-06-23-iphone-4-early-shipments-include-some-defective-retina-displays.html

RWD Cross-Fade Slideshow with Retina Images Beverleyh ... RWD Cross-Fade Slideshow with Retina Images *. Excellent *. ... Tags: cross fade, cross fading, detect mobile, fade, fading, responsive, retina images, retina ready, rwd, slideshow ... Now for the second clever bit - creating lightweight images that look sharp on retina screens.. Retina-ready Images. Im sure ... This slideshow demo incorporates a retina image technique based on the Retina Revolution blog findings of Daan Jobsis - low ...

http://www.dynamicdrive.com/forums/entry.php?315-RWD-Cross-Fade-Slideshow-with-Retina-Images&s=9c4657a8fc79be18a9fe544c7f788c27

Responsive Retina Multi-Purpose Theme by orqun on ThemeForest. WordPress 5.x Tested and Approved Clean, Modern Design can be ... Envision - Responsive Retina Multi-Purpose Theme Envision - Responsive Retina Multi-Purpose Theme ... Retina Ready - Envision is absolutley future proof. All assets are selected with care so they look great on high pixel desnity ... Improved: Compatibility of Retina image functions with cache plugins.. *Improved: Twitter API for speed. Its been moved to ...

https://themeforest.net/item/envision-responsive-retina-multipurpose-theme/5928018?ref=AffinityCS

PrestaShop Themes with Retina ready functionality from $48. ᐉ They have a user-friendly admin panel, ᐉ are easy to install, ᐉ ... 388 Retina Ready PrestaShop Themes. Download the Best PrestaShop Templates with Retina Ready Functionality ... Retina Ready (388) Responsive (376) Right to left language support (309) Mobile Layout Included (290) Admin Panel (285) ... 5 Best Retina Ready PrestaShop Themes 2023. Template Name. Downloads. Price. PlantTree PrestaShop Multipurpose Responsive Theme ...

https://www.templatemonster.com/retina-ready-prestashop-themes/

Findings from a study in mice showed how immune cells in the retina can regenerate after being nearly eliminated. ... Immune cell regeneration in mouse retina. At a Glance. *A new study showed how immune cells in the retina regenerate after ... The retina is a thin layer of cells at the back of the eye. It includes light-sensing cells and neurons that transmit visual ... When the retina is injured, microglia also work to remove unhealthy or dying cells at the injury site. But microglia can target ...

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/immune-cell-regeneration-mouse-retina

Apple recently instated a quality program to deal with an issue relating to Retina MacBook Pro antireflective coatings, a ... A handful of Retina MacBook Pro owners first reported screen "staining" earlier this year, saying the problem presents itself ... According to a report on Saturday, Apple recently instated a quality program to deal with an issue relating to Retina MacBook ... Under the initiatives terms Apple will replace display assemblies on affected Retina display-toting MacBook models free of ...

https://appleinsider.com/articles/15/10/17/apple-activates-quality-program-for-retina-macbook-coatings

... featuring a stunning 12.9-inch Retina® display with 5.6 million pixels, the most ever in an iOS device, ... Apple Introduces iPad Pro Featuring Epic 12.9-inch Retina Display Apple Pencil & Smart Keyboard Bring Breakthrough Levels of ... SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apple® today introduced the all-new iPad Pro™, featuring a stunning 12.9-inch Retina® display ... Its beautiful and large 12.9-inch Retina display has 5.6 million pixels and provides an immersive experience for content and ...

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150909006584/en/Apple-Introduces-iPad-Pro-Featuring-Epic-12.9-inch-Retina-Display

Retina Display here or there, but what does it mean to you? Are you aware that this will affect your website ... ... Luckily, he does include some solutions such as using Java Script to detect retina, server side detection, just serving retina ... The term Retina Display is just a buzzword Apple created to refer to any device that was 300 DPI or greater. It is not ... Since Retina Displays are an expensive component, other PC vendors are unlikely to jump on the higher-resolution bandwagon at ...

https://webhostinggeeks.com/blog/retina-display/

The Vergecast 022: Retina comes to iPad, network buildouts. The Vergecast 022: Retina comes to iPad, network buildouts. ...

https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/27/2876664/vergecast-thursday-march-15th

Upgrade the RAM for your 2011-2012 non-retina MacBook Pro or your 2011-2015 iMac. Save money by trading in original memory ... PC12800 DDR3L 1600MHz SO-DIMM for 2011-2015 iMac, 2011-12 Mac mini, and 2011-2012 MacBook Pro (non-Retina display) models ...

https://eshop.macsales.com/item/OWC/1600DDR3S8GB/

Intracellular recordings were made from L-type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle Clemmys caspica. The test flashes ... Light adaptation in luminosity horizontal cells in the turtle retina. Role of cellular coupling Vision Res. 1984;24(10):1119-26 ... Intracellular recordings were made from L-type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle Clemmys caspica. The test flashes ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6523733/

Using Compass to generate normal and retina sprite maps at once - _compass-retina-sprites.scss ... so the background-position was not working correctly for me on retina. The problem is on line 17 where you are assuming that ...

https://gist.github.com/estahn/3837343

Search Blog , Tag: retina

https://wonderopolis.org/search/guides?tag=retina

Introduced in March 2015, the MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Early 2015) replaced the MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Mid 2014). ...

https://apple-history.com/mbp_13_retina_early_15

CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE USABILITY OF AUGMENTED REALITY OPHTHALMOSCOPY FOR THE TRAINING OF INEXPERIENCED EXAMINERS : RETINA. ... Retina 34(4):p 785-791, April 2014. , DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182a2e75d ...

https://journals.lww.com/retinajournal/Abstract/2014/04000/CRITICAL_EVALUATION_OF_THE_USABILITY_OF_AUGMENTED.22.aspx

Apple unveils MacBook Pro with Retina display. Videoguys thoughts: At The Appple WWDC keynote earlier this week, Apple unvailed ... The new machine packs a 15.4 inch "Retina display" which promises improved viewing angles, reduced glare, and a resolution of ... The addition of the Retina display makes the new MacBook Pro "the worldâ€™s highest resolution notebook display" according to ... With a quad core i7 processor, Multiple Thunderbolt & USB3 ports, super high definition Retina Display powered by NVIDIA ...

https://videoguys.com/blogs/news-and-sales/apple-unveils-macbook-pro-with-retina-display

Retina Mid 2015 parts for DIY repair. Screens, batteries, keyboards, logic boards, hard drives, connectors, and small parts all ... MacBook Pro 15 Retina (Mid 2015) Right I/O Board. Replace an I/O board compatible with the Mid 2015 MacBook Pro 15 Retina and ... Replace a 802.11ac Airport/Bluetooth 4.0 board for your A1502 or A1398 2015 MacBook Pro 13 or 15 Retina laptop. Fix problems ... MacBook Pro 15 Retina Mid 2015 Ports. .css-7a7dqj{max-width:500px;color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}. Try adjusting your ...

https://www.ifixit.com/Parts/MacBook_Pro_15%22_Retina_Display_Mid_2015/Ports

Hey guys. My RMBPro wont boot. I hear the chime for it turning on and nothing happens. The screen slightly turns on, grey/green/blackish background. I...

https://hardforum.com/threads/retina-mbpro-wont-boot-ideas.1887022/

At this point, if Apple announces anything less than a Retina display iPad with bumped specs and at least the same level of ... What do you think about this supposed iPad 3 Retina display? Will it make reading text and browsing the web significantly ...

https://www.macgasm.net/news/ipad-news/rumor-ipad-3-retina-display-analyzed-by-ifixit/

More evidence has emerged to suggest that a future version of the iPad will sport a "Retina" display with a resolution of 2048x1536, or double the horizontal and vertical pixels of the current iPad. (macrumors.com)
Based on the discovery of pixel-doubled iPad images as far back as January , we are hesitant to attach any significant timeline to these discoveries, but they are simply more signs that Apple plans to release a Retina Display-equipped iPad. (macrumors.com)
If Apple release a Retina iPad for the current $500/16GB, I'm sold! (macrumors.com)
So the iPad 3 will come out around iOS 5 with Retina display Twitter functionality and normal everything else? (macrumors.com)
At this point, if Apple announces anything less than a Retina display iPad with bumped specs and at least the same level of battery life, there is bound to be a huge groan-fest all over the Internet and Wall Street. (macgasm.net)
What do you think about this supposed iPad 3 Retina display? (macgasm.net)
According to EmertHacks , the LG part number for retina iPad screens is LP097QX1-SPA1. (pcper.com)
SAN FRANCISCO - September 9, 2015 - Apple® today introduced the all-new iPad Pro™, featuring a stunning 12.9-inch Retina® display with 5.6 million pixels, the most ever in an iOS device, and groundbreaking performance with the new 64-bit A9X chip, rivaling most portable PCs. (telecomtv.com)
Innovative Design iPad Pro's 12.9-inch Retina display, with 5.6 million pixels and refined Multi-Touch technology, is the most advanced and highest resolution display ever in an iOS device. (telecomtv.com)

Apple announced they were leaving the EPEAT registry soon after they released a slew of new laptops this summer, including the MacBook Pro with Retina display. (wired.com)

A retinal detachment lifts or pulls the retina from its normal position. (medlineplus.gov)

This suggested a similar pixel-doubling strategy to that used in the iPhone 4's Retina Display. (macrumors.com)
Several folks who've received an iPhone 4 early are tipping us and reporting to Apple that the fancy, new Retina displays on their new iPhones are defective and showing odd, colored splotches near the bottom edges of the screen. (engadget.com)
All assets are selected with care so they look great on high pixel desnity devices like iPads, iPhone, Android Devices, Retina Mac Book etc. (themeforest.net)
Today, Apple has published a new ad for its hottest selling gadget the, iPhone 4 which highlights its stunning high-resolution Retina display. (ithinkdiff.com)

Ophthalmol Retina;2023 Jul 28. (bvsalud.org)
SEATTLE - Uveitis expert Nisha Acharya, MD, shared three clinical pearls on the condition at the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) 2023 Annual Meeting. (medscape.com)

See Retina Display . (pcmag.com)
CUPERTINO, California-October 16, 2014-Apple® today unveiled the 27-inch iMac® with Retina® 5K display, featuring the world's highest resolution display with a breathtaking 14.7 million pixels. (apple.com)
With the latest quad-core processors, high-performance graphics, Fusion Drive and Thunderbolt 2, iMac with Retina 5K display is the most powerful iMac ever made-it's the ultimate display combined with the ultimate all-in-one. (apple.com)
Thirty years after the first Mac changed the world, the new iMac with Retina 5K display running OS X Yosemite is the most insanely great Mac we have ever made," said Philip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of Worldwide Marketing. (apple.com)
iMac with Retina 5K display delivers an amazingly immersive user experience. (apple.com)
With a resolution of 5120 x 2880, iMac with Retina 5K display has four times more pixels than the standard 27-inch iMac and 67 percent more pixels than a 4K display. (apple.com)
iMac with Retina 5K display uses a precisely manufactured oxide TFT-based panel to deliver vivid display brightness from corner to corner. (apple.com)
iMac with Retina 5K display also uses highly efficient LEDs and organic passivation to improve image quality and reduce display power consumption by 30 percent, even while driving four times more pixels at the same brightness. (apple.com)
To improve the contrast ratio, iMac with Retina 5K display uses a new photo alignment process and a compensation film to deliver blacker blacks and more vibrant colors from any viewing angle. (apple.com)
In addition, every iMac with Retina 5K display is calibrated using three state-of-the-art spectroradiometers to ensure precise and accurate color. (apple.com)
Not only is iMac with Retina 5K display more beautiful on the outside, it is also more powerful on the inside. (apple.com)
Every new iMac with Retina 5K display also comes with AMD Radeon R9 M290X graphics and can be configured with AMD Radeon R9 M295X graphics, delivering up to 3.5 teraflops of computing power, the most powerful graphics ever offered on an iMac. (apple.com)
iMac with Retina 5K display comes standard with 8GB of memory and a 1TB Fusion Drive for the first time. (apple.com)
In addition, iMac with Retina 5K display includes two Thunderbolt 2 ports that deliver up to 20Gbps each, twice the bandwidth of the previous generation. (apple.com)
OS X Yosemite is also engineered to take full advantage of the iMac's Retina 5K display, delivering stunning clarity across all your apps. (apple.com)
Pricing & Availability iMac with Retina 5K display begins shipping today with a 3.5 GHz quad-core Intel Core i5 with Turbo Boost speeds up to 3.9 GHz, AMD Radeon R9 M290X graphics and a 1TB Fusion Drive for a suggested retail price of $2,499 (US). (apple.com)
Under the initiative's terms Apple will replace display assemblies on affected Retina display-toting MacBook models free of charge, reports MacRumors . (appleinsider.com)
Is Your Website Retina Display Ready? (webhostinggeeks.com)
You've probably heard the term "Retina Display" here or there, but what does it mean to you? (webhostinggeeks.com)
Get ready for the new Retina Display and a new visual experience! (webhostinggeeks.com)
I suspect the same thing will happen with the new Retina Display and like the switch of TVs to HD and large flat screens ruining the standard 32" CRT TVs for consumers, there will be an output of cash for new hardware but there will also need to be an upgrade of the images now planted firmly on millions upon millions of web sites as well as the sites themselves. (webhostinggeeks.com)
When Apple announced the Retina Display MacBook Pro, one of the applications with which they demonstrated it was Photoshop, but not a current release version of Photoshop. (webhostinggeeks.com)
The current release version of CS6 opens images at the same size and the same resolution as on a non-Retina Display MacBook Pro. (webhostinggeeks.com)
An all-new iMac will reportedly debut around October, with a high chance of sporting a Retina Display. (webhostinggeeks.com)
Those sources also said that Apple is looking to expand its Retina Display across all product lines, which means the new iMac has a "high chance" of getting the high-resolution screen. (webhostinggeeks.com)
Apple is reportedly pushing the Retina Display for all its products in a bid to outshine its rivals in screen resolution. (webhostinggeeks.com)
It seems doubtful that Apple would debut a new Retina Display iMac as late as October and then push out yet another refresh next year. (webhostinggeeks.com)
With a quad core i7 processor, Multiple Thunderbolt & USB3 ports, super high definition Retina Display powered by NVIDIA Graphics, this baby is now our hands down top choice for mobile video editing. (videoguys.com)
The new machine packs a 15.4 inch "Retina display" which promises improved viewing angles, reduced glare, and a resolution of 2880 x 1800: four times greater than the previous MacBook Pro. (videoguys.com)
The addition of the Retina display makes the new MacBook Pro "the worldâ€™s highest resolution notebook display" according to Apple. (videoguys.com)
Its beautiful and large 12.9-inch Retina display has 5.6 million pixels and provides an immersive experience for content and apps. (telecomtv.com)

Since Retina Displays are an expensive component, other PC vendors are unlikely to jump on the higher-resolution bandwagon at this time.Beyond launching a new iMac this year, Apple will also refresh both the iMac and Mac Pro next year with brand new models, according to the sources. (webhostinggeeks.com)

Now Twitter is even more vibrant and detailed on the highest resolution Mac notebooks," Ben Sandofsky, product lead, wrote about the Retina addition. (cnet.com)

Thursday, the company released a Mac app with simplified photo-sharing options, support for Retina displays, and 14 new languages. (cnet.com)

A detached retina is when the retina lifts away from the back of the eye. (aao.org)

According to a report on Saturday, Apple recently instated a quality program to deal with an issue relating to Retina MacBook Pro antireflective coatings, a problem that some owners claim causes irreparable damage to their laptop screen. (appleinsider.com)
quote name="Aybara" url="/t/189576/apple-activates-quality-program-for-retina-macbook-pro-screen-coating-issue/0_100#post_2792600"]I am so tired of the labeling every issue as (something)-Gate. (appleinsider.com)

Retina Ready - Envision is absolutley future proof. (themeforest.net)

A handful of Retina MacBook Pro owners first reported screen "staining" earlier this year , saying the problem presents itself as splotches, streaks or other surface anomalies. (appleinsider.com)

But if you do not treat a detached retina, you could quickly and permanently lose your sight. (aao.org)

To identify choroidal nevus features associated with referral to a retina or ocular oncology subspecialist. (bvsalud.org)
Tumor features and patient demographics associated with referral to a retina or ocular oncology subspecialist were assessed. (bvsalud.org)

Imaging modalities include optical coherence tomography (OCT), heidelberg retina tomography (HRT), and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP). (medscape.com)

The retina is a layer of tissue in the back of your eye that senses light and sends images to your brain. (medlineplus.gov)

The retina does not work when it is detached, making vision blurry. (aao.org)

A detached retina is a serious problem. (aao.org)

Replace a dual microphone and its cable compatible with the MacBook Pro 15' Retina A1398 Mid 2012 to Mid 2015 model laptop. (ifixit.com)

Surgery is done to repair a detached retina . (aao.org)
What Are the Risks of Surgery for Detached Retina? (aao.org)

The researchers also tested the health of different groups of neurons and found that the microglia fully maintained the function of neurons in the retina. (nih.gov)
Mice developed high viral titers in eye and brain where the virus primarily localizes to neurons of retina and cerebellum. (nih.gov)

In this Challenge, NEI seeks concept solutions outlining methods and protocols to develop a 3-D human retina organoid prototype that is physiologically relevant. (nih.gov)
In this Challenge, NEI seeks 3-D human retina organoid prototypes that are physiologically relevant. (nih.gov)

The NEI 3-D Retina Organoid Challenge (3D ROC) is a prize competition to develop a physiologically-competent 3-D retina organoid model. (nih.gov)

Retinal nerve fibers exit the eye through the optic nerve, located nasally and on the same plane as the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
The outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium, is tightly attached to the choroid. (medscape.com)
Assuming that the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous) are not cloudy, the living retina can be examined using a direct or with a high diopter biconvex retinal lens at the slit lamp. (medscape.com)
In addition, the retina may be photographed using a retinal camera. (medscape.com)
The retina, with the exception of the blood vessels coursing through it, is transparent to the examiner up to its outer layer, the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
The examiner sees the neurosensory retina against the background orange color of the melanin containing retinal pigment epithelium and blood-filled choroidal layer of the eye. (medscape.com)
There is a potential space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
In a retinal detachment, this space fills with fluid and detaches the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
In contrast, the light-induced decrease in retinal rhodopsin kinase may be due to the direct destructive effect of light on the retina. (nih.gov)

The findings could lead to therapies to reduce vision loss from certain diseases of the retina. (nih.gov)
In many cases, blindness and vision loss are the result of retina-damaging diseases that, if better understood, could be treated or have interventions applied to stop degeneration or provide protection to remaining viable cells. (nih.gov)
The researchers noted that several other diseases affecting blood vessels in the retina, such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, are characterized by a similar degradation of the blood-retina barrier. (nih.gov)
Scientists can use retina organoids to study eye diseases and treatments. (nih.gov)
In this Challenge, solution(s) should yield reproducible, retina organoid models that represent the complexity, structure, and function of the human retina and are amenable for use in either modeling diseases or high-content screening (see Evaluation Criteria & Point Allocation ). (nih.gov)
By mapping out the evolution of vision, Noor White, Ph.D., hopes to shed light on the genetic causes of diseases that affect the retina, the part of the eye that turns light into electrical signals the brain can use to build an image of our surroundings. (nih.gov)

In this Challenge, the protocols to make models used for disease modeling and drug testing are desired, and solution(s) should yield protocols that allow reproducible culture of functionally-competent retina organoids. (nih.gov)
In this Challenge competition, NEI is seeking innovative solutions to achieve significant advances over currently available protocols to grow retina organoids. (nih.gov)
As solvers address the evaluation criteria outlined below, they should state how and why they expect their proposed new methods or changes/additions to existing methods will improve aspects of retina organoids. (nih.gov)
What aspects of the protocol ensure that 3-D organoids will be properly oriented and have layers recapitulating a laminated retina? (nih.gov)
Eliminate limitations in current organoid protocols and accelerate development of 3-D retina organoids that faithfully model human tissue. (nih.gov)

lower right) In prion-infected retina, prion protein (magenta) accumulates under the horseshoe-shaped ribbon synapses (green) found in photoreceptor terminals. (nih.gov)
Our findings support a role for nyctalopin in synaptic transmission and/or synapse formation at ribbon synapses in the retina. (nih.gov)

An ophthalmoscope allows a health care provider to see through your pupil and lens to the retina. (medlineplus.gov)
Sometimes photos or special scans of the retina can show things that the provider cannot see just by looking at the retina through the ophthalmoscope. (medlineplus.gov)

The retina then converts these images to electric signals and sends them along the optic nerve to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
The average healthy retina is 250-µm thick immediately adjacent to the temporal margin of the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
They found that the returning microglia first grew in clusters near the optic nerve, the cable-like bundle of nerve fibers that carries signals from the retina to the brain. (nih.gov)

The retina most often looks red or orange because there are many blood vessels right behind it. (medlineplus.gov)
The arterioles and venules of the retina are the only blood vessels whose wall can be directly examined in the living human without an incision. (medscape.com)

Similarly, adult zebrafish regenerate RGCs by reprogramming cells in the retina called Müller glia. (nih.gov)
Other key recommendations in the report include systematic comparisons of animal models that do and do not regenerate RGCs, criteria for evaluating RGCs, and imaging techniques to assess RGC integration in the retina. (nih.gov)
A new study showed how immune cells in the retina regenerate after being nearly eliminated in mice. (nih.gov)

To test whether the new microglia were fully functional, the scientists damaged the retina with bright light. (nih.gov)
The scientists, from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, also mapped these changes to specific regions and layers of the retina. (nih.gov)

Structure of the neural retina. (medlineplus.gov)

To test what happens in the retina after microglia have been eliminated and whether the cells can return to their normal arrangement and functions, a team led by Dr. Wai T. Wong of NIH's National Eye Institute (NEI) depleted microglia in the retinas of mice. (nih.gov)

Replacing RGCs is a major challenge for the AGI," said Steven Becker, Ph.D., who coordinates the initiative-a sustained effort by the NEI to catalyze research aimed at restoring vision by regenerating the retina, the light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye. (nih.gov)
The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball. (medlineplus.gov)
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inside of the eye. (medscape.com)
The retina is delicate, light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye, and its amacrine cells are involved in processing and conveying signals from the light-gathering photoreceptor cells to the brain's visual cortex, where the image is decoded. (nih.gov)

Retina Subspecialty Day, held during this year's annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, brought together thousands of retina specialists from across the globe. (medscape.com)

Gradually, new microglia expanded outward toward the edges of the retina. (nih.gov)

The retina thickens to approximately 400 µm in the macular area around the fovea and thins to 150 µm in the fovea. (medscape.com)

Images that come through the eye's lens are focused on the retina. (medlineplus.gov)

Nerve fibers within the retina send electrical signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals as visual images. (medscape.com)

Current protocols vary in their strengths and limitations, but none can robustly recapitulate the complexity and functionality of the retina. (nih.gov)

The retina functions in a manner similar to film in a camera. (medscape.com)
A retina organoid is similar to a human retina but it's grown in a lab from stem cells. (nih.gov)

These lab-grown cells would then be transplanted to a patient's retina. (nih.gov)
Cells that are too naïve may develop into unintended cell types, while those that are more mature might not easily integrate into the retina. (nih.gov)
Images of mouse retina after being treated with a drug that nearly eliminates immune cells called microglia. (nih.gov)
The retina is a thin layer of cells at the back of the eye. (nih.gov)
Mixed in with these cells are microglia, specialized immune cells that help maintain the health of the retina. (nih.gov)
When the retina is injured, microglia also work to remove unhealthy or dying cells at the injury site. (nih.gov)
Over time, the cells re-established evenly throughout the retina. (nih.gov)
However, retina biology researchers have developed methods to grow 3-D retina models in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and embryonic stem cells (ESC). (nih.gov)
Cell Types: What aspects of protocol ensure that all five neuronal retina cell types (photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells) will be produced on included? (nih.gov)
Within the eye, the main cells infected by prions are the light-detecting photoreceptors known as cones and rods, both located in the retina. (nih.gov)
But these dots and lines are actually cells in the retina of a goldfish. (nih.gov)
NIH-funded researchers at the University of Utah used a set of tools called Computational Molecular Phenotyping (CMP) to take a snapshot of the amacrine cells in the retina. (nih.gov)

Figure 1 Eye, Retina - Dysplasia in a female B6C3F1 mouse from a chronic study. (nih.gov)
Our study is foundational for understanding ways to control the immune system in the retina," Wong says. (nih.gov)

Currently, retina culture models do not capture the complexity of the human retina. (nih.gov)

Researchers have suggested that a deficiency of P5C may interfere with the function of the retina. (nih.gov)
The goal of the Challenge is to transform innovative ideas into concrete concepts to develop new in vitro 3-D human retina models that recapitulate the organization and function of the human retina. (nih.gov)

The changes in the retina were correlated with changes in the brain related to Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. (nih.gov)

More research is needed to find ways to administer these drugs directly to the retina, sparing off-target tissues. (nih.gov)
Deliver a robust 3-D retina organoid system that the broader research community can leverage for their work. (nih.gov)

The second approach-the focus of the AGI workshop-is to recruit other cell types in a patient's retina for reprogramming into RGCs. (nih.gov)
and Consist of the major retina cell types and represent their biological functions and interplay. (nih.gov)

The optical elements within the eye focus an image onto the retina of the eye, initiating a series of chemical and electrical events within the retina. (medscape.com)

Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, which is often shortened to gyrate atrophy, is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive vision loss. (nih.gov)

The retina is the innermost layer. (medscape.com)
Within the retina, strong nyctalopin immunoreactivity is present in the outer plexiform layer, the site of the photoreceptor to bipolar cell synapses. (nih.gov)

Further work showed that a molecule called CX3CL1 played a significant role in microglial repopulation in the mouse retina. (nih.gov)

Seven days later, microglia had migrated across the retina, and by day 10 they increased in number. (nih.gov)
With either approach, the microglia repopulated the retina within 30 days after being eliminated. (nih.gov)

The center of the optic disc is located 4.5 mm to 5 mm nasal to the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
The center of the retina provides the greatest resolving power of the eye. (medscape.com)

The team used a novel method to visually track microglial movements in the retina. (nih.gov)

Anatomy33

Organisms17

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

oko meduzy mutations affect neuronal patterning in the zebrafish retina and reveal cell-cell interactions of the retinal neuroepithelial sheet. (1/12697)

The cytoskeletal network controls c-Jun expression and glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity in an antagonistic and cell-type-specific manner. (2/12697)

Identification of a novel family of targets of PYK2 related to Drosophila retinal degeneration B (rdgB) protein. (3/12697)

Involvement of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase in the Pax-6 gene regulation in neuroretina. (4/12697)

Cloning of a bovine orphan transporter and its short splicing variant. (5/12697)

Cell junctions in the developing compound eye of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. (6/12697)

The neuronal basis of a sensory analyser, the acridid movement detector system. I. Effects of simple incremental and decremental stimuli in light and dark adapted animals. (7/12697)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (8/12697)

Retina

Retinal Ganglion Cells

Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate

Photoreceptor Cells

Retinal Degeneration

Retinal Vessels

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells

Electroretinography

Eye Proteins

Amacrine Cells

Retinal Diseases

Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells

Pigment Epithelium of Eye

Dark Adaptation

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect

Light

Rod Opsins

Retinal Bipolar Cells

Retinal Neurons

Eye

Choroid

Vitreous Body

Vision, Ocular

Retinal Horizontal Cells

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Goldfish

Rhodopsin

Retinal Pigments

Neuroglia

Retinal Detachment

Retinal Neovascularization

Opsins

Diabetic Retinopathy

Adaptation, Ocular

Visual Pathways

Photic Stimulation

Rod Cell Outer Segment

Blood-Retinal Barrier

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Chick Embryo

In Situ Hybridization

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Ambystoma

Immunohistochemistry

Fundus Oculi

Retinitis

Urodela

Darkness

Fluorescein Angiography

Cell Count

Ophthalmoscopy

RNA, Messenger

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Radiation Injuries, Experimental

Neurons

Zebrafish

Injections

Uveal Diseases

Disease Models, Animal

Microscopy, Confocal

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Light Signal Transduction

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Superior Colliculi

Recoverin

Cyprinidae

Macula Lutea

Retinopathy of Prematurity

In Situ Nick-End Labeling

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Fovea Centralis

Ciliary Body

Arrestin

Blotting, Western

Animals, Newborn

Aminobutyrates

Rats, Mutant Strains

Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Outer Segment

Macular Degeneration