Respiration. Medical search

The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.

The number of times an organism breathes with the lungs (RESPIRATION) per unit time, usually per minute.

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. It is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.

A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.

The cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM.

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

An increase in MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

The absence of light.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.

A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to fumarate and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the bovine RUMEN, the human gingival sulcus, and dental PULPITIS infections.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for the reduction of NITRATES.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A form of creatine kinase found in the MITOCHONDRIA.

A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of ATP production to those of ATP utilization.

A group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.

The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. It is a part of the nitrogen cycle.

A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS.

Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A genus of nematode worms in the superfamily Heterakoidea. A. galli and A. lineata are important intestinal parasites of domestic fowl.

The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.

The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.

A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Eubacteriaceae. Species are homoacetogenic, having the ability to use CARBON DIOXIDE as an electron sink, and to reduce it producing acetate as a typical fermentation product.

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)

A plant genus, in the family AMARANTHACEAE, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of Red Dye No. 2 (AMARANTH DYE). Tumbleweed sometimes refers to Amaranthus but more often refers to SALSOLA.

A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the source of pinosylvin. It is sometimes called Scotch pine or Scots pine, which is also a common name for other species of this genus.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.

A plant genus of the family ACERACEAE, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves.

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

Amides of salicylic acid.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. What is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE.

Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The act of BREATHING in.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

A species of SHEWANELLA noted for its ability to reduce iron and manganese anaerobically.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

An order of the ANGIOSPERMS, subclass Rosidae. Its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, metal-reducing bacteria in the family Geobacteraceae. They have the ability to oxidize a variety of organic compounds, including AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Proteins involved in the transport of specific substances across the membranes of the MITOCHONDRIA.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.

A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.

A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The name "prickly burweed" is sometimes used but causes confusion with AMSINCKIA.

A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.

A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (1/5161)

Because the initial deposition pattern of inhaled particles of various toxic agents determines their future clearance and insult to tissue, respiratory tract deposition is important in assessing the potential toxicity of inhaled aerosols. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles can be classified into three main areas: (1) the physics of aerosols, (2) the anatomy of the respiratory tract and (3) the airflow patterns in the lung airways. In the physics of aerosols, the forces acting on a particle and its physical and chemical properties, such as particle size or size distribution, density, shape, hygroscopic or hydrophobic character, and chemical reactions of the particle will affect the deposition. With respect to the anatomy of the respiratory tract, important parameters are the diameters, the lengths, and the branching angles of airway segments, which determine the deposition. Physiological factors include airflow and breathing patterns, which influence particle deposition. Various lung models used in predicting particle deposition are reviewed and discussed. The air-way structures of various animal species are compared, showing the unique structure of the human lung compared to the animal species under study. Regional deposition data in man and dog are reviewed. Recent deposition data for small rodents are presented, showing regional difference in deposition with the right apical lobe having the highest relative deposition. (+info)

Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (2/5161)

In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning. (+info)

Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting. (3/5161)

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant. The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters. (+info)

The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (4/5161)

The degree of respiratory independence shown by Carcinus under conditions of declining oxygen tension is dependent on the animal's level of activity. Inactive Carcinus are capable of maintaining respiratory independence down to a Po2 of 60-80 mmHg. This is achieved primarily by an increase in ventilation volume such that the amount of oxygen made available at the respiratory surfaces remains constant over a wide range of oxygen tension. The Po2 at which this can no longer be maintained corresponds closely to the Po2 at which respiratory independence is lost. Under normoxic conditions the Po2 of the post- and prebranchial blood was 97 and 18 mmHg respectively. At the high oxygen tensions prevailing in the postbranchial blood the respiratory pigment is fully saturated. Under conditions of declining oxygen tension the heart rate remains more or less constant until the Po2 reaches 60-80 mmHg, the onset of bradycardia coinciding with the loss of saturation of the haemocyanin. Although cardiac output falls during hypoxia, the capacity rate ratio remains approximately constant, which enables the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood to remain at a high level. (+info)

Importance of air and water breathing in relation to size of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. (5/5161)

1. Oxygen uptakes from air and water have been measured in relation to weight of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. 2. Combined O2 uptake from air and water ranged from 60 ml O2 kg-1 h-1 STPD, in a 3-7 g specimen, to 30 ml O2kg-1 h-1, in a 255 g specimen. 3. While the combined O2 uptake changed by a factor of 2, within the weight range under study, the aquatic O2 uptake changed 8-fold within the same range. The smaller fish satisfy 70% of their O2 requirement by aquatic breathing compared to 10-15% in the grown specimens. 4. The pattern of bimodal breathing in P. amphibius is discussed in relation to the natural habitat of the species. (+info)

Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. (6/5161)

1. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate whether glucose ingestion during prolonged exercise reduces whole body muscle glycogen oxidation, (2) to determine the extent to which glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized during exercise with and without carbohydrate ingestion and (3) to obtain an estimate of gluconeogenesis. 2. After an overnight fast, six well-trained cyclists exercised on three occasions for 120 min on a bicycle ergometer at 50 % maximum velocity of O2 uptake and ingested either water (Fast), or a 4 % glucose solution (Lo-Glu) or a 22 % glucose solution (Hi-Glu) during exercise. 3. Dual tracer infusion of [U-13C]-glucose and [6,6-2H2]-glucose was given to measure the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose, muscle glycogen oxidation, glucose carbon recycling, metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and non-oxidative disposal of glucose. 4. Glucose ingestion markedly increased total Ra especially with Hi-Glu. After 120 min Ra and rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose were 51-52 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Fast, 73-74 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Lo-Glu and 117-119 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Hi-Glu. The percentage of Rd oxidized was between 96 and 100 % in all trials. 5. Glycogen oxidation during exercise was not reduced by glucose ingestion. The vast majority of glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized and MCR increased markedly with glucose ingestion. Glucose carbon recycling was minimal suggesting that gluconeogenesis in these conditions is negligible. (+info)

Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/5161)

No method has yet been established to evaluate the exposure to tobacco smoke in passive smoking (PS). We therefore conducted a study on the possibility that the levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (MA) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) could be indices of the passive exposure to tobacco smoke. The moderate correlation was observed between urinary MA levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. The mean urinary MA level of the PS (+) group was significantly higher than that with the PS (-) group. Among the PS (+) group, the mean MA level in the urine obtained in the afternoon was higher than that obtained in the morning. A high correlation was observed between the exhaled CO levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. Like the urinary MA level, the mean exhaled CO level in the PS (+) group, too, gave a significantly higher level than in the PS (-) group. Because the biological half life of MA (7.5 +/- 0.85 h) was longer than that of CO (3.0 +/- 0.36 h), the measurement of urinary MA level is recommended for evaluating the exposure of passive smoking. The measurement of exhaled CO levels is useful only for chain smokers and nonsmokers with PS just before measurement. (+info)

Depression of peripheral chemosensitivity by a dopaminergic mechanism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (8/5161)

In the present study, respiratory drives to chemical stimuli and peripheral chemosensitivity were evaluated in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSAS). The effects of oral administration of domperidone, a selective dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, were also examined, to study the respiratory effects of endogenous dopamine on peripheral chemoreceptors. Sixteen patients with OSAS and nine normal control subjects were studied. Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were measured using the rebreathing method and isocapnic progressive hypoxia method, respectively. The hypoxic withdrawal test, which measures the decrease in ventilation caused by two breaths of 100% O2 under mild hypercapnic hypoxic conditions (end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions approximately 8.0 kPa and 5.3-6.7 kPa, respectively), was used to evaluate peripheral chemosensitivity. In the patients with OSAS, ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were significantly decreased compared with those of control subjects. Hypoxic withdrawal tests showed that peripheral chemosensitivity was significantly lower in patients with OSAS than in normal subjects. Hypercapnic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity were enhanced by administration of domperidone in the patients with OSAS, although no changes in either of these were observed in the control subjects. The hypoxic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity in the patients with OSAS were each significantly correlated with severity of hypoxia during sleep. These findings suggest that peripheral chemosensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may be decreased as a result of abnormality in dopaminergic mechanisms and that the reduced chemosensitivity observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may affect the severity of hypoxia during sleep. (+info)

Respiration. 93 (2): 112-121. doi:10.1159/000453529. ISSN 0025-7931. PMC 5348732. PMID 27974713. "Lung volume reduction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoscopic_lung_volume_reduction_(BLVR)

Respiration. 73 (3): 367-74. doi:10.1159/000087945. PMID 16127266. S2CID 24408680. Morelon E, Stern M, Israël-Biet D, Correas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirolimus

Through respiration, people also draw in forces of light and peace from the world. These methods are used to develop "inner ... "Respiration". www.dovesnest.org. Retrieved 2016-02-22. "Gymnastics". www.dovesnest.org. Retrieved 2016-02-22. "Paneurhythmy". ... respiration, spiritual gymnastics, and paneurhythmy. While each of these are different, they all possess the element of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood

Allegra L, Bossi R, Braga PC (1981). "Action of sobrerol on mucociliary transport". Respiration. 42 (2): 105-9. doi:10.1159/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrerol

A report of four cases". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 67 (1): 90-3. doi:10.1159/000029470. PMID ... Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 86 (5): 376-83. doi:10.1159/000345596. PMID 23295253. Tikoo RK, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

Virchow JC (1999). "Reproterol: beta-2-agonist, theophylline, or both?". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproterol

214, Limburg 2002, p. 267-946 Gompelmann, D.; Eberhardt, R.; Herth, F. J. F. (2013). "Collateral Ventilation". Respiration. 85 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Anna_Putnam

Respiration. 57 (4): 239-42. doi:10.1159/000195848. PMID 1982774. O'Hanlon JF, Volkerts ER (1986). "Hypnotics and actual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazepam

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 95 (5): 364-380. doi:10.1159/000486797. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 29614508. ... Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 96 (4): 382-398. doi:10.1159/000490551. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 30138943. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhaler

2015 Respiration (Institut du monde arabe Museum) 2016 Respiration (Dutko Gallery, Paris) 2016 Stool In The Box (Salone ... Entitled "Respiration", the exhibition began on May 31 and will be open through D'Days until the 28th of August, 2016. In ... "Respiration". 9 May 2016. "Institut du Monde Arabe - D'DAYS". "Home - Galerie DUTKO". Galerie DUTKO. "Karen Chekerdjian Studio ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Chekerdjian

Respiration. 86 (5): 433-8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743. Jimenez Ruiz, CA; Solano Reina, S; de Granda ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_electronic_cigarettes

Respiration. 86 (5): 433-8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743. John Madden (19 September 2014). "Cigavette ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_cigarette_and_e-cigarette_liquid_brands

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 88 (2): 162-74. doi:10.1159/000362674. PMID 24943102. Coleman RM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pulmonary_aspergillosis

Respiration. 85 (6): 515-520. doi:10.1159/000348269. ISSN 0025-7931. Hammer, Jürg, ed. (2005). Paediatric pulmonary function ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pores_of_Kohn

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 69 (3): 277-9. doi:10.1159/000063635. PMID 12097776. Suzuki, K; Seyama ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifocal_micronodular_pneumocyte_hyperplasia

Respiration. 99 (11): 961-969. doi:10.1159/000511132. ISSN 0025-7931. Woo, Sungmin; Yoon, Chang Jin; Chung, Jin Wook; Kang, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchial_artery_embolization

Respiration. 32 (1): 74-80. doi:10.1159/000193637. PMID 1118672. Wujastyk, Dagmar; Smith, Frederick M. (2008). Modern and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health

Herzog H (1998). "History of Tuberculosis". Respiration. 65 (1): 5-15. doi:10.1159/000029220. PMID 9523361. Gao, Qian; Li, Xia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antibiotic-resistant_bacteria

1951). "Electrophrenic Respiration". United States Navy Medical News Letter. 18 (4): 10-12. Bhimji, S. (16 December 2015). ... Judson, J.P.; Glenn, W.W.L. (1968). "Radio-Frequency electrophrenic respiration: Long-term application to a patient with ... Duchenne would later in 1872 declare the technique the "best means of imitating natural respiration". However, advances in ... Diaphragm pacing, (and even earlier as electrophrenic respiration), is the rhythmic application of electrical impulses to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pacing

Contribution of six new cases to the number of case reports in Turkey". Respiration. 68 (2): 204-209. doi:10.1159/000050494. ... World cases and review of the literature". Respiration. 70 (5): 549-555. doi:10.1159/000074218. PMID 14665786. S2CID 24718986. ... Report of two cases". Respiration. 64 (2): 165-169. doi:10.1159/000196663. PMID 9097354. Castellana, G; Gentile, M; Castellana ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_microlithiasis

Respiration. 69 (3): 217-22. doi:10.1159/000063623. PMID 12097764. "FDA orders 'black box' label on some antibiotics". CNN.com ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prulifloxacin

ISBN 978-1-4419-9694-7. Mortola, J (1999). "How newborn mammals cope with hypoxia". Respiration Physiology. 116 (2-3): 95-103. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_anoxic_depolarization_in_the_brain

Di Prampero, PE; G. Ferretti (Dec 1, 1999). "The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism" (PDF). Respiration Physiology. 118 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise

Respiration Physiology. 49 (2): 141-58. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(82)90070-6. PMID 6815749. Greater Siren - North Carolina. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_siren

Tenny, S.M. (1967). "Comparative quantitative morphology of the mammalian lung: trachea". Respiration Physiology. 3: 616-630. ... a mechanism is necessary to abduct structures from the airway to allow for non-vocal respiration. Because of this, vibratory ... present in the ancestral syrinx were likely selected to ensure that the airway did not collapse during non-vocal respiration. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)

Respiration Physiology. 39 (2): 217-239. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(80)90046-8. PMID 7375742. Hawkes, L. A.; Balachandran, S.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-headed_goose

As well as being a diagnostic device, Donald used the device to make a quantitative determination of normal respiration with ... Donald, Ian (May 1954). "Augmented Respiration". The Lancet. 263 (6818): 895-899. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(54)91522-6. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Donald

Kreuzer, F. (1970). "Facilitated diffusion of oxygen and its possible significance; a review". Respiration Physiology. 9 (1): 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_diffusion

Graham, J. B. (1974-07-01). "Aquatic respiration in the sea snake Pelamis platurus". Respiration Physiology. 21 (1): 1-7. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_sea_snake

Respiration Physiology. 49 (2): 141-58. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(82)90070-6. PMID 6815749. Caudata Culture Species Entry - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-toed_amphiuma

LACTIC ACID AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Involves the use of OXYGEN and GLUCOSE. It RELEASES ENERGY C02 and HEAT GLUCOSE + OXYGEN (O2) ... CARBON DIOXIDE (C02) + WATER (H2O) + ENERGY + HEAT ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: Involves the use of GLUCOSE. It RELEASES ENERGY C02, ... 1 GLOSSARY: RESPIRATION. State the equation for aerobic and anaerobic respiration State the composition of inspired air State ... Explain internal respiration Explain external respiration 2 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM GLUCOSE ENERGY + HEAT + LACTIC ACID. AEROBIC ...

http://slideplayer.com/slide/1466393/

Respiration In Plants - AIPMT. Check out your performance on Respiration In Plants chapter by attempting this test ...

https://www.simplylearnt.com/attempt/weekly_test/Respiration-In-Plants-AIPMT

Appraising Your Pets Health Series- Respiration. Many dogs breathe 10 to 30 times per minute;for cats, the rate is 10 to 40 ... Monitoring Respiration. When your pet is resting quietly, anything other than quiet, effortless breathing requires medical ... Emergency! Respiratory collapse; prepare for artificial respiration. YES, immediately. Shojai, Amy D. The First Aid Companion ...

https://www.doggroomingshop.net/index.php/2015/12/17/appraising-your-pets-health-series-respiration/

Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the ... Therefore, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic. Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP ... in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). A proton motive force drives protons down the ... respiration) or acetate fermentation. Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration

A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimballs online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration ... Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives ( ... "Anaerobic Respiration-Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration". courses.lumenlearning.org. Boundless.com. ... Maintenance respiration: maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Microphysiometry Pasteur point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

Anaerobic respiration. Main article: Anaerobic respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are ... Aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and ... Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives ( ... Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_respiration

Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex ... Agonal respirations are also commonly seen in cases of cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest where agonal respirations may ... including Biots respirations and ataxic respirations). Correct usage would restrict the term to the last breaths before death ... Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment. Perkin, RM; Resnik, DB (June ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_respiration

Cellular respiration occurs 24 HOURS/DAY in all organisms. Respiration is sometimes called BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION and thus may be ... Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules react with oxygen and are broken down to carbon dioxide and water ... In BURNING most of the energy is released in the form of HEAT and LIGHT, but in cellular respiration most of the energy is used ... Any organic molecule that contains bond energy can be used as a fuel in cellular respiration. The common stage for almost all ...

http://www.angelfire.com/ga2/nestsite2/webunit8.html

Fructose, galactose, and lactose produced very little, if any cellular respiration in yeast. ...

http://www.csun.edu/scied/2-longitudinal/schuster/index.html

Respiration: Two types of respiratory organs are found among arachnids: book lungs and tracheae. Book lungs are found in ... Respiration. Two types of respiratory organs are found among arachnids: book lungs and tracheae. Book lungs are found in ... Most spiders have both, and small micro whip scorpions and some extremely small mites have only cutaneous respiration. ...

https://www.britannica.com/animal/arachnid/Respiration

RYLAND, J. Respiration in Polyzoa (Ectoprocta). Nature 216, 1040-1041 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1038/2161040b0 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/2161040b0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=247bba5a-183b-4346-87b6-515536649d4a

They take in oxygen during the respiration process and produce carbon dioxide. You can explore this process with several ... The most basic plant respiration experiment will simply demonstrate that plants do respire, thus creating carbon dioxide. To ... This can tell you how much oxygen the plant has used up during the respiration process. ... and use cabbage water or an oxygen probe to measure the different rates of respiration for each plant. Make sure to add the ...

https://www.ehow.com/list_7433793_plant-respiration-experiments.html

artificial respiration, any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a persons lungs when natural breathing is inadequate ... artificial respiration (artificial ventilation) n. an emergency procedure for maintaining a flow of air into and out of a ... artificial respiration, any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a persons lungs when natural breathing is inadequate ... Respiration can be taken over by an artificial lung (especially in respiratory paralysis), a pulmotor, or any other type of ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/artificial-respiration

Artificial respiration, breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. ... Artificial respiration, breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. ... National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Artificial Respiration. *Academia - Artificial Respiration: On ... the stoppage or impeding of respiration, as by strangulation, choking on food, or other exclusion of oxygenated air. See. ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/artificial-respiration

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When your pet is resting quietly, anything other than quiet, effortless breathing requires medical attention and possibly artificial respiration. (doggroomingshop.net)

These multiple-choice questions will help you review the AHL or Option C content for Cell Respiration. (quia.com)
Modules use animations to convey dynamic process of cell respiration. (merlot.org)
You just viewed Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics . (merlot.org)
If you know the author of Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics , please help us out by filling out the form below and clicking Send. (merlot.org)
Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by organisms. (vernier.com)
It is known that peas undergo cell respiration during germination. (vernier.com)
After completing the Preliminary Activity, you will first use reference sources to find out more about peas, seeds, germination, and cell respiration before you choose and investigate a researchable question dealing with the cell respiration. (vernier.com)
Peas undergo cell respiration during germination. (vernier.com)
Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? (vernier.com)
Study the effect of temperature on cell respiration. (vernier.com)
Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas. (vernier.com)
Researchers at the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet have now discovered a new function for a protein in the mitochondrion - popularly called the cell's power station - that plays a key part in cell respiration. (scienceblog.com)
Cell Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell, as you can see below. (smore.com)
The relation between photosynthesis and cell respiration in cells is important, yet simple. (smore.com)
Although they don't produce and require the same products, photosynthesis and cell respiration both rely on the movement of electrons. (smore.com)
There are many differences with photosynthesis and cell respiration, but one of the biggest ones is what they produce. (smore.com)
ADP and Pi enter and ATP exit, the end of Cell Respiration. (smore.com)

Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) utilizes highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes involved in respiration also function at optimal levels at specific pH levels: more basic environments for glycolysis enzymes and a more acidic environment for citric acid cycle enzymes. (inra.fr)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created in organisms through the processes of photosynthesis, glycolysis, cellular respiration and fermentation. (reference.com)
Cellular respiration has three phases glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport. (answers.com)
We used cells that were pretreated with ethidium bromide so that the mtDNA became mutated and depleted and the cells became incapable of aerobic respiration and growth (A549 ρ° cells), except in a permissive medium containing uridine and pyruvate to supplement anaerobic glycolysis ( 6 , 7 ). (pnas.org)
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration both begin with glycolysis, the first stage in the breakdown of glucose. (ehow.co.uk)
Anaerobic respiration can also follow glycolysis and generates two molecules of ATP and produces lactic acid as a byproduct. (ehow.co.uk)
Anaerobic respiration can metabolise pyruvic acid, and in the process, regenerate enzymes necessary for glycolysis, facilitating further aerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)
Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial respiration begins with a step, glycolysis, that is primarily concerned with the breakdown of sugar to create ATP and important byproducts. (livestrong.com)
To estimate the relative contributions of glycolysis and aerobic respiration, we calculated total adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) generated by measuring whole-cell lactate production and oxygen consumption, respectively ( 11 ). (sciencemag.org)
Dependence of aerobic respiration, glycolysis, and exercise capacity on p53. (sciencemag.org)

Respiration requires the use of available energy in the form of ATP, but the process results in the generation of a net gain in ATP, meaning more energy is available for continued photosynthesis and respiration. (ehow.com)
3. They will be able to differentiate between photosynthesis and respiration. (nps.gov)
2. These will be used to act out the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. (nps.gov)
Terrestrial ecosystems currently offset one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions because of a slight imbalance between global terrestrial photosynthesis and respiration 1 . (nature.com)
Photosynthesis and respiration form a closed cycle. (oase-livingwater.com)
What are some differences and similarities between photosynthesis and respiration?Compare and. (enotes.com)
How do photosynthesis and respiration compare? (enotes.com)
Difference between photosynthesis and respiration? (enotes.com)

Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. (wikipedia.org)
There are two important anaerobic microbial methane formation pathways, through carbon dioxide / bicarbonate (HCO3−) reduction (respiration) or acetate fermentation. (wikipedia.org)
What is the difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration? (reference.com)
In doing so, we will see how fermentation and cellular respiration takes place when oxygen is not present. (bartleby.com)
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! (khanacademy.org)
Learn more about cellular respiration, fermentation, and other processes that extract energy from fuel molecules like glucose. (khanacademy.org)
Anaerobic respiration is often used interchangeably with fermentation , especially when the glycolytic pathway is used for energy production in the cell. (bionity.com)
Hence, scientists who study prokaryotic physiology view anaerobic respiration and fermentation as distinct processes and therefore do not use the terms interchangeably. (bionity.com)

Here is the respiration phases: the respiratory gas transport, internal respiration, external respiration, and the pulmonary ventilation. (answers.com)

Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular respiration occurs 24 HOURS/DAY in all organisms. (angelfire.com)
Respiration occurs in three stages. (encyclopedia.com)
The third stage of cellular respiration occurs when the energy-rich hydrogen atoms are separated into protons [H+] and energy-rich electrons in the electron transport chain. (encyclopedia.com)
While Cheyne-Stokes respiration usually occurs during slee, it may also happen during waking hours. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Physiological respiration occurs across the respiratory system, which includes the upper and lower respiratory tracts. (reference.com)
About.com reveals that energy production occurs in cells through the metabolic process of cellular respiration, which produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (reference.com)
In plants, respiration often occurs at the surface of leaves through stomatal holes, but it occurs on stems in some plant species. (reference.com)
Respiration in green plants occurs during photosynthesis. (yourdictionary.com)
There are many chemical pathways by which respiration occurs. (ehow.co.uk)
Also, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (smore.com)

Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and carbon cycles through the reduction of the oxyanions of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon to more-reduced compounds. (wikipedia.org)
The biogeochemical cycling of these compounds, which depends upon anaerobic respiration, significantly impacts the carbon cycle and global warming. (wikipedia.org)
Another example is methanogenesis, a form of carbon-dioxide respiration, that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules react with oxygen and are broken down to carbon dioxide and water with a net gain of captured energy in the form of ATP molecules. (angelfire.com)
They take in oxygen during the respiration process and produce carbon dioxide. (ehow.com)
The most basic plant respiration experiment will simply demonstrate that plants do respire, thus creating carbon dioxide. (ehow.com)
Resuscitation by inducing artificial respiration consists chiefly of two actions: (1) establishing and maintaining an open air passage from the upper respiratory tract ( mouth , throat, and pharynx ) to the lungs and (2) exchanging air and carbon dioxide in the terminal air sacs of the lungs while the heart is still functioning. (britannica.com)
Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) is the process by which energy-rich organic substrates are broken down into carbon dioxide and water , with the release of a considerable amount of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (encyclopedia.com)
Also in the second stage of cellular respiration, the carbon atoms of the intermediate metabolic products in the Krebs cycle are converted to carbon dioxide . (encyclopedia.com)
Respiration is the process or processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment. (google.com)
Rather, respiration is the metabolic process by which carbon compounds, such as glucose, are utilized for energy. (ehow.com)
Whereas carbon dioxide and water are consumed during photosynthesis, both of these compounds are produced during respiration. (ehow.com)
Plants use respiration to obtain energy from the carbon fixed during photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
Finally, as plants and animals die, their tissue is decomposed by soil microbes and the organic matter is consumed as a food source, and the microbes return the carbon to the atmosphere through respiration. (ehow.com)
As those with Cheyne-Stokes respiration hyperventilate, their total carbon dioxide stores are likely to be reduced, which interferes with the carbon dioxide buffering capacity of the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A balance exists between respiration and photosynthesis (the fixation of atmospheric carbon by plants). (inra.fr)
Plant photosynthesis and animal respiration form a carbon cycle, where plants consume CO2 and release oxygen (O2), while animals consume oxygen and release the CO2 that is then used by plants. (skepticalscience.com)
Respiration provides cells with oxygen and expels toxic carbon dioxide. (reference.com)
Wikipedia notes that cells use oxygen to produce energy through the process of aerobic respiration, which releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. (reference.com)
In the long term, soil respiration also depends on the productivity of the plants that transfer their carbon to the soil. (wsl.ch)
With the aid of respiration (metabolism) it is possible for life forms to convert external biomass (food) and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, and obtain energy in the process. (oase-livingwater.com)
In the respiration process oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is given off. (oase-livingwater.com)
Cellular respiration is how a cell breaks down glucose and oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water , but more importantly, 686 kilocalories per mole of glucose is harnessed from the reaction. (everything2.com)
Terrestrial plants have a gaseous interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which is necessary for respiration and feeding. (yourdictionary.com)
1. (Biology) the process in living organisms of taking in oxygen from the surroundings and giving out carbon dioxide ( external respiration ). (thefreedictionary.com)
My research aims to understand the role respiration plays in the primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism of plants and their response to oxidative stress, and the dynamics of the plant proteome under limiting conditions. (edu.au)
Respiration is the process by which we exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the production of energy by our cells. (enotes.com)
In respiration, oxygen and glucose combine to produce adenotriphosphate (ATP) or energy as a byproduct with waste products carbon dioxide and water. (enotes.com)
Cellular respiration in plants takes in oxygen and produces carbon dioxide in the lungs through the respiratory gas carried in the blood stream. (smore.com)
Photosynthesis releases oxygen, and cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide. (smore.com)
In cellular respiration, it intakes oxygen and creates carbon dioxide. (smore.com)
When oxygen is present, glucose can be completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in a process called aerobic respiration . (howstuffworks.com)

Several examples of structure determines function in cellular respiration are as follows: ATP and ADP and how they are used in the cell, enzymes, and aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. (bookrags.com)
the two main types of cellular respiration are aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration. (answers.com)
They undergo either anaerobic cellular respiration or aerobic cellular respiration. (answers.com)
Differentiate anaerobic cellular respiration from aerobic respiration? (answers.com)
Aerobic and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Respiration describes sequences of enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions within cells to produce life sustaining energy (Turtle, 2015). (bartleby.com)

This unit in biology, we studied cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells make energy to live. (bookrags.com)

Any organic molecule that contains bond energy can be used as a fuel in cellular respiration. (angelfire.com)
ATP has three phosphate groups and during cellular respiration, it loses a phosphate making it an ADP molecule. (bookrags.com)
2. What molecule is essential for aerobic respiration to take place? (sparknotes.com)
One molecule of glucose can be converted into up to 32 molecules of ATP during aerobic respiration, but only two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule are gained from anaerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)
During aerobic respiration the Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle in which 6 CO2 (1 molecule of glucose has 6 carbons), 2 ATP, 8 NADH and 2 FADH are produced. (bartleby.com)

Cellfood has an array of benefits to the body that include increasing cellular respiration, boosting energy, metabolism catalyst, balancing body metabolism. (reference.com)
Mice completely lacking in TFB1M die early in the foetal stage as they are unable to develop cellular respiration," says Medodi Metodiev, one of the researchers involved in the study, which is presented in Cell Metabolism. (scienceblog.com)
Also known as oxidative metabolism or aerobic metabolism, or aerobic respiration. (medindia.net)
In the field of prokaryotic metabolism , anaerobic respiration has a more specific meaning. (bionity.com)
That SCO2 couples p53 to mitochondrial respiration provides a possible explanation for the Warburg effect and offers new clues as to how p53 might affect aging and metabolism. (sciencemag.org)

There are currently no questions for Wendals Respiration for Horses - be the first to ask one! (viovet.co.uk)

An example of the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration is the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, or dissimilatory denitrification, which is the main route by which fixed nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as molecular nitrogen gas. (wikipedia.org)
While this is not an advantage precisely, it is an importance of anaerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)

In emergency situations, however, when no professional help is available, rescuers undertake the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method of artificial respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
When victims vomit, they must be turned on their side and the airway cleaned before continuing artificial respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
Artificial respiration , breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. (britannica.com)
Various methods of artificial respiration, most based on the application of external force to the lungs, were once used. (britannica.com)
Mouth-to-mouth breathing soon after became the most widely used method of artificial respiration. (britannica.com)
Artificial respiration being taught in a Red Cross first aid class to State employees in the Wisconsin State Capitol Assembly Parlor, supervised by Arne Lerwick (far right), instructor from the Madison Fire Department. (wisconsinhistory.org)

Specific types of anaerobic respiration are also critical in bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to convert toxic chemicals into less-harmful molecules to clean up contaminated beaches, aquifers, lakes, and oceans. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. (wikipedia.org)
The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy because weak high-energy bonds, in particular in molecular oxygen, are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. (wikipedia.org)
However, some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) of high energy as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. (wikipedia.org)
Both are molecules that are used in cellular respiration to make energy. (bookrags.com)
HS-LS1-7: Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed, resulting in a net transfer of energy. (akc.org)
These molecules, including the enzymes involved in respiration, are in contact with soil particles. (inra.fr)
The only things needed to form an Exomet are the death of microorganisms and the stabilisation by molecules of respiration enzymes, so it's very likely that the phenomenon is widespread in nature! (inra.fr)
Respiration, not to be confused with breathing, is any process by which a cell releases energy from the chemical bonds of complex molecules, such as glucose. (ehow.co.uk)
In other situations, bacteria use one or more different molecules as a final electron acceptor for respiration. (livestrong.com)
The purpose of respiration is to provide the cell with the appropriate molecules for creating energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, ATP. (livestrong.com)
Anaerobic respiration (anaerobiosis) refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy, in opposition to aerobic respiration which does use oxygen. (bionity.com)
In this case, anaerobic respiration is defined as a membrane-bound biological process coupling the oxidation of electron donating substrates (e.g. sugars and other organic compounds, but also inorganic molecules like hydrogen, sulfide/sulfur, ammonia, metals or metal ions) to the reduction of suitable external electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen. (bionity.com)

In aerobic organisms undergoing respiration, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain, and the final electron acceptor is oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
All organisms utilize the processes of cellular respiration to provide energy for cellular maintenance and for the production of starting materials for the biosynthesis of needed compounds. (angelfire.com)
Respiration in living organisms works by exchanging gases to support essential metabolic processes. (reference.com)
Gas exchange at the cellular wall is the entire process of respiration for unicellular organisms and other simple living things. (reference.com)
How many organisms need to be in a food chain to carry out cellular respiration? (answers.com)
Do all organisms do cellular respiration? (answers.com)
In multicellular organisms that require oxygen, such as human beings, anaerobic respiration can act as a backup when cellular oxygen is depleted. (ehow.co.uk)
We have recently shown that beyond its role in respiration, this protein complex is also involved in defence signalling in plants by helping plants to respond to invading organisms like pathogenic fungi and it also alter the growth of roots. (edu.au)

Anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen, and produces pyruvate, which is then reduced to lactate or to ethanol and CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
Respiration was only stimulated when reactive oxygen species (ROS) were scavenged by pyruvate or NAC: other fuels or fuel combinations had little effect. (nih.gov)
These studies suggest for the first time that adipocyte O(2) consumption may be inhibited by ROS, because pyruvate and NAC stimulated respiration. (nih.gov)

Handbook of Physiology (Sec. 3, Respiration, Vol. 2). (springer.com)

The advantages of anaerobic respiration" last modified May 13, 2017. (ehow.co.uk)

Cellular+respiration - Google Search. (smore.com)

Sulfate respiration produces hydrogen sulfide, which is responsible for the characteristic 'rotten egg' smell of coastal wetlands and has the capacity to precipitate heavy metal ions from solution, leading to the deposition of sulfidic metal ores. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike cellular respiration, photorespiration does not produce any ATP or NADH, and so consumes chemical energy rather than produces it. (dictionary.com)
Respiration is important because it produces energy that is essential for the normal functioning of the body. (reference.com)
Anaerobic respiration produces small amounts of energy in the absence of oxygen. (reference.com)
2) On the other hand, «root respiration» produces CO 2 during metabolic activity in the rhizosphere. (wsl.ch)
Aerobic respiration produces ATP at the slowest rate of the three systems, but it can continue to supply ATP for several hours or longer, so long as the fuel supply lasts. (howstuffworks.com)

2015. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/114604/all/Cheyne_Stokes_respiration. (unboundmedicine.com)
https://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6874497_advantages-anaerobic-respiration.html. (ehow.co.uk)

Neural control of respiration (like neural control of many other physiological functions, micturition, for example) is highly complex and not fully elucidated. (merlot.org)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Humans, and all animals, use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the main energy source in cells. (bartleby.com)

Figure 2: Composite seasonal cycles of GEP and DER indicate strong inhibition of aboveground respiration by light and sustained photosynthetic efficiency. (nature.com)

We propose that both mitochondrial volume densities and Sv(im,m) are near their maximum theoretical limits in hummingbirds and that higher rates of mitochondrial respiration than those observed in mammals are achieved in vivo as a result of higher capacities for O2 delivery and substrate catabolism. (pnas.org)
Analysis of respiration-incompetent yeast with specific deletions in the electron transport chain and the machinery of mitochondrial ATP synthesis indicated that the ability to respire is critical for Bax toxicity. (sciencemag.org)
A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the Warburg effect ( 3 - 7 ), but there have not been any reports of a genetically defined pathway that couples a tumor suppressor gene to mitochondrial aerobic respiration. (sciencemag.org)

Soil respiration measurement: chamber with infrared gas analyser. (wsl.ch)
Schematic representation of C fluxes including soil respiration in forests. (wsl.ch)
Soil respiration, i.e. the CO 2 flux from the soil, is the largest CO 2 flux in ecosystems besides photosynthesis. (wsl.ch)
Therefore, if soil respiration changes, this can significantly affect the CO 2 balance of forests and their climate impact. (wsl.ch)
Soil respiration consists of two components: (1) on the one hand, leaf litter, dead roots and soil humus are broken down by microorganisms, thereby releasing CO 2 . (wsl.ch)
Measurement of soil respiration: a chamber is placed on the soil surface and the increase in CO 2 concentration is monitored by an infrared gas analyser. (wsl.ch)
Temperature and water availability are the most important direct factors that control soil respiration. (wsl.ch)
The linearly increasing CO2 concentration is the rate of soil respiration. (wsl.ch)

Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping, labored breathing, accompanied by strange vocalizations and myoclonus. (wikipedia.org)
Cheyne-Stokes respiration, also known as periodic respiration, is an abnormal pattern of breathing. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. (wikipedia.org)
Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids, and the most common oxidizing agent providing most of the chemical energy is molecular oxygen (O2). (wikipedia.org)
In BURNING most of the energy is released in the form of HEAT and LIGHT, but in cellular respiration most of the energy is used to create NEW CHEMICAL BONDS and only a relatively small amount of heat energy is liberated (2nd Law of Thermodynamics). (angelfire.com)
Until now, it was thought that respiration could only occur in an intracellular environment in which enzymes are protected inside cellular compartments in specific physical and chemical conditions. (inra.fr)
A small fraction (5-10%) of these enzymes will connect with minerals or humus to reconstitute a meta-organism capable of producing the cascade of chemical reactions which occur in respiration. (inra.fr)
Cellular respiration involves the chemical release o. (reference.com)
In anaerobic respiration, as the electrons from the electron donor are transported down the electron transport chain to the terminal electron acceptor, protons are translocated over the cell membrane from "inside" to "outside", establishing a concentration gradient across the membrane which temporarily stores the energy released in the chemical reactions. (bionity.com)
Aerobic respiration takes even more chemical reactions to produce ATP than either of the above systems. (howstuffworks.com)

In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP. (youtube.com)
Respiration is the utilization of energy within the plant and results in the release of oxygen back into the atmosphere. (ehow.com)
Conversely, heterotrophs use respiration to yield energy from the food that they consume. (ehow.com)
Provide students with a simple definition of cellular respiration: Cellular respiration is the method by which cells in humans, plants, and animals break down sugar (or glucose) from the food that they eat, which in turn changes into energy or ATP. (akc.org)
What is the energy from respiration used for? (reference.com)
The energy from respiration is used to utilize stored energy within an organism's body when necessary. (reference.com)
All animals use biochemical respiration to deliver oxygen across the cell wall, and they use the gas to acquire energy. (reference.com)
Cellular Respiration is converting glucose to usable energy. (answers.com)
Definition of anaerobic respiration: the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with a small amount of energy. (bionity.com)
Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. (mixbook.com)
In the case of anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken and the products generated from this are energy and either lactic acid or ethanol (alcohol) and CO2. (mixbook.com)
The plant cells break down sugar through cellular respiration then the sugar particles produce energy. (smore.com)

To do this, use different types of aquatic plants, or different sizes of the same aquatic plant, and use cabbage water or an oxygen probe to measure the different rates of respiration for each plant. (ehow.com)
What is plant respiration? (answers.com)
Cellular respiration in an animal cell is very similar to a plant cell. (smore.com)

The physiological processes that lead to the development of Cheyne-Stokes respiration, which involves the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and sympathetic nervous systems, are not fully understood. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Living cells need oxygen and glucose to chemically react with each other in order to produce aerobic respiration. (reference.com)

To make ATP, a muscle cell (Myocyte) utilises Oxygen provided by Myoglobin (a muscle-fibre oxygen-binding protein) and breaks down glucose in aerobic cellular respiration. (bartleby.com)

Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)

The term is sometimes (inaccurately) used to refer to labored, gasping breathing patterns accompanying organ failure (e.g. liver failure and renal failure), SIRS, septic shock, and metabolic acidosis (see Kussmaul breathing, or in general any labored breathing, including Biot's respirations and ataxic respirations). (wikipedia.org)

Here, we explore the significance of microaerobic respiration as a source of ammonium during organic matter degradation in the oxygen-deficient waters off Namibia and Peru. (mendeley.com)
Our results suggest that microaerobic respiration is a major mode of organic matter remineralization and source of ammonium (∼45-100%) in the upper oxygen minimum zones, and reconcile hitherto observed mismatches between ammonium producing and consuming processes therein. (mendeley.com)

Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). (wikipedia.org)
Anaerobic respiration processes require another electron acceptor to replace oxygen. (bionity.com)

Beardall J, Raven JA (1990) Pathways and mechanisms of respiration in microalgae. (springer.com)
Some of these pathways require oxygen and are called aerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)
Pathways that do not require oxygen are called anaerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)

What organ cells undergo aerobic respiration? (reference.com)

Physiological respiration is also known as ventilation and breathing, and it involves inhalation and exhalation processes. (reference.com)
Is exhalation and inhalation known as cellular respiration? (answers.com)
respiration During inhalation (top), the diaphragm descends and air fills the lungs. (yourdictionary.com)

A respiration assistor (10) for use in an anaesthesia breathing system. (google.com)
It consists of cycles of breathing, which become increasingly deeper, followed by periods where respiration becomes gradually shallower. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Animal respiration: walrus, frog, and butt-breathing turtle. (slate.com)
Respiration is taking a breath or the act of breathing. (yourdictionary.com)
In air-breathing vertebrates, respiration takes place in the lungs. (yourdictionary.com)
If you tell the patient/client that you're going to count their respirations, wouldn't they be tempted to control their breathing pattern? (allnurses.com)
A pattern of breathing with varying depth of respiration and brief periods of apnea. (medindia.net)

Students use puzzle pieces representing the components of the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration and answer questions about these processes. (curriki.org)

We realised that respiration was occurring in the absence of living cells. (inra.fr)
Respiration is what happens when you move oxygen from your environment and into your cells. (education.com)
Site of the cellular respiration in cells? (answers.com)
When muscle cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replenished, the cells start to perform anaerobic respiration in order to keep muscles moving, which can be important in an emergency situation. (ehow.co.uk)

Unit 4: Respiration, circulation and excretion Sistema digestivo Glándulas digestivas Tracto digestivo Sistema respiratorio Alvéolos Bronquios Bronquiolos Capilares Dióxido de carbono Laringe Pulmones Faringe Tráquea Sistema circulatorio Arterias Vasos. (calameo.com)

Carvalho MC, Eyre BD (2012) Measurement of planktonic respiration in the light. (springer.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms28

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Health Care10

Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (1/5161)

Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (2/5161)

Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting. (3/5161)

The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (4/5161)

Importance of air and water breathing in relation to size of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. (5/5161)

Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. (6/5161)

Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/5161)

Depression of peripheral chemosensitivity by a dopaminergic mechanism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (8/5161)

Cell Respiration

Respiration

Oxygen Consumption

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Mitochondria

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron Transport

Oxygen

Mitochondria, Liver

Anaerobiosis

Antimycin A

Aerobiosis

Carbon Dioxide

Uncoupling Agents

Cyanides

Electron Transport Complex IV

Energy Metabolism

Oligomycins

Oxidation-Reduction

Succinates

Mitochondria, Muscle

Mitochondria, Heart

Mitochondrial Proteins

Adenosine Triphosphate

Nitrates

Succinic Acid

Carbon

Potassium Cyanide

Respiratory Rate

Cytochromes

Oxidoreductases

Polarography

Shewanella

Glycolysis

Photosynthesis

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Adenosine Diphosphate

Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins

Rotenone

Electron Transport Complex I

Malates

NAD

Soil

Biomass

Atractyloside

Carbon Cycle

Respiratory Mechanics

2,4-Dinitrophenol

Tissues

Dinitrophenols

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Glucose

Fumarates

Respiratory Physiological Phenomena

Respiratory Physiological Processes

Reactive Oxygen Species

Nitrate Reductase

Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial

Ubiquinone

Kinetics

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

Mitochondrial Swelling

Temperature

Pyruvic Acid

Tetramethylphenylenediamine

Pyruvates

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Plant Leaves

Amobarbital

Citric Acid Cycle

Darkness

NADH Dehydrogenase

Electron Transport Complex II

Nitrogen

Time Factors

Trees

Models, Biological

Wolinella

Nitrate Reductases

Protons