Cell Respiration
Respiration
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Oxygen Consumption
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Oxygen
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Anaerobiosis
Antimycin A
Carbon Dioxide
Uncoupling Agents
Cyanides
Electron Transport Complex IV
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Energy Metabolism
Oligomycins
A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Succinates
Mitochondria, Muscle
Mitochondrial Proteins
Adenosine Triphosphate
Nitrates
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Carbon
Potassium Cyanide
Respiratory Rate
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Polarography
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Shewanella
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Adenosine Diphosphate
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins
A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.
Electron Transport Complex I
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Soil
Biomass
Atractyloside
Carbon Cycle
Respiratory Mechanics
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Tissues
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Glucose
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Respiratory Physiological Processes
Reactive Oxygen Species
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
Nitrate Reductase
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Ubiquinone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Mitochondrial Swelling
Temperature
Pyruvic Acid
Tetramethylphenylenediamine
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Plant Leaves
Amobarbital
Citric Acid Cycle
NADH Dehydrogenase
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.
Electron Transport Complex II
Nitrogen
Trees
Models, Biological
Wolinella
Protons
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Cytochrome c Group
DNA, Mitochondrial
Metabolism
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases
A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of ATP production to those of ATP utilization.
Nitrite Reductases
Sodium Cyanide
Ketoglutaric Acids
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Mutation
Nitrites
Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Hydrogen Peroxide
Oxidative Stress
Ecosystem
Chemoreceptor Cells
Intracellular Membranes
Fermentation
Electron Transport Complex III
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Respiratory Center
Arrhythmia, Sinus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mitochondrial Membranes
The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).
Respiration, Artificial
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.
Tidal Volume
Body Temperature Regulation
Muscle, Skeletal
Cytochromes c
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Rats, Wistar
Plant Roots
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Denitrification
Sodium Azide
Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques
Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Carbon Isotopes
Antimetabolites
Hydrogen
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels
Plant Stems
Ascaridia
Submitochondrial Particles
Meclizine
Pulmonary Ventilation
Ion Channels
Adaptation, Physiological
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
Heterotrophic Processes
The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
Lactic Acid
Acetobacterium
Creatine
Acetates
Spectrophotometry
Soil Microbiology
Environment, Controlled
A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)
Amaranthus
Pinus sylvestris
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Adipose Tissue, Brown
Rats, Inbred Strains
Deglutition
Nitrogen Fixation
Electrodes
Phosphocreatine
Biological Transport
Proton Pumps
Proton-Motive Force
Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)
Heme
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Shewanella putrefaciens
Brain Stem
Pinus
Iron-Sulfur Proteins
Glutamates
Sleep Apnea, Central
Partial Pressure
Biological Transport, Active
Glycerol
Rosales
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Phenformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Geobacter
Fatty Acids
Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
Creatine Kinase
A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.
Plant Proteins
Medulla Oblongata
Carotid Body
A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.
Positive-Pressure Respiration
Xanthium
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (1/5161)
Because the initial deposition pattern of inhaled particles of various toxic agents determines their future clearance and insult to tissue, respiratory tract deposition is important in assessing the potential toxicity of inhaled aerosols. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles can be classified into three main areas: (1) the physics of aerosols, (2) the anatomy of the respiratory tract and (3) the airflow patterns in the lung airways. In the physics of aerosols, the forces acting on a particle and its physical and chemical properties, such as particle size or size distribution, density, shape, hygroscopic or hydrophobic character, and chemical reactions of the particle will affect the deposition. With respect to the anatomy of the respiratory tract, important parameters are the diameters, the lengths, and the branching angles of airway segments, which determine the deposition. Physiological factors include airflow and breathing patterns, which influence particle deposition. Various lung models used in predicting particle deposition are reviewed and discussed. The air-way structures of various animal species are compared, showing the unique structure of the human lung compared to the animal species under study. Regional deposition data in man and dog are reviewed. Recent deposition data for small rodents are presented, showing regional difference in deposition with the right apical lobe having the highest relative deposition. (+info)Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (2/5161)
In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning. (+info)Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting. (3/5161)
This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant. The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters. (+info)The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (4/5161)
The degree of respiratory independence shown by Carcinus under conditions of declining oxygen tension is dependent on the animal's level of activity. Inactive Carcinus are capable of maintaining respiratory independence down to a Po2 of 60-80 mmHg. This is achieved primarily by an increase in ventilation volume such that the amount of oxygen made available at the respiratory surfaces remains constant over a wide range of oxygen tension. The Po2 at which this can no longer be maintained corresponds closely to the Po2 at which respiratory independence is lost. Under normoxic conditions the Po2 of the post- and prebranchial blood was 97 and 18 mmHg respectively. At the high oxygen tensions prevailing in the postbranchial blood the respiratory pigment is fully saturated. Under conditions of declining oxygen tension the heart rate remains more or less constant until the Po2 reaches 60-80 mmHg, the onset of bradycardia coinciding with the loss of saturation of the haemocyanin. Although cardiac output falls during hypoxia, the capacity rate ratio remains approximately constant, which enables the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood to remain at a high level. (+info)Importance of air and water breathing in relation to size of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. (5/5161)
1. Oxygen uptakes from air and water have been measured in relation to weight of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. 2. Combined O2 uptake from air and water ranged from 60 ml O2 kg-1 h-1 STPD, in a 3-7 g specimen, to 30 ml O2kg-1 h-1, in a 255 g specimen. 3. While the combined O2 uptake changed by a factor of 2, within the weight range under study, the aquatic O2 uptake changed 8-fold within the same range. The smaller fish satisfy 70% of their O2 requirement by aquatic breathing compared to 10-15% in the grown specimens. 4. The pattern of bimodal breathing in P. amphibius is discussed in relation to the natural habitat of the species. (+info)Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. (6/5161)
1. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate whether glucose ingestion during prolonged exercise reduces whole body muscle glycogen oxidation, (2) to determine the extent to which glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized during exercise with and without carbohydrate ingestion and (3) to obtain an estimate of gluconeogenesis. 2. After an overnight fast, six well-trained cyclists exercised on three occasions for 120 min on a bicycle ergometer at 50 % maximum velocity of O2 uptake and ingested either water (Fast), or a 4 % glucose solution (Lo-Glu) or a 22 % glucose solution (Hi-Glu) during exercise. 3. Dual tracer infusion of [U-13C]-glucose and [6,6-2H2]-glucose was given to measure the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose, muscle glycogen oxidation, glucose carbon recycling, metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and non-oxidative disposal of glucose. 4. Glucose ingestion markedly increased total Ra especially with Hi-Glu. After 120 min Ra and rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose were 51-52 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Fast, 73-74 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Lo-Glu and 117-119 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Hi-Glu. The percentage of Rd oxidized was between 96 and 100 % in all trials. 5. Glycogen oxidation during exercise was not reduced by glucose ingestion. The vast majority of glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized and MCR increased markedly with glucose ingestion. Glucose carbon recycling was minimal suggesting that gluconeogenesis in these conditions is negligible. (+info)Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/5161)
No method has yet been established to evaluate the exposure to tobacco smoke in passive smoking (PS). We therefore conducted a study on the possibility that the levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (MA) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) could be indices of the passive exposure to tobacco smoke. The moderate correlation was observed between urinary MA levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. The mean urinary MA level of the PS (+) group was significantly higher than that with the PS (-) group. Among the PS (+) group, the mean MA level in the urine obtained in the afternoon was higher than that obtained in the morning. A high correlation was observed between the exhaled CO levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. Like the urinary MA level, the mean exhaled CO level in the PS (+) group, too, gave a significantly higher level than in the PS (-) group. Because the biological half life of MA (7.5 +/- 0.85 h) was longer than that of CO (3.0 +/- 0.36 h), the measurement of urinary MA level is recommended for evaluating the exposure of passive smoking. The measurement of exhaled CO levels is useful only for chain smokers and nonsmokers with PS just before measurement. (+info)Depression of peripheral chemosensitivity by a dopaminergic mechanism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (8/5161)
In the present study, respiratory drives to chemical stimuli and peripheral chemosensitivity were evaluated in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSAS). The effects of oral administration of domperidone, a selective dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, were also examined, to study the respiratory effects of endogenous dopamine on peripheral chemoreceptors. Sixteen patients with OSAS and nine normal control subjects were studied. Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were measured using the rebreathing method and isocapnic progressive hypoxia method, respectively. The hypoxic withdrawal test, which measures the decrease in ventilation caused by two breaths of 100% O2 under mild hypercapnic hypoxic conditions (end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions approximately 8.0 kPa and 5.3-6.7 kPa, respectively), was used to evaluate peripheral chemosensitivity. In the patients with OSAS, ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were significantly decreased compared with those of control subjects. Hypoxic withdrawal tests showed that peripheral chemosensitivity was significantly lower in patients with OSAS than in normal subjects. Hypercapnic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity were enhanced by administration of domperidone in the patients with OSAS, although no changes in either of these were observed in the control subjects. The hypoxic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity in the patients with OSAS were each significantly correlated with severity of hypoxia during sleep. These findings suggest that peripheral chemosensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may be decreased as a result of abnormality in dopaminergic mechanisms and that the reduced chemosensitivity observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may affect the severity of hypoxia during sleep. (+info)
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The pattern of breathing in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. - Nuffield Department of Medicine
Q and A: Effects of Opioids on Normal Breathing|Respiratory Center|Treatment
What is the normal breathing rate after exercise? | Reference.com
Intermittent vs continuous hypoxia: effects on ventilation and erythropoiesis in humans.
Respiratory centers | Article about respiratory centers by The Free Dictionary
Room 310, 10/17/2000 10: 30 AM - 12: 00 PM (PD) Impact of Baricity on the Analgesic and Ventilatory Effects of Intrathecal...
the breathing rate of an infant is 30-50 breaths per minute while that
Periodic breathing legal definition of periodic breathing
DI-fusion Effects of respiration on an atrial septal aneurysm of the...
Multivariate autoregressive model in analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory oscillations in neonatal lambs<...
Control of breathing during cortical substitution of the spontaneous automatic respiratory rhythm<...
Chapter 61. Development of The Lower Respiratory System: Surfactant and Respiratory Movements - Review of Medical Embryology...
Cophylac - Pharmasave
Visual Diagnosis: Rapid Deterioration of Respiratory Status and Lower Limb Hypotonia in a 6-month-old Infant | American Academy...
Oxidative Stress and Cardiorespiratory Function
Clinical Tip - Avoiding Opioid-Related Respiratory Depression | Physician-Patient Alliance for Health & Safety
Respiratory changes in the E/A wave pattern can be an early sign of diastolic dysfunction: an echocardiographic long-term...
Plus it
The role of surgical clips in the evaluation of interfractional uncertainty for treatment of hepatobiliary and pancreatic...
What Factors Will Affect Your Breathing Rate? | Healthcare-Online
Goal of Deep Breathing & Coughing Exercises | LIVESTRONG.COM
Causes for Shallow Breathing | LIVESTRONG.COM
DR. MARWA SHAALAN PHARM-D. Basic functions of the respiratory system Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) - movement of air in...
Re-learn the lost art of breathing to boost exercise performance | Living Fit
Unscramble inspirations | Words unscrambled from letters inspirations | Scrabble Word inspirations | Words Made with the...
Respiration in Plants and Animals - PHDessay.com
Breathing Control | Special Needs Toys Canada
April 2016 - Asia Manufacturing
Study Finds Biomarker of Breathing Control Abnormality Associated With Hypertension and Stroke
respiratory system | Physiology Forum
Patent US5526804 - Self-sufficient emergency breathing device - Google Patents
Breathing Sensor: Pneumograph Strelnikov-Stepanova : 4 Steps (with Pictures) - Instructables
Patente US7190995 - System and method for analysis of respiratory cycle-related EEG changes in ... - Google Patentes
Correcting your naughty insula: modelling respiration, pulse, and motion artifacts in fMRI - Dr. Micah Allen
Section 4 Regulation of the Respiration I.
Ethanol, 2,2-iminobis-, N-C12-18-alkyl derivs. - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Deep breathing and hiking. How to sustain energy on the trail.
Is Jahi McMath breathing on her own? (Whats Wrong with the World)
Is it truly easier to take a full, deep breath of fresh air at high alt. Compared to sea level? - Answered by top doctors on...
Evolutions gears dont reverse easily - Gene Expression
Articles - Scripps Health
First Day at XSport Gym - avoision.com | avoision.com
Breathing on his own | Blog | BayCare Clinic
Internal respiration synonyms | Best 3 synonyms for internal respiration
3 year old, taking deep breaths while running or playing. What could be this? - Doctors insight on HealthcareMagic
Ok. Its just that you were talking about subatomic particles - #100650640 added by lateday at Take a deep breath!
Octopus
The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses have a complex nervous ... Respiration involves drawing water into the mantle cavity through an aperture, passing it through the gills, and expelling it ... "Cutaneous respiration in Octopus vulgaris". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 199: 2477-2483. PMID 9320405 ...
Annelid
Respiration[edit]. In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin. However, many polychaetes and some ...
Respiratory tract
Respiration[edit]. Main article: Breathing. Respiration is the rhythmical process of breathing, in which air is drawn into the ... In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration ... The diaphragm is also the main muscle of respiration involved in breathing, and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system ...
Cnidaria
Respiration[edit]. There are no respiratory organs, and both cell layers absorb oxygen from and expel carbon dioxide into the ... This improves respiration after feeding and allows these animals, which use the cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton, to control ... Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration. Many cnidarian species produce ... excretion and respiration. In 1881, it was proposed that Ctenophora and Bilateria were more closely related to each other, ...
Common ostrich
The increase in respiration rate from the low range to the high range is sudden and occurs in response to hyperthermia. Birds ... This rise in respiration rate however is not necessarily associated with a greater rate of oxygen consumption.[64] Therefore, ... The common ostrich air sacs play a key role in respiration since they are capacious, and increase surface area (as described by ... In hot temperatures water is lost via respiration.[67] Moreover, varying surface temperatures within the respiratory tract ...
Lizard
Respiration. Recent studies (2013 and 2014) on the lung anatomy of the savannah monitor and green iguana found them to have a ... This body bending prevents significant respiration during movement, limiting their endurance, in a mechanism called Carrier's ...
Mollusca
Respiration[edit]. Most molluscs have only one pair of gills, or even only a singular gill. Generally, the gills are rather ... In abalones there are holes in the shell used for respiration and the release of egg and sperm, in the nautilus a string of ...
Adenosine diphosphate
Cellular respiration[edit]. Catabolism[edit]. The ten-step catabolic pathway of glycolysis is the initial phase of free-energy ... Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons ... this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.[2] Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and ...
Cetacea
Respiration[edit]. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable ...
Cephalopod
Respiration[edit]. Cephalopods exchange gases with the seawater by forcing water through their gills, which are attached to the ...
Paralanguage
Specific forms of paralinguistic respiration[edit]. Gasps[edit]. "Gasp" redirects here. For other uses, see Gasp ( ... A gasp is a kind of paralinguistic respiration in the form of a sudden and sharp inhalation of air through the mouth. A gasp ... A sigh is a kind of paralinguistic respiration in the form of a deep and especially audible, single exhalation of air out of ... As a symptom of physiological problems, apneustic respirations (a.k.a. apneusis), are gasps related to the brain damage ...
Spider
Circulation and respiration. Like other arthropods, spiders are coelomates in which the coelom is reduced to small areas round ...
Newt
Respiration[edit]. Adult crested newts (Triturus cristus) were found to breathe mainly via the skin but also through the lungs ... A form of compensatory respiration is the ability to release stored erythrocytes when needed, for example under hypoxia.[25][26 ... Aquatic respiration of The Crested Newt Triturus Cristatus. Comparative Biochemical Physiology. 59: 85-88) ...
Brittle star
Respiration[edit]. Gas exchange and excretion occur through cilia-lined sacs called bursae; each opens between the arm bases on ...
Oxygen
Photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O. 2 and fixes CO. 2 into sugar in what is called a ... Cellular respiration using O. 2 enables aerobic organisms to produce much more ATP than anaerobic organisms.[85] Cellular ... Dioxygen provides the energy released in combustion[3] and aerobic cellular respiration,[4] and many major classes of organic ... 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only ...
Rapid eye movement sleep
Circulation, respiration, and thermoregulation[edit]. Generally speaking, the body suspends homeostasis during paradoxical ... Organisms in REM sleep suspend central homeostasis, allowing large fluctuations in respiration, thermoregulation, and ... Overall, the brain exerts less control over breathing; electrical stimulation of respiration-linked brain areas does not ...
Remineralisation
Respiration type Reaction ΔG Aerobic Oxygen reduction OM. +. 150. O. 2. ⟶. 106. CO. 2. +. 16. HNO. 3. +. H. 3. PO. 4. +. 78. H ... Aerobic respiration[edit]. Main article: Aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the most preferred remineralization ... Anaerobic respiration[edit]. Main article: Anaerobic respiration. In instances in which the environment is suboxic or anoxic, ... aerobic respiration will be favored due to its high energy yield. Once the use of oxygen through respiration exceeds the input ...
Inhalation
Respiration. *Respiratory physiology. Hidden categories: *All articles with dead external links. *Articles with dead external ...
Spirometry
Forced expiratory flow (FEF) is the flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of a forced expiration. It can be given at discrete times, generally defined by what fraction remains of the forced vital capacity (FVC). The usual intervals are 25%, 50% and 75% (FEF25, FEF50 and FEF75), or 25% and 50% of FVC. It can also be given as a mean of the flow during an interval, also generally delimited by when specific fractions remain of FVC, usually 25-75% (FEF25-75%). Average ranges in the healthy population depend mainly on sex and age, with FEF25-75% shown in diagram at left. Values ranging from 50-60% and up to 130% of the average are considered normal.[11] Predicted normal values for FEF can be calculated online and depend on age, sex, height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on. MMEF or MEF stands for maximal (mid-)expiratory flow and is the peak of expiratory flow as taken from the flow-volume curve and measured in liters per second. ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
"Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 85 (3): 179-92. doi:10.1159/000346525. PMID 23364286.. ... Ziment I (1991). "History of the treatment of chronic bronchitis". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 58 ( ... is to improve thoracic mobility in an effort to reduce the work on the lungs during respiration, to in turn increase exercise ...
Hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in ... This improves oxygen delivery in the periphery and contributes to the control of respiration. NO binds reversibly to a specific ... blood pressure and respiration. NO is not released in the cytoplasm of red blood cells but transported out of them by an anion ... There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the ...
Hypoxia (medical)
West, John B. (1995). "Oxygen Enrichment of Room Air to Relieve the Hypoxia of High Altitude". Respiration Physiology. 99 (2): ...
Central chemoreceptors
Pre-Bötzinger complex functions as a central hypoxia chemosensor for respiration in vivo. J Neurophysiol. 83(5):2854-68, 2000. ... leads to an increase in the rate and depth of respiration through activation of the chemoreceptor reflex. Chemoreceptor ...
Zones of the lung
This concept is generally attributed to an article by West et al. in 1964,[1] but was actually proposed two years earlier by Permutt et al.[2] In this article, Permutt suggests "The pressure in the pulmonary arteries and veins is less at the top than at the bottom of the lung. It is quite likely that there is a portion of the lung toward the top in an upright subject in which the pressure in the pulmonary arteries is less than alveolar pressure.". The concept is as follows: Alveolar pressure (PA) at end expiration is equal to atmospheric pressure (0 cm H20 differential pressure, at zero flow), plus or minus 2 cm H2O (1.5 mmHg) throughout the lung. On the other hand, gravity causes a gradient in blood pressure between the top and bottom of the lung of 20 mmHg in the erect position (roughly half of that in the supine position). Overall, mean pulmonary venous pressure is ~5 mmHg. Local venous pressure falls to -5 at the apexes and rises to +15 mmHg at the bases, again for the erect lung. Pulmonary ...
Erlotinib
Respiration. 84 (5): 431-5. doi:10.1159/000339508. PMID 22889962.. ...
Respiratory system
"Respiration". Harvey Project. Retrieved 27 July 2012.. *^ a b "Online high altitude oxygen calculator". altitude.org. Archived ... Plant respiration is limited by the process of diffusion. Plants take in carbon dioxide through holes, known as stomata, that ... It is formed by a vascularized expansion of the epibranchial bone of the first gill arch, and is used for respiration in air.[ ... Hughes GM (1972). "Morphometrics of fish gills". Respiration Physiology. 14: 1-25. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(72)90014-x.. ...
Nitrazepam
Respiration. 57 (4): 239-42. doi:10.1159/000195848. PMID 1982774. O'Hanlon JF, Volkerts ER (1986). "Hypnotics and actual ...
Perfusion
Respiration (physiology). *Respiratory exchange ratio. *Respiratory quotient. *Respiratory system. *Systemic circulation. * ...
Lung
Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species. Mammals, reptiles and birds use their different ... In humans, the main muscle of respiration that drives breathing is the diaphragm. The lungs also provide airflow that makes ... In addition to their function in respiration, the lungs have a number of other functions. They are involved in maintaining ... Due to the possibility of respiration across the skin combined with small size, all known lungless tetrapods are amphibians. ...
Bronchodilator
Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class methyl xanthines (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1-4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing erythromycin, can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline ...
Cellular respiration - Wikipedia
Anaerobic respiration. Main article: Anaerobic respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are ... Aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and ... Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives ( ... Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert ...
Agonal respiration - Wikipedia
Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex ... Agonal respirations are also commonly seen in cases of cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest where agonal respirations may ... including Biots respirations and ataxic respirations). Correct usage would restrict the term to the last breaths before death ... Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment. Perkin, RM; Resnik, DB (June ...
Metabolism: Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs 24 HOURS/DAY in all organisms. Respiration is sometimes called BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION and thus may be ... Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules react with oxygen and are broken down to carbon dioxide and water ... In BURNING most of the energy is released in the form of HEAT and LIGHT, but in cellular respiration most of the energy is used ... Any organic molecule that contains bond energy can be used as a fuel in cellular respiration. The common stage for almost all ...
Yeast Respiration
Arachnid - Respiration | Britannica
Respiration: Two types of respiratory organs are found among arachnids: book lungs and tracheae. Book lungs are found in ... Respiration. Two types of respiratory organs are found among arachnids: book lungs and tracheae. Book lungs are found in ... Most spiders have both, and small micro whip scorpions and some extremely small mites have only cutaneous respiration. ...
Respiration in Polyzoa (Ectoprocta) | Nature
Category:Respiration - Wikimedia Commons
... respiration (fr); respirasi (id); pusting (nn); тын алу (tt-cyrl); тын алу (tt); Lungenventilation (de); thở (vi); respiration ... Contegnui inta categorîa "Respiration". Sti 131 file son inte sta categoria, pe n totale de 131. ... Pàgine inta categorîa "Respiration". Questa categoria a contegne solo sta pagina chì. ... E. Coleman, A dissertation on suspended respiration... Wellcome L0029401.jpg 1 586 × 1 320; 1 023 KB. ...
Plant Respiration Experiments | eHow
They take in oxygen during the respiration process and produce carbon dioxide. You can explore this process with several ... The most basic plant respiration experiment will simply demonstrate that plants do respire, thus creating carbon dioxide. To ... This can tell you how much oxygen the plant has used up during the respiration process. ... and use cabbage water or an oxygen probe to measure the different rates of respiration for each plant. Make sure to add the ...
Artificial Respiration | Encyclopedia.com
artificial respiration, any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a persons lungs when natural breathing is inadequate ... artificial respiration (artificial ventilation) n. an emergency procedure for maintaining a flow of air into and out of a ... artificial respiration, any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a persons lungs when natural breathing is inadequate ... Respiration can be taken over by an artificial lung (especially in respiratory paralysis), a pulmotor, or any other type of ...
Artificial respiration | Britannica.com
Artificial respiration, breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. ... Artificial respiration, breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. ... National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Artificial Respiration. *Academia - Artificial Respiration: On ... the stoppage or impeding of respiration, as by strangulation, choking on food, or other exclusion of oxygenated air. See. ...
Cellular Respiration | Encyclopedia.com
... aerobic respiration ) is the process by which energy-rich organic substrates are broken down into carbon dioxide and water , ... Source for information on Cellular Respiration: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science dictionary. ... Cellular respirationCellular respiration in the presence of oxygen ( ... Cellular respiration. Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration ) is the process by which energy-rich ...
Respiration Books - Alibris
Aerobic Respiration Questions - SG Biology- Investigating Cells
ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7 - YouTube
... of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy i... ... B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33. C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45. 4) Krebs Cycle 7:06. A) Acetyl COA 7:38. B) ... Cellular Respiration and the Mighty Mitochondria - Duration: 7:49. Amoeba Sisters 1,664,383 views ... Cellular Respiration Part 1: Glycolysis - Duration: 8:12. Professor Dave Explains 110,659 views ...
Respiration Through Life, Health and Disease
Online course on how respiration disorders occur and how to treat them. Learn about the physiology and pathophysiology of the ... Youll learn about lung and airway functioning, the control of respiration - at rest and during exercise - and the key factors ... understand modern ideas on lung and airway functioning, and understand the control of respiration, at rest and during exercise ... Youll also consider how respiration disorders occur and the rational basis for treatment for these disorders. ...
Mouth to mask respiration. | The BMJ
Artificial Respiration - MRI + Gathaspar | Last.fm
Paradoxical respiration Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Paradoxical respiration definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. ... On examining the respiration and pulse, I have never been able to detect any characteristic abnormality. ... From higher up, at the level of the hidden bed, came the regular plaintive respiration of Sarah Gailey. ... It is produced abundantly when vegetable matters are burnt, as also during respiration, fermentation, and many other processes. ...
Patent US6672300 - Respiration assistor - Google Patents
The respiration assistor is intended to be activated as and when required by an anaesthetist to provide in-phase respiratory ... The respiration assistor is intended to provide respiratory assistance for a patient (14) who is breathing spontaneously under ... For this purpose, the respiration assistor incorporates a blower (15) which is located in series with a gas flow detector (20 ... the respiration assistor incorporates an expiratory valve (23) that is actuated to a closed condition when the blower is ...
Definitions of respiration - OneLook Dictionary Search
Phrases that include respiration: cheyne stokes respiration, external respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration, ... respiration: Vocabulary.com [home, info] *respiration: Macmillan Dictionary [home, info] *Respiration, respiration: Wordnik [ ... respiration: Cambridge Dictionary of American English [home, info] *Respiration (physiology), Respiration (song), Respiration: ... respiration: Wiktionary [home, info] *respiration: Websters New World College Dictionary, 4th Ed. [home, info] *respiration: ...
Steps of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration | eHow
Cellular Respiration. Cellular respiration is carried out by all plants, animals and soil microbes, and can be thought of as ... Plants use respiration to obtain energy from the carbon fixed during photosynthesis. Conversely, heterotrophs use respiration ... Respiration requires the use of available energy in the form of ATP, but the process results in the generation of a net gain in ... Respiration is the utilization of energy within the plant and results in the release of oxygen back into the atmosphere. ...
Patent US3241549 - Respiration detector - Google Patents
The respiration detector of `this invention includes a detector head member 10 mounted on the end of a support member 12. The ... The details of the structure of the respiration detector is shown in FIGS. 2 to 6. In those figures the body 14 of the detector ... A respiration detector comprising, in combination, a detector head member including a plastic dished body member substantially ... RESPIRATION DETECTOR Filed Sept. 25, 1962 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR. TOMMY N. TYLER Rw/TM ATTORNEY. ...
Quia - Cell Respiration Review
Artificial Blood and Respiration
Cellular respiration Essay | Essay
Essays from BookRags provide great ideas for Cellular respiration essays and paper topics like Essay. View this student essay ... and aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.. The first example of structure determines function in cellular respiration ... This unit in biology, we studied cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells make energy to live. The subject for ... How Structure Determines Function in Cellular Respiration. Summary: Evaluates the details as to how structure determines ...
Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics
... Learning Modules on the parts of Cellular Respiration. Modules use animations to convey ... If you know the author of Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics, please help us out by filling out the form below and clicking ... You just viewed Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics. Please take a moment to rate this material. ...
Better Respiration | Yanko Design
Sorry I can understand that its quite difficult to understand with these pages because the text is quite small. But this respirator uses GECKEL technology that safely adheres onto your face. Its reusable, safe, self-cleaning, strong, comfortable, and waterproof as well.. The indicator light is not always on. Only when the filters start to run out itll alert you early and itll blink once with a beep. Itll continue to blink and beep every ten minutes until the filters are fully exhausted. When the filter is fully exhausted, thats when the red light comes on and stays on to alert the user that he/she is not being protected.. If you want to know more, please visit my website or contact me.. http://network.artcenter.edu/tetsugakusasahara ...
soil respiration | LCZO-Data
soil respiration. When Wet Gets Wetter: Decoupling of Moisture, Redox Biogeochemistry, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in a Humid ... Soil respiration was also decreased in the earthworm-reduced plots. In contrast, soil microbial biomass C was not affected by ... The annual mean soil respirations in the plantation and the secondary forest were 2.32 0.15 and 2.65 0.18 gCm 2 day 1, ... Jiménez R.A., Geochemical Model of Redox Reactions in a Tropical Rain Forest Stream Riparian Zone: DOC Oxidation, Respiration ...
Photosynthesis/Respiration - Teachers (U.S. National Park Service)
Respiration: C6H12O6 +6O2 -, 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. oSugar plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide plus water plus energy ... 2. These will be used to act out the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Post the equations of these processes where ... 3. They will be able to differentiate between photosynthesis and respiration.. Background. The students have probably heard ... Climate Change #2 - Photosynthesis/Respiration. .expandable a {font-size:.85em;} Wind Cave National Park ...
Photosynthesis and respiraGlycolysisFermentationExternal respirationRespiratoryOccursBiologyAnaerobic cellular respirationMitochondriaArtificialMitochondrial respirationMetabolismMoleculesWendals Respiration for Horses2017PhysiologySearchOrganismsMoleculeProcess of cellular respirationAdenosineCellular respiration processHttpsReleases carbon dioxidePyruvateMetabolic processCarbon dioxide and waterAnimal respirationInhibitionSoil respirationAbnormal patternElectron acceptorAbsenceEnergyOxygen and glucoseBreaks down glucoseOxidativePlantKrebsOrganicLungsEnzymesVentilationChemicalOccurUndergoInhalationEquationsCellExcretionMeasurementInvolvesBreathing
Photosynthesis and respira9
- Respiration requires the use of available energy in the form of ATP, but the process results in the generation of a net gain in ATP, meaning more energy is available for continued photosynthesis and respiration. (ehow.com)
- 3. They will be able to differentiate between photosynthesis and respiration. (nps.gov)
- 2. These will be used to act out the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. (nps.gov)
- Terrestrial ecosystems currently offset one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions because of a slight imbalance between global terrestrial photosynthesis and respiration 1 . (nature.com)
- There is enough stuff here to build a very lab centered unit on photosynthesis and respiration. (merlot.org)
- Photosynthesis and respiration form a closed cycle. (oase-livingwater.com)
- What are some differences and similarities between photosynthesis and respiration?Compare and. (enotes.com)
- How do photosynthesis and respiration compare? (enotes.com)
- Difference between photosynthesis and respiration? (enotes.com)
Glycolysis10
- Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). (wikipedia.org)
- Enzymes involved in respiration also function at optimal levels at specific pH levels: more basic environments for glycolysis enzymes and a more acidic environment for citric acid cycle enzymes. (inra.fr)
- Cellular respiration involves four stages: glycolysis, the grooming phase, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. (bartleby.com)
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is created in organisms through the processes of photosynthesis, glycolysis, cellular respiration and fermentation. (reference.com)
- Cellular respiration has three phases glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport. (answers.com)
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration both begin with glycolysis, the first stage in the breakdown of glucose. (ehow.co.uk)
- Anaerobic respiration can also follow glycolysis and generates two molecules of ATP and produces lactic acid as a byproduct. (ehow.co.uk)
- Anaerobic respiration can metabolise pyruvic acid, and in the process, regenerate enzymes necessary for glycolysis, facilitating further aerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)
- Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). (wikipedia.org)
- Bacterial respiration begins with a step, glycolysis, that is primarily concerned with the breakdown of sugar to create ATP and important byproducts. (livestrong.com)
Fermentation8
- It is produced abundantly when vegetable matters are burnt, as also during respiration, fermentation, and many other processes. (dictionary.com)
- What is the difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration? (reference.com)
- Three common anaerobic respirations include alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and decomposition of organic matter. (wikipedia.org)
- In doing so, we will see how fermentation and cellular respiration takes place when oxygen is not present. (bartleby.com)
- Fermentation and anaerobic respiration Get 3 of 4 questions to level up! (khanacademy.org)
- Learn more about cellular respiration, fermentation, and other processes that extract energy from fuel molecules like glucose. (khanacademy.org)
- Anaerobic respiration is often used interchangeably with fermentation , especially when the glycolytic pathway is used for energy production in the cell. (bionity.com)
- Hence, scientists who study prokaryotic physiology view anaerobic respiration and fermentation as distinct processes and therefore do not use the terms interchangeably. (bionity.com)
External respiration3
- Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "external respiration" is defined. (onelook.com)
- Here is the respiration phases: the respiratory gas transport, internal respiration, external respiration, and the pulmonary ventilation. (answers.com)
- 1. (Biology) the process in living organisms of taking in oxygen from the surroundings and giving out carbon dioxide ( external respiration ). (thefreedictionary.com)
Respiratory14
- artificial respiration, any measure that causes air to flow in and out of a person's lungs when natural breathing is inadequate or ceases, as in respiratory paralysis, drowning, electric shock, choking, gas or smoke inhalation, or poisoning. (encyclopedia.com)
- Respiration can be taken over by an artificial lung (especially in respiratory paralysis), a pulmotor, or any other type of mechanical respirator (see resuscitator ). (encyclopedia.com)
- Resuscitation by inducing artificial respiration consists chiefly of two actions: (1) establishing and maintaining an open air passage from the upper respiratory tract ( mouth , throat, and pharynx ) to the lungs and (2) exchanging air and carbon dioxide in the terminal air sacs of the lungs while the heart is still functioning. (britannica.com)
- The researchers proceeded to develop techniques to overcome obstruction, such as lifting of the chin, and subsequently demonstrated that mouth-to-mouth respiration was superior to other methods in the quantity of air that could be delivered in each respiratory cycle (tidal volume). (britannica.com)
- You'll learn about lung and airway functioning, the control of respiration - at rest and during exercise - and the key factors involved in major respiratory diseases . (ucl.ac.uk)
- The respiration assistor is intended to provide respiratory assistance for a patient (14) who is breathing spontaneously under anaesthesia in order that the patient's end-expired CO2 will be maintained at or near the normal physiological. (google.com)
- The respiration assistor is intended to be activated as and when required by an anaesthetist to provide in-phase respiratory assistance to a patient who is breathing spontaneously and, in any case, the respiration assistor remains in-circle with and does not affect the normal function of an associated circle absorber. (google.com)
- Physiological respiration occurs across the respiratory system, which includes the upper and lower respiratory tracts. (reference.com)
- Using a simple but effective blend of herbs including Garlic, Thyme, Fennel and Liquorice Root, Wendals Respiration provides long-lasting soothing and therapeutic respiratory effects, whilst also supporting the respiratory system through top quality nutrition. (viovet.co.uk)
- While oxygen-based pathways are the respiratory method of choice because of their greater efficiency, there are many instances in which anaerobic respiration has a useful function, or even an advantage. (ehow.co.uk)
- Aerobic respiration is the respiratory pathway of choice for oxygen-dependent organisms because of its greater efficiency. (ehow.co.uk)
- Thus the lead axes vary at different points in the respiratory cycle, and any sufficiently precise measurement of the mean cardiac electrical axis shows variations that are correlated with respiration. (physionet.org)
- The specialized system that brings about this critical process of respiration in human beings is known as the human respiratory system. (answerbag.com)
- Cellular respiration in plants takes in oxygen and produces carbon dioxide in the lungs through the respiratory gas carried in the blood stream. (smore.com)
Occurs12
- Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment. (wikipedia.org)
- Cellular respiration occurs 24 HOURS/DAY in all organisms. (angelfire.com)
- Respiration occurs in three stages. (encyclopedia.com)
- The third stage of cellular respiration occurs when the energy-rich hydrogen atoms are separated into protons [H+] and energy-rich electrons in the electron transport chain. (encyclopedia.com)
- While Cheyne-Stokes respiration usually occurs during slee, it may also happen during waking hours. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- About.com reveals that energy production occurs in cells through the metabolic process of cellular respiration, which produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (reference.com)
- In plants, respiration often occurs at the surface of leaves through stomatal holes, but it occurs on stems in some plant species. (reference.com)
- Respiration in green plants occurs during photosynthesis. (yourdictionary.com)
- There are many chemical pathways by which respiration occurs. (ehow.co.uk)
- Cell Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell, as you can see below. (smore.com)
- Also, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (smore.com)
Biology2
- This unit in biology, we studied cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells make energy to live. (bookrags.com)
- Primarily used for experiments in biology and physiology, the NeuLog® Respiration Monitor Belt Sensor measures respiration rates by strapping a belt around the test subject. (carolina.com)
Anaerobic cellular respiration5
- Several examples of structure determines function in cellular respiration are as follows: ATP and ADP and how they are used in the cell, enzymes, and aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. (bookrags.com)
- the two main types of cellular respiration are aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration. (answers.com)
- They undergo either anaerobic cellular respiration or aerobic cellular respiration. (answers.com)
- Differentiate anaerobic cellular respiration from aerobic respiration? (answers.com)
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Respiration describes sequences of enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions within cells to produce life sustaining energy (Turtle, 2015). (bartleby.com)
Mitochondria10
- Respiration rates of muscle mitochondria in flying hummingbirds range from 7 to 10 ml of O2 per cm3 of mitochondria per min, which is about 2 times higher than the range obtained in the locomotory muscles of mammals running at their maximum aerobic capacities (VO2max). (pnas.org)
- Specifically, the mitochondria is where pyruvate --derived from glucose-- is converted into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration. (bartleby.com)
- According to Georgia State University, aerobic respiration is characteristic of eukaryotic cells, and most of it takes place in the mitochondria. (reference.com)
- The site of cellular respiration in cells is the organelle called the mitochondria. (answers.com)
- Different phases of cellular respiration occur in different areas of the mitochondria. (answers.com)
- What phases of cellular respiration occur inside the mitochondria? (answers.com)
- Ochratoxin A and one of its hydrolysis products, dihydroisocoumarin, severely inhibited coupled respiration when applied at low concentration to rat liver mitochondria. (sciencemag.org)
- Cellular respiration is a process that mostly takes place in the mitochondria where cells break down food and turn in it into adenosine triphosphate(ATP), or in more simpler terms, energy for the cell. (bartleby.com)
- If TFB1M is missing, mitochondria are unable to produce any proteins at all and cellular respiration cannot take place. (scienceblog.com)
- To understand this regulatory process, respiration was measured in primary rat adipocytes, mitochondria, and fat-fed mice. (nih.gov)
Artificial6
- In emergency situations, however, when no professional help is available, rescuers undertake the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method of artificial respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
- When victims vomit, they must be turned on their side and the airway cleaned before continuing artificial respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
- Artificial respiration , breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. (britannica.com)
- Various methods of artificial respiration, most based on the application of external force to the lungs, were once used. (britannica.com)
- Mouth-to-mouth breathing soon after became the most widely used method of artificial respiration. (britannica.com)
- Artificial respiration being taught in a Red Cross first aid class to State employees in the Wisconsin State Capitol Assembly Parlor, supervised by Arne Lerwick (far right), instructor from the Madison Fire Department. (wisconsinhistory.org)
Mitochondrial respiration1
- We propose that both mitochondrial volume densities and Sv(im,m) are near their maximum theoretical limits in hummingbirds and that higher rates of mitochondrial respiration than those observed in mammals are achieved in vivo as a result of higher capacities for O2 delivery and substrate catabolism. (pnas.org)
Metabolism6
- Cellfood has an array of benefits to the body that include increasing cellular respiration, boosting energy, metabolism catalyst, balancing body metabolism. (reference.com)
- With the aid of respiration (metabolism) it is possible for life forms to convert external biomass (food) and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, and obtain energy in the process. (oase-livingwater.com)
- Mice completely lacking in TFB1M die early in the foetal stage as they are unable to develop cellular respiration," says Medodi Metodiev, one of the researchers involved in the study, which is presented in Cell Metabolism. (scienceblog.com)
- My research aims to understand the role respiration plays in the primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism of plants and their response to oxidative stress, and the dynamics of the plant proteome under limiting conditions. (edu.au)
- Also known as oxidative metabolism or aerobic metabolism, or aerobic respiration. (medindia.net)
- In the field of prokaryotic metabolism , anaerobic respiration has a more specific meaning. (bionity.com)
Molecules15
- Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules [1] or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. (wikipedia.org)
- [2] The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy because weak high-energy bonds, in particular in molecular oxygen, [3] are replaced by stronger bonds in the products. (wikipedia.org)
- [3] However, some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) of high energy as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. (wikipedia.org)
- Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules react with oxygen and are broken down to carbon dioxide and water with a net gain of captured energy in the form of ATP molecules. (angelfire.com)
- Both are molecules that are used in cellular respiration to make energy. (bookrags.com)
- HS-LS1-7: Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed, resulting in a net transfer of energy. (akc.org)
- These molecules, including the enzymes involved in respiration, are in contact with soil particles. (inra.fr)
- The only things needed to form an Exomet are the death of microorganisms and the stabilisation by molecules of respiration enzymes, so it's very likely that the phenomenon is widespread in nature! (inra.fr)
- Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by organisms. (vernier.com)
- Respiration, not to be confused with breathing, is any process by which a cell releases energy from the chemical bonds of complex molecules, such as glucose. (ehow.co.uk)
- One molecule of glucose can be converted into up to 32 molecules of ATP during aerobic respiration, but only two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule are gained from anaerobic respiration. (ehow.co.uk)
- In other situations, bacteria use one or more different molecules as a final electron acceptor for respiration. (livestrong.com)
- The purpose of respiration is to provide the cell with the appropriate molecules for creating energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, ATP. (livestrong.com)
- Anaerobic respiration (anaerobiosis) refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy, in opposition to aerobic respiration which does use oxygen. (bionity.com)
- In this case, anaerobic respiration is defined as a membrane-bound biological process coupling the oxidation of electron donating substrates (e.g. sugars and other organic compounds, but also inorganic molecules like hydrogen, sulfide/sulfur, ammonia, metals or metal ions) to the reduction of suitable external electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen. (bionity.com)
Wendals Respiration for Horses1
- There are currently no questions for Wendals Respiration for Horses - be the first to ask one! (viovet.co.uk)
20172
- Aldo San Pedro BIO 196-2023 Sharma October 30 2017 Writing Assignment #2 Cellular Respiration is one of the most important biochemical reactions. (bartleby.com)
- The advantages of anaerobic respiration" last modified May 13, 2017. (ehow.co.uk)
Physiology1
- Handbook of Physiology (Sec. 3, Respiration, Vol. 2). (springer.com)
Search1
- Cellular+respiration - Google Search. (smore.com)
Organisms7
- All organisms utilize the processes of cellular respiration to provide energy for cellular maintenance and for the production of starting materials for the biosynthesis of needed compounds. (angelfire.com)
- Respiration in living organisms works by exchanging gases to support essential metabolic processes. (reference.com)
- Gas exchange at the cellular wall is the entire process of respiration for unicellular organisms and other simple living things. (reference.com)
- How many organisms need to be in a food chain to carry out cellular respiration? (answers.com)
- Do all organisms do cellular respiration? (answers.com)
- In multicellular organisms that require oxygen, such as human beings, anaerobic respiration can act as a backup when cellular oxygen is depleted. (ehow.co.uk)
- We have recently shown that beyond its role in respiration, this protein complex is also involved in defence signalling in plants by helping plants to respond to invading organisms like pathogenic fungi and it also alter the growth of roots. (edu.au)
Molecule4
- Any organic molecule that contains bond energy can be used as a fuel in cellular respiration. (angelfire.com)
- ATP has three phosphate groups and during cellular respiration, it loses a phosphate making it an ADP molecule. (bookrags.com)
- 2. What molecule is essential for aerobic respiration to take place? (sparknotes.com)
- During aerobic respiration the Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle in which 6 CO2 (1 molecule of glucose has 6 carbons), 2 ATP, 8 NADH and 2 FADH are produced. (bartleby.com)
Process of cellular respiration1
- Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. (bartleby.com)
Adenosine2
- Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) is the process by which energy-rich organic substrates are broken down into carbon dioxide and water , with the release of a considerable amount of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (encyclopedia.com)
- Aerobic Cellular Respiration Humans, and all animals, use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the main energy source in cells. (bartleby.com)
Cellular respiration process5
- Using the video as a guide, review the cellular respiration process when finished and have students share their notes. (akc.org)
- Instruct student groups to create a model depicting the cellular respiration process in dogs from start to finish. (akc.org)
- Models must have labels and accurately represent the cellular respiration process. (akc.org)
- What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? (answers.com)
- The cellular respiration process has three phases. (answers.com)
Https2
- 2015. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Diagnosaurus/114604/all/Cheyne_Stokes_respiration. (unboundmedicine.com)
- https://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6874497_advantages-anaerobic-respiration.html. (ehow.co.uk)
Releases carbon dioxide2
- Wikipedia notes that cells use oxygen to produce energy through the process of aerobic respiration, which releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. (reference.com)
- Photosynthesis releases oxygen, and cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide. (smore.com)
Pyruvate3
- Anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen, and produces pyruvate, which is then reduced to lactate or to ethanol and CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
- Respiration was only stimulated when reactive oxygen species (ROS) were scavenged by pyruvate or NAC: other fuels or fuel combinations had little effect. (nih.gov)
- These studies suggest for the first time that adipocyte O(2) consumption may be inhibited by ROS, because pyruvate and NAC stimulated respiration. (nih.gov)
Metabolic process2
Carbon dioxide and water4
- Whereas carbon dioxide and water are consumed during photosynthesis, both of these compounds are produced during respiration. (ehow.com)
- Cellular respiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen and exchange it for carbon dioxide and water as waste products. (shmoop.com)
- Respiration may refer to: Cellular respiration, the process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell while also eliminating waste products, carbon dioxide and water. (wikipedia.org)
- In respiration, oxygen and glucose combine to produce adenotriphosphate (ATP) or energy as a byproduct with waste products carbon dioxide and water. (enotes.com)
Animal respiration2
- Plant photosynthesis and animal respiration form a carbon cycle, where plants consume CO2 and release oxygen (O2), while animals consume oxygen and release the CO2 that is then used by plants. (skepticalscience.com)
- Animal respiration: walrus, frog, and butt-breathing turtle. (slate.com)
Inhibition1
- Figure 2: Composite seasonal cycles of GEP and DER indicate strong inhibition of aboveground respiration by light and sustained photosynthetic efficiency. (nature.com)
Soil respiration9
- Soil respiration measurement: chamber with infrared gas analyser. (wsl.ch)
- Schematic representation of C fluxes including soil respiration in forests. (wsl.ch)
- Soil respiration, i.e. the CO 2 flux from the soil, is the largest CO 2 flux in ecosystems besides photosynthesis. (wsl.ch)
- Therefore, if soil respiration changes, this can significantly affect the CO 2 balance of forests and their climate impact. (wsl.ch)
- Soil respiration consists of two components: (1) on the one hand, leaf litter, dead roots and soil humus are broken down by microorganisms, thereby releasing CO 2 . (wsl.ch)
- Measurement of soil respiration: a chamber is placed on the soil surface and the increase in CO 2 concentration is monitored by an infrared gas analyser. (wsl.ch)
- Temperature and water availability are the most important direct factors that control soil respiration. (wsl.ch)
- In the long term, soil respiration also depends on the productivity of the plants that transfer their carbon to the soil. (wsl.ch)
- The linearly increasing CO2 concentration is the rate of soil respiration. (wsl.ch)
Abnormal pattern2
- Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping, labored breathing, accompanied by strange vocalizations and myoclonus. (wikipedia.org)
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration, also known as periodic respiration, is an abnormal pattern of breathing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Electron acceptor2
- Anaerobic respiration processes require another electron acceptor to replace oxygen. (bionity.com)
- In anaerobic respiration, as the electrons from the electron donor are transported down the electron transport chain to the terminal electron acceptor, protons are translocated over the cell membrane from "inside" to "outside", establishing a concentration gradient across the membrane which temporarily stores the energy released in the chemical reactions. (bionity.com)
Absence6
- It is another object of the present invention to provide improved respiration detector as set forth characterized in `its-high sensitivity, its convenience of application, its response` tothe exhalation of breath, whether from the nose or mouth, and the absence of discomfort or inconvenience imposed upon the person under observation. (google.com)
- We realised that respiration was occurring in the absence of living cells. (inra.fr)
- Anaerobic respiration produces small amounts of energy in the absence of oxygen. (reference.com)
- Anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- Definition of anaerobic respiration: the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with a small amount of energy. (bionity.com)
- Anaerobic respiration is in the absence of air. (mixbook.com)
Energy22
- Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. (wikipedia.org)
- Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent providing most of the chemical energy is molecular oxygen (O 2 ). (wikipedia.org)
- In BURNING there is an UNCONTROLLED, rapid release of energy with accompanying HIGH TEMPERATURES, but in CELLULAR RESPIRATION energy is released in discrete amounts due to ENZYME CONTROL of the process. (angelfire.com)
- In BURNING most of the energy is released in the form of HEAT and LIGHT, but in cellular respiration most of the energy is used to create NEW CHEMICAL BONDS and only a relatively small amount of heat energy is liberated (2nd Law of Thermodynamics). (angelfire.com)
- In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP. (youtube.com)
- Respiration is the utilization of energy within the plant and results in the release of oxygen back into the atmosphere. (ehow.com)
- Plants use respiration to obtain energy from the carbon fixed during photosynthesis. (ehow.com)
- Conversely, heterotrophs use respiration to yield energy from the food that they consume. (ehow.com)
- Provide students with a simple definition of cellular respiration: Cellular respiration is the method by which cells in humans, plants, and animals break down sugar (or glucose) from the food that they eat, which in turn changes into energy or ATP. (akc.org)
- Respiration is important because it produces energy that is essential for the normal functioning of the body. (reference.com)
- What is the energy from respiration used for? (reference.com)
- The energy from respiration is used to utilize stored energy within an organism's body when necessary. (reference.com)
- Respiration is a chemical process that involves the release of energy from glucose and other food substances. (reference.com)
- All animals use biochemical respiration to deliver oxygen across the cell wall, and they use the gas to acquire energy. (reference.com)
- Cellular Respiration is converting glucose to usable energy. (answers.com)
- Respiration is the cellular process of releasing energy from food and storing it as ATP. (bbc.com)
- Effect of Boiling on the Rate of Aerobic Respiration of Germinating Peas Abstract Aerobic respiration is an enzyme mediated process during which glucose is used to make ATP to fuel the cells energy needs. (bartleby.com)
- PRESS RELEASE, 8 April 2009] Many diseases derive from problems with cellular respiration, the process through which cells extract energy from nutrients. (scienceblog.com)
- Respiration is the process by which we exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the production of energy by our cells. (enotes.com)
- Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. (mixbook.com)
- In the case of anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken and the products generated from this are energy and either lactic acid or ethanol (alcohol) and CO2. (mixbook.com)
- The plant cells break down sugar through cellular respiration then the sugar particles produce energy. (smore.com)
Oxygen and glucose1
- Living cells need oxygen and glucose to chemically react with each other in order to produce aerobic respiration. (reference.com)
Breaks down glucose1
- To make ATP, a muscle cell (Myocyte) utilises Oxygen provided by Myoglobin (a muscle-fibre oxygen-binding protein) and breaks down glucose in aerobic cellular respiration. (bartleby.com)
Oxidative1
- [1] Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . (wikipedia.org)
Plant6
- The most basic plant respiration experiment will simply demonstrate that plants do respire, thus creating carbon dioxide. (ehow.com)
- This can tell you how much oxygen the plant has used up during the respiration process. (ehow.com)
- To do this, use different types of aquatic plants, or different sizes of the same aquatic plant, and use cabbage water or an oxygen probe to measure the different rates of respiration for each plant. (ehow.com)
- What is plant respiration? (answers.com)
- Compare the process of respiration and photosynthesis in a green plant. (enotes.com)
- Cellular respiration in an animal cell is very similar to a plant cell. (smore.com)
Krebs1
- Also in the second stage of cellular respiration, the carbon atoms of the intermediate metabolic products in the Krebs cycle are converted to carbon dioxide . (encyclopedia.com)
Organic3
- Finally, as plants and animals die, their tissue is decomposed by soil microbes and the organic matter is consumed as a food source, and the microbes return the carbon to the atmosphere through respiration. (ehow.com)
- Here, we explore the significance of microaerobic respiration as a source of ammonium during organic matter degradation in the oxygen-deficient waters off Namibia and Peru. (mendeley.com)
- Our results suggest that microaerobic respiration is a major mode of organic matter remineralization and source of ammonium (∼45-100%) in the upper oxygen minimum zones, and reconcile hitherto observed mismatches between ammonium producing and consuming processes therein. (mendeley.com)
Lungs4
- Cellular Respiration the movement of air into and out of the lungs. (prezi.com)
- respiration During inhalation (top), the diaphragm descends and air fills the lungs. (yourdictionary.com)
- In air-breathing vertebrates, respiration takes place in the lungs. (yourdictionary.com)
- The chief organ in mammalian respiration is the lungs . (shmoop.com)
Enzymes7
- Cellular respiration is a series of ENZYMATIC REACTIONS, and biological combustion cannot take place ANY FASTER than the controlling enzymes will permit. (angelfire.com)
- A fraction of the enzymes in soil microorganisms, released when the latter die, migrate to soil particles and re-initiate the process of respiration. (inra.fr)
- Until now, it was thought that respiration could only occur in an intracellular environment in which enzymes are protected inside cellular compartments in specific physical and chemical conditions. (inra.fr)
- A small fraction (5-10%) of these enzymes will connect with minerals or humus to reconstitute a meta-organism capable of producing the cascade of chemical reactions which occur in respiration. (inra.fr)
- Soil particles play a major role in protecting enzymes from respiration. (inra.fr)
- Although we cannot make any generalisations for the moment, it appears that the texture and pH of a soil affect the intensity of the Exomet: the finer the soil particles, the more the enzymes appear to be stabilised by absorption, and the better the extracellular respiration. (inra.fr)
- During a heat wave, most of the enzymes involved in photosynthesis cease to function at 40°C, while those involved in respiration continue to function due to Exomet. (inra.fr)
Ventilation1
- Physiological respiration is also known as ventilation and breathing, and it involves inhalation and exhalation processes. (reference.com)
Chemical1
- Cellular respiration involves the chemical release o. (reference.com)
Occur3
- You'll also consider how respiration disorders occur and the rational basis for treatment for these disorders. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration can occur in people with neurological conditions, or congestive heart failure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Where does cellular respiration occur? (answers.com)
Undergo2
- It is known that peas undergo cell respiration during germination. (vernier.com)
- What organ cells undergo aerobic respiration? (reference.com)
Inhalation1
- Is exhalation and inhalation known as cellular respiration? (answers.com)
Equations1
- Students use puzzle pieces representing the components of the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration and answer questions about these processes. (curriki.org)
Cell12
- These multiple-choice questions will help you review the AHL or Option C content for Cell Respiration. (quia.com)
- Modules use animations to convey dynamic process of cell respiration. (merlot.org)
- You just viewed Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics . (merlot.org)
- If you know the author of Cell Respiration and Bioenergetics , please help us out by filling out the form below and clicking Send. (merlot.org)
- The main functions of respiration are growth processes, converting photosynthate and exogenous inorganic nutrients into cell material using ATP, NADPH and C skeleton manipulations, and maintenance using ATP. (springer.com)
- After completing the Preliminary Activity, you will first use reference sources to find out more about peas, seeds, germination, and cell respiration before you choose and investigate a researchable question dealing with the cell respiration. (vernier.com)
- Every cell in an animal requires oxygen to perform cellular respiration. (shmoop.com)
- This is relevant during respiration because oxygen and carbon dioxide are often highly concentrated on opposite sides of a cell membrane. (shmoop.com)
- Researchers at the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet have now discovered a new function for a protein in the mitochondrion - popularly called the cell's power station - that plays a key part in cell respiration. (scienceblog.com)
- The relation between photosynthesis and cell respiration in cells is important, yet simple. (smore.com)
- Although they don't produce and require the same products, photosynthesis and cell respiration both rely on the movement of electrons. (smore.com)
- There are many differences with photosynthesis and cell respiration, but one of the biggest ones is what they produce. (smore.com)
Excretion1
- Unit 4: Respiration, circulation and excretion Sistema digestivo Glándulas digestivas Tracto digestivo Sistema respiratorio Alvéolos Bronquios Bronquiolos Capilares Dióxido de carbono Laringe Pulmones Faringe Tráquea Sistema circulatorio Arterias Vasos. (calameo.com)
Measurement1
- Carvalho MC, Eyre BD (2012) Measurement of planktonic respiration in the light. (springer.com)
Involves1
- The physiological processes that lead to the development of Cheyne-Stokes respiration, which involves the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and sympathetic nervous systems, are not fully understood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Breathing6
- The term is sometimes (inaccurately) used to refer to labored, gasping breathing patterns accompanying organ failure (e.g. liver failure and renal failure), SIRS, septic shock, and metabolic acidosis (see Kussmaul breathing, or in general any labored breathing, including Biot's respirations and ataxic respirations). (wikipedia.org)
- A respiration assistor (10) for use in an anaesthesia breathing system. (google.com)
- It consists of cycles of breathing, which become increasingly deeper, followed by periods where respiration becomes gradually shallower. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Respiration is taking a breath or the act of breathing. (yourdictionary.com)
- If you tell the patient/client that you're going to count their respirations, wouldn't they be tempted to control their breathing pattern? (allnurses.com)
- A pattern of breathing with varying depth of respiration and brief periods of apnea. (medindia.net)