Cell Respiration
Respiration
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Oxygen Consumption
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Oxygen
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Anaerobiosis
Antimycin A
Carbon Dioxide
Uncoupling Agents
Cyanides
Electron Transport Complex IV
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Energy Metabolism
Oligomycins
A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Succinates
Mitochondria, Muscle
Mitochondrial Proteins
Adenosine Triphosphate
Nitrates
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Carbon
Potassium Cyanide
Respiratory Rate
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Polarography
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Shewanella
Glycolysis
A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.
Photosynthesis
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Adenosine Diphosphate
Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins
A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.
Electron Transport Complex I
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Soil
Biomass
Atractyloside
Carbon Cycle
Respiratory Mechanics
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Tissues
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Glucose
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Respiratory Physiological Processes
Reactive Oxygen Species
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
Nitrate Reductase
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
Ubiquinone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Mitochondrial Swelling
Temperature
Pyruvic Acid
Tetramethylphenylenediamine
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Plant Leaves
Amobarbital
Citric Acid Cycle
NADH Dehydrogenase
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.
Electron Transport Complex II
Nitrogen
Trees
Models, Biological
Wolinella
Protons
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Cytochrome c Group
DNA, Mitochondrial
Metabolism
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases
A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of ATP production to those of ATP utilization.
Nitrite Reductases
Sodium Cyanide
Ketoglutaric Acids
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Mutation
Nitrites
Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Hydrogen Peroxide
Oxidative Stress
Ecosystem
Chemoreceptor Cells
Intracellular Membranes
Fermentation
Electron Transport Complex III
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Respiratory Center
Arrhythmia, Sinus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mitochondrial Membranes
The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).
Respiration, Artificial
Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.
Tidal Volume
Body Temperature Regulation
Muscle, Skeletal
Cytochromes c
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Rats, Wistar
Plant Roots
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Denitrification
Sodium Azide
Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques
Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Carbon Isotopes
Antimetabolites
Hydrogen
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels
Plant Stems
Ascaridia
Submitochondrial Particles
Meclizine
Pulmonary Ventilation
Ion Channels
Adaptation, Physiological
Valinomycin
A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.
Heterotrophic Processes
The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
Lactic Acid
Acetobacterium
Creatine
Acetates
Spectrophotometry
Soil Microbiology
Environment, Controlled
A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)
Amaranthus
Pinus sylvestris
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Adipose Tissue, Brown
Rats, Inbred Strains
Deglutition
Nitrogen Fixation
Electrodes
Phosphocreatine
Biological Transport
Proton Pumps
Proton-Motive Force
Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)
Heme
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Shewanella putrefaciens
Brain Stem
Pinus
Iron-Sulfur Proteins
Glutamates
Sleep Apnea, Central
Partial Pressure
Biological Transport, Active
Glycerol
Rosales
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Phenformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Geobacter
Fatty Acids
Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
Creatine Kinase
A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.
Plant Proteins
Medulla Oblongata
Carotid Body
A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.
Positive-Pressure Respiration
Xanthium
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (1/5161)
Because the initial deposition pattern of inhaled particles of various toxic agents determines their future clearance and insult to tissue, respiratory tract deposition is important in assessing the potential toxicity of inhaled aerosols. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles can be classified into three main areas: (1) the physics of aerosols, (2) the anatomy of the respiratory tract and (3) the airflow patterns in the lung airways. In the physics of aerosols, the forces acting on a particle and its physical and chemical properties, such as particle size or size distribution, density, shape, hygroscopic or hydrophobic character, and chemical reactions of the particle will affect the deposition. With respect to the anatomy of the respiratory tract, important parameters are the diameters, the lengths, and the branching angles of airway segments, which determine the deposition. Physiological factors include airflow and breathing patterns, which influence particle deposition. Various lung models used in predicting particle deposition are reviewed and discussed. The air-way structures of various animal species are compared, showing the unique structure of the human lung compared to the animal species under study. Regional deposition data in man and dog are reviewed. Recent deposition data for small rodents are presented, showing regional difference in deposition with the right apical lobe having the highest relative deposition. (+info)Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (2/5161)
In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning. (+info)Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting. (3/5161)
This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant. The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters. (+info)The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (4/5161)
The degree of respiratory independence shown by Carcinus under conditions of declining oxygen tension is dependent on the animal's level of activity. Inactive Carcinus are capable of maintaining respiratory independence down to a Po2 of 60-80 mmHg. This is achieved primarily by an increase in ventilation volume such that the amount of oxygen made available at the respiratory surfaces remains constant over a wide range of oxygen tension. The Po2 at which this can no longer be maintained corresponds closely to the Po2 at which respiratory independence is lost. Under normoxic conditions the Po2 of the post- and prebranchial blood was 97 and 18 mmHg respectively. At the high oxygen tensions prevailing in the postbranchial blood the respiratory pigment is fully saturated. Under conditions of declining oxygen tension the heart rate remains more or less constant until the Po2 reaches 60-80 mmHg, the onset of bradycardia coinciding with the loss of saturation of the haemocyanin. Although cardiac output falls during hypoxia, the capacity rate ratio remains approximately constant, which enables the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood to remain at a high level. (+info)Importance of air and water breathing in relation to size of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. (5/5161)
1. Oxygen uptakes from air and water have been measured in relation to weight of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. 2. Combined O2 uptake from air and water ranged from 60 ml O2 kg-1 h-1 STPD, in a 3-7 g specimen, to 30 ml O2kg-1 h-1, in a 255 g specimen. 3. While the combined O2 uptake changed by a factor of 2, within the weight range under study, the aquatic O2 uptake changed 8-fold within the same range. The smaller fish satisfy 70% of their O2 requirement by aquatic breathing compared to 10-15% in the grown specimens. 4. The pattern of bimodal breathing in P. amphibius is discussed in relation to the natural habitat of the species. (+info)Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. (6/5161)
1. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate whether glucose ingestion during prolonged exercise reduces whole body muscle glycogen oxidation, (2) to determine the extent to which glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized during exercise with and without carbohydrate ingestion and (3) to obtain an estimate of gluconeogenesis. 2. After an overnight fast, six well-trained cyclists exercised on three occasions for 120 min on a bicycle ergometer at 50 % maximum velocity of O2 uptake and ingested either water (Fast), or a 4 % glucose solution (Lo-Glu) or a 22 % glucose solution (Hi-Glu) during exercise. 3. Dual tracer infusion of [U-13C]-glucose and [6,6-2H2]-glucose was given to measure the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose, muscle glycogen oxidation, glucose carbon recycling, metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and non-oxidative disposal of glucose. 4. Glucose ingestion markedly increased total Ra especially with Hi-Glu. After 120 min Ra and rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose were 51-52 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Fast, 73-74 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Lo-Glu and 117-119 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Hi-Glu. The percentage of Rd oxidized was between 96 and 100 % in all trials. 5. Glycogen oxidation during exercise was not reduced by glucose ingestion. The vast majority of glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized and MCR increased markedly with glucose ingestion. Glucose carbon recycling was minimal suggesting that gluconeogenesis in these conditions is negligible. (+info)Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/5161)
No method has yet been established to evaluate the exposure to tobacco smoke in passive smoking (PS). We therefore conducted a study on the possibility that the levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (MA) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) could be indices of the passive exposure to tobacco smoke. The moderate correlation was observed between urinary MA levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. The mean urinary MA level of the PS (+) group was significantly higher than that with the PS (-) group. Among the PS (+) group, the mean MA level in the urine obtained in the afternoon was higher than that obtained in the morning. A high correlation was observed between the exhaled CO levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. Like the urinary MA level, the mean exhaled CO level in the PS (+) group, too, gave a significantly higher level than in the PS (-) group. Because the biological half life of MA (7.5 +/- 0.85 h) was longer than that of CO (3.0 +/- 0.36 h), the measurement of urinary MA level is recommended for evaluating the exposure of passive smoking. The measurement of exhaled CO levels is useful only for chain smokers and nonsmokers with PS just before measurement. (+info)Depression of peripheral chemosensitivity by a dopaminergic mechanism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (8/5161)
In the present study, respiratory drives to chemical stimuli and peripheral chemosensitivity were evaluated in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSAS). The effects of oral administration of domperidone, a selective dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, were also examined, to study the respiratory effects of endogenous dopamine on peripheral chemoreceptors. Sixteen patients with OSAS and nine normal control subjects were studied. Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were measured using the rebreathing method and isocapnic progressive hypoxia method, respectively. The hypoxic withdrawal test, which measures the decrease in ventilation caused by two breaths of 100% O2 under mild hypercapnic hypoxic conditions (end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions approximately 8.0 kPa and 5.3-6.7 kPa, respectively), was used to evaluate peripheral chemosensitivity. In the patients with OSAS, ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were significantly decreased compared with those of control subjects. Hypoxic withdrawal tests showed that peripheral chemosensitivity was significantly lower in patients with OSAS than in normal subjects. Hypercapnic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity were enhanced by administration of domperidone in the patients with OSAS, although no changes in either of these were observed in the control subjects. The hypoxic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity in the patients with OSAS were each significantly correlated with severity of hypoxia during sleep. These findings suggest that peripheral chemosensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may be decreased as a result of abnormality in dopaminergic mechanisms and that the reduced chemosensitivity observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may affect the severity of hypoxia during sleep. (+info)
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Respiration
Look up respiration or respire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Respiration may refer to: Cellular respiration, the process ... cellular respiration without oxygen Maintenance respiration, the amount of cellular respiration required for an organism to ... external respiration and internal respiration Cheyne-Stokes respiration, an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by ... animals extracting oxygen from water Artificial respiration, the act of simulating respiration, which provides for the overall ...
Respiration (song)
"Respiration (Album Version Radio Edit)" "Respiration (Album Version Instrumental)" "Respiration (Flying High Radio Mix)" " ... "Respiration (Flying High Main Mix)" "Respiration (Flying High Instrumental)" List of Talib Kweli songs List of Mos Def songs ... "Respiration" is a song by American rappers Mos Def and Talib Kweli, collectively known as Black Star. It was released as the ... Two remixes were made for "Respiration": 'Flying High Mix' contains production by Pete Rock and a verse by Black Thought of The ...
Anaerobic respiration
... is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the ... Therefore, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic. Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP ... in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). A proton motive force drives protons down the ... respiration) or acetate fermentation. Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and ...
Cellular respiration
A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration ... Anaerobic respiration is used by microorganisms either bacteria or archaea in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor ... "Anaerobic Respiration-Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration". courses.lumenlearning.org. Boundless.com. ... Maintenance respiration: maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Microphysiometry Pasteur point ...
Maintenance respiration
... in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO2) released ... Maintenance respiration contrasts with growth respiration, which is responsible for the synthesis of new structures in growth, ... Maintenance respiration is essential for biological health and growth of plants. It is estimated that about half of the ... Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that ...
Aquatic respiration
Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration Control of respiration Ecosystem respiration Maintenance respiration Respiration ( ... Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic organism exchanges respiratory gases with water, obtaining oxygen from ... Many aquatic animals have developed gills for respiration which are specifically adapted to their function. In fish, for ... In both aquatic and terrestrial respiration, the exact mechanisms by which neurons can generate this involuntary rhythm are ...
Agonal respiration
... , gasping respiration or agonal breathing is a distinct abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex ... Agonal respirations are also commonly seen in cases of cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest, where agonal respirations may ... including Biot's respirations and ataxic respirations). Correct usage would restrict the term to the last breaths before death ... Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment. Perkin, RM; Resnik, DB (June ...
Community respiration
... (CR) refers to the total amount of carbon-dioxide that is produced by individuals organisms in a given ... Microbial ecology Wilson, Jesse (2014). "Ocean-Scale Patterns in Community Respiration Rates along Continuous Transects across ... O. Hedin, Lars (1990). "Factors Controlling Sediment Community Respiration in Woodland Stream Ecosystems". Oikos. 57 (1): 94- ... community, originating from the cellular respiration of organic material. CR is an important ecological index as it dictates ...
Carbon respiration
... (also called carbon emissions and carbon releases) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge ... This means the carbon respiration rate and carbon storage rate are in balance when generating a global estimate of this figure ... organic respiration, wood burning, and volcanic eruptions. The uptake of carbon from the atmosphere occurs through carbon ...
Ataxic respiration
... is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular ... It is believed that intensive care technology may be masking the presence of Biot's Respirations. This could be related to the ... As the breathing pattern deteriorates, it merges with agonal respiration. It is caused by damage to the medulla oblongata due ... The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Biot's respiration. ...
Ecosystem respiration
... is the sum of all respiration occurring by the living organisms in a specific ecosystem. The two main ... Ecosystems return this carbon through animal respiration, and plant respiration. This constant cycle of carbon through the ... "Respiration of three Belgian crops: Partitioning of total ecosystem respiration in its heterotrophic, above- and below-ground ... Cellular respiration happens when a cell takes glucose and oxygen and uses it to produce carbon dioxide, energy, and water. ...
Biot's respiration
In common medical practice, Biot's respiration is often mistaken for Cheyne-Stokes respiration, part of which may have been ... Biot's respiration is caused by damage to the medulla oblongata and pons due to trauma, stroke, opioid use, and increased ... "A Peculiar Type of Dyspnea: Kussmaul, Cheyne-Stokes, and Biot Respirations" (PDF). Historia Medicinae. 3 (1). (in French) Biot ... Alraiyes, Abdul Hamid; Thompson, Patrick ".; Thammasitboon, Supat (2011-05-01), "Biot's Respiration In A Chronic Opioid User: ...
Respiration rate
... usually loss of biomass by respiration per unit of weight), also referred to as relative respiration rate. In theoretical ... The respiration rate is dependent of species, type of tissue or organ studied and temperature. Respiratory rate v t e (Articles ... The respiration rate is a parameter which is used in ecological and agronomical modeling. In theoretical production ecology and ... aquaculture, it typically refers to respiration per unit of time ( ...
Respiration (physiology)
There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration: Aquatic respiration Buccal pumping Cutaneous respiration ... Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are ... During respiration the C-H bonds are broken by oxidation-reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced. ... In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal ...
Soil respiration
When this respiration occurs in roots, it adds to soil respiration. Root respiration accounts for approximately half of all ... Any respiration that occurs below-ground is considered soil respiration. Respiration by plant roots, bacteria, fungi and soil ... Field respiration using stable isotopes can be used as a tool to measure microbial respiration in-situ without disturbing the ... When plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots, it adds to soil respiration. Over time, plant structural components ...
Enteral respiration
... , also referred to as cloacal respiration or intestinal respiration, is a form of respiration in which gas ... This is used in various species as an accessory respiration mechanism in hypoxic environments as a means to supplement blood ... Studies have shown that mammals are capable of performing intestinal respiration to a limited degree in a laboratory setting. ... Cutaneous respiration Okabe., Ryo (May 14, 2021). "Mammalian enteral ventilation ameliorates respiratory failure". Med. doi: ...
Cutaneous respiration
For aquatic respiration, fish respire primarily via gills but cutaneous respiration may account for 5 to 40 percent of the ... Cutaneous respiration, or cutaneous gas exchange (sometimes called, skin breathing), is a form of respiration in which gas ... In humans and most other mammals, cutaneous respiration accounts for only 1 to 2 percent. Enteral respiration Tattersall, Glenn ... Some amphibians utilizing cutaneous respiration have extensive folds of skin to increase the rate of respiration. Examples ...
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
"Cheynes-Stokes Respiration". WebMD LLC. Retrieved 2010-10-05. "Cheyne-Stokes respiration". WrongDiagnosis.com. Health Grades ... Cheyne-Stokes respirations are not the same as Biot's respirations ("cluster breathing"), in which groups of breaths tend to be ... Thus Cheyne-Stokes respiration can be maintained over periods of many minutes or hours with a repetitive pattern of apneas and ... Cheyne-Stokes respiration and periodic breathing are the two regions on a spectrum of severity of oscillatory tidal volume. The ...
Muscles of respiration
Accessory muscles of respiration are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing. Use of these while at ... The muscles of respiration are the muscles that contribute to inhalation and exhalation, by aiding in the expansion and ... The diaphragm and, to a lesser extent, the intercostal muscles drive respiration during quiet breathing. The elasticity of ... The external intercostal muscles are most important in respiration. These have fibres that are angled obliquely downward and ...
Apneustic respirations
Apneustic respiration (a.k.a. apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a ...
On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
... nutrition and respiration. The title On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration, given in the Medieval manuscripts, ... Respiration is the process by which breathing helps to cool and moderate the inner vital heat (thermotēta psychikēs) held in ... We must probably also at the same time state the causes of respiration as well, since in some cases living and the reverse ... On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration (Greek: Περὶ νεότητος καὶ γήρως, καὶ ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου, καὶ ἀναπνοῆς; Latin: ...
Oxygenation index
Respiration). ...
Pulmonary alveolus
Hogan CM (2011). "Respiration". In McGinley M, Cleveland CJ (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: National council ... The acini are the basic units of respiration, with gas exchange taking place in all the alveoli present. The alveolar membrane ... In severe cases where cellular respiration cannot be maintained, supplemental oxygen may be required. Diffuse alveolar damage ...
Sirolimus
Respiration. 73 (3): 367-74. doi:10.1159/000087945. PMID 16127266. S2CID 24408680. Morelon E, Stern M, Israël-Biet D, Correas ...
Sobrerol
Allegra L, Bossi R, Braga PC (1981). "Action of sobrerol on mucociliary transport". Respiration. 42 (2): 105-9. doi:10.1159/ ...
Hepatic hydrothorax
Respiration. 86 (2): 155-173. doi:10.1159/000346996. ISSN 0025-7931. PMID 23571767. Lv, Yong; Han, Guohong; Fan, Daiming (2018- ... Respiration. 86 (2): 155-173. doi:10.1159/000346996. ISSN 0025-7931. PMID 23571767. Banini, Bubu A.; Alwatari, Yahya; Stovall, ...
Sarcoidosis
A report of four cases". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 67 (1): 90-3. doi:10.1159/000029470. PMID ... Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 86 (5): 376-83. doi:10.1159/000345596. PMID 23295253. Tikoo RK, ...
Reproterol
Virchow JC (1999). "Reproterol: beta-2-agonist, theophylline, or both?". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases ...
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
Respiration. 93 (2): 112-121. doi:10.1159/000453529. ISSN 0025-7931. PMC 5348732. PMID 27974713. "Lung volume reduction ...
Pneumothorax
Grundy S, Bentley A, Tschopp JM (2012). "Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a diffuse disease of the pleura". Respiration; ... Noppen M, De Keukeleire T (2008). "Pneumothorax". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 76 (2): 121-127. doi: ... doi:10.1016/S0096-5588(20)32206-6. Herzog H (1998). "History of tuberculosis". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic ... leads to significant impairment of respiration and/or blood circulation. This causes a type of circulatory shock, called ...
Respiration | Pulmonary Function | Volume/Flow Loop Relationships | Research | BIOPAC
Cell Respiration: Introduction: Respiration | SparkNotes
Cell Respiration: Introduction quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. ... However, though oxygen is a vital component of respiration, respiration can occur without oxygen. Respiration that involves ... Respiration refers to the acquisition of energy from food. It is a process common to all eukaryotic cells. In studying ... If we think about respiration in day-to-day terms, we immediately think of breathing and oxygen. From an early age, we learn ...
Defect in cellular respiration renders sac fu | EurekAlert!
Quia - Chapter 24~ Respiration and Excretion
Welcome 7th grade Life Science course students, and other people. Thank you for choosing my site to help review for the test! Remember this, the WHOLE site is educational, whole site!! This is a helpful study guide to an easy A by reviewing with these games. Good luck pd. 4,5,6, and 7 on your science test!!...Remember, just try your hardest to remember everything, and it will come back to you!! ~Mari
Cell Respiration (CO2) - Vernier
Peas undergo cell respiration during germination. Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? Using your collected ... Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by ... Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas. ... data, you will be able to answer the question regarding respiration and non-germinating peas. ...
Browsing by Subject "Respiration, Artificial"
Question: What is human aerobic respiration? - De Kooktips - Homepage - Beginpagina
It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. This type ... What is aerobic respiration in simple words?. Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place ... Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy ... What type of respiration do humans have?. Respiration process that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic ...
Bimodal diel pattern in peatland ecosystem respiration rebuts uniform temperature response | Nature Communications
... of climate change impacts on the vast carbon stores of northern peatlands require detailed knowledge of ecosystem respiration ( ... 4: Diel patterns of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration.. Diel patterns of a-d heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and e-h ... 1: Diel patterns of measured versus extrapolated ecosystem respiration.. Diel patterns of ecosystem respiration (ER) measured ... 2: Daily bias in extrapolated ecosystem respiration estimates.. Ratios of daily ecosystem respiration (ER) estimated by a ...
Normal respiration rate: For adults and all ages, and how to measure
Causes of low respiration rate. Doctors refer to a low respiratory rate of fewer than 12 breaths. per minute as bradypnea. This ... low respiration rates.. *Obstructive sleep apnea: Sleep apnea involves a blockage of the airway, often due to the relaxation of ... Common causes of high respiration rates include:. *Anxiety: People may breathe faster. when they are afraid or anxious. Fast ... According to Johns Hopkins, the respiration rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes in one minute. To take an ...
Pharmaceuticals suppress algal growth and microbial respiration and alter bacterial communities of stream biofilms - LTER
Respiration of peas - data logging experiment
Technologys DrDAQ multi-purpose data logger and oxygen sensor to carry out a scientific experiment on the aerobic respiration ... Respiration of Peas. Introduction. Aerobic respiration is the process in which glucose and oxygen, through the action of ... In this experiment the use of oxygen in the aerobic respiration of peas can be seen in that, in a sealed container, the level ... During that time the peas should start to germinate and respiration will begin, shown by a fall in oxygen level. At this stage ...
Free Biology Flashcards about Cellular Respiration
Study free Biology flashcards about Cellular Respiration created by brigettshea to improve your grades. Matching game, word ... 2 types of Anaerobic Respiration Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation Anaerobic Respiration. Does not completely ... Cellular Respiration Products ATP, Water and Carbon Dioxide Flow of energy in plants Sun ----, Photosynthesis ----, Glucose ...
Cellular Respiration Flashcards | Quizlet
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like a 6 carbon molecule that is produced first when acetyl-CoA joins with a 4 carbon molecule to enter the Krebs cycle, the process of splitting a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, the molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy and more.
Classroom Activities: Energetics (Photosynthesis and Respiration) - Texas Instruments - content
Respiration during sleep in normal man. | Thorax
Respiration - Windows to the Universe
Respiration Respiration is the name of the general process where organisms convert sugars and oxygen into biochemical energy. ... In addition to making useful energy, respiration makes carbon dioxide and water as waste products. The reverse of respiration ... Respiration occurs in this polar bear and in all other animals too.. Click on image for full size. Corel Photography ... During respiration, energy is created to fuel the different processes necessary to support life.. ...
The Effects Of Adequate Respiration In Special Cases
respiration Archives - Contredanse
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Tickets : sophrologie / Respiration au jardin - Billetweb
Hawaiʻi Sharks | Gills & Respiration
Respiration - 3 (XII Biology)
Biomedical Engineers Develop Wearable Respiration Monitor | 24x7
"The current standard of care in respiration monitoring is a pulmonary function test thats often difficult to perform and ... Researchers at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) have developed a wearable, disposable respiration monitor that ... ninth and 10th ribs and another on the abdomen-the Band-Aid-like devices track the rate and volume of the wearers respiration ...
External Respiration Process Trivia Quiz - ProProfs Quiz
Ch 9 Cellular Respiration Review Ch 9 Cellular Respiration Review Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration ... Is Cellular Respiration your forte? Find Out with this quiz! Is Cellular Respiration your forte? Find Out with this quiz! ... Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Quiz! Trivia Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Quiz! Trivia ... How much do you know about cellular respiration? How much do you know about cellular respiration? ...
Retrouver son calme par la respiration | Gaia
Thirteenth Regional Committee for Europe: Stockholm, 17-20 September 1963: mouth-to-mouth method of artificial respiration: Red...
Respiration therapist - Factual Questions - Straight Dope Message Board
SCOPe 2.08: Protein: Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB
Timeline for Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor ... Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB first ... Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB ... More info for Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor ...
Cell RespirationCellularAnaerobic respirationAerobicOxygenExternal respirationCarbonEcosystem respirationExcretionAutotrophicMitochondriaHeterotrophicBreathsSoilRefersAbnormalHumansChestProcessesTemperatureDehydrationOccursInteractionsRateBreatheEnergyNormalMainStreamMethodPlantFunctionInfluencePeasConvertMeasurements
Cell Respiration5
- Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by organisms. (vernier.com)
- Peas undergo cell respiration during germination. (vernier.com)
- Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? (vernier.com)
- Study the effect of temperature on cell respiration. (vernier.com)
- Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas. (vernier.com)
Cellular19
- Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food . (dekooktips.com)
- The sugar glucose serves as the primary fuel for human cellular respiration. (dekooktips.com)
- Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which the cells of a living organism break down food and turn it into the energy they need to perform their essential functions. (dekooktips.com)
- 5) Provides carbohydrates to animals for their cellular respiration. (exploringnature.org)
- Students will explore both photosynthesis and cellular respiration in a single organism using a simple colorimetric assay to yield qualitative and/or quantitative results. (sargentwelch.com)
- Tetrahymena, a tiny single celled-organism, turns out to be hiding a surprising secret: it's doing respiration - using oxygen to generate cellular energy - differently from other organisms such as plants, animals, or yeasts. (scitechdaily.com)
- We thought we knew about respiration from studying other organisms, but this shows us how much we still don't know," said Maria Maldonado, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of California, Davis and co-first author on the paper. (scitechdaily.com)
- Like all other eukaryotes - and some bacteria - Tetrahymena consume oxygen to generate energy through respiration, said James Letts, assistant professor of molecular and cellular biology in the UC Davis College of Biological Sciences. (scitechdaily.com)
- The aim of the LT-strategy was to allow students to develop the concept "cellular respiration" in such a way, that they would be able to recontextualise the concept for use in other contexts. (uu.nl)
- An analysis instrument for determining how students used and explicated cellular respiration in their concept-maps and the recontextualising-test was developed. (uu.nl)
- The qualitative analysis of data from enactment of LT-strategy shows that it allows students to develop the concept of cellular respiration in a step-wise way, and compare its use in different contexts. (uu.nl)
- The results from the recontextualising-test show that students' use and explication of cellular respiration differs between contexts, with differing degrees of success. (uu.nl)
- These differences can be partially explained by students' available knowledge of cellular respiration by the end of the lesson module. (uu.nl)
- The findings indicate promising, new routes for explaining differences between students' use of cellular respiration in different contexts. (uu.nl)
- Indicate the location (i.e. in which compartment of which organelle) where the enzymes responsible for each step in cellular respiration would be found. (mynursingessay.com)
- What are the overall inputs (substrates and energy sources) and outputs (products and by-products) for each step in cellular respiration? (mynursingessay.com)
- Where in cellular respiration does feedback inhibition occur? (mynursingessay.com)
- What function does this product serve in cellular respiration? (mynursingessay.com)
- Students then complete activities and investigations on Greenhouse gasses, photosynthesis, cellular respiration and ecosystem services (functions and values of intact ecosystems to humans). (nasa.gov)
Anaerobic respiration11
- What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans? (dekooktips.com)
- Cells can break down glucose to generate energy using oxygen-dependent aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. (dekooktips.com)
- Does human have anaerobic respiration? (dekooktips.com)
- Anaerobic respiration in humans occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise when sufficient oxygen is not available. (dekooktips.com)
- When there is an inadequate supply of oxygen during intense exercise, muscles derive energy from anaerobic respiration. (dekooktips.com)
- But in certain organisms like bacteria and algae, respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, called anaerobic respiration. (dekooktips.com)
- Where do you find anaerobic respiration in human body? (dekooktips.com)
- Complete answer: The anaerobic respiration occurs in the human body inside the white muscles. (dekooktips.com)
- Why is anaerobic respiration important in humans? (dekooktips.com)
- Anaerobic respiration is less energy-efficient, but allows survival in habitats which lack oxygen. (dekooktips.com)
- Within the human body, both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are important to muscle function. (dekooktips.com)
Aerobic11
- Question: What is human aerobic respiration? (dekooktips.com)
- How is aerobic respiration used in our body? (dekooktips.com)
- Why do humans need aerobic respiration? (dekooktips.com)
- The importance of aerobic respiration in living things cannot be underestimated. (dekooktips.com)
- What is aerobic respiration in simple words? (dekooktips.com)
- Respiration process that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration, generally seen among humans. (dekooktips.com)
- Where does an aerobic respiration occur in human body? (dekooktips.com)
- Aerobic respiration is the process in which glucose and oxygen, through the action of enzymes in mitochondria, produce carbon dioxide, water and lots of energy. (picotech.com)
- In this experiment the use of oxygen in the aerobic respiration of peas can be seen in that, in a sealed container, the level of oxygen reduces with time. (picotech.com)
- What organisms undergo aerobic respiration? (studystack.com)
- In aerobic respiration, does inhale molecular oxygen (O2) combine chemically with carbon to produce CO2? (mynursingessay.com)
Oxygen12
- If we think about respiration in day-to-day terms, we immediately think of breathing and oxygen. (sparknotes.com)
- Respiration provides cells with oxygen and expels toxic carbon dioxide. (dekooktips.com)
- During that time the peas should start to germinate and respiration will begin, shown by a fall in oxygen level. (picotech.com)
- An extension to the basic experiment could be to place the trough, beehive shelf, beakers, peas,etc into a thermostatically controlled heated water-bath, or on a hot-pate, and see if temperature affects the rate of respiration and so the speed of uptake of oxygen. (picotech.com)
- Respiration is the name of the general process where organisms convert sugars and oxygen into biochemical energy. (windows2universe.org)
- External respiration is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dixide in the lungs. (proprofs.com)
- The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the hemoglobin of the red blood cells is internal respiration. (proprofs.com)
- Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and oxyhemoglobin in the blood. (proprofs.com)
- After 10 cycles, the respiration decreases by 2.4 times however amounts of excreted carbon dioxide and consumed oxygen do not differ between cycles 9 and 10. (scirp.org)
- Oxygen comes in at the end of the series of chemical reactions involved in respiration. (scitechdaily.com)
- This electron transport chain is fundamental to oxygen-based respiration in humans and other eukaryotes. (scitechdaily.com)
- If breathing is difficult give oxygen, if breathing stops or shows signs of failing give artificial respiration. (europa.eu)
External respiration2
- Give the test below a try and see what you know about external respiration. (proprofs.com)
- External respiration is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. (proprofs.com)
Carbon8
- Accurate projections of climate change impacts on the vast carbon stores of northern peatlands require detailed knowledge of ecosystem respiration (ER) and its heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic (Ra) components. (nature.com)
- In addition to making useful energy, respiration makes carbon dioxide and water as waste products. (windows2universe.org)
- While heterotrophic respiration (Rh) makes up about a quarter of gross global terrestrial carbon fluxes, it remains among the least observed carbon fluxes, particularly outside the mid-latitudes. (datadryad.org)
- In this study, we exploit recent advances in remote sensing of terrestrial carbon fluxes to estimate global variations in heterotrophic respiration in a top-down fashion at monthly temporal resolution and 4x5o spatial resolution. (datadryad.org)
- We combine net ecosystem productivity estimates from atmospheric inversions of the NASA Carbon Monitoring System- Flux (CMS-Flux) with an optimally-scaled gross primary productivity dataset based on satellite-observed solar-induced fluorescence variations to estimate total ecosystem respiration as a residual of the terrestrial carbon balance. (datadryad.org)
- The ecosystem respiration is then separated into autotrophic and heterotrophic components based on a spatially-varying carbon use efficiency retrieved in a model-data fusion framework (the CARbon DAta MOdel fraMework, CARDAMOM). (datadryad.org)
- Datasets included are the derived top-down heterotrophic respiration mean, standard deviation, 25th percentile of the distribution, and 75th percentile of the distribution, as well as the mean and standard deviation of the input datasets: net ecosystem productivity, gross primary productivity, and vegetation carbon use efficiency. (datadryad.org)
- Ohashi, M, Gyokusen, K & Saito, A 1995, ' Effects of Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Wind Speed Using the Chamber Method on Soil Respiration ', Nihon Ringakkai Shi/Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society , vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 599-601. (elsevier.com)
Ecosystem respiration1
- The ratio of top-down heterotrophic to total ecosystem respiration varies seasonally by as much as 0.6 depending on season and climate, illustrating the importance of studying the drivers of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration separately, and thus the importance of data-driven estimates of Rh such as those estimated here. (datadryad.org)
Excretion1
- For instance, respiration, excretion, the storage and usage of food in the body, and the production or hormones can all be considered to be physiological processes, and those are just a few examples! (madsci.org)
Autotrophic1
- Conceptually, ER is the sum of two fundamentally different processes, i.e., microbial heterotrophic and plant autotrophic respiration (Rh and Ra, respectively). (nature.com)
Mitochondria1
- Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell of the human body. (dekooktips.com)
Heterotrophic5
- Similarly, only a single data-driven wall-to-wall estimate of annual average heterotrophic respiration exists, based on bottom-up upscaling of SRDB measurements using an assumed functional form to account for climate variability. (datadryad.org)
- The resulting dataset is independent of any assumptions about how heterotrophic respiration responds to climate or substrate variations. (datadryad.org)
- It estimates an annual average global average heterotrophic respiration flux of 43.6 ± 19.3 Pg C/yr. (datadryad.org)
- These top-down estimates are compared to bottom-up estimates of annual heterotrophic respiration, with new uncertainty estimates that partially account for sampling and model errors. (datadryad.org)
- Top-down heterotrophic respiration estimates are higher than those from bottom-up upscaling everywhere except at high latitudes, and are 30% greater overall (43.6 Pg C/yr vs. 33.4 Pg C/yr). (datadryad.org)
Breaths3
- Once a child reaches the age of 2, the respiration rate reduces from 44 breaths per minute to 26. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- According to Johns Hopkins , the respiration rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes in one minute. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Doctors refer to a high respiration rate of more than 20 breaths per minute as tachypnea. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Soil2
- In situ measurements collected in the Soil Respiration Database (SRDB) number only a few hundred worldwide. (datadryad.org)
- Forest soil respiration in eastern Ontario jack pine ecosystems. (gc.ca)
Refers1
- Respiration refers to the acquisition of energy from food. (sparknotes.com)
Abnormal1
- The chest examination demonstrates easy, nonlabored respirations, with no abnormal breath sounds. (medscape.com)
Humans3
- This type of respiration is common in most of the plants and animals, birds, humans, and other mammals. (dekooktips.com)
- What type of respiration do humans have? (dekooktips.com)
- Respiration takes place in different ways for humans and plant. (proprofs.com)
Chest2
- We spend a lot of time on the orthopedic consequences of neurologic patterns in this course but it is what is inside the chest wall in terms of how we direct air into chambers and how that affects whether ribs move up or move down, and torsos left or right as a critical element of Postural Respiration and all PRI courses. (posturalrestoration.com)
- Muscles used in respiration are attached to the chest wall. (biologyonline.com)
Processes1
- During respiration, energy is created to fuel the different processes necessary to support life. (windows2universe.org)
Temperature1
- Ideally one would also investigate how the temperature of the peas and their environment changed as respiration took place - it should rise. (picotech.com)
Dehydration1
- This 2.7 kilogram subadult male exhibited severe dehydration, weak and raspy respiration, and poor quality feathers. (cdc.gov)
Occurs1
- Respiration occurs in this polar bear and in all other animals too. (windows2universe.org)
Interactions3
- Interactions between respiration and systemic hemodynamics. (umn.edu)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Interactions between respiration and systemic hemodynamics. (umn.edu)
- How might this respiration serve as a connective force, an inspiration for interactions, artworks, and material gestures? (concordia.ca)
Rate3
- Placed in two positions-one between the ninth and 10th ribs and another on the abdomen-the Band-Aid-like devices track the rate and volume of the wearer's respiration by measuring the local strain on the application areas. (24x7mag.com)
- This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a seat sensor designed for occupant classification from a production passenger vehicle to measure an occupant's respiration rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) in a laboratory setting. (vt.edu)
- For example, the color Red can increase our heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. (gosmallbiz.com)
Breathe1
- How do Birds Breathe - a brilliant article on Avian Respiration. (wingedhearts.org)
Energy3
- Respiration is important because it produces energy that is essential for the normal functioning of the body. (dekooktips.com)
- The students in this course were helping teach Postural Respiration by their re-states and questions with energy and enthusiasm. (posturalrestoration.com)
- What energy sources other than glucose can be used in respiration? (mynursingessay.com)
Normal1
- Respiration during sleep in normal man. (bmj.com)
Main1
- votre forme, votre santé et votre bien-être au quotidien dépendent avant tout de votre engagement sincère et de la valeur de vos actes, afin de vous reprendre en main. (i6doc.com)
Stream1
- The Midwest started warming up to a balmy 22 degrees on the way to reaching almost above freezing on Saturday morning for the first Postural Respiration Live/Live Stream course this year. (posturalrestoration.com)
Method1
- This breast cancer clinical trial was organized by Dr. Sergey Paschenko, MD, a student of Doctor Konstantin Buteyko who was the originator of the Buteyko respiration method). (worldwidehealth.com)
Plant1
- A clean and minty fresh plant distillation that can be used to support natural respiration and clear congestion. (ieproduce.com)
Function1
- The current standard of care in respiration monitoring is a pulmonary function test that's often difficult to perform and limited in terms of the snapshot it provides of a patient's respiratory health-meaning problems can sometimes be missed," says Michael Chu, UCI graduate student researcher in biomedical engineering. (24x7mag.com)
Influence1
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Respiration changes during infusion of fluids and buffer nerve influence thereon. (who.int)
Peas1
- Using your collected data, you will be able to answer the question regarding respiration and non-germinating peas. (vernier.com)
Convert1
- In studying respiration, we will focus on the metabolic pathways that convert glucose into ATP. (sparknotes.com)
Measurements1
- We modeled cricket respiration at the ecosystem level using air and body temperatures and insect gas exchange measurements. (byu.edu)