Respiration. Medical search

The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.

The number of times an organism breathes with the lungs (RESPIRATION) per unit time, usually per minute.

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. It is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish.

A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES.

A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.

The cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Collections of differentiated CELLS, such as EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; MUSCLES; and NERVE TISSUE. Tissues are cooperatively arranged to form organs with specialized functions such as RESPIRATION; DIGESTION; REPRODUCTION; MOVEMENT; and others.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM.

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

An increase in MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

The absence of light.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.

A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to fumarate and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the bovine RUMEN, the human gingival sulcus, and dental PULPITIS infections.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for the reduction of NITRATES.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A form of creatine kinase found in the MITOCHONDRIA.

A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of ATP production to those of ATP utilization.

A group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.

The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. It is a part of the nitrogen cycle.

A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS.

Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A genus of nematode worms in the superfamily Heterakoidea. A. galli and A. lineata are important intestinal parasites of domestic fowl.

The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.

The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.

A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Eubacteriaceae. Species are homoacetogenic, having the ability to use CARBON DIOXIDE as an electron sink, and to reduce it producing acetate as a typical fermentation product.

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)

A plant genus, in the family AMARANTHACEAE, best known as a source of high-protein grain crops and of Red Dye No. 2 (AMARANTH DYE). Tumbleweed sometimes refers to Amaranthus but more often refers to SALSOLA.

A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the source of pinosylvin. It is sometimes called Scotch pine or Scots pine, which is also a common name for other species of this genus.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.

A plant genus of the family ACERACEAE, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves.

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

Amides of salicylic acid.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. What is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE.

Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The act of BREATHING in.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

A species of SHEWANELLA noted for its ability to reduce iron and manganese anaerobically.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

Inorganic or organic compounds containing trivalent iron.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

An order of the ANGIOSPERMS, subclass Rosidae. Its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, metal-reducing bacteria in the family Geobacteraceae. They have the ability to oxidize a variety of organic compounds, including AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Proteins involved in the transport of specific substances across the membranes of the MITOCHONDRIA.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.

A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.

A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The name "prickly burweed" is sometimes used but causes confusion with AMSINCKIA.

A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.

A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (1/5161)

Because the initial deposition pattern of inhaled particles of various toxic agents determines their future clearance and insult to tissue, respiratory tract deposition is important in assessing the potential toxicity of inhaled aerosols. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles can be classified into three main areas: (1) the physics of aerosols, (2) the anatomy of the respiratory tract and (3) the airflow patterns in the lung airways. In the physics of aerosols, the forces acting on a particle and its physical and chemical properties, such as particle size or size distribution, density, shape, hygroscopic or hydrophobic character, and chemical reactions of the particle will affect the deposition. With respect to the anatomy of the respiratory tract, important parameters are the diameters, the lengths, and the branching angles of airway segments, which determine the deposition. Physiological factors include airflow and breathing patterns, which influence particle deposition. Various lung models used in predicting particle deposition are reviewed and discussed. The air-way structures of various animal species are compared, showing the unique structure of the human lung compared to the animal species under study. Regional deposition data in man and dog are reviewed. Recent deposition data for small rodents are presented, showing regional difference in deposition with the right apical lobe having the highest relative deposition. (+info)

Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (2/5161)

In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning. (+info)

Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting. (3/5161)

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant. The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters. (+info)

The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (4/5161)

The degree of respiratory independence shown by Carcinus under conditions of declining oxygen tension is dependent on the animal's level of activity. Inactive Carcinus are capable of maintaining respiratory independence down to a Po2 of 60-80 mmHg. This is achieved primarily by an increase in ventilation volume such that the amount of oxygen made available at the respiratory surfaces remains constant over a wide range of oxygen tension. The Po2 at which this can no longer be maintained corresponds closely to the Po2 at which respiratory independence is lost. Under normoxic conditions the Po2 of the post- and prebranchial blood was 97 and 18 mmHg respectively. At the high oxygen tensions prevailing in the postbranchial blood the respiratory pigment is fully saturated. Under conditions of declining oxygen tension the heart rate remains more or less constant until the Po2 reaches 60-80 mmHg, the onset of bradycardia coinciding with the loss of saturation of the haemocyanin. Although cardiac output falls during hypoxia, the capacity rate ratio remains approximately constant, which enables the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood to remain at a high level. (+info)

Importance of air and water breathing in relation to size of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. (5/5161)

1. Oxygen uptakes from air and water have been measured in relation to weight of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. 2. Combined O2 uptake from air and water ranged from 60 ml O2 kg-1 h-1 STPD, in a 3-7 g specimen, to 30 ml O2kg-1 h-1, in a 255 g specimen. 3. While the combined O2 uptake changed by a factor of 2, within the weight range under study, the aquatic O2 uptake changed 8-fold within the same range. The smaller fish satisfy 70% of their O2 requirement by aquatic breathing compared to 10-15% in the grown specimens. 4. The pattern of bimodal breathing in P. amphibius is discussed in relation to the natural habitat of the species. (+info)

Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. (6/5161)

1. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate whether glucose ingestion during prolonged exercise reduces whole body muscle glycogen oxidation, (2) to determine the extent to which glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized during exercise with and without carbohydrate ingestion and (3) to obtain an estimate of gluconeogenesis. 2. After an overnight fast, six well-trained cyclists exercised on three occasions for 120 min on a bicycle ergometer at 50 % maximum velocity of O2 uptake and ingested either water (Fast), or a 4 % glucose solution (Lo-Glu) or a 22 % glucose solution (Hi-Glu) during exercise. 3. Dual tracer infusion of [U-13C]-glucose and [6,6-2H2]-glucose was given to measure the rate of appearance (Ra) of glucose, muscle glycogen oxidation, glucose carbon recycling, metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and non-oxidative disposal of glucose. 4. Glucose ingestion markedly increased total Ra especially with Hi-Glu. After 120 min Ra and rate of disappearance (Rd) of glucose were 51-52 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Fast, 73-74 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Lo-Glu and 117-119 micromol kg-1 min-1 during Hi-Glu. The percentage of Rd oxidized was between 96 and 100 % in all trials. 5. Glycogen oxidation during exercise was not reduced by glucose ingestion. The vast majority of glucose disappearing from the plasma is oxidized and MCR increased markedly with glucose ingestion. Glucose carbon recycling was minimal suggesting that gluconeogenesis in these conditions is negligible. (+info)

Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/5161)

No method has yet been established to evaluate the exposure to tobacco smoke in passive smoking (PS). We therefore conducted a study on the possibility that the levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (MA) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) could be indices of the passive exposure to tobacco smoke. The moderate correlation was observed between urinary MA levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. The mean urinary MA level of the PS (+) group was significantly higher than that with the PS (-) group. Among the PS (+) group, the mean MA level in the urine obtained in the afternoon was higher than that obtained in the morning. A high correlation was observed between the exhaled CO levels and the number of consumed cigarettes per day in smokers. Like the urinary MA level, the mean exhaled CO level in the PS (+) group, too, gave a significantly higher level than in the PS (-) group. Because the biological half life of MA (7.5 +/- 0.85 h) was longer than that of CO (3.0 +/- 0.36 h), the measurement of urinary MA level is recommended for evaluating the exposure of passive smoking. The measurement of exhaled CO levels is useful only for chain smokers and nonsmokers with PS just before measurement. (+info)

Depression of peripheral chemosensitivity by a dopaminergic mechanism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (8/5161)

In the present study, respiratory drives to chemical stimuli and peripheral chemosensitivity were evaluated in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSAS). The effects of oral administration of domperidone, a selective dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, were also examined, to study the respiratory effects of endogenous dopamine on peripheral chemoreceptors. Sixteen patients with OSAS and nine normal control subjects were studied. Respiratory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were measured using the rebreathing method and isocapnic progressive hypoxia method, respectively. The hypoxic withdrawal test, which measures the decrease in ventilation caused by two breaths of 100% O2 under mild hypercapnic hypoxic conditions (end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions approximately 8.0 kPa and 5.3-6.7 kPa, respectively), was used to evaluate peripheral chemosensitivity. In the patients with OSAS, ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia were significantly decreased compared with those of control subjects. Hypoxic withdrawal tests showed that peripheral chemosensitivity was significantly lower in patients with OSAS than in normal subjects. Hypercapnic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity were enhanced by administration of domperidone in the patients with OSAS, although no changes in either of these were observed in the control subjects. The hypoxic ventilatory response and peripheral chemosensitivity in the patients with OSAS were each significantly correlated with severity of hypoxia during sleep. These findings suggest that peripheral chemosensitivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may be decreased as a result of abnormality in dopaminergic mechanisms and that the reduced chemosensitivity observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome may affect the severity of hypoxia during sleep. (+info)

Look up respiration or respire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Respiration may refer to: Cellular respiration, the process ... cellular respiration without oxygen Maintenance respiration, the amount of cellular respiration required for an organism to ... external respiration and internal respiration Cheyne-Stokes respiration, an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by ... animals extracting oxygen from water Artificial respiration, the act of simulating respiration, which provides for the overall ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration

"Respiration (Album Version Radio Edit)" "Respiration (Album Version Instrumental)" "Respiration (Flying High Radio Mix)" " ... "Respiration (Flying High Main Mix)" "Respiration (Flying High Instrumental)" List of Talib Kweli songs List of Mos Def songs ... "Respiration" is a song by American rappers Mos Def and Talib Kweli, collectively known as Black Star. It was released as the ... Two remixes were made for "Respiration": 'Flying High Mix' contains production by Pete Rock and a verse by Black Thought of The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(song)

... is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the ... Therefore, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic. Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP ... in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). A proton motive force drives protons down the ... respiration) or acetate fermentation. Anaerobic respiration is a critical component of the global nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration

A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration ... Anaerobic respiration is used by microorganisms either bacteria or archaea in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor ... "Anaerobic Respiration-Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration". courses.lumenlearning.org. Boundless.com. ... Maintenance respiration: maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Microphysiometry Pasteur point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

... in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO2) released ... Maintenance respiration contrasts with growth respiration, which is responsible for the synthesis of new structures in growth, ... Maintenance respiration is essential for biological health and growth of plants. It is estimated that about half of the ... Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_respiration

Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration Control of respiration Ecosystem respiration Maintenance respiration Respiration ( ... Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic organism exchanges respiratory gases with water, obtaining oxygen from ... Many aquatic animals have developed gills for respiration which are specifically adapted to their function. In fish, for ... In both aquatic and terrestrial respiration, the exact mechanisms by which neurons can generate this involuntary rhythm are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration

... , gasping respiration or agonal breathing is a distinct abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex ... Agonal respirations are also commonly seen in cases of cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest, where agonal respirations may ... including Biot's respirations and ataxic respirations). Correct usage would restrict the term to the last breaths before death ... Agonal respiration occurs in 40% of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment. Perkin, RM; Resnik, DB (June ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_respiration

... (CR) refers to the total amount of carbon-dioxide that is produced by individuals organisms in a given ... Microbial ecology Wilson, Jesse (2014). "Ocean-Scale Patterns in Community Respiration Rates along Continuous Transects across ... O. Hedin, Lars (1990). "Factors Controlling Sediment Community Respiration in Woodland Stream Ecosystems". Oikos. 57 (1): 94- ... community, originating from the cellular respiration of organic material. CR is an important ecological index as it dictates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_respiration

... (also called carbon emissions and carbon releases) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge ... This means the carbon respiration rate and carbon storage rate are in balance when generating a global estimate of this figure ... organic respiration, wood burning, and volcanic eruptions. The uptake of carbon from the atmosphere occurs through carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_respiration

... is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular ... It is believed that intensive care technology may be masking the presence of Biot's Respirations. This could be related to the ... As the breathing pattern deteriorates, it merges with agonal respiration. It is caused by damage to the medulla oblongata due ... The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Biot's respiration. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxic_respiration

... is the sum of all respiration occurring by the living organisms in a specific ecosystem. The two main ... Ecosystems return this carbon through animal respiration, and plant respiration. This constant cycle of carbon through the ... "Respiration of three Belgian crops: Partitioning of total ecosystem respiration in its heterotrophic, above- and below-ground ... Cellular respiration happens when a cell takes glucose and oxygen and uses it to produce carbon dioxide, energy, and water. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration

In common medical practice, Biot's respiration is often mistaken for Cheyne-Stokes respiration, part of which may have been ... Biot's respiration is caused by damage to the medulla oblongata and pons due to trauma, stroke, opioid use, and increased ... "A Peculiar Type of Dyspnea: Kussmaul, Cheyne-Stokes, and Biot Respirations" (PDF). Historia Medicinae. 3 (1). (in French) Biot ... Alraiyes, Abdul Hamid; Thompson, Patrick ".; Thammasitboon, Supat (2011-05-01), "Biot's Respiration In A Chronic Opioid User: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot's_respiration

... usually loss of biomass by respiration per unit of weight), also referred to as relative respiration rate. In theoretical ... The respiration rate is dependent of species, type of tissue or organ studied and temperature. Respiratory rate v t e (Articles ... The respiration rate is a parameter which is used in ecological and agronomical modeling. In theoretical production ecology and ... aquaculture, it typically refers to respiration per unit of time ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_rate

There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration: Aquatic respiration Buccal pumping Cutaneous respiration ... Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are ... During respiration the C-H bonds are broken by oxidation-reduction reaction and so carbon dioxide and water are also produced. ... In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)

When this respiration occurs in roots, it adds to soil respiration. Root respiration accounts for approximately half of all ... Any respiration that occurs below-ground is considered soil respiration. Respiration by plant roots, bacteria, fungi and soil ... Field respiration using stable isotopes can be used as a tool to measure microbial respiration in-situ without disturbing the ... When plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots, it adds to soil respiration. Over time, plant structural components ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_respiration

... , also referred to as cloacal respiration or intestinal respiration, is a form of respiration in which gas ... This is used in various species as an accessory respiration mechanism in hypoxic environments as a means to supplement blood ... Studies have shown that mammals are capable of performing intestinal respiration to a limited degree in a laboratory setting. ... Cutaneous respiration Okabe., Ryo (May 14, 2021). "Mammalian enteral ventilation ameliorates respiratory failure". Med. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteral_respiration

For aquatic respiration, fish respire primarily via gills but cutaneous respiration may account for 5 to 40 percent of the ... Cutaneous respiration, or cutaneous gas exchange (sometimes called, skin breathing), is a form of respiration in which gas ... In humans and most other mammals, cutaneous respiration accounts for only 1 to 2 percent. Enteral respiration Tattersall, Glenn ... Some amphibians utilizing cutaneous respiration have extensive folds of skin to increase the rate of respiration. Examples ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration

"Cheynes-Stokes Respiration". WebMD LLC. Retrieved 2010-10-05. "Cheyne-Stokes respiration". WrongDiagnosis.com. Health Grades ... Cheyne-Stokes respirations are not the same as Biot's respirations ("cluster breathing"), in which groups of breaths tend to be ... Thus Cheyne-Stokes respiration can be maintained over periods of many minutes or hours with a repetitive pattern of apneas and ... Cheyne-Stokes respiration and periodic breathing are the two regions on a spectrum of severity of oscillatory tidal volume. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne–Stokes_respiration

Accessory muscles of respiration are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing. Use of these while at ... The muscles of respiration are the muscles that contribute to inhalation and exhalation, by aiding in the expansion and ... The diaphragm and, to a lesser extent, the intercostal muscles drive respiration during quiet breathing. The elasticity of ... The external intercostal muscles are most important in respiration. These have fibres that are angled obliquely downward and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscles_of_respiration

Apneustic respiration (a.k.a. apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apneustic_respirations

... nutrition and respiration. The title On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration, given in the Medieval manuscripts, ... Respiration is the process by which breathing helps to cool and moderate the inner vital heat (thermotēta psychikēs) held in ... We must probably also at the same time state the causes of respiration as well, since in some cases living and the reverse ... On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration (Greek: Περὶ νεότητος καὶ γήρως, καὶ ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου, καὶ ἀναπνοῆς; Latin: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration

Respiration). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenation_index

Hogan CM (2011). "Respiration". In McGinley M, Cleveland CJ (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, D.C.: National council ... The acini are the basic units of respiration, with gas exchange taking place in all the alveoli present. The alveolar membrane ... In severe cases where cellular respiration cannot be maintained, supplemental oxygen may be required. Diffuse alveolar damage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus

Respiration. 73 (3): 367-74. doi:10.1159/000087945. PMID 16127266. S2CID 24408680. Morelon E, Stern M, Israël-Biet D, Correas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirolimus

Allegra L, Bossi R, Braga PC (1981). "Action of sobrerol on mucociliary transport". Respiration. 42 (2): 105-9. doi:10.1159/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrerol

Respiration. 86 (2): 155-173. doi:10.1159/000346996. ISSN 0025-7931. PMID 23571767. Lv, Yong; Han, Guohong; Fan, Daiming (2018- ... Respiration. 86 (2): 155-173. doi:10.1159/000346996. ISSN 0025-7931. PMID 23571767. Banini, Bubu A.; Alwatari, Yahya; Stovall, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_hydrothorax

A report of four cases". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 67 (1): 90-3. doi:10.1159/000029470. PMID ... Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 86 (5): 376-83. doi:10.1159/000345596. PMID 23295253. Tikoo RK, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis

Virchow JC (1999). "Reproterol: beta-2-agonist, theophylline, or both?". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproterol

Respiration. 93 (2): 112-121. doi:10.1159/000453529. ISSN 0025-7931. PMC 5348732. PMID 27974713. "Lung volume reduction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoscopic_lung_volume_reduction

Grundy S, Bentley A, Tschopp JM (2012). "Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a diffuse disease of the pleura". Respiration; ... Noppen M, De Keukeleire T (2008). "Pneumothorax". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 76 (2): 121-127. doi: ... doi:10.1016/S0096-5588(20)32206-6. Herzog H (1998). "History of tuberculosis". Respiration; International Review of Thoracic ... leads to significant impairment of respiration and/or blood circulation. This causes a type of circulatory shock, called ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax

BIOPAC,Applications,Advanced Features

https://www.biopac.com/?app-advanced-feature=volumeflow-loop-relationships

Cell Respiration: Introduction quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. ... However, though oxygen is a vital component of respiration, respiration can occur without oxygen. Respiration that involves ... Respiration refers to the acquisition of energy from food. It is a process common to all eukaryotic cells. In studying ... If we think about respiration in day-to-day terms, we immediately think of breathing and oxygen. From an early age, we learn ...

https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/intro/section3/

Defect in cellular respiration renders sac fungi infertile Ruhr-University Bochum. Journal. Journal of Fungi. Funder. Deutsche ... https://news.rub.de/english/press-releases/2022-11-03-biology-defect-cellular-respiration-renders-sac-fungi-infertile ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/970162

Welcome 7th grade Life Science course students, and other people. Thank you for choosing my site to help review for the test! Remember this, the WHOLE site is educational, whole site!! This is a helpful study guide to an easy A by reviewing with these games. Good luck pd. 4,5,6, and 7 on your science test!!...Remember, just try your hardest to remember everything, and it will come back to you!! ~Mari

https://www.quia.com/jg/7150.html

Peas undergo cell respiration during germination. Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? Using your collected ... Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by ... Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas. ... data, you will be able to answer the question regarding respiration and non-germinating peas. ...

https://www.vernier.com/experiment/bio-a-5b_cell-respiration-co2/

Severe and critical infection of SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The use of ventilators (‎non-invasive and mechanical)‎, to deliver oxygen in cases of severe and critical COVID-19 has been ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Respiration%2C+Artificial&type=mesh

It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. This type ... What is aerobic respiration in simple words?. Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place ... Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy ... What type of respiration do humans have?. Respiration process that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic ...

https://www.dekooktips.com/guide/question-what-is-human-aerobic-respiration.html

... of climate change impacts on the vast carbon stores of northern peatlands require detailed knowledge of ecosystem respiration ( ... 4: Diel patterns of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration.. Diel patterns of a-d heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and e-h ... 1: Diel patterns of measured versus extrapolated ecosystem respiration.. Diel patterns of ecosystem respiration (ER) measured ... 2: Daily bias in extrapolated ecosystem respiration estimates.. Ratios of daily ecosystem respiration (ER) estimated by a ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18027-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d1394bdd-268c-4a7f-be54-3d52d6132458

Causes of low respiration rate. Doctors refer to a low respiratory rate of fewer than 12 breaths. per minute as bradypnea. This ... low respiration rates.. *Obstructive sleep apnea: Sleep apnea involves a blockage of the airway, often due to the relaxation of ... Common causes of high respiration rates include:. *Anxiety: People may breathe faster. when they are afraid or anxious. Fast ... According to Johns Hopkins, the respiration rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes in one minute. To take an ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324409?utm_source=ReadNext

Pharmaceuticals suppress algal growth and microbial respiration and alter bacterial communities of stream biofilms. ... Pharmaceuticals suppress algal growth and microbial respiration and alter bacterial communities of stream biofilms. ...

https://lternet.edu/biblio/pharmaceuticals-suppress-algal-growth-and-microbial-respiration-and-alter-bacterial-communities-of-stream-biofilms/

Technologys DrDAQ multi-purpose data logger and oxygen sensor to carry out a scientific experiment on the aerobic respiration ... Respiration of Peas. Introduction. Aerobic respiration is the process in which glucose and oxygen, through the action of ... In this experiment the use of oxygen in the aerobic respiration of peas can be seen in that, in a sealed container, the level ... During that time the peas should start to germinate and respiration will begin, shown by a fall in oxygen level. At this stage ...

https://www.picotech.com/library/experiment/respiration-of-peas

Study free Biology flashcards about Cellular Respiration created by brigettshea to improve your grades. Matching game, word ... 2 types of Anaerobic Respiration Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation Anaerobic Respiration. Does not completely ... Cellular Respiration Products ATP, Water and Carbon Dioxide Flow of energy in plants Sun ----, Photosynthesis ----, Glucose ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-2994964

Cell Respiration , Flinn Scientific

https://www.flinnsci.com/B/pub_10787/

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like a 6 carbon molecule that is produced first when acetyl-CoA joins with a 4 carbon molecule to enter the Krebs cycle, the process of splitting a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, the molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy and more.

https://quizlet.com/18721843/cellular-respiration-flash-cards/

This assessment is designed to assess the students comprehension of a basic function for eukaryotic cells.

https://education.ti.com/en/activity/detail?id=341EEAD1CCC14B63B96249115C8C64E9

You need to be signed in to access email alerts. If you have an account log in with your user name and password. If you dont have an account you can just enter your email address in the email box below ...

https://thorax.bmj.com/content/37/11/840.alerts

Respiration Respiration is the name of the general process where organisms convert sugars and oxygen into biochemical energy. ... In addition to making useful energy, respiration makes carbon dioxide and water as waste products. The reverse of respiration ... Respiration occurs in this polar bear and in all other animals too.. Click on image for full size. Corel Photography ... During respiration, energy is created to fuel the different processes necessary to support life.. ...

https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/respiration.html

When the nutrition of the body is promoted by effective respiration, and waste matters are promptly removed, the chances that ... The Effects Of Adequate Respiration In Special Cases. When the nutrition of the body is promoted by effective respiration, and ...

https://chestofbooks.com/crafts/scientific-american/sup2/The-Effects-Of-Adequate-Respiration-In-Special-Cases.html

Audiobook MP3 Book Card Game DVD DVD-rom Ebook - PDF Magazine Periodical Issue Vinyl Web App ...

https://contredanse.org/en/product-tag/respiration-2/

... To view these resources with no ads please Login or Subscribe (and help support our site ... Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Exploring Nature Educational Resource ©2005-2022. December 6, 2022. , http://www. ...

https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Photosynthesis-and-Cellular-Respiration

sophrologie / Respiration au jardin. Reservations on : http://corinne-vermillard.com -- Place de lÉglise, La Roche-Derrien, ...

https://www.billetweb.fr/sophrologie-respiration-au-jardin

Gills & Respiration. Gills allow fish to take in oxygen from the surrounding water and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood ...

https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/sharks/anatomy/gills-respiration/

Respiration, CBSE Biology, Class XI, Class XII, Class XII Biology, Class XI Biology, PMT, AIPMT, AIIMS, Reproduction, ... Online Test Papers and Notes for Medical Entrance, Entrance Exams, Respiration, CBSE Biology, Class XI, Class XII, Class XII ...

https://www.tcyonline.com/online-tests-respiration-3-xii-biology/62948

"The current standard of care in respiration monitoring is a pulmonary function test thats often difficult to perform and ... Researchers at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) have developed a wearable, disposable respiration monitor that ... ninth and 10th ribs and another on the abdomen-the Band-Aid-like devices track the rate and volume of the wearers respiration ...

https://24x7mag.com/standards/biomedical-engineers-wearable-respiration-monitor/

Ch 9 Cellular Respiration Review Ch 9 Cellular Respiration Review Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration ... Is Cellular Respiration your forte? Find Out with this quiz! Is Cellular Respiration your forte? Find Out with this quiz! ... Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Quiz! Trivia Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Quiz! Trivia ... How much do you know about cellular respiration? How much do you know about cellular respiration? ...

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=6_174

US-4648396-A chemical patent summary.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US-4648396-A

Il est agréable de pouvoir retrouver son calme en quelques instants.

https://www.gaia.com/video/retrouver-son-calme-par-la-respiration

Thirteenth Regional Committee for Europe: Stockholm, 17-20 September 1963: mouth-to-mouth method of artificial respiration: Red ... mouth-to-mouth method of artificial respiration: Red Cross point of view. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/360001

What does a respiration therapist do, and how much do they get paid? ... What does a respiration therapist do, and how much do they get paid? ...

https://boards.straightdope.com/t/respiration-therapist/383068

Timeline for Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor ... Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB first ... Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB ... More info for Protein Aerobic respiration control sensor protein, ArcB from a.24.10.1: Aerobic respiration control sensor ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=47228

Cell respiration refers to the process of converting the chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately usable by organisms. (vernier.com)
Peas undergo cell respiration during germination. (vernier.com)
Do peas undergo cell respiration before germination? (vernier.com)
Study the effect of temperature on cell respiration. (vernier.com)
Compare the rates of cell respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas. (vernier.com)

Aerobic Respiration: It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food . (dekooktips.com)
The sugar glucose serves as the primary fuel for human cellular respiration. (dekooktips.com)
Aerobic cellular respiration is the process by which the cells of a living organism break down food and turn it into the energy they need to perform their essential functions. (dekooktips.com)
5) Provides carbohydrates to animals for their cellular respiration. (exploringnature.org)
Students will explore both photosynthesis and cellular respiration in a single organism using a simple colorimetric assay to yield qualitative and/or quantitative results. (sargentwelch.com)
Tetrahymena, a tiny single celled-organism, turns out to be hiding a surprising secret: it's doing respiration - using oxygen to generate cellular energy - differently from other organisms such as plants, animals, or yeasts. (scitechdaily.com)
We thought we knew about respiration from studying other organisms, but this shows us how much we still don't know," said Maria Maldonado, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of California, Davis and co-first author on the paper. (scitechdaily.com)
Like all other eukaryotes - and some bacteria - Tetrahymena consume oxygen to generate energy through respiration, said James Letts, assistant professor of molecular and cellular biology in the UC Davis College of Biological Sciences. (scitechdaily.com)
The aim of the LT-strategy was to allow students to develop the concept "cellular respiration" in such a way, that they would be able to recontextualise the concept for use in other contexts. (uu.nl)
An analysis instrument for determining how students used and explicated cellular respiration in their concept-maps and the recontextualising-test was developed. (uu.nl)
The qualitative analysis of data from enactment of LT-strategy shows that it allows students to develop the concept of cellular respiration in a step-wise way, and compare its use in different contexts. (uu.nl)
The results from the recontextualising-test show that students' use and explication of cellular respiration differs between contexts, with differing degrees of success. (uu.nl)
These differences can be partially explained by students' available knowledge of cellular respiration by the end of the lesson module. (uu.nl)
The findings indicate promising, new routes for explaining differences between students' use of cellular respiration in different contexts. (uu.nl)
Indicate the location (i.e. in which compartment of which organelle) where the enzymes responsible for each step in cellular respiration would be found. (mynursingessay.com)
What are the overall inputs (substrates and energy sources) and outputs (products and by-products) for each step in cellular respiration? (mynursingessay.com)
Where in cellular respiration does feedback inhibition occur? (mynursingessay.com)
What function does this product serve in cellular respiration? (mynursingessay.com)
Students then complete activities and investigations on Greenhouse gasses, photosynthesis, cellular respiration and ecosystem services (functions and values of intact ecosystems to humans). (nasa.gov)

What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans? (dekooktips.com)
Cells can break down glucose to generate energy using oxygen-dependent aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. (dekooktips.com)
Does human have anaerobic respiration? (dekooktips.com)
Anaerobic respiration in humans occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise when sufficient oxygen is not available. (dekooktips.com)
When there is an inadequate supply of oxygen during intense exercise, muscles derive energy from anaerobic respiration. (dekooktips.com)
But in certain organisms like bacteria and algae, respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, called anaerobic respiration. (dekooktips.com)
Where do you find anaerobic respiration in human body? (dekooktips.com)
Complete answer: The anaerobic respiration occurs in the human body inside the white muscles. (dekooktips.com)
Why is anaerobic respiration important in humans? (dekooktips.com)
Anaerobic respiration is less energy-efficient, but allows survival in habitats which lack oxygen. (dekooktips.com)
Within the human body, both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are important to muscle function. (dekooktips.com)

Question: What is human aerobic respiration? (dekooktips.com)
How is aerobic respiration used in our body? (dekooktips.com)
Why do humans need aerobic respiration? (dekooktips.com)
The importance of aerobic respiration in living things cannot be underestimated. (dekooktips.com)
What is aerobic respiration in simple words? (dekooktips.com)
Respiration process that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration, generally seen among humans. (dekooktips.com)
Where does an aerobic respiration occur in human body? (dekooktips.com)
Aerobic respiration is the process in which glucose and oxygen, through the action of enzymes in mitochondria, produce carbon dioxide, water and lots of energy. (picotech.com)
In this experiment the use of oxygen in the aerobic respiration of peas can be seen in that, in a sealed container, the level of oxygen reduces with time. (picotech.com)
What organisms undergo aerobic respiration? (studystack.com)
In aerobic respiration, does inhale molecular oxygen (O2) combine chemically with carbon to produce CO2? (mynursingessay.com)

If we think about respiration in day-to-day terms, we immediately think of breathing and oxygen. (sparknotes.com)
Respiration provides cells with oxygen and expels toxic carbon dioxide. (dekooktips.com)
During that time the peas should start to germinate and respiration will begin, shown by a fall in oxygen level. (picotech.com)
An extension to the basic experiment could be to place the trough, beehive shelf, beakers, peas,etc into a thermostatically controlled heated water-bath, or on a hot-pate, and see if temperature affects the rate of respiration and so the speed of uptake of oxygen. (picotech.com)
Respiration is the name of the general process where organisms convert sugars and oxygen into biochemical energy. (windows2universe.org)
External respiration is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dixide in the lungs. (proprofs.com)
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the hemoglobin of the red blood cells is internal respiration. (proprofs.com)
Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and oxyhemoglobin in the blood. (proprofs.com)
After 10 cycles, the respiration decreases by 2.4 times however amounts of excreted carbon dioxide and consumed oxygen do not differ between cycles 9 and 10. (scirp.org)
Oxygen comes in at the end of the series of chemical reactions involved in respiration. (scitechdaily.com)
This electron transport chain is fundamental to oxygen-based respiration in humans and other eukaryotes. (scitechdaily.com)
If breathing is difficult give oxygen, if breathing stops or shows signs of failing give artificial respiration. (europa.eu)

Give the test below a try and see what you know about external respiration. (proprofs.com)
External respiration is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. (proprofs.com)

Accurate projections of climate change impacts on the vast carbon stores of northern peatlands require detailed knowledge of ecosystem respiration (ER) and its heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic (Ra) components. (nature.com)
In addition to making useful energy, respiration makes carbon dioxide and water as waste products. (windows2universe.org)
While heterotrophic respiration (Rh) makes up about a quarter of gross global terrestrial carbon fluxes, it remains among the least observed carbon fluxes, particularly outside the mid-latitudes. (datadryad.org)
In this study, we exploit recent advances in remote sensing of terrestrial carbon fluxes to estimate global variations in heterotrophic respiration in a top-down fashion at monthly temporal resolution and 4x5o spatial resolution. (datadryad.org)
We combine net ecosystem productivity estimates from atmospheric inversions of the NASA Carbon Monitoring System- Flux (CMS-Flux) with an optimally-scaled gross primary productivity dataset based on satellite-observed solar-induced fluorescence variations to estimate total ecosystem respiration as a residual of the terrestrial carbon balance. (datadryad.org)
The ecosystem respiration is then separated into autotrophic and heterotrophic components based on a spatially-varying carbon use efficiency retrieved in a model-data fusion framework (the CARbon DAta MOdel fraMework, CARDAMOM). (datadryad.org)
Datasets included are the derived top-down heterotrophic respiration mean, standard deviation, 25th percentile of the distribution, and 75th percentile of the distribution, as well as the mean and standard deviation of the input datasets: net ecosystem productivity, gross primary productivity, and vegetation carbon use efficiency. (datadryad.org)
Ohashi, M, Gyokusen, K & Saito, A 1995, ' Effects of Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Wind Speed Using the Chamber Method on Soil Respiration ', Nihon Ringakkai Shi/Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society , vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 599-601. (elsevier.com)

The ratio of top-down heterotrophic to total ecosystem respiration varies seasonally by as much as 0.6 depending on season and climate, illustrating the importance of studying the drivers of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration separately, and thus the importance of data-driven estimates of Rh such as those estimated here. (datadryad.org)

For instance, respiration, excretion, the storage and usage of food in the body, and the production or hormones can all be considered to be physiological processes, and those are just a few examples! (madsci.org)

Conceptually, ER is the sum of two fundamentally different processes, i.e., microbial heterotrophic and plant autotrophic respiration (Rh and Ra, respectively). (nature.com)

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell of the human body. (dekooktips.com)

Similarly, only a single data-driven wall-to-wall estimate of annual average heterotrophic respiration exists, based on bottom-up upscaling of SRDB measurements using an assumed functional form to account for climate variability. (datadryad.org)
The resulting dataset is independent of any assumptions about how heterotrophic respiration responds to climate or substrate variations. (datadryad.org)
It estimates an annual average global average heterotrophic respiration flux of 43.6 ± 19.3 Pg C/yr. (datadryad.org)
These top-down estimates are compared to bottom-up estimates of annual heterotrophic respiration, with new uncertainty estimates that partially account for sampling and model errors. (datadryad.org)
Top-down heterotrophic respiration estimates are higher than those from bottom-up upscaling everywhere except at high latitudes, and are 30% greater overall (43.6 Pg C/yr vs. 33.4 Pg C/yr). (datadryad.org)

Once a child reaches the age of 2, the respiration rate reduces from 44 breaths per minute to 26. (medicalnewstoday.com)
According to Johns Hopkins , the respiration rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes in one minute. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Doctors refer to a high respiration rate of more than 20 breaths per minute as tachypnea. (medicalnewstoday.com)

In situ measurements collected in the Soil Respiration Database (SRDB) number only a few hundred worldwide. (datadryad.org)
Forest soil respiration in eastern Ontario jack pine ecosystems. (gc.ca)

Respiration refers to the acquisition of energy from food. (sparknotes.com)

The chest examination demonstrates easy, nonlabored respirations, with no abnormal breath sounds. (medscape.com)

This type of respiration is common in most of the plants and animals, birds, humans, and other mammals. (dekooktips.com)
What type of respiration do humans have? (dekooktips.com)
Respiration takes place in different ways for humans and plant. (proprofs.com)

We spend a lot of time on the orthopedic consequences of neurologic patterns in this course but it is what is inside the chest wall in terms of how we direct air into chambers and how that affects whether ribs move up or move down, and torsos left or right as a critical element of Postural Respiration and all PRI courses. (posturalrestoration.com)
Muscles used in respiration are attached to the chest wall. (biologyonline.com)

During respiration, energy is created to fuel the different processes necessary to support life. (windows2universe.org)

Ideally one would also investigate how the temperature of the peas and their environment changed as respiration took place - it should rise. (picotech.com)

This 2.7 kilogram subadult male exhibited severe dehydration, weak and raspy respiration, and poor quality feathers. (cdc.gov)

Respiration occurs in this polar bear and in all other animals too. (windows2universe.org)

Interactions between respiration and systemic hemodynamics. (umn.edu)
Dive into the research topics of 'Interactions between respiration and systemic hemodynamics. (umn.edu)
How might this respiration serve as a connective force, an inspiration for interactions, artworks, and material gestures? (concordia.ca)

Placed in two positions-one between the ninth and 10th ribs and another on the abdomen-the Band-Aid-like devices track the rate and volume of the wearer's respiration by measuring the local strain on the application areas. (24x7mag.com)
This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a seat sensor designed for occupant classification from a production passenger vehicle to measure an occupant's respiration rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) in a laboratory setting. (vt.edu)
For example, the color Red can increase our heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. (gosmallbiz.com)

How do Birds Breathe - a brilliant article on Avian Respiration. (wingedhearts.org)

Respiration is important because it produces energy that is essential for the normal functioning of the body. (dekooktips.com)
The students in this course were helping teach Postural Respiration by their re-states and questions with energy and enthusiasm. (posturalrestoration.com)
What energy sources other than glucose can be used in respiration? (mynursingessay.com)

Respiration during sleep in normal man. (bmj.com)

votre forme, votre santé et votre bien-être au quotidien dépendent avant tout de votre engagement sincère et de la valeur de vos actes, afin de vous reprendre en main. (i6doc.com)

The Midwest started warming up to a balmy 22 degrees on the way to reaching almost above freezing on Saturday morning for the first Postural Respiration Live/Live Stream course this year. (posturalrestoration.com)

This breast cancer clinical trial was organized by Dr. Sergey Paschenko, MD, a student of Doctor Konstantin Buteyko who was the originator of the Buteyko respiration method). (worldwidehealth.com)

A clean and minty fresh plant distillation that can be used to support natural respiration and clear congestion. (ieproduce.com)

The current standard of care in respiration monitoring is a pulmonary function test that's often difficult to perform and limited in terms of the snapshot it provides of a patient's respiratory health-meaning problems can sometimes be missed," says Michael Chu, UCI graduate student researcher in biomedical engineering. (24x7mag.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Respiration changes during infusion of fluids and buffer nerve influence thereon. (who.int)

Using your collected data, you will be able to answer the question regarding respiration and non-germinating peas. (vernier.com)

In studying respiration, we will focus on the metabolic pathways that convert glucose into ATP. (sparknotes.com)

We modeled cricket respiration at the ecosystem level using air and body temperatures and insect gas exchange measurements. (byu.edu)

Anatomy25

Organisms28

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes64

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Health Care10

Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. (1/5161)

Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (2/5161)

Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting. (3/5161)

The respiratory responses of Carcinus maenas to declining oxygen tension. (4/5161)

Importance of air and water breathing in relation to size of the African lungfish Protopterus amphibius Peters. (5/5161)

Glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in highly trained human subjects: effect of glucose ingestion. (6/5161)

Evaluation of passive smoking by measuring urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and exhaled carbon monoxide levels. (7/5161)

Depression of peripheral chemosensitivity by a dopaminergic mechanism in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. (8/5161)

Cell Respiration

Respiration

Oxygen Consumption

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Mitochondria

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron Transport

Oxygen

Mitochondria, Liver

Anaerobiosis

Antimycin A

Aerobiosis

Carbon Dioxide

Uncoupling Agents

Cyanides

Electron Transport Complex IV

Energy Metabolism

Oligomycins

Oxidation-Reduction

Succinates

Mitochondria, Muscle

Mitochondria, Heart

Mitochondrial Proteins

Adenosine Triphosphate

Nitrates

Succinic Acid

Carbon

Potassium Cyanide

Respiratory Rate

Cytochromes

Oxidoreductases

Polarography

Shewanella

Glycolysis

Photosynthesis

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

Adenosine Diphosphate

Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins

Rotenone

Electron Transport Complex I

Malates

NAD

Soil

Biomass

Atractyloside

Carbon Cycle

Respiratory Mechanics

2,4-Dinitrophenol

Tissues

Dinitrophenols

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Glucose

Fumarates

Respiratory Physiological Phenomena

Respiratory Physiological Processes

Reactive Oxygen Species

Nitrate Reductase

Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial

Ubiquinone

Kinetics

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

Mitochondrial Swelling

Temperature

Pyruvic Acid

Tetramethylphenylenediamine

Pyruvates

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Plant Leaves

Amobarbital

Citric Acid Cycle

Darkness

NADH Dehydrogenase

Electron Transport Complex II

Nitrogen

Time Factors

Trees

Models, Biological

Wolinella

Nitrate Reductases

Protons