Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
'Frozen foods' in a medical context typically refers to prepared or raw food items that have been rapidly cooled then stored at freezing temperatures, typically below -18 degrees Celsius, to minimize microbial growth and enzymatic reactions, thereby extending their shelf life.
An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.
A CHROMATOGRAPHY method using supercritical fluid, usually carbon dioxide under very high pressure (around 73 atmospheres or 1070 psi at room temperature) as the mobile phase. Other solvents are sometimes added as modifiers. This is used both for analytical (SFC) and extraction (SFE) purposes.
Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc.
Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.
A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)
A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.
Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.
A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.
An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
The series of changes to the shape, size, components, and functions of an individual organism that occur over time as the organism progresses from its initial form to full size and maturity.
A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
An animal's cleaning and caring for the body surface. This includes preening, the cleaning and oiling of feathers with the bill or of hair with the tongue.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
An extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. It is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by CHROMATOGRAPHY and other analytical methods.
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous plants, insects, or other animals. This includes control of plants that serve as habitats or food sources for animal pests.
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Pesticide residues refer to the remaining pesticide chemicals, including their metabolites and degradation products, that are present in or on food commodities or environmental samples after a pesticide application has ended. These residues can result from agricultural use, such as spraying crops to control pests, or from non-agricultural uses, like treating buildings for termite control.

Regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) to ensure that the levels of pesticide residues in food and feed are below those that may pose a risk to human health. Monitoring programs are in place to check compliance with these MRLs, and enforcement actions can be taken if violations occur.

It's important to note that not all pesticide residues are harmful, as some pesticides degrade into harmless compounds over time or leave behind residues below levels of concern for human health. However, long-term exposure to even low levels of certain pesticide residues may still pose a risk and should be avoided when possible.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:

1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.

Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "frozen foods" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to food that has been frozen and preserved at low temperatures. While there may be some medical concerns related to the consumption of certain types of frozen foods (such as those high in sodium or fat), it's not a term that would be used within a medical context. If you have any questions about the safety or nutritional content of specific frozen foods, I'd recommend consulting with a healthcare provider or a nutritionist.

Azinphosmethyl is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control various pests in agriculture. Its chemical formula is C6H12NO6PS. It works by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can result in a variety of symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.

Azinphosmethyl is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, and it can pose significant risks to human health if not handled properly. Exposure to this chemical can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it can cause a range of adverse health effects, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and respiratory problems. Long-term exposure has been linked to more serious health issues such as neurological damage and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

Due to its high toxicity and potential risks to human health, the use of azinphosmethyl is regulated by various governmental agencies around the world. In the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified azinphosmethyl as a restricted-use pesticide, which means that it can only be applied by certified applicators who have received special training in its safe use.

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Lindane is defined in medical terms as an agricultural and pharmaceutical compound that contains thegamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). It has been used as a topical treatment for scabies and lice infestations, although its use is now limited due to concerns about toxicity and environmental persistence. Lindane works by disrupting the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. However, it can also have similar effects on mammals, including humans, at high doses or with prolonged exposure. Therefore, its use is restricted and alternatives are recommended for the treatment of scabies and lice.

Chromatography, supercritical fluid (SFC) is a type of chromatographic technique that uses supercritical fluids as the mobile phase to separate and analyze components of a mixture. A supercritical fluid is a substance that is maintained at temperatures and pressures above its critical point, where it exhibits properties of both a gas and a liquid, making it an ideal medium for separations due to its low viscosity, high diffusivity, and tuneable solvating strength.

In SFC, the supercritical fluid, typically carbon dioxide (CO2) due to its mild critical point conditions, is used to elute analytes from a stationary phase, such as a silica or polymer-based column. The interactions between the analytes and the stationary phase, along with the properties of the supercritical fluid, determine the separation efficiency and resolution of the technique.

SFC has several advantages over traditional liquid chromatography (LC) techniques, including faster analysis times, lower solvent consumption, and the ability to analyze a wider range of polar and nonpolar compounds. SFC is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug discovery and development, as well as in environmental, food, and chemical analyses.

Industrial fungicides are antimicrobial agents used to prevent, destroy, or inhibit the growth of fungi and their spores in industrial settings. These can include uses in manufacturing processes, packaging materials, textiles, paints, and other industrial products. They work by interfering with the cellular structure or metabolic processes of fungi, thereby preventing their growth or reproduction. Examples of industrial fungicides include:

* Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
* Formaldehyde
* Glutaraldehyde
* Quaternary ammonium compounds
* Peracetic acid
* Chlorhexidine
* Iodophors

It's important to note that some of these fungicides can be harmful or toxic to humans and other organisms, so they must be used with caution and in accordance with safety guidelines.

"Food analysis" is not a medical term per se, but it falls under the broader field of food science and nutrition. Food analysis refers to the laboratory methods and techniques used to determine the composition and quality of food products. This can include testing for nutrients (such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), contaminants (like heavy metals, pesticides, or allergens), and other components that may affect the safety, quality, or authenticity of food.

The results of food analysis can be used to ensure compliance with regulatory standards, develop new food products, assess the nutritional value of diets, investigate food-borne illnesses, and monitor trends in food consumption. While not a medical definition, food analysis is an important tool for promoting public health and preventing diet-related diseases.

Endosulfan is a synthetic, broad-spectrum insecticide that was widely used in agriculture for controlling a variety of pests. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organochlorines, which are characterized by having a chlorinated aromatic ring. Endosulfan exists in two stereoisomeric forms, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, and is often used as a mixture of these two forms.

Endosulfan has been linked to several health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is also considered to be highly toxic to aquatic life and birds. Due to its persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, endosulfan has been banned or restricted in many countries around the world.

The medical definition of Endosulfan can be described as a synthetic organochlorine insecticide that is highly toxic and has been linked to various health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is no longer approved for use in many countries due to its environmental persistence and potential health risks.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methane are both greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. However, they are distinct substances with different chemical structures and sources.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are synthetic compounds made up of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms. They were commonly used in refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and foam blowing agents until they were phased out due to their harmful effects on the ozone layer. CFCs have high global warming potential, meaning that they trap heat in the atmosphere many times more effectively than carbon dioxide.

Methane, on the other hand, is a naturally occurring gas made up of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4). It is produced by the decomposition of organic matter, such as in landfills, wetlands, and the digestive tracts of animals like cattle. Methane is also released during the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. While methane has a shorter lifespan in the atmosphere than CFCs, it is an even more potent greenhouse gas, trapping heat at a rate 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.

Therefore, while both CFCs and methane are harmful to the climate, they are distinct substances with different sources and impacts.

Pharmaceutic aids, also known as pharmaceutical excipients or additives, are substances that are added to pharmaceutical formulations during the manufacturing process. They are not intended to have any therapeutic effect, but rather to improve the drug's stability, bioavailability, palatability, or patient compliance.

Examples of pharmaceutic aids include binders, fillers, coatings, disintegrants, preservatives, coloring agents, and flavoring agents. Binders help hold the active ingredients together in a solid form, while fillers are used to add bulk to the formulation. Coatings can be used to protect the drug from degradation or to make it easier to swallow. Disintegrants help the tablet or capsule break down quickly in the digestive tract so that the active ingredient can be absorbed more efficiently. Preservatives are added to prevent microbial growth, while coloring and flavoring agents improve the appearance and taste of the medication.

It is important to note that pharmaceutic aids must undergo rigorous testing to ensure their safety and compatibility with the active ingredients in the drug formulation. Some people may have allergies or sensitivities to certain excipients, so it is essential to consider these factors when developing and prescribing medications.

Wetting agents, also known as surfactants, are substances that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. In medical terms, wetting agents are often used in topical medications to help them spread more easily and penetrate deeper into the skin. They work by reducing the surface tension of the medication, allowing it to spread out more evenly and cover a larger area. This can be particularly useful in the treatment of conditions such as eczema or dry skin, where the affected area may be large and difficult to cover completely with a medication. Wetting agents may also be used in other medical applications, such as inhaled medications, where they can help to thin out thick secretions and make them easier to cough up.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Carbamates are a group of organic compounds that contain the carbamate functional group, which is a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a nitrogen atom (> N-C=O). In the context of pharmaceuticals and agriculture, carbamates are a class of drugs and pesticides that have carbamate as their core structure.

Carbamate insecticides work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses of the nervous system. When this enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately causing paralysis and death in insects.

Carbamate drugs are used for a variety of medical indications, including as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and psychotropic medications. They work by modulating various neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as GABA, glutamate, and dopamine. Carbamates can also be used as anti- parasitic agents, such as ivermectin, which is effective against a range of parasites including nematodes, arthropods, and some protozoa.

It's important to note that carbamate pesticides can be toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it's essential to follow all safety guidelines when handling or using these products.

Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control or kill unwanted plants, also known as weeds. They work by interfering with the growth processes of the plant, such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cell division, or preventing the plant from producing certain essential proteins.

Herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical composition, and the timing of their application. Some herbicides are selective, meaning they target specific types of weeds while leaving crops unharmed, while others are non-selective and will kill any plant they come into contact with.

It's important to use herbicides responsibly and according to the manufacturer's instructions, as they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not used properly.

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the 20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It is a colorless, odorless crystalline solid with a weak sweetish taste. DDT has high toxicity to many insects, but relatively low toxicity to mammals and birds. However, its persistence in the environment and bioaccumulation in the food chain have raised significant environmental and health concerns.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. During World War II, it was used extensively to control typhus and malaria-carrying mosquitoes, saving countless lives. After the war, DDT became a popular agricultural pesticide, leading to widespread use in agriculture and public health programs.

However, in the 1960s, studies began to reveal the negative impacts of DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" (1962) brought these issues to public attention and helped launch the modern environmental movement. Research showed that DDT caused thinning of eggshells in birds, leading to reproductive failure and population declines.

In 1972, the United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes due to its environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity to wildlife. Many other countries followed suit, and international agreements were established to limit its production and use. However, DDT is still used in some countries to control vector-borne diseases such as malaria, despite concerns about its long-term impacts on human health and the environment.

DDT has been linked to several potential health effects in humans, including cancer, reproductive problems, and developmental issues. However, the evidence for these risks is not conclusive, and more research is needed to fully understand the potential health impacts of DDT exposure.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. Its use as an insecticide became widespread during World War II, when it was used to control typhus and malaria-carrying lice and mosquitoes among troops. After the war, DDT was widely adopted for agricultural and public health purposes.

However, concerns about the environmental and human health effects of DDT led to its ban or severe restriction in many countries starting in the 1970s. The United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes in 1972, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) prohibited its production and use globally in 2004, except in cases where there is a risk of vector-borne diseases.

DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. It is also highly persistent in the environment, with a half-life of up to 15 years in soil and up to 30 years in water. This means that DDT can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water.

In summary, DDT is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century but has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its environmental and health effects. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) is a term used in occupational health to refer to the highest concentration of a hazardous substance (usually in air) that should not cause harmful effects to most workers if they are exposed to it for a typical 8-hour workday, 5 days a week. It's important to note that MAC values are based on average population data and may not protect everyone, particularly those who are sensitive or susceptible to the substance in question.

It's also crucial to differentiate MAC from other similar terms such as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which are used in different regulatory contexts and may have slightly different definitions and criteria.

Please consult with a certified industrial hygienist, occupational health professional, or other appropriate experts for specific guidance related to hazardous substance exposure limits.

'Growth' and 'development' are two interrelated concepts that are often used together to describe the changes an individual undergoes from conception until death. However, they refer to distinct yet complementary processes. Here are their medical definitions:

1. Growth: In a medical context, growth refers to the quantitative increase in size (e.g., height, weight, or organ dimensions) of an individual or an organ over time. It is typically measured using various anthropometric parameters and is influenced by genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. Growth can be assessed at different stages of life, such as intrauterine growth, postnatal growth (infancy, childhood, adolescence), and adult growth.
2. Development: Development is a more complex and qualitative concept that encompasses the progressive series of changes in an individual's physical, cognitive, emotional, and social capabilities over time. These changes involve the acquisition, organization, and integration of new skills, abilities, and functions, which are essential for adapting to the environment and interacting with others. Development can be categorized into various domains, such as:
* Physical development (e.g., neuromotor, sensory-perceptual, and sexual maturation)
* Cognitive development (e.g., language acquisition, memory, problem-solving, and abstract thinking)
* Emotional development (e.g., self-regulation, attachment, empathy, and emotional expression)
* Social development (e.g., interpersonal relationships, social roles, and cultural understanding)

In summary, growth refers to the quantitative increase in size, while development involves the qualitative progression of various skills, abilities, and functions across different domains. Both processes are interconnected and contribute to an individual's overall maturation and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "vegetables" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a dietary category that includes various plant-based foods, typically referring to the edible parts of herbaceous plants excluding fruit (but including seeds), such as leaves, stems, roots, tubers, and bulbs.

However, in a nutritional or clinical context, vegetables are often defined by their nutrient content. For example, they may be classified as foods that are high in certain vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and low in calories and fat. Different healthcare professionals or organizations might have slightly different definitions or classifications of what constitutes a vegetable, but there is no single medical definition for this term.

Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

In the context of human behavior, grooming typically refers to the act of cleaning or maintaining one's own or another person's appearance or hygiene. However, in the field of forensic psychology and child protection, "grooming" has a specific meaning. It refers to the process by which an abuser gradually gains the trust of a potential victim, or the victim's family or friends, with the intent to manipulate or coerce the victim into sexual activity.

This can involve various behaviors such as complimenting, giving gifts, attention, and affection, gradually increasing in intimacy and inappropriateness over time. The grooming process can take place in person, online, or a combination of both. It's important to note that grooming is a criminal behavior and is often used by abusers to exploit and victimize children and vulnerable adults.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil pollutants" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Soil pollution refers to the presence or accumulation of hazardous substances, chemicals, or other pollutants in soil that can have negative effects on plant life, human health, and the environment.

However, if you're asking about potential health effects of exposure to soil pollutants, it could include a variety of symptoms or diseases, depending on the specific pollutant. For example, exposure to lead-contaminated soil can lead to developmental delays in children, while exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals can cause neurological problems, respiratory issues, and even cancer.

If you have more specific information about a particular substance or context, I may be able to provide a more precise answer.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.

The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.

Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.

Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a method used in analytical chemistry and biochemistry to extract, separate, or clean up specific components from a complex matrix, such as a biological sample. It involves the use of a solid phase, typically a packed bed of sorbent material, held within a cartridge or column. The sample mixture is passed through the column, and the components of interest are selectively retained by the sorbent while other components pass through.

The analytes can then be eluted from the sorbent using a small volume of a suitable solvent, resulting in a more concentrated and purified fraction that can be analyzed using various techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), or mass spectrometry.

The solid phase used in SPE can vary depending on the nature of the analytes and the matrix, with different sorbents offering varying degrees of selectivity and capacity for specific compounds. Commonly used sorbents include silica-based materials, polymeric resins, and ion exchange materials.

Overall, solid-phase extraction is a powerful tool in sample preparation, allowing for the isolation and concentration of target analytes from complex matrices, thereby improving the sensitivity and selectivity of downstream analytical techniques.

Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique used to introduce specific and targeted changes to a specific DNA sequence. This process involves creating a new variant of a gene or a specific region of interest within a DNA molecule by introducing a planned, deliberate change, or mutation, at a predetermined site within the DNA sequence.

The methodology typically involves the use of molecular tools such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, and/or ligases to introduce the desired mutation(s) into a plasmid or other vector containing the target DNA sequence. The resulting modified DNA molecule can then be used to transform host cells, allowing for the production of large quantities of the mutated gene or protein for further study.

Site-directed mutagenesis is a valuable tool in basic research, drug discovery, and biotechnology applications where specific changes to a DNA sequence are required to understand gene function, investigate protein structure/function relationships, or engineer novel biological properties into existing genes or proteins.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Agrochemicals are a broad range of chemical products used in agriculture to enhance crop production and protect plants from pests. They include fertilizers, which provide nutrients to plants, and pesticides, which include herbicides (weed killers), insecticides (insect killers), fungicides (fungus killers), and other substances used to control pests. Agrochemicals are used to improve crop yield, quality, and resistance to environmental stressors, but their use can also have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not managed properly.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pest control" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pest control refers to the regulation or management of species considered to be pests, which can include insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause damage to crops, transmit diseases, or otherwise negatively impact human activities.

In a medical context, you might be looking for information on "pesticide exposure" or "insect-borne diseases." Pesticide exposure refers to the contact with pesticides, which are substances used to control pests. These exposures can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and may lead to a variety of health effects depending on the type and amount of pesticide involved. Insect-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through the bite of infected insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. Examples include malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus infection.

"Bees" are not a medical term, as they refer to various flying insects belonging to the Apidae family in the Apoidea superfamily. They are known for their role in pollination and honey production. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, please provide relevant terms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."

Tertiary protein structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of all the elements (polypeptide chains) of a single protein molecule. It is the highest level of structural organization and results from interactions between various side chains (R groups) of the amino acids that make up the protein. These interactions, which include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, and disulfide bridges, give the protein its unique shape and stability, which in turn determines its function. The tertiary structure of a protein can be stabilized by various factors such as temperature, pH, and the presence of certain ions. Any changes in these factors can lead to denaturation, where the protein loses its tertiary structure and thus its function.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Secondary protein structure refers to the local spatial arrangement of amino acid chains in a protein, typically described as regular repeating patterns held together by hydrogen bonds. The two most common types of secondary structures are the alpha-helix (α-helix) and the beta-pleated sheet (β-sheet). In an α-helix, the polypeptide chain twists around itself in a helical shape, with each backbone atom forming a hydrogen bond with the fourth amino acid residue along the chain. This forms a rigid rod-like structure that is resistant to bending or twisting forces. In β-sheets, adjacent segments of the polypeptide chain run parallel or antiparallel to each other and are connected by hydrogen bonds, forming a pleated sheet-like arrangement. These secondary structures provide the foundation for the formation of tertiary and quaternary protein structures, which determine the overall three-dimensional shape and function of the protein.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

An amino acid substitution is a type of mutation in which one amino acid in a protein is replaced by another. This occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein. The genetic code is redundant, meaning that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon (a sequence of three nucleotides). As a result, a single base pair change in the DNA sequence may not necessarily lead to an amino acid substitution. However, if a change does occur, it can have a variety of effects on the protein's structure and function, depending on the nature of the substituted amino acids. Some substitutions may be harmless, while others may alter the protein's activity or stability, leading to disease.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Chlorpyrifos is a type of pesticide that belongs to the class of organophosphates. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and causes toxic effects in insects. Chlorpyrifos is used to control a wide variety of pests, including insects that infest crops, homes, and gardens. It is also used to protect wood from termites and other wood-boring insects.

Chlorpyrifos can be harmful to humans if it is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Exposure to chlorpyrifos can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Chlorpyrifos has been linked to developmental problems in children, including reduced IQ and attention deficit disorder. As a result, the use of chlorpyrifos in residential settings has been restricted in many countries.

Organophosphate (OP) poisoning refers to the toxic effects that occur after exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly used as pesticides, nerve agents, and plasticizers. These substances work by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. As a result, excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a wide range of symptoms.

The severity and type of symptoms depend on the dose, duration, and route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption). The primary manifestations of organophosphate poisoning are:

1. Muscarinic effects: Excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system results in symptoms such as narrowed pupils (miosis), increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, bronchorrhea (excessive respiratory secretions), diarrhea, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), and hypotension.
2. Nicotinic effects: Overstimulation of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis. This can also cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) and hypertension.
3. Central nervous system effects: OP poisoning may result in headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression.

Treatment for organophosphate poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes such as atropine (to block muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (to reactivate acetylcholinesterase). Delayed treatment can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death.

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that it can be produced by the human body under normal circumstances, but may need to be obtained from external sources in certain conditions such as illness or stress. Its chemical formula is HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH, and it contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH), which allows it to act as a powerful antioxidant and participate in various cellular processes.

Cysteine plays important roles in protein structure and function, detoxification, and the synthesis of other molecules such as glutathione, taurine, and coenzyme A. It is also involved in wound healing, immune response, and the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Cysteine can be found in a variety of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds, and some grains. It is also available as a dietary supplement and can be used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as liver disease, bronchitis, and heavy metal toxicity. However, excessive intake of cysteine may have adverse effects on health, including gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and headaches.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

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Guidelines for the conduct of supervised pesticide residue field trials on crops EAC (EAC, 2019) These guidelines have been ... Use filters to refine the search results.. Reset. Add New Filter. Apply. ... developed for trial managers, researchers and pesticide manufacturers to provide residue data to support Pesticide registration ... Technical Criteria for designating efficacy trial Centers -East African Community (EAC) EAC (EAC, 2019) This document ...
To evaluate the residue behavior and risk of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers, an analytical method for the ... 2022). In order to evaluate the residue level of pesticides, the maximum residue limits (MRLs) were established to supervise ... As the results of terminal residue trials, the residue level of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers were lower than the ... highest residue in composite sample of edible portion found in data from supervised trials data, mg/kg; ...
... sometimes resulting in pesticide residues differing from those resulting from uses legally applied in the Community. It is ... where the critical GAP is applied in the Member State and, where available, summary data on supervised trials and/or monitoring ... In order to facilitate control of residues of pesticides, a default value is to be set for pesticide residues present in ... Pesticide residues resulting from uses of plant protection products may have harmful effects on the health of consumers. It is ...
Established Federal and California pesticide residue tolerances contemplate all possible uses. Laboratory and human trial ... This will result in the outer most leaves falling away, but this is of no halachic relevance, since we are concerned with the ... This is in addition to the halachic requirements that are supervised and certified by Rabbi A. Teichman. ... Pesticides and Esrogim. One of the requirements for an esrog is that it must be edible. If the esrog contains so much pesticide ...
Learn how independent researchers, clinical trials and studies have proven this system to be effective in reducing toxins and ... toxin and chemical residues in the bodys fatty tissues. The program consists of a regimen of exercise, sauna, nutrition and ... In combination, it results in the elimination of drug residues and other toxins from the bodys fatty tissues. ... The Purification Rundown is a tightly supervised regimen of exercise, sauna and nutrition. It is conducted in a properly ...
... had residues above the maximum residue limit. A total of 34 different pesticide residues were detected and 8 pesticides ... A supervised field trial was designed in Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, to assess the ... The results showed that dissipation of the pesticides followed the first-order kinetics and the half-lives in citrus varied ... The pesticide residues were analyzed by the multi-residue methods of the Korean Food Code for 339 different pesticides. Of the ...
Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: A review of the occurrence and associated human health risks. ... Overall results of this field trial demonstrate the significance of integrated pest management strategies in reducing the fruit ... ABMR supervised the research and provided technical support in experimentation.. Keywords. Bactrocera dorsalis, Tephritidae, ... MI executed the field trials and prepared results. MZM and ZQ performed statistical analyses. MI and MZM prepared the first ...
They confirmed their results by synthesizing dicoumarol and proving in 1940 that it was identical to the naturally occurring ... A randomized, controlled trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 137 (4): 251-254. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-4-200208200-00009. ... Warfarin in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) Portal: Medicine (CS1 maint: overridden setting, Webarchive template ... Hu YH, Wu F, Lo CL, Tai CT (September 2012). "Predicting warfarin dosage from clinical data: a supervised learning approach". ...
... unpublished corporate studies to justify high residue levels on food crops. ... The FAO Panel is responsible for reviewing pesticide data residue and for estimating maximum residue levels, supervised trials ... The Pesticide residues in food 2005 Paper for glyphosate resulted in the permissions framework for glyphosate on herbicide ... iv] Joint FAO-WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Pesticide residues in food - 2004: Part II. Toxicological WHO/PCS/06.1. ...
... a person could also be uncovered all through their lifetime to pesticide residues in the food and water consumed, however a ... Multiple reporting can lead to biased results, as studies with signicant results usually tend to be revealed or presented more ... This work assesses the impression on Ktrans and Vp of remedy changes in an early scientific trial cohort by evaluating four ... Supervised methodology: In equation 2, the burden wi is decided by meta-information of ontology or guide. The first concern is ...
Its trial took place over the last three years in Kent, in South East England, and originally 8 varieties of grapes were ... Were seeing pressure on the availability of biocides due to new regulations to reduce residues through the supply chain but ... How have you had an impact on environmental issues such as pesticide use or waste control? ... Our Produce Integrity database collates anonymised data from individual members and their suppliers, including analyses results ...
Results of this investigation may be cause for disqualification. Also, all convictions will be reviewed and may result in a ... Issue permits and supervises the application of toxic materials to crops. Supervise extra help staff and participates in the ... Various types of pesticides and proper applications. Pesticide use and safety laws and regulations. Law enforcement powers and ... MASSACHUSETTS TRIAL COURT Worcester, Massachusetts, United States Title: Judicial Secretary - Worcester Probate & Family Court ...
While the pandemic resulted in a slowdown in the refinery divestments, momentum is increasing once again as of early 2021. ... When CODEX does not have limits or standards established for a product, Peru defaults to the U.S. maximum residue level or ... The judicial system is backlogged, however, and disputes or trials of any sort frequently require years to arrive at a final ... The Auditor Generals office is an independent body in charge of supervising the financial management of government funds. The ...
Twenty years pesticide residue data from Californias pesticide residue monitoring program were analyzed. Results showed that ... The existing regulatory system supervises and regulates all activities and work related to agricultural GMOs in China. ... In addition, China has established technical supportive systems, including safety evaluation specifications, trial ... The presence of pesticide residues in pears is a serious health concern. This study presents the results from a 2-year ...
Weve looked for any unwanted compounds such as traces of pesticides, soil contamination, chemical residues from the extraction ... FAB CBD supervises every step in the production process, from cultivation to packaging. Hence, you will find every gummy has ... Stick to a smaller dose for some time, and if you fail to see any evident results, slowly work your way up towards a higher ... Cannabinoids are undergoing extensive research and trials because of the health benefits they promote. ...
Official FDA Tolerances for Residues of Pesticide Chemicals, National Agricultural Chemicals Assn News and Pesticide Review, ... 1989 On February 23, 1989, Battelle released the results of its study of fluorides on mice. A most curious result of the study ... 1954 Charles E. Perkins, the scientist sent by the U.S. to Germany after World War II to supervise the breakup of I.G. Farben, ... Fluoridation Errors And Omissions in Experimental Trials, by Philip R.N. Sutton, D.D.Sc., L.D.S. (Senior Research Fellow, ...
Consumer Products Treated with Pesticides. Office of Pesticide Programs. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/ ... and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse ... A controlled trial of educational outreach to improve blood transfusion practice. JAMA 1993;270:961--6. ... 3. Ensure that the care of the animal is supervised by a licensed veterinarian. Category II ...
Our results can guide future field trials of this control strategy.. STI testing among medicaid enrollees initiating prep for ... These residues are part of the 150-loop of the NA monomer. Substitutions at 148 and 151 arise from virus propagation in ... alternative method for WNV control that is less hampered by insecticide resistance and the logistics of large-scale pesticide ... in the domain of residential roofing with a data processing pipeline to generate necessary annotations for the supervised ...
In addition, to apply or supervise the application of restricted-use pesticides, you must be certified by the Department of ... The results show an increase in efficacy with an increasing concentration of glucose oxidase when tested in Staphylococcus ... You can pass pubg scripts free trial command line arguments, including those shown in Table A, to control how intensively it ... Rubbing alcohol valorant backtrack buy the preferred cleaning solution because of its quick drying time and lack of residue, ...
Likewise, under the Pesticide Amendment to the FFDCA, the EPA must establish specific tolerances for the residue of pesticides ... What is the result? Why?. *Sunny decides to build a solar home. Before beginning construction, she wants to establish the legal ... The district court (trial court) accepted the individual defendants argument. What was that argument? ... supervised and directed a substantial portion of Johnson & Towers operations…including those related to the treatment, storage ...
gambiae s.l. which might arise from the use of pesticides deployed for protecting crops. ... Insecticide resistance may partially be related to the use of pesticides in agriculture, while the level and mechanisms of ... CM and AN supervised and provided assistance. FP wrote the first draft of the manuscript. BF, NW, PM, KM, JV and CM reviewed ... Results. The An. gambiae s.l. populations from all six agricultural sites were resistant to bendiocarb, deltamethrin and DDT, ...
This way all of the residue and oats stay in the bag so you can easily throw it in the garden or compost, but all of the ... Q. What are the results of Oat studies. A. There are now many studies that have been conducted using uncontaminated oats since ... These benefits include more nutritional value, better flavour, and reducing your exposure to chemicals and pesticides. You can ... they do need to participate in a medically supervised oat study to ensure they do not react to the protein Avenin which is ...
He has supervised 25 PhD thesis. He is the co-author of 115 publications and 6 patents as first author. In PURPEST, he will ... As a participant in PURPEST, he will take part in the infection trials and will collect the volatile compounds for further ... The last years, she has been working with detection and monitoring of resistance to pesticides and integrated pest management ( ... the expected outcome of WP5 is to increase the knowledge about the benefits and costs of invasive species control resulting in ...
He has supervised 25 PhD thesis. He is the co-author of 115 publications and 6 patents as first author. In PURPEST, he will ... As a participant in PURPEST, he will take part in the infection trials and will collect the volatile compounds for further ... The last years, she has been working with detection and monitoring of resistance to pesticides and integrated pest management ( ... the expected outcome of WP5 is to increase the knowledge about the benefits and costs of invasive species control resulting in ...
79] A larger trial, published in JAMA the previous year, suggested that the use of SSRIs in the late third trimester may result ... Pesticides. Many classes of compounds are used as pesticides. Examples include endocrine modulators, such as DDT and related ... Unlike the traceable residue of radiation from relatively few sources, chemicals are insidious. ... Those identified as problem drinkers should undergo withdrawal in a supportive and supervised setting, and they should avoid ...
  • The Tenth Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (1978) raised some questions regarding this compound. (inchem.org)
  • Dr Miyagishima reflected on the fact that the JMPR has met on an annual basis since 1963 to provide scientific advice to the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR).The high demand for scientific advice on pesticide residues had resulted in an extraordinary JMPR meeting earlier this year that was held in Ottawa in May. (fao.org)
  • The Meeting evaluated 30 pesticides, including eight new compounds and three compounds that were re-evaluated for toxicity or residues, or both, within the periodic review programme of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR). (fao.org)
  • A Joint Meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Panel of experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the World Health Organization (WHO) Core assessment Group on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) was held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 17 to 26 September 2019. (fao.org)
  • The WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues was responsible for reviewing toxicological and related data in order to establish acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) and acute reference doses (ARfDs), where necessary and possible. (fao.org)
  • AGP:1970/M/12/1 WHO/FOOD ADD/71.42 1970 EVALUATIONS OF SOME PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD THE MONOGRAPHS Issued jointly by FAO and WHO The content of this document is the result of the deliberations of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues, which met in Rome, 9-16 November, 1970. (inchem.org)
  • The results showed that the terminal residues of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of peppers established by GB 2763 − 2021 (0.5 mg/kg for pyraclostrobin and 2 mg/kg for tebuconazole). (researchsquare.com)
  • Joint FAO-WHO meeting on Pesticide Residues in 2019 in Geneva. (fao.org)
  • 2019 ). Human health carries certain risks on pesticide residue for the reason of food chain concentration, passive/active exposure and chronic/acute toxicity for users and consumers (Voltz et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • METHOMYL JMPR 1976 Explanation Methomyl was evaluated in 1975 by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues. (inchem.org)
  • In the absence of an ADI no recommendations could be made for maximum residue limits, but guideline levels were recommended for various commodities and are summarized in Annex 1 of the Report of the 1975 Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1976). (inchem.org)
  • Further work required by the 1975 Meeting included development of a suitable regulatory method and residue data from countries other than the U.S.A. The U.S. manufacturer submitted information for evaluation by the 1976 Meeting on residues, analytical methods, maximum residue limits and labelling (Dupont, 1976). (inchem.org)
  • RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS In written comments to the 10th Session of CCPR (1978) the delegation of the Netherlands had questioned the usefulness of limits for omethoate in sugar beet in the absence of MRLs for milk and meat. (inchem.org)
  • 2022 ). In order to evaluate the residue level of pesticides, the maximum residue limits (MRLs) were established to supervise the quality of agricultural products and had important influence on international trade between different countries. (researchsquare.com)
  • Laboratory and human trial safety limits are stretched from what is considered to be safe by 10 to 100 orders of safety magnitude (or more) depending on the category of possible negative consequences. (esrogfarm.com)
  • multi-mode challenges comprehensive as risks, opportunities, approaches, limits, results, international decades review The review of custom marble is on the number of fashion that must see fixed but already the absorbed results, control and walking books. (visualdiaries.com)
  • Data on omethoate residues occurring in milk and meat from feeding animals with treated crops such as sugar beet leaves was not available. (inchem.org)
  • Plant protection products, i.e. pesticides, are used to protect crops against harmful organisms. (bund.de)
  • Even when authorised plant protection products are used properly and in line with their intended purposes, residues can remain in the harvested crops and in the processed plant commodities used as food and feed. (bund.de)
  • Because they lock in ancient - 20, 30, 40-year-old - unpublished corporate studies to justify high residue levels on food crops. (substack.com)
  • What most people do not realise, is that decisions made by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) lock in permitted pesticide residue levels on food crops, often for decades. (substack.com)
  • Therefore, because of their global influence, the FAO and the WHO are key actors who actively perpetuate the chemical pesticide pollution that drive pollinator decline, harm vertebrates (you, me - all the way to frogs and fish), through the approval of pesticide levels on our food and animal feed crops. (substack.com)
  • It's IPBES failure to draw attention to how the JMPR process over decades, even with a 'new' assessment, reapproves ancient industry studies to 'prove' that a level of daily exposures - that then justify permitted pesticide residue levels on crops, are safe. (substack.com)
  • s.l. which might arise from the use of pesticides deployed for protecting crops. (biomedcentral.com)
  • APPRAISAL Some information was made available concerning residues of omethoate occurring in food in commerce, this confirmed the applicability of the previously recommended MRLs. (inchem.org)
  • ppm Crop U.S.A. German Lettuce, spinach, cabbage, string beans 8 3 Tomatoes, cherries, peaches 8 0.5 APPRAISAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TOLERANCES Information from studies in the U.S.A. and from a compilation of commercial trials data indicates that the following revised tolerances can be recommended. (inchem.org)
  • Established Federal and California pesticide residue tolerances contemplate all possible uses. (esrogfarm.com)
  • Dr Miyagishima remarked that the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) is an excellent example of how WHO and FAO can jointly mobilise some of the best expertise from around the world, in this case, in the interest of protecting public health from adverse effects of pesticide residues in food. (fao.org)
  • As a result, the advice from the JMPR is respected and widely used around the world through application of Codex standards for food in international trade and directly by national authorities. (fao.org)
  • Using international estimate of short-term intake (IESTI) calculation model of Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR), the acute dietary exposure risk of two fungicides in peppers was acceptable for general population with the IESTIs varied from 0-3% of ARfD for pyraclostrobin and 0-5% for tebuconazole. (researchsquare.com)
  • Supervised trials in the U.S. show residues of 0.02 to 0.4 mg/kg in shelled peas and 0.12 to 4.6 mg/kg in filled pods at the specified 1 day PHI and recommended dosages. (inchem.org)
  • Even so, it was confined to three of the seven groups within the dietetic range, being found twelve times in cereal samples (0.01 to 0.04 ppm, mean 0.02 ppm), TABLE I Malathion residue study (K.R. Hill et al. (inchem.org)
  • RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THEIR EVALUATION USE PATTERN In addition to information on new use patterns submitted by the basic manufacturer (Dupont, 1976), country statements describing national use patterns were received from Australia and the Netherlands. (inchem.org)
  • The methodologies are described in detail in the FAO Manual on the submission and evaluation of pesticide residue data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed (2016) hereafter referred to as the FAO manual. (fao.org)
  • The Meeting considered a number of general issues addressing procedures for the evaluation and risk assessment of pesticide residues. (fao.org)
  • In addition, China has established technical supportive systems, including safety evaluation specifications, trial specifications and criteria specifications. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • The Meeting established ADIs and ARfDs, estimated maximum residue levels and recommended them for use by CCPR, and estimated supervised trials median residue (STMR) and highest residue (HR) levels as a basis for estimating dietary exposures. (fao.org)
  • Samples of raw produce examined continuously in routine national surveys (Australia, 1978) had led to no reports of omethoate residues in meat, grain, dairy products, fruit or vegetables. (inchem.org)
  • Residues in fruit and vegetables following uses in accordance with good agricultural practice in different countries. (inchem.org)
  • Washing, blanching and cooking of broccoli, kale, spinach and other green vegetables has been found to reduce the residue level by more than 90 percent. (inchem.org)
  • Vegetables, which take 30% proportion of human diet intake, are the main pathway of pesticide residue dietary risk to human (Claeys et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • This study investigated pesticide residues in market-sold vegetables and fruits in Hebei Province, China, over 5 years (2018-2022). (bvsalud.org)
  • agencies Then were the pathway of supervising the central wartime into a availability, conducting merchants to the economics where they might address most weekly. (ournest.com)
  • All residue values are expressed as methomyl but the analytical method determines total residues of methomyl plus the oxime metabolite S-methyl thioacethydroximate (1-(methylthio) acetaldehyde oxime). (inchem.org)
  • During the meeting, the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food was responsible for reviewing residue and analytical aspects of the pesticides under consideration, including data on their metabolism, fate in the environment and use patterns, and for estimating the maximum levels of residues that might occur as a result of use of the pesticides according to good agricultural practice. (fao.org)
  • To evaluate the residue behavior and risk of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers, an analytical method for the determination of these two fungicides in peppers was developed using Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Pepper samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and cleaned up with primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). (researchsquare.com)
  • To ensure that levels of residues in food are not harmful for consumer health, either through lifelong daily food intake or short-term consumption of large portions of food, the BfR estimates a comprehensive risk assessment as part of the authorisation procedure and recommends maximum residue levels on the basis of this risk assessment. (bund.de)
  • Maximum residue levels are the maximum concentrations permitted in foods and animal feeds of the active substances contained in plant protection products and their degradation products. (bund.de)
  • Compliance with a maximum residue level is the decisive factor when determining whether a food is fit for sale or must be removed from the market. (bund.de)
  • In this context, the BfR has compiled frequently asked questions regarding the authorisation of plant protection products, the setting of maximum residue levels and the possible consequences if these levels are exceeded. (bund.de)
  • Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC Text with EEA relevance. (europa.eu)
  • This, BTW is better than organic certification which allows for specified maximum residue of many pesticides. (esrogfarm.com)
  • In combination, it results in the elimination of drug residues and other toxins from the body's fatty tissues. (scientology.cc)
  • The Meeting also estimated the dietary exposures (both acute and long-term) to the pesticides reviewed and, on this basis, performed a dietary risk assessment in relation to the relevant ADI and where necessary the ARfD. (fao.org)
  • Pesticide residues in citrus may cause health risks in related juice products, and bring much uncertainty during the processing procedures. (bvsalud.org)
  • REFERENCES Australia Data on use patterns and residues of omethoate in food (1978) in Australia. (inchem.org)
  • These organizations are more likely to propagandise climate associated extinction narratives, while ignoring the hypocritical and contradictory role they themselves play, in pollinator declines, the disruption of food chains from sediment upwards, and the harm to infants and children following exposures to pesticides. (substack.com)
  • Plausible physiologic and biologic mechanisms: For example, positing that a major change in organ formation was due to late-trimester pesticide exposure would not be plausible because organogenesis would have been completed before the exposures. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, the gestational window is critical because exposures outside certain gestational periods may be nontoxic, while the same doses can cause devastating results within the window. (medscape.com)
  • We conduct all of our agricultural operations, including use of pesticides, in compliance with the most stringent regulations in the world It is my belief that fruit produced in this regulatory regime is the safest available anywhere. (esrogfarm.com)
  • No information on this subject was received by the Meeting, but review of the data from animal feeding trials reported by the 1971 Meeting (FAO/WHO, 1972b) showed that it could be possible for omethoate to occur in the milk of cows fed on material, such as sugar beet leaves, containing omethoate at the recommended MRL of 1 mg/kg. (inchem.org)
  • Virtually everyone is regularly subjected to an intake of food preservatives, pesticides, atmospheric poisons and the like. (scientology.cc)
  • I add that with the goal of population reduction, the resulting illnesses, cancers, deaths from the poisons of Monsanto, along with the lack of proper nutrients for health, is a recipe for disaster, a very serious attack on our bodies as well as the planet. (blogspot.com)
  • The existing regulatory system supervises and regulates all activities and work related to agricultural GMOs in China. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Insecticide resistance may partially be related to the use of pesticides in agriculture, while the level and mechanisms of resistance might differ between agricultural practices. (biomedcentral.com)
  • British supermarket chain Asda says promising trials growing seedless table grapes in England make it confident of having at least two varieties on its shelves as of early 2016. (eurofresh-distribution.com)
  • The residue studies supporting changes in or additions to the 1975 guideline levels are detailed in this monograph. (inchem.org)
  • U.S. data indicate residue levels of 6 to 7 mg/kg on whole fruit one day after a 1/2x treatment and residues of the order of 5 mg/kg persisting into the fourth day. (inchem.org)
  • The results indicate that the agro-products quality and safety levels improves steadily, and the supervision system and standardization system are both enhanced significantly, however, certain challenges still remain in each stage of the supply chain and the entire supervision process. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. (cdc.gov)
  • RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS New residue data from Australia, the Netherlands and the U.S.A. were made available to the Meeting. (inchem.org)
  • Asparagus The available data on asparagus are from trials at 10 locations in the U.S.A. (Dupont, 1975). (inchem.org)
  • Grapes The only available data are from 11 locations in the U.S. (Dupont, 1975) and show residues in the range 0.4 to 4.8 mg/kg on harvested grapes treated under the registered use pattern (1 kg a.i./ha - 1 day PHI). (inchem.org)
  • Nectarines exhibited a similar residue pattern in the U.S. data (Dupont 1975). (inchem.org)
  • Green peas The only available residue data are from U.S. field trials. (inchem.org)
  • RESIDUES IN FOOD IN COMMERCE Data received from New Zealand (1978) showed that of 16 random retail samples of apples examined in 1975, 10 contained residues of omethoate in the range 0-0.2 mg/kg with a mean of 0.14 mg/kg. (inchem.org)
  • Desirable Data on omethoate residues in meat and milk following feeding of animals with treated forage such as sugar beet leaves. (inchem.org)
  • The getting soil, the NL and AA facilitated by resulting out four AA concentrations for class and lengthening the oriented four into the National League, to increase a lettered shift government. (ournest.com)
  • The effects of pesticide residues are within an acceptable range for human. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rubbing alcohol valorant backtrack buy the preferred cleaning solution because of its quick drying time and lack of residue, but water would be an acceptable substitute. (lswgold.com)
  • The Purification Rundown is a tightly supervised regimen of exercise, sauna and nutrition. (scientology.cc)
  • And, you are in control-no pesticides, Radiant Health Sauna with CarbonFlow™ no chemicals and no waste. (issuu.com)
  • We are in full compliance with the regulations of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), the most consumer protective statutes and regulations imposed anywhere on the planet. (esrogfarm.com)
  • In the U.S. of A. all pesticides must be registered and approved for their intended uses by the United States EPA and FDA in compliance with "FIFRA", the Federal Insecticide, Rodenticide and Fungicide Act. (esrogfarm.com)
  • On the basis of residues on the whole raw commodity it was concluded that a guideline level of 5 mg/kg would be appropriate for both peaches and nectarines. (inchem.org)
  • Qualified laboratory analysis of fruit harvested before and after pesticide treatments in our pardes have always returned reports that no detectable pesticide residues could be found. (esrogfarm.com)
  • Residues of 10 pesticides in 12 categories of vegetable and fruit were detected. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results showed that when all of the components were used together (T 4 ), fruit damage was significantly reduced remained 0.32 to 0.49% in both years. (researcherslinks.com)
  • Overall results of this field trial demonstrate the significance of integrated pest management strategies in reducing the fruit flies infestation and enhancing citrus fruit yield. (researcherslinks.com)
  • H3BO3 resulted in more ascorbic acid content when applied at fifteen days after fruit set. (ijeab.com)
  • MI executed the field trials and prepared results. (researcherslinks.com)
  • Field trials were carried out in 2013-2014 cropping seasons to assess the impact of different mulching materials on the growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Dehradun (Uttarakhand) region of India. (ijeab.com)
  • As we all know, pesticides were widely used as a chemical prevention and control measure for plants to be away from diseases, pests and weed damage. (researchsquare.com)
  • Especially in arid, semi-arid and sub humid areas where rainfall pattern is irregular, ranges heavy slower to less storm and much of these rainfall is lost as surface run off, results into risk of human being. (ijeab.com)
  • Organic hemp and a superior production process result in Vapen CBD edibles that are effectively absorbed by your body for fast, long-lasting relief. (businesste.xyz)
  • The Commonwealth Department of Health was established in 1921, partly as a result of the difficulty experienced by the Commonwealth and the States in coordinating quarantine and health measures to respond to the influenza outbreak of 1919. (science.org.au)
  • Health The governments and relevant pesticides dangling to white Westerns of download pose far been and embarrassed concern by type and feedback by camping in a teacher of others. (visualdiaries.com)
  • Organophosphorus pesticide residues in the total diet. (inchem.org)
  • Application of 2,4-D at 40 ppm resulted in more total soluble solids. (ijeab.com)
  • The EU should now actively support a reconciliation process, which must result in elections without further delay. (blogspot.com)
  • A statistical t-test was used to study the significant difference between open fields and greenhouses, and the results indicated that there is no significant difference between different planting conditions of greenhouses and open fields. (researchsquare.com)
  • However, because of extensive usage of pesticides, the residue and environmental pollution problem, such as water, soil and air, presents public concerns more and more (Deng et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • the results for malathion are given in Table I. Although the studies carried out in the U.S.A. by the National Canners Association (Farrow et al. (inchem.org)
  • ABMR supervised the research and provided technical support in experimentation. (researcherslinks.com)
  • She is coordinating the PurPest consortium and facilitates international networks to support practical application of the PurPest's research results. (purpest.eu)
  • So much more than the mini trampoline it appears to be, the Bellicon Rebounder is the result of extensive research by an engineer,Action a metallurgist, lymphologists, Natural Water units are easy to use in your shower, under your sink, in and kinesiologists. (issuu.com)
  • The results showed that dissipation of the pesticides followed the first-order kinetics and the half-lives in citrus varied greatly, ranging from 6.36 to 63.0 days. (bvsalud.org)
  • Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. (cdc.gov)
  • On-farm adaptive trials are conducted multilocationally, particularly in the central zone. (gov.ng)
  • 9 They interfere with the central nervous system, resulting in continuous muscle contractions, 10 paralysis and even death. (preprints.org)
  • In influenza A(H3N2) viruses, three NA amino acid residues have previously been associated with NA-mediated hemagglutination: T148, D151, and more recently, H150. (cdc.gov)
  • Asda's category manager for grapes Alberto Goldbacher said the main challenge in the trial was getting the sweetness right because of a lack of sunshine and light needed for this to develop within the grape. (eurofresh-distribution.com)