Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Lung Volume Measurements
Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity
Pulmonary Emphysema
Respiratory Function Tests
Forced Expiratory Volume
Lung
Plethysmography, Whole Body
Respiratory Aspiration
Gallbladder Emptying
Respiratory Mechanics
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
Enteral Nutrition
Intubation, Gastrointestinal
Lung Compliance
Neoplasm, Residual
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Urinary Bladder
Venous Insufficiency
Diaphragm
Pressure
Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Helium
Urination Disorders
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Forced Expiratory Flow Rates
Airway Resistance
Methacholine Chloride
Treatment Outcome
Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction
Prospective Studies
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Respiration
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Plasma Volume
Urethra
Bronchodilator Agents
Stroke Volume
Nebulizers and Vaporizers
Follow-Up Studies
Reproducibility of Results
Aerosols
Statistics, Nonparametric
Respiration, Artificial
Reference Values
Severity of Illness Index
Asthma
Erythrocyte Volume
Administration, Inhalation
Analysis of Variance
Retrospective Studies
Blood Volume Determination
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Cross-Over Studies
Oxygen
Double-Blind Method
Exercise Test
Chronic Disease
Imaging, Three-Dimensional
Expiratory and inspiratory chest computed tomography and pulmonary function tests in cigarette smokers. (1/118)
This study evaluated small airway dysfunction and emphysematous destruction of lung parenchyma in cigarette smokers, using chest expiratory high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT). The degree of emphysematous destruction was classified by visual scoring (VS) and the average HRCT number at full expiration/full inspiration (E/I ratio) calculated in 63 male smokers and 10 male nonsmokers (group A). The Brinkman smoking index (BI), defined as cigarettes x day(-1) x yrs, was estimated. Sixty-three smokers were divided into three groups by PFT: group B1 (n=7), with normal PFT; group B2 (n=21), with diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) > or = 80% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 80% pred and/or residual volume (RV) > 120% pred; and group B3 (n=35), with DL,CO < 80% pred, FEV1 < 80% pred and/or RV > 120% pred. Heavy smokers (BI > or = 600) (n=48) showed a significant increase in emphysema by both VS and E/I. E/I was significantly elevated in both group B2 (mean+/-SD 0.95+/-0.05) and B3 (0.96+/-0.06) compared with group B1 (0.89+/-0.03). VS could not differentiate group B2 (3.9+/-5.0) from B1 (1.1+/-1.6). These findings suggest that the expiration/inspiration ratio reflects hyperinflation and airway obstruction, regardless of the functional characteristics of emphysema, in cigarette smokers. (+info)Subcellular adaptation of the human diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (2/118)
Pulmonary hyperinflation impairs the function of the diaphragm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it has been recently demonstrated that the muscle can counterbalance this deleterious effect, remodelling its structure (i.e. changing the proportion of different types of fibres). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the functional impairment present in COPD patients can be associated with structural subcellular changes of the diaphragm. Twenty individuals (60+/-9 yrs, 11 COPD patients and 9 subjects with normal spirometry) undergoing thoracotomy were included. Nutritional status and respiratory function were evaluated prior to surgery. Then, small samples of the costal diaphragm were obtained and processed for electron microscopy analysis. COPD patients showed a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 60+/-9% predicted, a higher concentration of mitochondria (n(mit)) in their diaphragm than controls (0.62+/-0.16 versus 0.46+/-0.16 mitochondrial transections (mt) x microm(-2), p<0.05). On the other hand, subjects with air trapping (residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC) >37%) disclosed not only a higher n(mit) (0.63+/-0.17 versus 0.43+/-0.07 mt x microm(-2), p<0.05) but shorter sarcomeres (L(sar)) than subjects without this functional abnormality (2.08+/-0.16 to 2.27+/-0.15 microm, p<0.05). Glycogen stores were similar in COPD and controls. The severity of airways obstruction (i.e. FEV1) was associated with n(mit) (r=-0.555, p=0.01), while the amount of air trapping (i.e. RV/TLC) was found to correlate with both n(mit) (r=0.631, p=0.005) and L(sar) (r=-0.526, p<0.05). Finally, maximal inspiratory pressure (PI,max) inversely correlated with n(mit) (r=-0.547, p=0.01). In conclusion, impairment in lung function occurring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with subcellular changes in their diaphragm, namely a shortening in the length of sarcomeres and an increase in the concentration of mitochondria. These changes form a part of muscle remodelling, probably contributing to a better functional muscle behaviour. (+info)Long-term recovery of diaphragm strength in neuralgic amyotrophy. (3/118)
Diaphragm paralysis is a recognized complication of neuralgic amyotrophy that causes severe dyspnoea. Although recovery of strength in the arm muscles, when affected, is common, there are little data on recovery of diaphragm function. This study, therefore, re-assessed diaphragm strength in cases of bilateral diaphragm paralysis due to neuralgic amyotrophy that had previously been diagnosed at the authors institutions. Fourteen patients were recalled between 2 and 11 yrs after the original diagnosis. Respiratory muscle and diaphragm strength were measured by volitional manoeuvres as maximal inspiratory pressure and sniff transdiaphragmatic pressure. Cervical magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation was used to give a nonvolitional measure of diaphragm strength: twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure. Only two patients remained severely breathless. Ten of the 14 patients had evidence of some recovery of diaphragm strength, in seven cases to within 50% of the lower limit of normal. The rate of recovery was variable: one patient had some recovery after 2 yrs, and the rest took 3 yrs or more. In conclusion, in most patients with diaphragm paralysis due to neuralgic amyotrophy, some recovery of the diaphragm strength occurs, but the rate of recovery may be slow. (+info)Human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them. (4/118)
Definitions of human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them are reviewed in the context of pulmonary function testing, with attention to the distinction between functional residual capacity (FRC) and the static relaxation volume of the respiratory system, and to the circumstances in which FRC and residual volume are set by dynamic rather than by static mechanisms. Related terms, conventions, and issues are addressed, including some common semantic and conceptual difficulties, with attention to "gas trapping", "hyperinflation", and "restriction". (+info)Differential lung mechanics are genetically determined in inbred murine strains. (5/118)
Genetic determinants of lung structure and function have been demonstrated by differential phenotypes among inbred mice strains. For example, previous studies have reported phenotypic variation in baseline ventilatory measurements of standard inbred murine strains as well as segregant and nonsegregant offspring of C3H/HeJ (C3) and C57BL/6J (B6) progenitors. One purpose of the present study is to test the hypothesis that a genetic basis for differential baseline breathing pattern is due to variation in lung mechanical properties. Quasi-static pressure-volume curves were performed on standard and recombinant inbred strains to explore the interactive role of lung mechanics in determination of functional baseline ventilatory outcomes. At airway pressures between 0 and 30 cmH2O, lung volumes are significantly (P < 0.01) greater in C3 mice relative to the B6 and A/J strains. In addition, the B6C3F1/J offspring demonstrate lung mechanical properties significantly (P < 0.01) different from the C3 progenitor but not distinguishable from the B6 progenitor. With the use of recombinant inbred strains derived from C3 and B6 progenitors, cosegregation analysis between inspiratory timing and measurements of lung volume and compliance indicate that strain differences in baseline breathing pattern and pressure-volume relationships are not genetically associated. Although strain differences in lung volume and compliance between C3 and B6 mice are inheritable, this study supports a dissociation between differential inspiratory time at baseline, a trait linked to a putative genomic region on mouse chromosome 3, and differential lung mechanics among C3 and B6 progenitors and their progeny. (+info)Airway responsiveness to methacholine: effects of deep inhalations and airway inflammation. (6/118)
We determined the dose-response curves to inhaled methacholine (MCh) in 16 asthmatic and 8 healthy subjects with prohibition of deep inhalations (DIs) and with 5 DIs taken after each MCh dose. Flow was measured on partial expiratory flow-volume curves at an absolute lung volume (plethysmographically determined) equal to 25% of control forced vital capacity (FVC). Airway inflammation was assessed in asthmatic subjects by analysis of induced sputum. Even when DIs were prohibited, the dose of MCh causing a 50% decrease in forced partial flow at 25% of control FVC (PD(50)MCh) was lower in asthmatic than in healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). In healthy but not in asthmatic subjects, repeated DIs significantly decreased the maximum response to MCh [from 90 +/- 4 to 62 +/- 8 (SD) % of control, P < 0.001], increased PD(50)MCh (P < 0.005), without affecting the dose causing 50% of maximal response. In asthmatic subjects, neither PD(50)MCh when DIs were prohibited nor changes in PD(50)MCh induced by DIs were significantly correlated with inflammatory cell numbers or percentages in sputum. We conclude that 1) even when DIs are prohibited, the responsiveness to MCh is greater in asthmatic than in healthy subjects; 2) repeated DIs reduce airway responsiveness in healthy but not in asthmatic subjects; and 3) neither airway hyperresponsiveness nor the inability of DIs to relax constricted airways in asthmatic subjects is related to the presence of inflammatory cells in the airways. (+info)A novel non-invasive technique for measuring the residual lung volume by nitrogen washout with rapid thoracoabdominal compression in infants. (7/118)
BACKGROUND: The functional residual capacity (FRC), the only lung volume to be routinely measured in infants, is an unreliable volume landmark. In addition to FRC, the residual volume (RV) was measured by nitrogen washout using rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) in nine infants with cystic fibrosis aged 5-31 months. METHODS: A commercial system for nitrogen washout to measure lung volumes and a custom made system to perform RTC were used. Lung volume was raised to an airway opening pressure of 30 cm H(2)O (V(30)). RTC was performed from V(30). The jacket pressure (Pj; 65-92 cm H(2)O) which generated the highest forced expiratory volume (mean 40.2 ml/kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 33.03 to 47.33) was used during the RV manoeuvre. The infants were manually hyperventilated to inhibit the respiratory drive briefly. RTC was initiated during the last passive expiration. RV was estimated by measuring the volume of nitrogen expired after end forced expiratory switching of the inspired gas from room air to 100% oxygen while jacket inflation was maintained at the time of switching into oxygen during the post-expiratory pause. RESULTS: In each infant RV and FRC measurements were reproducible and did not overlap; the difference between mean values, which is the expiratory reserve volume, was statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean RV was 21.3 (95% CI 18.7 to 24.0), FRC was 25.5 (95% CI 22.8 to 28.1), and TLC(30) (total lung capacity at V(30)) was 61.5 (95% CI 54.4 to 68.7) ml/kg. These values were dependent on body length, weight and age. When measuring RV the period between switching to oxygen and the end of the Pj plateau was 0.301 (95% CI 0.211 to 0.391) s. The washout duration was longer for RV than for FRC measurement (80.9 s (95% CI 71.3 to 90.4) versus 72. 4 s (95% CI 64.9 to 79.8)) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A new non-invasive and reliable technique for routine measurement of RV in infants is presented. (+info)Density dependence of forced expiratory flows in healthy infants and toddlers. (8/118)
In older children and adults, density dependence (DD) of forced expiratory flow is present over the majority of the full flow-volume curve. In healthy subjects, DD occurs because the pressure drop from peripheral to central airways is primarily dependent on turbulence and convective acceleration rather than laminar resistance; however, an increase in peripheral resistance reduces DD. We measured DD of forced expiratory flow in 22 healthy infants to evaluate whether infants have low DD. Full forced expiratory maneuvers were obtained while the subjects breathed room air and then a mixture of 80% helium-20% oxygen. Flows at 50 and 75% of expired forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured, and the ratio of helium-oxygen to air flow was calculated (DD at 50 and 75% FVC). The mean (range) of DD at 50 and 75% FVC was 1.37 (1.22-1.54) and 1.23 (1.02-1.65), respectively, values similar to those reported in older children and adults. There were no significant relationships between DD and age. Our results suggest that infants, compared with older children and adults, have similar DD, a finding that suggests that infants do not have a greater ratio of peripheral-to-central airway resistance. (+info)Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to a loss of elasticity and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to expand and contract properly. This results in difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and a persistent cough, which may produce mucus or blood. Pulmonary emphysema is typically caused by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants, and is a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a progressive disease that can lead to respiratory failure and death if left untreated. Treatment options for pulmonary emphysema include medications to manage symptoms, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, lung transplantation.
Respiratory aspiration is a medical condition that occurs when a person inhales foreign material into their lungs. This can happen when a person is unconscious, has difficulty swallowing, or has a weakened cough reflex, among other reasons. Aspiration can lead to a variety of complications, including pneumonia, lung abscesses, and respiratory failure. Treatment for respiratory aspiration typically involves removing the foreign material from the lungs and providing supportive care to manage any complications that may arise.
Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in the circulatory system of an individual. It is an important parameter in the medical field as it helps to regulate blood pressure, maintain fluid balance, and transport oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. The normal blood volume for an adult male is approximately 5 liters, while for an adult female, it is around 4.5 liters. Blood volume can be affected by a variety of factors, including dehydration, blood loss, fluid retention, and certain medical conditions such as heart failure or kidney disease. Measuring blood volume is typically done through a blood test called a hematocrit, which measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Other methods of measuring blood volume include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In the medical field, "Neoplasm, Residual" refers to a remaining or persistent tumor or mass after a surgical or other treatment intended to remove it. It is also known as a "recurrent tumor" or "metastatic tumor." Residual neoplasms can occur when the initial treatment was not completely effective in eliminating all cancer cells, or when cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. Residual neoplasms may require additional treatment, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy, to prevent the cancer from returning or spreading further.
Urinary retention is a medical condition in which a person is unable to empty their bladder completely. This can result in a feeling of fullness or pressure in the lower abdomen, frequent urination, and difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine. There are several causes of urinary retention, including blockages in the urinary tract, nerve damage, muscle weakness, and certain medications. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery. In severe cases, urinary retention can lead to kidney damage or infection, so prompt medical attention is important.
Bronchoconstrictor agents are drugs that cause the muscles of the bronchial tubes to contract, narrowing the airways and making it more difficult to breathe. These drugs are used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders that cause bronchoconstriction. Bronchoconstrictor agents can be classified into two main categories: short-acting and long-acting. Short-acting bronchoconstrictor agents are used to quickly relieve symptoms of bronchoconstriction, while long-acting bronchoconstrictor agents are used to prevent symptoms from occurring or to reduce their severity over a longer period of time. Some examples of bronchoconstrictor agents include albuterol, salmeterol, and formoterol.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. This destruction of the air sacs is caused by the breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, which allows air to enter and not be able to leave the lungs properly. As a result, the lungs become overinflated and lose their elasticity, making it difficult to take in and exhale air. Emphysema is usually caused by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke, but it can also be caused by exposure to other irritants such as air pollution or chemical fumes. Other risk factors for emphysema include a family history of the disease, a history of chronic bronchitis, and a history of exposure to respiratory infections. Symptoms of emphysema can include shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more severe and may require the use of oxygen therapy or other medical interventions. There is currently no cure for emphysema, but treatments can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
Venous insufficiency is a medical condition in which the veins in the legs are unable to effectively pump blood back to the heart. This can cause blood to pool in the veins, leading to swelling, pain, and other symptoms. Venous insufficiency is often caused by damage to the valves in the veins, which can occur due to aging, obesity, pregnancy, or injury. It can also be a complication of other medical conditions, such as varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis. Treatment for venous insufficiency may include lifestyle changes, such as exercise and weight loss, as well as medications and procedures to improve blood flow and reduce symptoms.
Urinary bladder diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the urinary bladder, a muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. These diseases can affect the bladder's ability to empty completely, leading to urinary retention, or cause pain, discomfort, and other symptoms. Some common urinary bladder diseases include: 1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in the urinary tract, including the bladder, urethra, kidneys, and ureters. UTIs can cause symptoms such as pain, burning, and frequent urination. 2. Overactive bladder (OAB): This is a condition in which the bladder contracts involuntarily, leading to frequent and urgent urination. OAB can be caused by a variety of factors, including age, genetics, and certain medical conditions. 3. Interstitial cystitis (IC): This is a chronic condition that causes pain, pressure, and discomfort in the bladder and surrounding areas. The exact cause of IC is not known, but it is thought to be related to inflammation and damage to the bladder lining. 4. Bladder stones: These are hard deposits that form in the bladder and can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty urinating. Bladder stones can be caused by a variety of factors, including dehydration, certain medical conditions, and certain medications. 5. Bladder cancer: This is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the bladder lining. Bladder cancer can cause symptoms such as blood in the urine, pain, and frequent urination.
Dyspnea is a medical term that refers to difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. It can be a symptom of a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, lung disease, and anxiety disorders. Dyspnea can range from mild and occasional to severe and persistent, and it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires medical attention. In some cases, dyspnea may be a symptom of a life-threatening emergency, such as a heart attack or a severe asthma attack.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease characterized by a persistent and progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It is caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes. COPD includes two main conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and thickening of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which leads to increased mucus production and difficulty breathing. Emphysema, on the other hand, involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs, which makes it difficult to exhale and leads to shortness of breath. Symptoms of COPD include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The severity of symptoms can vary from person to person and can worsen over time. COPD is a progressive disease, and there is currently no cure. However, treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
Helium is a noble gas that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. Here are some of the ways helium is used in medicine: 1. Inhalation therapy: Helium is used as a carrier gas for oxygen in inhalation therapy to treat respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis. Helium-oxygen mixtures are less dense than air, which makes it easier for patients to breathe and reduces the workload on their lungs. 2. Cryotherapy: Helium is used in cryotherapy to freeze and destroy abnormal cells or tissues in the body. This technique is used to treat various medical conditions such as skin cancer, warts, and keloids. 3. MRI imaging: Helium is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to cool the superconducting magnets that generate the magnetic field used in the imaging process. This cooling process helps to maintain the stability of the magnetic field and improve the quality of the images. 4. Medical research: Helium is used in medical research to study the properties of gases and their interactions with living organisms. It is also used in the development of new medical technologies and treatments. Overall, helium is a versatile gas that has many applications in the medical field, from treating respiratory conditions to improving the quality of medical imaging.
Urination disorders, also known as urological disorders, refer to a range of conditions that affect the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. These disorders can cause a variety of symptoms, such as difficulty starting or stopping urination, frequent or urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, blood in the urine, and incontinence. Some common types of urination disorders include: 1. Overactive bladder (OAB): A condition characterized by an urgent need to urinate, often accompanied by a strong urge to go and difficulty delaying urination. 2. Urinary incontinence: A condition in which a person is unable to control the flow of urine, resulting in leakage. 3. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Infections that affect the urinary tract, including the bladder, kidneys, ureters, and urethra. 4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): A condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged, causing difficulty urinating. 5. Kidney stones: Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain and other symptoms. 6. Kidney failure: A condition in which the kidneys are unable to filter waste products from the blood, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body. 7. Urinary retention: A condition in which the bladder is unable to empty completely, leading to a feeling of fullness and discomfort. Treatment for urination disorders depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.
Lung diseases, obstructive, refer to a group of conditions that obstruct the flow of air in and out of the lungs. These conditions are characterized by a blockage or narrowing of the airways, which can make it difficult to breathe. Some common examples of obstructive lung diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, air pollution, and genetics. Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves medications to open up the airways and reduce inflammation, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to irritants. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation may be necessary.
Airway resistance is a measure of the opposition to airflow in the respiratory system. It is caused by the resistance of the airways, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, to the flow of air. This resistance can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, mucus production, narrowing of the airways, and the presence of foreign objects or tumors. In the medical field, airway resistance is often measured using a device called a spirometer. The spirometer measures the amount of air that a person can exhale in a specific amount of time, which can be used to calculate the airway resistance. High levels of airway resistance can be a sign of a variety of respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sleep apnea. Treatment for airway resistance may include medications to reduce inflammation or relax the muscles in the airways, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking or losing weight.
Methacholine chloride is a bronchoconstrictor drug that is used in the medical field to test the responsiveness of the airways to bronchoconstricting agents. It is typically administered through inhalation or intravenous injection, and its effects are measured by observing changes in lung function, such as changes in lung volume or air flow. Methacholine chloride works by stimulating muscarinic receptors in the airways, which can cause the smooth muscle in the walls of the airways to contract and narrow. This can lead to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing, which are characteristic of asthma and other respiratory conditions. In the medical field, methacholine chloride is often used as part of a diagnostic test called a bronchial challenge test, which is used to help diagnose asthma and other respiratory conditions. During the test, the patient is given increasing doses of methacholine chloride, and their lung function is monitored to see how their airways respond to the drug. If the airways become more constricted in response to the drug, it may indicate that the patient has asthma or another respiratory condition that is sensitive to bronchoconstricting agents.
Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO) is a medical condition in which the opening between the bladder and the urethra becomes narrowed or blocked, making it difficult for urine to flow out of the bladder. This can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty urinating, frequent urination, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. BNO can be caused by a variety of factors, including prostate enlargement, scar tissue from previous surgeries, and certain medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease. Treatment options for BNO may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical procedures, depending on the severity of the obstruction and the underlying cause.
Airway obstruction refers to a blockage or narrowing of the airways that prevents air from flowing freely in and out of the lungs. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including inflammation, swelling, mucus production, foreign objects, or physical compression of the airways. Airway obstruction can be classified as either partial or complete. Partial airway obstruction is when the airway is narrowed but not completely blocked, while complete airway obstruction is when the airway is completely blocked, preventing air from entering or leaving the lungs. Airway obstruction can be a serious medical condition, particularly if it is not treated promptly. It can lead to difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and even respiratory failure if left untreated. Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or in severe cases, emergency medical intervention such as intubation or surgery.
Prostatic hyperplasia, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in men. The prostate gland is a small gland located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body. As men age, the prostate gland can enlarge, which can cause problems with urination, such as difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine, a weak stream of urine, and the need to urinate frequently, especially at night. Prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition in older men and can often be treated with medications or other treatments to relieve symptoms.
Critical illness refers to a severe and potentially life-threatening medical condition that requires immediate medical attention and hospitalization. These conditions can be acute or chronic and can affect any part of the body. Examples of critical illnesses include heart attacks, strokes, organ failure, sepsis, and severe infections. Critical illnesses can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. They can also be triggered by other medical conditions or treatments. Treatment for critical illnesses typically involves hospitalization, intensive medical care, and sometimes surgery. In some cases, long-term rehabilitation and ongoing medical care may be necessary. Critical illnesses can have a significant impact on a person's physical and emotional well-being, as well as their ability to work and participate in daily activities. It is important for individuals to have access to appropriate medical care and support to help manage their condition and improve their quality of life.
Bronchodilator agents are drugs that are used to relax and widen the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. Bronchodilators work by targeting the muscles in the airways, causing them to relax and open up. This allows more air to flow in and out of the lungs, making breathing easier and improving lung function. There are several different types of bronchodilators, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophyllines. These drugs are available in a variety of forms, including inhalers, tablets, and nebulizers.
Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves using a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope to examine the inside of the bronchial tubes and lungs. The bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth and advanced down the airways until it reaches the bronchi, which are the main branches of the trachea (windpipe) that lead to the lungs. During a bronchoscopy, a doctor or other healthcare provider can examine the bronchial tubes and lungs for signs of disease, such as inflammation, infection, or cancer. They can also take samples of tissue or fluid from the lungs for further testing. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and infections such as tuberculosis. It can also be used to remove foreign objects from the airways, such as a piece of food or a foreign body. There are two main types of bronchoscopy: flexible bronchoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy. Flexible bronchoscopy uses a flexible, thin tube that can bend and move to access different areas of the airways. Rigid bronchoscopy uses a thicker, more rigid tube that is inserted through the nose or mouth and advanced down the airways to reach the bronchi.
In the medical field, aerosols refer to tiny particles or droplets of liquid or solid matter that are suspended in the air and can be inhaled into the respiratory system. Aerosols can be generated by various sources, including human activities such as talking, coughing, and sneezing, as well as natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and dust storms. Aerosols can contain a variety of substances, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, pollutants, and other particles. When inhaled, these particles can enter the lungs and potentially cause respiratory infections, allergies, and other health problems. In the context of infectious diseases, aerosols are of particular concern because they can transmit pathogens over long distances and remain suspended in the air for extended periods of time. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, it is important to take measures to reduce the generation and dispersion of aerosols in indoor environments, such as wearing masks, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and improving ventilation systems.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Asthma can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens, irritants, exercise, and respiratory infections. It is a common condition, affecting millions of people worldwide, and can range from mild to severe. Treatment typically involves the use of medications to control inflammation and open up the airways, as well as lifestyle changes to avoid triggers and improve overall lung function.
Lung diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the lungs and their ability to function properly. These conditions can be acute or chronic, and can range from mild to severe. Some common examples of lung diseases include: 1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. 2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. 3. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A progressive lung disease that causes scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, making it difficult to breathe. 4. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing coughing, fever, and weight loss. 5. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and can cause fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. 6. Emphysema: A lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. 7. Interstitial Lung Disease: A group of lung diseases that affect the tissue between the air sacs in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing and shortness of breath. 8. Lung Cancer: A type of cancer that starts in the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. These are just a few examples of the many different types of lung diseases that can affect people. Treatment for lung diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.
In the medical field, "Administration, Inhalation" refers to the process of delivering medication or other substances to the lungs through inhalation. This method of administration is commonly used to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia, as well as to provide relief from respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Inhalation administration can be achieved through a variety of devices, including inhalers, nebulizers, and vaporizers. Inhalers are portable devices that contain medication in the form of a powder or liquid that is aerosolized and inhaled through the mouth. Nebulizers, on the other hand, use compressed air to turn medication into a fine mist that is inhaled through a mouthpiece or mask. Vaporizers are devices that heat up liquid medication to produce a vapor that is inhaled. Inhalation administration has several advantages over other methods of medication delivery, including faster onset of action, more targeted delivery of medication to the lungs, and reduced systemic side effects. However, it can also have potential drawbacks, such as the risk of respiratory irritation or infection, and the need for proper technique and device maintenance to ensure effective delivery of medication.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to compare the means of three or more groups. In the medical field, ANOVA can be used to compare the effectiveness of different treatments, interventions, or medications on a particular outcome or variable of interest. For example, a researcher may want to compare the effectiveness of three different medications for treating a particular disease. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean response (e.g., improvement in symptoms) between the three groups of patients who received each medication. If the results show a significant difference between the groups, it would suggest that one medication is more effective than the others. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different groups of patients based on a categorical variable, such as age, gender, or race. For example, a researcher may want to compare the mean blood pressure of patients in different age groups. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean blood pressure between the different age groups and determine if there are significant differences. Overall, ANOVA is a powerful statistical tool that can be used to compare the means of different groups in the medical field, helping researchers to identify which treatments or interventions are most effective and to better understand the factors that influence health outcomes.
Blood volume determination is a medical procedure used to measure the amount of blood present in the circulatory system of an individual. This measurement is important for several reasons, including monitoring fluid balance, diagnosing and treating conditions such as dehydration or overhydration, and assessing the effectiveness of certain medical treatments. There are several methods used to determine blood volume, including: 1. Total body water (TBW) measurement: This method involves measuring the total amount of water in the body, which includes the blood volume. 2. Hematocrit: This is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. A high hematocrit indicates a high blood volume, while a low hematocrit indicates a low blood volume. 3. Plasma volume: This is the volume of fluid in the blood that is not contained within red blood cells. Plasma volume can be measured using a dye that is injected into the bloodstream and then monitored as it is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. 4. Radionuclide labeling: This method involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream and then measuring the amount of radiation emitted by the substance as it is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. Blood volume determination is typically performed using one of these methods or a combination of them. The results of the test can be used to diagnose and treat a variety of medical conditions, including dehydration, heart failure, and kidney disease.
Cross-over studies are a type of clinical trial design in which a single subject serves as their own control. In other words, the subject is exposed to two or more treatments or interventions, and the effects of each treatment are compared within the same individual. The main advantage of cross-over studies is that they can reduce the number of subjects needed to obtain reliable results, as each subject serves as their own control. This can be particularly useful in situations where it is difficult or unethical to recruit a large number of subjects, or where the study requires a long duration of treatment. However, cross-over studies can also have limitations, such as carryover effects, where the effects of one treatment may persist after the subject has been switched to a different treatment. Additionally, the order in which treatments are administered can affect the results, and statistical methods must be used to account for this. Cross-over studies are commonly used in the medical field to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of new drugs, medical devices, and other interventions. They can also be used to compare different dosages or formulations of a treatment, or to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment in different patient populations.
In the medical field, oxygen is a gas that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, and anemia. Oxygen is typically administered through a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen tank, and is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can help to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs, which is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. In medical settings, oxygen is often used to treat patients who are experiencing difficulty breathing due to conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma. It may also be used to treat patients who have suffered from a heart attack or stroke, as well as those who are recovering from surgery or other medical procedures. Overall, oxygen is a critical component of modern medical treatment, and is used in a wide range of clinical settings to help patients recover from illness and maintain their health.
In the medical field, a chronic disease is a long-term health condition that persists for an extended period, typically for more than three months. Chronic diseases are often progressive, meaning that they tend to worsen over time, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Chronic diseases can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis. Chronic diseases often require ongoing medical management, including medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Treatment for chronic diseases may also involve rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other supportive care.
Residual volume
Functional residual capacity
Feeding tube
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
Lung
Urinary retention
Urodynamic testing
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Intrapleural pressure
Lung volumes
Famotidine
Cardiothoracic surgery
Patiala peg
Schwann cell
Spirometer
Closing capacity
Breathing
Hydrostatic weighing
Hypoventilation training
Pulmonary fibrosis
Ejection fraction
Stress incontinence
T. Sachithanandan
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
LiMAx test
Huntsman (chemical plant)
Endobronchial valve
Plumbing
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
Calderone glacier
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Pulmonary function tests
Postvoid3
- Simple urodynamic tests involve performing noninvasive uroflow studies, obtaining a postvoid residual (PVR) urine measurements, and performing single-channel cystometrography (CMG). (medscape.com)
- However, because in his practice, men with IC/BPS have bladder neck obstruction more often than women, Dr. Payne may use routine uroflow and postvoid residual studies for better understanding the presentation of pelvic symptoms in some male patients. (ichelp.org)
- Additional information from a patient's voiding diary, cotton-swab test, cough stress test, measurement of postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume, cystoscopy, and urodynamic studies may be needed in selected patients. (medscape.com)
Maximal exhalation1
- RV refers to the volume of gas remaining in the lung after maximal exhalation (regardless of the lung volume at which exhalation was started). (ersjournals.com)
Functional2
- Measurements of absolute lung volumes, residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) are technically more challenging, which limits their use in clinical practice. (ersjournals.com)
- The role of lung volume measurements in the assessment of disease severity, functional disability, course of disease and response to treatment remains to be determined in infants, as well as in children and adults. (ersjournals.com)
Urinary2
- see urinary retention Gastric residual volume (GRV) is the volume of food or fluid remaining in the stomach at a point in time during enteral tube nutrition feeding. (wikipedia.org)
- After eight weeks, researchers monitored participants using ultrasound investigations to determine residual urinary volume in the bladder and prostate size. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
Measurement4
- Post-void residual bladder volume (PVR) measurement in the non-healthcare setting would be a valuable opportunity for remote monitoring of patients with voiding dysfunction. (neaua.org)
- We hypothesized that patient self-measurement of PVR using a smart device-integrated portable ultrasound probe equipped with artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated bladder volume measurement software would demonstrate high reliability, strong agreement with provider measurement, and be preferred by subjects over provider measurements in the healthcare setting. (neaua.org)
- Limits of agreement between subject self-measurement and provider standard bladder scanner measurement of PVR exceeded our clinically acceptable difference threshold, though the published inherent error of each ultrasound-based bladder volume measurement device should be considered. (neaua.org)
- In contrast to the relative simplicity of spirometric volumes, a variety of disparate techniques have been developed for the measurement of absolute lung volumes. (ersjournals.com)
Lung volume9
- Changes in pressure inside the box help determine the lung volume. (medlineplus.gov)
- Lung volume can also be measured when you breathe nitrogen or helium gas through a tube for a certain period of time. (medlineplus.gov)
- The concentration of the gas in a chamber attached to the tube is measured to estimate the lung volume. (medlineplus.gov)
- Nevertheless, in particular circumstances, measurements of lung volume are strictly necessary for a correct physiological diagnosis 1 . (ersjournals.com)
- The term "lung volume" usually refers to the volume of gas within the lungs, as measured by body plethysmography, gas dilution or washout. (ersjournals.com)
- Since this term is too nonspecific, it is recommended that its use should be discontinued and replaced with more specific terminology, for example, plethysmographic lung volume (abbreviated at V L,pleth ), and FRC by body plethysmography or TGV at FRC (FRC pleth ). (ersjournals.com)
- Lung volume reduction procedures or transplantation are used in advanced disease. (msdmanuals.com)
- This creates problems with air flow, mostly because you have less lung volume. (brighamandwomens.org)
- Participants with lung lobectomy, lung volume reduction or lung transplantation. (who.int)
Computed tomography1
- Lung volumes derived from computed tomography (CT) scans can include estimates of abnormal lung tissue volumes, in addition to normal lung tissue volumes and the volume of gas within the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
Lungs2
- TLC refers to the volume of gas in the lungs after maximal inspiration, or the sum of all volume compartments. (ersjournals.com)
- This is the total volume of the lungs when filled with as much air as possible. (brighamandwomens.org)
Stresses3
- The determination of residual stresses becomes more complicated with increasing complexity of the structures investigated. (iucr.org)
- In most cases, internal stresses remain locked in the structures as residual stress. (iucr.org)
- Different cooling rates after porcelain firing schedule have been proposed for reducing those residual stresses 10,17-18 . (bvsalud.org)
FEV11
- There was an inverse relationship between the extent of the disease on the original chest radiograph and the forced expired volume in one second (FEV1). (nih.gov)
Serum1
- There was significant positive correlation between fasting and residual volumes and age, weight and height, and between fasting volume and body mass index and serum ferritin level. (who.int)
Bladder volume1
- Dr. Blaivas also finds that urodynamic tests offer additional useful information such as the relationship among bladder filling, bladder volume and the intensity of urge or pain and whether there is bladder muscle overactivity or the bladder is unable to expand. (ichelp.org)
Total2
- Typically 0.3 ml total residual volume. (philips.com)
- This is the total volume of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much as you can. (brighamandwomens.org)
Tidal4
- The FRC is the volume of gas present in the lung at end-expiration during tidal breathing. (ersjournals.com)
- The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from the end-expiratory level during tidal breathing ( i.e. from the FRC). (ersjournals.com)
- The inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level during tidal breathing. (ersjournals.com)
- The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during the respiratory cycle is called the tidal volume (TV or V T ). (ersjournals.com)
Structures3
- Residual tumor volume (RTV) and midline structures involvement were identified as independent prognostic factors of PFS while age, O-6-Methylguanine Methyltransferase (MGMT) status, Ki67 index, RTV and midline structures involvement represented independent predictors of OS. (springer.com)
- The determination of the residual stress in lattice structures through nondestructive neutron diffraction is described in this work. (iucr.org)
- a ) the correct alignment of the lattice structures within the neutron beam and ( b ) the correct determination of the residual stress field in a representative part of the structure. (iucr.org)
Vital2
- Static lung volumes and capacities based on a volume-time spirogram of an inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). (ersjournals.com)
- The vital capacity (VC) is the volume change at the mouth between the positions of full inspiration and complete expiration. (ersjournals.com)
Chest1
- In contrast, lung volumes derived from conventional chest radiographs are usually based on the volumes within the outlines of the thoracic cage, and include the volume of tissue (normal and abnormal), as well as the lung gas volume. (ersjournals.com)
Issue1
- Among the reasons for failure, residual tension is the most discussed issue in the literature 7-11 . (bvsalud.org)
Patients1
- There were statistically significant differences between thalassaemia patients and controls in gall bladder fasting volume, residual volume, emptying time and contraction index. (who.int)
Maximum2
- The maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from FRC is referred to as the inspiratory capacity (IC). (ersjournals.com)
- After 1986, production volume of distillate fuels steadily increased to a maximum to 3,167,000 barrels in 1990 (API 1991). (cdc.gov)
Disease1
- Inspired and expired lung volumes measured by spirometry are useful for detecting, characterising and quantifying the severity of lung disease. (ersjournals.com)
Production3
- however, between 1980 and 1986, distillate fuel production volumes fluctuated. (cdc.gov)
- Production volumes of residual fuel oils showed a sharp increase between 1970 and 1980 and a sharp decline between 1980 and 1985 (IARC 1989). (cdc.gov)
- No data were located for production volumes of fuel oil UNSP. (cdc.gov)
Found2
- The residual stress in the strut was found to be uniaxial and to follow the orientation of the strut, while the residual stress in the knots was more hydro-static. (iucr.org)
- We found no statistical relationship between the number, the size and the laterality of PAVMs and results of lung flows and volumes. (medscape.com)
Positive1
- Il existait une corrélation positive significative entre les volumes à jeun et résiduel et l'âge, le poids et la taille, et entre le volume à jeun et l'indice de masse corporelle et le niveau de ferritine sérique. (who.int)
Urine volume3
- There is no consensus on the optimal postvoid residual urine volume (PVRU) as a cut-off value prior to performing intermittent catheterisation (IMC). (nih.gov)
- Additional information from a patient's voiding diary, cotton-swab test, cough stress test, measurement of postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume, cystoscopy, and urodynamic studies may be needed in selected patients. (medscape.com)
- These two required electrical stimulation of the skin to initiate voiding, and, although residual urine volume was less, they still retained over 100 milliliters. (healingtherapies.info)
Gastric3
- see urinary retention Gastric residual volume (GRV) is the volume of food or fluid remaining in the stomach at a point in time during enteral tube nutrition feeding. (wikipedia.org)
- Gastric Residual Volumes Versus Abdominal Girth Measurement in Assessment of Feed Tolerance in Preterm Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (medscape.com)
- Gastric residual volumes (GRV) are used to assess feed tolerance but with little scientific basis. (medscape.com)
Lung volumes3
Assess1
- A field trial from 1979 through 1993 with three limestone and five zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) treatments applied at various intervals on several different crops was used to assess residual treatment effects on crop yields and nutrient contents, and Mehlich-3 soil element extractions. (bioone.org)
Respiratory1
- About 1% to 5% by volume of a mixture with oxygen or a gaseous mixture containing sufficient oxygen to maintain the respiratory volume is provided by the inhalation route to air-breathing mixed-breed animals. (hindawi.com)
Contraction2
- There were statistically significant differences between thalassaemia patients and controls in gall bladder fasting volume, residual volume, emptying time and contraction index. (who.int)
- Maximum cystometric capacity increased by an average 49 mL and average volume at first contraction increased by 52 mL. (aafp.org)
Flow6
- 8. The flow-volume loop in tetraplegics. (nih.gov)
- What is the most appropriate method to correct flow and marker gas volume for sample flow? (ersjournals.com)
- It is available in different variants: As basic variant Unofix QB with pure volume flow limitation or as Unofix QT with additional actuator and room thermostat with time interval for e.g. night setback. (oventrop.com)
- Two different spacers with fixed or adjustable minimum stroke are available for Unofix QR to ensure the residual volume flow. (oventrop.com)
- The catheter is indicated for those individuals unable to promote a natural urine flow or for those individuals who have a significant volume of residual urine following a natural bladder-voiding episode. (allegromedical.com)
- Our aim was to compare strategies of collateral blood flow assessment in dynamic and conventional CTA in their ability to predict the follow-up infarction volume. (ajnr.org)
Title1
- This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Residual volume. (wikipedia.org)
Positive3
- 18. Breathing near to residual volume with positive expiratory pressure. (nih.gov)
- There was significant positive correlation between fasting and residual volumes and age, weight and height, and between fasting volume and body mass index and serum ferritin level. (who.int)
- Il existait une corrélation positive significative entre les volumes à jeun et résiduel et l'âge, le poids et la taille, et entre le volume à jeun et l'indice de masse corporelle et le niveau de ferritine sérique. (who.int)
Risk3
- The residual volumes are of interests because of its importance to biological diversities, loss in timber revenues and risk assessment of insect pests. (slu.se)
- At the turn of the century, the Wall Street model was a pure "originate to distribute" model with little to no residual risk on behalf of the originators or underwriters. (senseoncents.com)
- When there is no residual risk, those who "WIN" are the players that can purely process the most volume. (senseoncents.com)
Greater2
Area1
- Line intersection inventory techniques have earlier been used to estimate volume of residual timber in an area. (slu.se)
Stress5
- In most cases, internal stresses remain locked in the structures as residual stress. (iucr.org)
- The determination of the residual stress in lattice structures through nondestructive neutron diffraction is described in this work. (iucr.org)
- a ) the correct alignment of the lattice structures within the neutron beam and ( b ) the correct determination of the residual stress field in a representative part of the structure. (iucr.org)
- The magnitude and the direction of residual stress are discussed. (iucr.org)
- The residual stress in the strut was found to be uniaxial and to follow the orientation of the strut, while the residual stress in the knots was more hydro-static. (iucr.org)
Higher1
- In unhealthy conditions such as asthma attack and diffuse obstructive emphysema, the residual volume is higher than normal. (biologyonline.com)
Phase1
- The use of dynamic CT angiography within the arteriovenous phase by using quantification of the volume of hypoattenuation is the superior technique for assessment of collateralization among the tested approaches. (ajnr.org)