Republic of Belarus
Ukraine
Radioactive Hazard Release
Czech Republic
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Dominican Republic
Russia
Central African Republic
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Europe, Eastern
Moldova
Contraception, Barrier
Food Contamination, Radioactive
Commonwealth of Independent States
Cesium Radioisotopes
Uzbekistan
Ovulation Inhibition
Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced
Psychoses, Alcoholic
Radioactive Fallout
Republic of Korea
Kazakhstan
Childhood exposure due to the Chernobyl accident and thyroid cancer risk in contaminated areas of Belarus and Russia. (1/120)
The thyroid dose due to 131I releases during the Chernobyl accident was reconstructed for children and adolescents in two cities and 2122 settlements in Belarus, and in one city and 607 settlements in the Bryansk district of the Russian Federation. In this area, which covers the two high contamination spots in the two countries following the accident, data on thyroid cancer incidence during the period 1991-1995 were analysed in the light of possible increased thyroid surveillance. Two methods of risk analysis were applied: Poisson regression with results for the single settlements and Monte Carlo (MC) calculations for results in larger areas or sub-populations. Best estimates of both methods agreed well. Poisson regression estimates of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were considerably smaller than the MC results, which allow for extra-Poisson uncertainties due to reconstructed doses and the background thyroid cancer incidence. The excess absolute risk per unit thyroid dose (EARPD) for the birth cohort 1971-1985 by the MC analysis was 2.1 (95% CI 1.0-4.5) cases per 10(4) person-year Gy. The point estimate is lower by a factor of two than that observed in a pooled study of thyroid cancer risk after external exposures. The excess relative risk per unit thyroid dose was 23 (95% CI 8.6-82) Gy(-1). No significant differences between countries or cities and rural areas were found. In the lowest dose group of the settlements with an average thyroid dose of 0.05 Gy the risk was statistically significantly elevated. Dependencies of risks on age-at-exposure and on gender are consistent with findings after external exposures. (+info)The transcription coactivator HTIF1 and a related protein are fused to the RET receptor tyrosine kinase in childhood papillary thyroid carcinomas. (2/120)
Children exposed to radioactive iodine as a consequence of the Chernobyl reactor accident have an increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). The predominant molecular lesions in these tumors are rearrangements of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase (tk). Here we report on two novel types of RET rearrangement, PTC6 and 7, and describe the fusion products and the ret fused gene (rfg) proteins. Like the other rfg proteins identified so far they are ubiquitously expressed, not membrane-bound and contain coiled coil domains required for constitutive activation of the ret tk domain. In the PTC6 rearrangement the ret tk domain is fused to the aminoterminal part of the human transcription intermediary factor htif 1. In the PTC7 rearrangement the ret tk domain is fused to a novel protein that is strongly related to htif1. Like htif1 it contains a RBCC motif (ring finger, B boxes, coiled coil domain) located in the aminoterminal part and a phd finger and a bromodomain in the carboxyterminal part. Htif1 and related proteins are transcription coactivators for nuclear receptors, thus participating in controlling cellular development, differentiation and homeostasis. This is the first report on their involvement in human thyroid carcinogenesis. (+info)Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in radiation-associated thyroid carcinomas of Belarussian children and adults. (3/120)
DNA from 129 paired thyroid tumorous and non-tumorous tissue samples of Belarussian children (102 patients; age at surgery +info)Epidemic diphtheria in Belarus, 1992-1997. (4/120)
In 1990, epidemic diphtheria reemerged in Russia and spread to Belarus in 1992, when 66 cases were reported. Diphtheria cases doubled each year in 1993 and 1994 and peaked in 1995, when 322 cases were reported. Intensified routine immunization of young children and mass vaccination of older children and selected groups of adults were conducted in 1995 and were followed by mass vaccination campaigns targeting all adults in 1996. By the end of 1996, full immunization of >95% of children and coverage of>87% of adults with >/=1 dose resulted in a rapid decline in diphtheria cases. In 1998, only 36 cases of diphtheria were reported. More than 70% of the 965 cases and 26 fatalities reported during 1990-1998 occurred among persons >14 years of age. High levels of immunity among the entire population are needed for rapid control of diphtheria epidemics in the vaccine era. (+info)Isolation and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile strains from patients and the hospital environment in Belarus. (5/120)
Toxigenic Clostridium difficile is the most common etiologic agent of hospital-acquired diarrhea in developed countries. The role of this pathogen in nosocomial diarrhea in Eastern Europe has not been clearly established. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of C. difficile in patients and the hospital environment in Belarus and to characterize these isolates as to the presence of toxin genes and their molecular type. C. difficile was isolated from 9 of 509 (1.8%) patients analyzed and recovered from 28 of 1,300 (2. 1%) environmental sites cultured. A multiplex PCR assay was used to analyze the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) of all isolates, and strain identity was determined by an arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). The targeted sequences for all the genes in the PaLoc were amplified in all C. difficile strains examined. A predominantly homogeneous group of strains was found among these isolates, with five major AP-PCR groups being identified. Eighty-three percent of environmental isolates were classified into two groups, while patient isolates grouped into three AP-PCR types, two of which were also found in the hospital environment. Although no data on the role of C. difficile infection or epidemiology of C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) in this country exist, the isolation of toxigenic C. difficile from the hospital environment suggests that this pathogen may be responsible for cases of diarrhea of undiagnosed origin and validates our effort to further investigate the significance of CDAD in Eastern Europe. (+info)Molecular diversity of plasmids bearing genes that encode toluene and xylene metabolism in Pseudomonas strains isolated from different contaminated sites in Belarus. (6/120)
Twenty different Pseudomonas strains utilizing m-toluate were isolated from oil-contaminated soil samples near Minsk, Belarus. Seventeen of these isolates carried plasmids ranging in size from 78 to about 200 kb (assigned pSVS plasmids) and encoding the meta cleavage pathway for toluene metabolism. Most plasmids were conjugative but of unknown incompatibility groups, except for one, which belonged to the IncP9 group. The organization of the genes for toluene catabolism was determined by restriction analysis and hybridization with xyl gene probes of pWW0. The majority of the plasmids carried xyl-type genes highly homologous to those of pWW53 and organized in a similar manner (M. T. Gallegos, P. A. Williams, and J. L. Ramos, J. Bacteriol. 179:5024-5029, 1997), with two distinguishable meta pathway operons, one upper pathway operon, and three xylS-homologous regions. All of these plasmids also possessed large areas of homologous DNA outside the catabolic genes, suggesting a common ancestry. Two other pSVS plasmids carried only one meta pathway operon, one upper pathway operon, and one copy each of xylS and xylR. The backbones of these two plasmids differed greatly from those of the others. Whereas these parts of the plasmids, carrying the xyl genes, were mostly conserved between plasmids of each group, the noncatabolic parts had undergone intensive DNA rearrangements. DNA sequencing of specific regions near and within the xylTE and xylA genes of the pSVS plasmids confirmed the strong homologies to the xyl genes of pWW53 and pWW0. However, several recombinations were discovered within the upper pathway operons of the pSVS plasmids and pWW0. The main genetic mechanisms which are thought to have resulted in the present-day configuration of the xyl operons are discussed in light of the diversity analysis carried out on the pSVS plasmids. (+info)Urinary iodine levels and thyroid diseases in children; comparison between Nagasaki and Chernobyl. (7/120)
We evaluated the incidence of childhood thyroid diseases and urinary iodine levels in Nagasaki, Japan and in Gomel, Belarus, which was greatly radio-contaminated by the Chernobyl accident, in order to obtain the comparative data of thyroid diseases between iodine-rich (Japan) and -deficient (Belarus) areas. In Nagasaki, the median level of urinary iodine, measured by ammonium persulfate digestion in microplate method, was 362.9 microg/L. In order to evaluate the geographical differences in Japan, other samples were collected in Hamamatsu and in South Kayabe, Hokkaido, where the median levels were 208.4 microg/L and 1015.5 microg/L, respectively. Furthermore, thyroid screening by ultrasound (US) in Nagasaki revealed only four cases that showed goiter (1.6%) and two cases (0.8%) that had cystic degeneration and single thyroid cyst. There was no evidence of thyroid nodule detected by US examination. In contrast, the median of urinary iodine level was 41.3 microg/L in Gomel. The incidences of goiter (13.6%) and echogenic abnormality (1.74%) in Gomel were much higher than in Nagasaki, suggesting the critical involvement of iodine deficiency in increased childhood thyroid abnormality around Chernobyl. Radioactive iodine released just after the Chernobyl accident may have influenced predominantly children residing in iodine-deficient areas. Our results suggest that management of thyroid screening for schoolchildren at ordinary times may be beneficial for monitoring the adverse effects of radioactive iodine from the standpoint of future prospective study. (+info)Differential mutation frequency in mitochondrial DNA from thyroid tumours. (8/120)
Lack of a chromatin structure and histone protection makes mitochondrial DNA susceptible to oxidative damage. Suboptimal DNA repair leads to a higher frequency of mitochondrial mutations, which are associated with aging, carcinogenesis and environmental insult. The instability of the hypervariable region II of the mitochondrial genome was investigated in radiation-associated thyroid tumours, which were diagnosed in children from Belarus after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and from 40 sporadic thyroid tumours from Munich. Two mutations were identified in two out of 126 tumours from Belarus, and eight mutations were found in six out of 40 tumours from Munich. All mutations were deletions or insertions of C in a poly-cytidine (C7TC6) microsatellite. The mutation frequency correlated with the age of the patients at surgery. Mutations with the typical pattern of base substitutions following oxidative DNA damage were not identified. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Republic of Belarus" is a country located in Eastern Europe, and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical topics or health care in Belarus, I would be happy to try to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
A "Radioactive Hazard Release" is defined in medical and environmental health terms as an uncontrolled or accidental release of radioactive material into the environment, which can pose significant risks to human health and the ecosystem. This can occur due to various reasons such as nuclear accidents, improper handling or disposal of radioactive sources, or failure of radiation-generating equipment.
The released radioactive materials can contaminate air, water, and soil, leading to both external and internal exposure pathways. External exposure occurs through direct contact with the skin or by inhaling radioactive particles, while internal exposure happens when radioactive substances are ingested or inhaled and become deposited within the body.
The health effects of radioactive hazard release depend on several factors, including the type and amount of radiation released, the duration and intensity of exposure, and the sensitivity of the exposed individuals. Potential health impacts range from mild radiation sickness to severe diseases such as cancer and genetic mutations, depending on the level and length of exposure.
Prompt identification, assessment, and management of radioactive hazard releases are crucial to minimize potential health risks and protect public health.
The Czech Republic is a country located in Central Europe. It is not a medical term or concept, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, like any other country, the Czech Republic has its own healthcare system and medical facilities that provide various health services to its population. The Czech Republic is known for its high-quality healthcare and medical education, with many institutions being recognized worldwide.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident, also known as the Chernobyl disaster, was a catastrophic nuclear meltdown that occurred on April 26, 1986, at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history and resulted in a significant release of radioactive material into the environment, which had serious health and environmental consequences both in the immediate vicinity of the reactor and in the wider region.
The accident occurred during a late-night safety test which simulated a station blackout power-failure, in order to test an emergency cooling feature of the reactor. The operators temporarily disabled several safety systems, including the automatic shutdown mechanisms. They also removed too many control rods from the reactor core, which made the reactor extremely unstable. When they performed a surprise test at low power, a sudden power surge occurred, which led to a reactor vessel rupture and a series of explosions. This event exposed the graphite moderator components of the reactor to air, causing them to ignite.
The resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive smoke into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including Pripyat. The plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union and Europe. From 1986 to 2000, 350,000 people were evacuated and resettled from the most severely contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
According to official post-Soviet data, about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus. The battle to contain the contamination and prevent a subsequent disaster required about 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles. During the accident itself, 31 people died, and long-term effects such as cancers and deformities are still being accounted for.
The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was established around the power plant, and it is still in place today, with restricted access. The site of the reactor is now enclosed in a large steel and concrete structure, called the New Safe Confinement, to prevent further leakage of radiation.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a country located in Central Africa. It is named after the Congo River, which flows through the country. The DRC is the second-largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh-largest in the world. It is home to a diverse population of more than 80 million people, making it one of the most populous countries on the continent.
The DRC is a democratic republic, which means that it is a form of government in which the people have the power to choose their leaders through free and fair elections. The country has a presidential system of government, in which the president serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The current president of the DRC is Félix Tshisekedi, who took office in January 2019.
The DRC is a federal republic, meaning that it is divided into several provinces, each with its own elected government. The country has a total of 26 provinces, which are further divided into districts and sectors.
The DRC is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community. It is also a party to several international treaties and agreements, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The DRC has a mixed economy, with both private and public sectors playing important roles. The country is rich in natural resources, including minerals such as copper, diamonds, gold, and tin. It also has large areas of fertile land that are suitable for agriculture. However, the DRC faces significant challenges, including poverty, corruption, and conflict. Despite these challenges, the country has made progress in recent years in terms of economic growth and development.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "power plants" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term commonly used to refer to industrial facilities that generate and distribute power, typically in the form of electricity. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
The Dominican Republic is not a medical term or concept. It's the name of a country located in the Caribbean region, which shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti. The Dominican Republic is known for its beautiful beaches, tropical climate, and diverse culture. If you have any questions about travel medicine or health-related issues related to the Dominican Republic, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is not a medical term or concept. Russia is the largest country in the world by land area, located primarily in Asia with a smaller portion extending into Europe. It is a nation rich in history and culture, known for its diverse landscapes, from tundra and forests to subtropical beaches.
If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please feel free to ask!
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a country located in the central region of Africa. It is not a medical term, but a geographical and political designation for a nation that has its own government, healthcare system, and public health challenges.
The CAR faces significant health issues, including a high burden of infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. Access to healthcare services is limited, particularly in rural areas, and the country has one of the lowest life expectancies in the world. Political instability and conflict have further exacerbated the health challenges in the CAR, leading to displacement, malnutrition, and reduced access to healthcare for many of its citizens.
Radiation-induced abnormalities refer to changes in tissues, organs, or bodily functions that are caused by exposure to radiation. These abnormalities can occur as a result of therapeutic radiation used in cancer treatment or from exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation in diagnostic procedures or environmental settings.
The severity and type of radiation-induced abnormalities depend on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the part of the body that was exposed, and the individual's sensitivity to radiation. Some common radiation-induced abnormalities include:
1. Radiation sickness: This is a set of symptoms that occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and fever.
2. Skin damage: Radiation can cause skin redness, blistering, and peeling, especially in areas where the radiation was focused.
3. Cataracts: Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause cataracts, which are cloudy areas that develop in the lens of the eye.
4. Infertility: Radiation exposure can damage the reproductive organs and lead to infertility in both men and women.
5. Increased risk of cancer: Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and thyroid cancer.
6. Damage to the nervous system: High levels of radiation exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and confusion.
7. Genetic mutations: Radiation exposure can cause genetic mutations that can be passed down to future generations.
It is important to note that the risk of developing radiation-induced abnormalities depends on many factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the individual's sensitivity to radiation, and their overall health status. If you have concerns about radiation exposure or radiation-induced abnormalities, it is best to speak with a healthcare professional.
Eastern Europe is a geographical and political region of the European continent. The exact definition of Eastern Europe varies, but it generally includes the countries in Central and Eastern Europe that were part of the Soviet Union or aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. These countries include:
* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Hungary
* Moldova
* Poland
* Romania
* Russia (European portion)
* Slovakia
* Ukraine
Some definitions of Eastern Europe also include the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), which were part of the Soviet Union but are now independent countries. Other definitions may also include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia, which were part of the Eastern Bloc but not part of the Soviet Union.
It is important to note that the term "Eastern Europe" can be seen as problematic and outdated, as it is often associated with negative stereotypes and historical connotations from the Cold War era. Many people prefer to use more specific terms, such as "Central Europe," "Eastern Bloc," or "Soviet Union," to describe the region.
I apologize for the confusion, but "Moldova" is not a medical term. It is a country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health science, please don't hesitate to ask!
Barrier contraception refers to methods of preventing pregnancy that involve creating a physical barrier between the sperm and the egg. The most common types of barrier contraceptives include male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and contraceptive sponges.
Male condoms are thin sheaths made of latex, polyurethane, or natural membranes that are worn over the penis during sexual intercourse. They work by collecting semen and preventing it from entering the partner's body.
Female condoms are similar to male condoms but are designed to be inserted into the vagina before sex. They also collect semen and prevent it from entering the woman's body.
Diaphragms and cervical caps are flexible domes made of silicone that are inserted into the vagina before sex. They cover the cervix and prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Diaphragms are typically used with a spermicidal cream or gel, while cervical caps can be used alone or with a spermicide.
Contraceptive sponges are soft, disc-shaped devices made of polyurethane that contain spermicide. They are inserted into the vagina before sex and work by blocking the cervix and releasing spermicide to kill sperm.
Barrier contraceptives are effective at preventing pregnancy, but their effectiveness can vary depending on proper use. Male condoms have a typical failure rate of about 13-18%, while female condoms have a typical failure rate of about 21%. Diaphragms and cervical caps have a typical failure rate of about 12-16%, and contraceptive sponges have a typical failure rate of about 20-24%.
It's important to note that barrier contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) unless they are made of latex or polyurethane. Natural membrane condoms, such as those made from lambskin, can prevent pregnancy but do not provide protection against STIs.
Radioactive food contamination refers to the presence of radioactive substances in food or agricultural products. This can occur through various means such as nuclear accidents, improper disposal of radioactive waste, or use of phosphate fertilizers that contain low levels of radioactivity. The consumption of radioactively contaminated food can lead to internal exposure to radiation, which may pose risks to human health, including increased risk of cancer and other diseases. It's important to note that regulatory bodies set limits on the acceptable levels of radioactivity in food to minimize these risks.
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is not a medical term, but rather a political and geographical term. It refers to a regional organization that was established in 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The CIS comprises 10 post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Therefore, there is no medical definition associated with the term "Commonwealth of Independent States." However, it is important to note that public health and healthcare systems in CIS countries have undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with varying degrees of success and challenges.
Cesium radioisotopes are different forms of the element cesium that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation. Some commonly used medical cesium radioisotopes include Cs-134 and Cs-137, which are produced from nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons testing.
In medicine, cesium radioisotopes have been used in cancer treatment for the brachytherapy of certain types of tumors. Brachytherapy involves placing a small amount of radioactive material directly into or near the tumor to deliver a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.
Cesium-137, for example, has been used in the treatment of cervical, endometrial, and prostate cancers. However, due to concerns about potential long-term risks associated with the use of cesium radioisotopes, their use in cancer therapy is becoming less common.
It's important to note that handling and using radioactive materials requires specialized training and equipment to ensure safety and prevent radiation exposure.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Ovulation inhibition is a term used in reproductive medicine to describe the prevention or delay of ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. This can be achieved through various means, such as hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, rings), injectable hormones, or intrauterine devices (IUDs) that release hormones.
Hormonal contraceptives typically contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which work together to inhibit the natural hormonal signals that trigger ovulation. By suppressing the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), these methods prevent the development and release of a mature egg from the ovaries.
In addition to preventing ovulation, hormonal contraceptives can also thicken cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus, reducing the likelihood of implantation in case fertilization does occur. It is important to note that while ovulation inhibition is a reliable method of birth control, it may not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.
Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.
Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.
Alcoholic psychosis is a term used to describe a group of psychiatric disorders that are directly related to alcohol abuse or withdrawal. The two most common types of alcoholic psychosis are Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome, which often occur together and are referred to as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Wernicke's encephalopathy is a acute neurological disorder characterized by confusion, memory loss, difficulty with muscle coordination, and abnormal eye movements. It is caused by a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency that is often seen in people who are chronic alcoholics.
Korsakoff's syndrome, on the other hand, is a chronic memory disorder characterized by severe memory loss and confusion. People with Korsakoff's syndrome often have difficulty learning new information and may confabulate, or make up information, to fill in gaps in their memory.
Both Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff's syndrome are serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves administering thiamine and other vitamins, as well as providing supportive care to help manage symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
It is important to note that alcohol abuse can also lead to other types of psychosis, such as delirium tremens (DTs), which is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that can cause confusion, hallucinations, and seizures. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol abuse, it is important to seek professional help as soon as possible.
Radioactive fallout refers to the radioactive material that falls to the Earth's surface following a nuclear explosion. It includes any solid, liquid or gaseous particles that contain radioactive isotopes produced by the explosion. These isotopes can have half-lives ranging from days to millions of years and can contaminate large areas, making them dangerous to human health and the environment.
The fallout can be local, affecting the area immediately surrounding the explosion, or it can be global, affecting regions far from the explosion site due to wind currents and atmospheric circulation patterns. Exposure to radioactive fallout can result in radiation sickness, genetic mutations, and an increased risk of cancer.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Republic of Korea" is a geopolitical term referring to a country located in East Asia, also known as South Korea. It does not have a specific medical definition. The term refers to the political, social, and cultural aspects of the country, rather than medical conditions or health-related concepts. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kazakhstan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the world's largest landlocked country, located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the abbreviation "USSR" stands for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which was a socialist state in Eastern Europe and northern and central Asia that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. It was not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.
Republic (Belarus)
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TREATY/PLT/41: [PLT] Accession by the Republic of Belarus
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Agriculture of the Republic of Belarus, 2023
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Moments | Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus
About Belstat - National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus
Six transport trucks for Lattakia province from the Republic of Belarus - Syrian Arab News Agency
Executive Order 13510-Waiver Under the Trade Act of 1974 With Respect to the Republic of Belarus | The American Presidency...
Official website | Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus
Minority Issues in the Republic of Belarus, Europe and the World - European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI)
Search: '' - National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus
Information for visitors - National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus
Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus - Orders
Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus - Календарь событий
Meeting with President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko • President of Russia
Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus - Saturday, 18 November 2023
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus S.Aleinik meets the Ambassador of China - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of...
Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus - Открытый чемпионат Республики Беларусь - летний биатлон
Vladimir Putin will visit the Republic of Belarus on October 12 • President of Russia
Laws and regulations - Ministry of finance of the Republic of Belarus
Policy - Law of the Republic of Belarus on the Fundamentals of the State Social Insurance, of 31 January 1995 (as amended and...
Alert on main changes and amendments to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus
Standard&Poor's affirms Belarus "B/B" Ratings - Ministry of finance of the Republic of Belarus
Concert series "Masterpieces of World Organ Art": Honored Artist of the Republic of Belarus Ksenia Pogorelaya | Belarusian...
Prosecutor General of the Republic of Belarus Andrei Shved took part in the 21st Meeting of Prosecutors General of the Shanghai...
Munich Security Conference - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus
Minsk1
- Minsk was chosen as the venue for the MSC Core Group Meeting based on Belarus' contribution to the promotion of stability and security , as well as possibility to bring together main regional actors. (gov.by)
20232
- On September 13, 2023 the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, Sergei Aleinik, met with the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Belarus, Xie Xiaoyong. (gov.by)
- Special attention was paid to the implementation of the agreements reached during the state visit of the President of the Republic of Belarus A.Lukashenko to China in March 2023. (gov.by)
Alexander Lukashenko1
- Republic (Respublika) is a parliamentary group in Belarus which opposes the administration of President Alexander Lukashenko. (wikipedia.org)
Ministry5
- The meeting was organized by the MSC Secretariat together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. (gov.by)
- According to deputy Ministry of Communications and Informatization of the Republic of Belarus Nikolai Strukov, Beltelecom outer channel capacity will be increased by 8 times and total 8 Gbit/s by 2010. (e-belarus.org)
- Further, if there is a positive conclusion of the RUE "Center for Expertise and Testing in Health Care" on the compliance of the MD with the requirements of safety, efficiency, and quality, containing the results examinations, inspections, tests and other studies, the applicant submits a registration dossier to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus. (beawire.com)
- Then the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus within 7 working days notifies the applicant about the decision and the need to pay the state duty. (beawire.com)
- After paying the duty, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus within 5 working days issues a RC with a validity period of 5 years (after renewal RC with unlimited validity period is issued) . (beawire.com)
20193
- Edict of the President of the Republic of Belarus, January 14, 2019, No. 14. (gratanet.com)
- The Additional Protocol entered into force for the Republic of Belarus on May 8, 2019. (gratanet.com)
- Belarus is the world's 72ndlargest economy by GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which in 2019 stood at 195 billion, or 20,900 per capita. (bouweninlimburg.be)
Cooperation6
- The sides noted the positive dynamics in the development of interregional cooperation between Belarus and China in trade, economic, scientific, technical and humanitarian fields. (gov.by)
- The 21st Meeting of Prosecutors General of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Member States took place in Xi'an, People's Republic of China. (gov.by)
- Gender is treated as a cross-cutting issue in the Institute's cooperation with Belarus," says Olga Bezbozhna , Programme Officer at RWI. (lu.se)
- Since the Institute has an academic cooperation and works with academic institutions in Belarus, the cooperation contributes to the achievement of gender equality in the country through education, research, outreach, and institutional structures. (lu.se)
- The objective of the cooperation is to ensure that the research carried out within the cooperation is gender-aware and addresses gender issues that are relevant in Belarus, and RWI supports the researchers in Belarus who are interested in this topic," says Olga. (lu.se)
- The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Institute has an academic cooperation with academic institutions in Belarus to increase their capacity to give the best possible education in human rights and to increase their capacity to do high quality research and outreach activities. (lu.se)
Sovereign3
- The ball of graduates, the President's New Year party for children and the New Year Eve's Ball in the Palace of Independence are the beautiful traditions of sovereign Belarus. (gov.by)
- In turn, young people are invited to attend a ball in the Palace of Independence, which is another beautiful new tradition of sovereign Belarus. (gov.by)
- On October 5, 2018 Standard&Poor's affirmed its "B/B" long- and short-term foreign and local currency sovereign credit ratings on Belarus with stable outlook. (gov.by)
Journalists5
- The International Observation Mission had prepared another systematized compilation of the facts that illustrate intervention into activities of journalists' community in the Republic of Belarus. (hrwatch-by.org)
- The analytical review is the logical continuation of the work presented in the Analytical review No. 2-1 "Situation with journalists' rights in the light of the events in the Republic of Belarus during the period of December 2010 - January 2011" ( https://hrwatch-by.org/en/analytical-review-2-1 ) and covers period from January 19th to March 15th, 2011. (hrwatch-by.org)
- Situation with journalists, accused according to Article 292 "Mass riots" of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus and also key examples of international support of the journalists' community of Belarus are presented separately. (hrwatch-by.org)
- In the analytical report the Mission once again draws attention to the fact that pressure on journalists, creation of obstacles to their activities are unacceptable and violate both the international obligations and the domestic legislation of the Republic of Belarus, in particular the provision of the Criminal Code that foresees responsibility for obstruction of legal professional journalism activities (art. (hrwatch-by.org)
- In its summary the Mission emphasizes that at this moment the authorities of the Republic of Belarus did not provide any clear explanation to their actions concerning continuing seizure of the computer equipment from journalists and some media and therefore proved by these facts a suggestion that such actions are aimed at paralyzing the work of particular media. (hrwatch-by.org)
20162
- The Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) presents his compliments to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and has the honor to notify the deposit by the Government of the Republic of Belarus, on July 21, 2016, of its instrument of accession to the Patent Law Treaty , adopted in Geneva, on June 1, 2000. (wipo.int)
- The said Treaty will enter into force, with respect to the Republic of Belarus, on October 21, 2016. (wipo.int)
Continental climate1
- Belarus has a moderately continental climate that is influenced by the Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean. (atlapedia.com)
Council2
- As in the previous years, the event will be attended by senior officials of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly and the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus, the Union State Permanent Committee, heads of several ministries and agencies, executive and legislative bodies of Russian and Belarusian regions, representatives of large businesses, public and research organisations. (kremlin.ru)
- The event was attended by a number of heads of the executive authorities of the Republic Belarus, including State Secretary of Security Council S.Zas, Minister of Defence A.Ravkov, Chairman of the State Security Committee V.Vakulchik, Minister of Foreign Affairs V.Makei, members of the Parliament, political analysts. (gov.by)
Russia1
- The stable outlook reflects expectation of Standard&Poor's that Belarus' external imbalances will not escalate while the fiscal stance remains tight over the next 12 months, and that the government will retain market access and support from Russia to refinance upcoming public debt redemptions. (gov.by)
Agreements2
- Commission DG for Home Affairs, Stefano Manservisi and Belarus Deputy Foreign Minister Alena Kupchyna met in Brussels to launch the negotiations on Visa Facilitation and Readmission Agreements between the EU and Belarus. (hrwatch-by.org)
- The negotiations will focus on agreements to facilitate the procedures for issuing short-stay visas as well as the readmission of irregular migrants between the European Union and Belarus. (hrwatch-by.org)
Authorities1
- Speaking about the situation in the country in 2020, the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Belarus drew his colleagues' attention to the goals of the mass riots, which were organized using the technologies of colour revolutions: to overthrow the legitimate authorities and deprive the country of its real sovereignty. (gov.by)
Population1
- Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Central Europe with a population of 9.8 million people. (atelim.com)
Poland2
- Nowogródek Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo nowogródzkie) was a unit of administrative division of the Second Polish Republic between 1919 and 1939, with the capital in Nowogródek (now Navahrudak, Belarus).Following German and Soviet Invasion of Poland of September 1939, Poland's borders were redrawn in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. (bouweninlimburg.be)
- since 1995, 24 human cases have been reported in southern Belgium, 16 in Poland, and 2 in the Slovak Republic ( 3 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Ukraine1
- C ommercial and industrial Company with foreign investments "Eurowood company" specializes in the manufacturing and promotion of the interior doors of own production and also metal exterior doors of leading factories of Republic of Belarus and Ukraine. (bouweninlimburg.be)
Publication1
- This volume is the first handbook issued by ECMI in the Russian language, as well as the first publication of its kind in Belarus. (ecmi.de)
Hungary1
- The examined foxes were found from 5 to 70 km from the known disease-endemic areas of the Slovak Republic, Austria, and Hungary, and from 5 to 50 km from the northern border of the country. (cdc.gov)
Remind1
- Among them were the Dynamo Stadium that hosted the 2nd European Games, a children's polyclinic, the Stalin Line complex where 75 oaks were planted in the run-up to the 75th anniversary of Belarus' liberation in order to remind today's generation about the feat of their ancestors. (gov.by)
Main2
- The short data book contains statistical information on the main economic indicators of agricultural development of the Republic of Belarus. (gov.by)
- What are the main differences between the national registration system in the Republic of Belarus from the harmonized procedure in accordance with the requirements of the EEU? (beawire.com)
Search1
- Check the wind report for Sopotskin to search for the best travel destinations for your kiteboarding, windsurfing or sailing vacations in Republic of Belarus. (windfinder.com)
State4
- The head of the supervisory agency stressed that Belarus is an export-oriented State with developed industry, service sector and agriculture, adhering to the model of a socially oriented market economy, which has proved its soundness and effectiveness. (gov.by)
- Criminological expertise is carried out by the state institution 'Scientific and Practical Centre for Problems of Reinforcing Law and Order of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Belarus' (hereinafter - the Scientific and Practical Center). (gov.by)
- In conformity with Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "Оn the Prosecution Service of the Republic of Belarus" dated 8 May 2007 З, the tasks of the Prosecution Service are ensuring the rule of law, the law and order, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of the citizens and organisations, as well as interests of the public and the State. (bouweninlimburg.be)
- State registration of medical devices in the Republic of Belarus. (beawire.com)
Persons1
- Edict provides the reimbursement to persons with disabilities (I and II groups), parents (adoptive parents) in large families amounting to 50 percent of customs duties and taxes payable when importing vehicles for personal use into the territory of the Republic of Belarus. (gratanet.com)
Country4
- Belarus is an open country, a country where roads are smooth and winds are easy. (gov.by)
- In this difficult period for our country, the efforts of the prosecutor's office were focused on countering extremism, preventing destabilization of the socio-political and socio-economic situation in the Republic. (gov.by)
- Our country uses the platform of the Munich Conference to present the position of Belarus on key aspects of the international and regional security architecture, as well as to hold bilateral meetings with officials of Germany and other countries. (gov.by)
- Belarus is a relatively water rich country and available water resources are sufficient to meet both current and future demands. (atelim.com)
Countries2
- Governor of Lattakia, Amer Ismail Hilal said that the assistance is the second one of its kind which the province has received from Belarus as part of the strong relations binding the two friendly countries in various fields. (sana.sy)
- One of the ways is to connect the researchers in Belarus with peers from other countries. (lu.se)
Independence1
- On Aug. 25, 1991 Belarus declared its independence, although prior to independence its history was closely tied with that of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). (atlapedia.com)
Territory3
- Individuals shall permanently reside in the territory of the Republic of Belarus. (gratanet.com)
- Provision is made for exemption from payment of the utilization fee for certain categories of vehicles belonging to environmental class 6 when imported into the territory of the Republic of Belarus and placed under the customs procedure of release for domestic consumption by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs of the Republic of Belarus. (gratanet.com)
- In the 1970s and 1980s, television broadcasting covered already 95% of the territory of Belarus. (bouweninlimburg.be)
President7
- No prior consent to use the materials from the Internet Portal on behalf of the Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus is needed. (gov.by)
- Edict of the President of the Republic of Belarus. (gratanet.com)
- On October 31, 2018 the solemn opening ceremony of the Core Group Meeting and the central discussion session on East-West Relations was held by President of the Republic of Belarus A.Lukashenko. (gov.by)
- 1 of Article 49) provides that draft normative legal acts (normative legal acts) shall be subject to criminological expertise in cases and according to procedure determined by the President of the Republic of Belarus. (gov.by)
- On May 29, 2007 the President of the Republic of Belarus signed Decree No. 244 On Criminological Expertise, which approved the Regulations on the Procedure of Criminological Expertise. (gov.by)
- Criminological expertise of draft normative legal act is carried out after its compulsory legal expertise, unless otherwise specified by the President of the Republic of Belarus. (gov.by)
- Criminological expertise of draft normative legal acts (normative legal acts) results in making a conclusion which should contain reasonable outcomes based on the evaluation criteria determined by the President of the Republic of Belarus about presence of legal rules enforcement of which may lead (have led) to occurrence of criminogenic risks, or absence of such rules. (gov.by)
Year1
- The campaign culminates ahead of New Year celebrations with the President's New Year party for children in the Palace of the Republic. (gov.by)
Report2
- This is the wind, wave and weather report for Sopotskin in Grodnenskaya, Republic of Belarus. (windfinder.com)
- Chernobyl Telemedicine Project, 1999-2004 : final report of the joint project with the World Health Organization, the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation and the Republic of Belarus / prepared by Shunichi Yamashita and Michael Repacholi. (who.int)
General1
- We want our young people to know about the tragedy of the war and be able to resist attempts to revive Nazism," said the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Belarus. (gov.by)
World1
- This is appreciated by numerous visitors, including bikers from all over the world who often lay their routes via Belarus. (gov.by)
Meeting1
- The Munich Security Conference Core Group Meeting will be held in Belarus on October 30-November 1, 2018. (gov.by)
Mass1
- In Feb. 1988 a dispute erupted between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh which resulted in mass demonstrations and strikes in the two republics. (atlapedia.com)
Held1
- Our Children charity campaign has been held annually in Belarus since 1995. (gov.by)
Government1
- Hilal thanked the government and people of Belarus for their ongoing support to the Syrian people. (sana.sy)
Join1
- Though, it has been announced that Beletelecom is to be privatized in 2007 and that Belarus is planning to join WTO. (e-belarus.org)
International2
- 3. On the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the international agreement. (gratanet.com)
- The Republic of Belarus has joined the Additional Protocol to the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR Convention) concerning the electronic consignment note adopted in Geneva on February 20, 2008. (gratanet.com)
History1
- This improvisation creates very unique Moments, the best footage which will remain in the history of independent Belarus. (gov.by)
Work1
- It is interesting that the Republic of Belarus has a stage of preliminary technical work , which is necessary for the further launch of the registration (re-registration) procedure. (beawire.com)