Refraction ocular. Medical search

Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.

Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

The condition of where images are correctly brought to a focus on the retina.

A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.

The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.

Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.

An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.

Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.

The measurement of curvature and shape of the anterior surface of the cornea using techniques such as keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing and videokeratography. This measurement is often applied in the fitting of contact lenses and in diagnosing corneal diseases or corneal changes including keratoconus, which occur after keratotomy and keratoplasty.

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.

A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.

The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)

Artificial implanted lenses.

The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.

The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.

Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.

A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.

A type of refractive surgery of the CORNEA to correct MYOPIA and ASTIGMATISM. An EXCIMER LASER is used directly on the surface of the EYE to remove some of the CORNEAL EPITHELIUM thus reshaping the anterior curvature of the cornea.

Gas lasers with excited dimers (i.e., excimers) as the active medium. The most commonly used are rare gas monohalides (e.g., argon fluoride, xenon chloride). Their principal emission wavelengths are in the ultraviolet range and depend on the monohalide used (e.g., 193 nm for ArF, 308 nm for Xe Cl). These lasers are operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes and used in photoablative decomposition involving actual removal of tissue. (UMDNS, 2005)

The aperture in the iris through which light passes.

Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).

A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

A surgical procedure to correct MYOPIA by CORNEAL STROMA subtraction. It involves the use of a microkeratome to make a lamellar dissection of the CORNEA creating a flap with intact CORNEAL EPITHELIUM. After the flap is lifted, the underlying midstroma is reshaped with an EXCIMER LASER and the flap is returned to its original position.

A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.

The use of an aberrometer to measure eye tissue imperfections or abnormalities based on the way light passes through the eye which affects the ability of the eye to focus properly.

Measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry).

Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.

Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.

Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)

The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.

Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.

Surgical procedures employed to correct REFRACTIVE ERRORS such as MYOPIA; HYPEROPIA; or ASTIGMATISM. These may involve altering the curvature of the CORNEA; removal or replacement of the CRYSTALLINE LENS; or modification of the SCLERA to change the axial length of the eye.

Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.

The pressure of the fluids in the eye.

Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.

Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.

The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.

A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)

Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)

A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.

Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.

The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.

A specialized field of physics and engineering involved in studying the behavior and properties of light and the technology of analyzing, generating, transmitting, and manipulating ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet range.

Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).

One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.

Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.

A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.

Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.

Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.

The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.

The functional superiority and preferential use of one eye over the other. The term is usually applied to superiority in sighting (VISUAL PERCEPTION) or motor task but not difference in VISUAL ACUITY or dysfunction of one of the eyes. Ocular dominance can be modified by visual input and NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS.

A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.

Diseases of the cornea.

Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)

The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Tumors or cancer of the EYE.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)

A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.

A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.

Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

Measurements of the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.

Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.

The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.

The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.

The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

A state in southeastern Australia. Its capital is Sydney. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and first settled at Botany Bay by marines and convicts in 1788. It was named by Captain Cook who thought its coastline resembled that of South Wales. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p840 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p377)

An alternative to REFRACTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES. A therapeutic procedure for correcting REFRACTIVE ERRORS. It involves wearing CONTACT LENSES designed to force corrective changes to the curvature of the CORNEA that remain after the lenses are removed. The effect is temporary but is maintained by wearing the therapeutic lenses daily, usually during sleep.

Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

A surgical technique to correct REFRACTIVE ERRORS of the EYE, such as MYOPIA and ASTIGMATISM. In this method, a flap of CORNEAL EPITHELIUM is created by exposure of the area to dilute alcohol. The flap is lifted and then replaced after laser ablation of the subepithelial CORNEA.

Surgical removal of a section of the iris.

Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.

Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.

Persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living.

Partial or total replacement of all layers of a central portion of the cornea.

Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.

A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.

The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.

The only family of the order SCANDENTIA, variously included in the order Insectivora or in the order Primates, and often in the order Microscelidea, consisting of five genera. They are TUPAIA, Ananthana (Indian tree shrew), Dendrogale (small smooth-tailed tree shrew), Urogale (Mindanao tree shrew), and Ptilocercus (pen-tailed tree shrew). The tree shrews inhabit the forest areas of eastern Asia from India and southwestern China to Borneo and the Philippines.

Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).

Surgical techniques on the CORNEA employing LASERS, especially for reshaping the CORNEA to correct REFRACTIVE ERRORS.

A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.

A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.

The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.

Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.

Images seen by one eye.

Two offspring from the same PREGNANCY. They are from two OVA, fertilized at about the same time by two SPERMATOZOA. Such twins are genetically distinct and can be of different sexes.

A procedure to surgically correct REFRACTIVE ERRORS by cutting radial slits into the CORNEA to change its refractive properties.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Diseases affecting the eye.

The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)

Lenses, generally made of plastic or silicone, that are implanted into the eye in front of the natural EYE LENS, by the IRIS, to improve VISION, OCULAR. These intraocular lenses are used to supplement the natural lens instead of replacing it.

The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.

The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

The period following a surgical operation.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Two off-spring from the same PREGNANCY. They are from a single fertilized OVUM that split into two EMBRYOS. Such twins are usually genetically identical and of the same sex.

A genus of the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing seventeen species.

Measurement of the thickness of the CORNEA.

A superorder in the class CEPHALOPODA, consisting of the orders Octopoda (octopus) with over 200 species and Vampyromorpha with a single species. The latter is a phylogenetic relic but holds the key to the origins of Octopoda.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.

Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.

A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.

Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).

Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.

Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Inflammation of the cornea.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.

Methods of creating machines and devices.

Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.

Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.

Inflammation of the eyelids.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.

A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)

An ethnic group with historical ties to the land of ISRAEL and the religion of JUDAISM.

Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.

Latrunculin-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia in the cynomolgus monkey. (1/981)

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of latrunculin (LAT)-A, which binds to G-actin and disassembles actin filaments, on the pupil, accommodation, and isolated ciliary muscle (CM) contraction in monkeys. METHODS: Pupil diameter (vernier calipers) and refraction (coincidence refractometry) were measured every 15 minutes from 0.75 to 3.5 hours after topical LAT-A 42 microg (approximately 10 microM in the anterior chamber [AC]). Refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 0.5 to 1.5 hours after intracameral injection of 10 microl of 50 microM LAT-A (approximately 5 microM in AC), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine HCl (PILO) during the first 15 minutes of measurements. Pupil diameter was measured at 1 and 2 hours, and refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 1 to 2 hours, after intravitreal injection of 20 microl of 1.25 mM LAT-A (approximately 10 microM in vitreous), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg PILO during the first 15 minutes of measurements (all after topical 2.5% phenylephrine), and contractile response of isolated CM strips, obtained <1 hour postmortem and mounted in a perfusion apparatus, to 10 microM PILO +/- LAT-A was measured at various concentrations. RESULTS: Topical LAT-A of 42 microg dilated the pupil without affecting refraction. Intracameral LAT-A of 5 microM inhibited miotic and accommodative responses to intramuscular PILO. Intravitreal LAT-A of 10 microM had no effect on accommodative or miotic responses to intramuscular PILO. LAT-A dose-dependently relaxed the PILO-contracted CM by up to 50% at 3 microM in both the longitudinal and circular vectors. CONCLUSIONS: In monkeys, LAT-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia, perhaps related to its known ability to disrupt the actin microfilament network and consequently to affect cell contractility and adhesion. Effects of LAT-A on the iris and CM may have significant physiological and clinical implications. (+info)

Reflective meniscometry: a non-invasive method to measure tear meniscus curvature. (2/981)

AIMS: To devise a method to measure tear meniscus curvature by a non-invasive specular technique. METHODS: A photographic system was devised. The system consisted of a camera and an illuminated target with a series of black and white stripes oriented parallel to the axis of the lower tear meniscus. The target was mounted on a flash gun close to the objective of a Brown macrocamera and calibrated using a graduated series of glass capillaries of known diameter, ground down to expose the inner wall. It was then applied to normal human eyes (n = 45) to measure the tear meniscus curvature. A video system was also assessed which provided qualitative online information about the tear meniscus. RESULTS: Using the photographic system, measured values for capillary radii were in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations (r2 = 0.996, p < 0.0001). The radii of curvature of lower tear menisci in normal human subjects (mean 0.365 (SD 0.153) mm, range 0.128-0.736; n = 45) were similar to those reported in the literature. Both systems demonstrated variations in meniscus shape. The video system provided stable images of human menisci over prolonged periods of time and promises to be useful for the analysis of dynamic changes in meniscus volume. CONCLUSIONS: Reflective meniscometry is a non-invasive technique providing quantitative information about tear meniscus shape and volume and of potential value in the study of ocular surface disease. (+info)

Normal development of refractive state and ocular component dimensions in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). (3/981)

Refractive state and ocular dimensions were studied longitudinally in nine normal marmosets. Animals were anaesthetised and examined (with some exceptions) at 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 24 and 39 weeks of age. Cycloplegic retinoscopy showed that hyperopia early in life rapidly diminished. Refraction corrected for the artefact of retinoscopy stabilised by 8 weeks of age, but at a slightly myopic value, rather than at emmetropia. The ocular components continued to change throughout the period studied. Corneal radius, measured by photokeratometry, increased slightly during development. Anterior segment depth and vitreous chamber depth (VCD), measured by A-scan ultrasonography, increased throughout development while lens thickness initially increased and then decreased. Data from the eyes of these normal animals were compared with that from the contralateral eyes of animals which received short periods of monocular deprivation early in life (Troilo, D., & Judge S.J. (1993). Ocular development and visual deprivation myopia in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Vision Research, 33, 1311-24); eyes which viewed through no lens or a plano lens (Graham, B. & Judge, S.J. (1999)). The effects of spectacle wear in infancy on eye growth and refractive error in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Research, 39, 189-206), and eyes of normal animals in another colony. There were no significant differences between the first two groups and the normal animals in our colony while age-matched animals from the other colony were slightly but significantly less myopic than our animals. (+info)

Biometric, optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia. (4/981)

The biometric, optical and physical properties of 19 pairs of isolated human eye-bank lenses ranging in age from 5 to 96 years were compared. Lens focal length and spherical aberration were measured using a scanning laser apparatus, lens thickness and the lens surface curvatures were measured by digitizing the lens profiles and equivalent refractive indices were calculated for each lens using this data. The second lens from each donor was used to measure resistance to physical deformation by providing a compressive force to the lens. The lens capsule was then removed from each lens and each measurement was repeated to ascertain what role the capsule plays in determining these optical and physical characteristics. Age dependent changes in lens focal length, lens surface curvatures and lens resistance to physical deformation are described. Isolated lens focal length was found to be significantly linearly correlated with both the anterior and posterior surface curvatures. No age dependent change in equivalent refractive index of the isolated lens was found. Although decapsulating human lenses causes similar changes in focal length to that which we have shown to occur when human lenses are mechanically stretched into an unaccommodated state, the effects are due to nonsystematic changes in lens curvatures. These studies reinforce the conclusion that lens hardening must be considered as an important factor in the development of presbyopia, that age changes in the human lens are not limited to the loss of accommodation that characterizes presbyopia but that the lens optical and physical properties change substantially with age in a complex manner. (+info)

The growing eye: an autofocus system that works on very poor images. (5/981)

It is unknown which retinal image features are analyzed to control axial eye growth and refractive development. On the other hand, identification of these features is fundamental for the understanding of visually acquired refractive errors. Cyclopleged chicks were individually kept in the center of a drum with only one viewing distance possible. Defocusing spectacle lenses were used to stimulate the retina with defined defocus of similar magnitude but different sign. If spatial frequency content and contrast were the only cues analyzed by the retina, all chicks should have become myopic. However, compensatory eye growth was still always in the right direction. The most likely cues for emmetropization, spatial frequency content and image contrast, do therefore not correlate with the elongation of the eye. Rather, the sign of defocus was extracted even from very poor images. (+info)

The refractive development of untreated eyes of rhesus monkeys varies according to the treatment received by their fellow eyes. (6/981)

To determine the extent to which the visual experience of one eye may influence the refractive development of its fellow eye, we analyzed the data of untreated (UT) eyes of monkeys that received different types of unilateral pattern deprivation. Subjects were 15 juvenile rhesus monkeys, with five monkeys in each of three treatment groups: aphakic eyes with optical correction (AC), aphakic eyes with no correction (ANC), and eyes that were occluded with an opaque contact lens (OC). Under general anaesthesia, refractive error (D) was determined by cycloplegic retinoscopy and axial length (mm) was determined with A-scan ultrasonography. For measurements of refractive error of the UT eyes, there was a significant main effect of groups according to the treatment of the fellow eyes, F(2, 12) = 6.6. While UT eyes paired with AC fellow eyes (mean = +4.2 D) were significantly more hyperopic than the eyes of age-matched normal monkeys (mean = +2.4 D), t(25), = 2.5, UT eyes paired with OC fellow eyes (mean = -0.5 D) were significantly more myopic than the eyes of normal monkeys, t(25) = -9. UT eyes paired with ANC fellow eyes (mean = +1.9 D) were not significantly different from normal eyes. For measurements of axial length there was also a significant main effect of groups, F(2, 12) = 6.9. While UT eyes paired with AC fellow eyes (mean = 16.9 mm) were significantly shorter than the eyes of age-matched normal monkeys (mean = 17.5 mm), t(25) = 2.3, UT eyes paired with OC fellow eyes (mean = 18.1 mm) were significantly longer than the eyes of normal monkeys, t(25) = 2.3. UT eyes paired with ANC fellow eyes (mean = 17.5 mm) were not significantly different from the eyes of normal monkeys. The measurements of axial length and of refractive error of the UT eyes were also significantly correlated with one another, probably indicating that the differences in refractive error were due to differences in axial length, r = -0.8. The present data reveal that despite normal visual experience, UT eyes can have their refractive development altered, systematically, simply as a function of the type of pattern deprivation received by their fellow eyes. These data add to the growing evidence that there is an interocular mechanism that is active during emmetropization. As a consequence, future models of eye growth will need to consider both: (1) the direct influence of visual input on the growing eye; as well as (2) the indirect influence coming from the fellow eye. (+info)

Changes in corneal wavefront aberrations with aging. (7/981)

PURPOSE: To investigate whether corneal wavefront aberrations vary with aging. METHODS: One hundred two eyes of 102 normal subjects were evaluated with videokeratography. The data were decomposed using Taylor and Zernike polynomials to calculate the monochromatic aberrations of the cornea for both small (3-mm) and large (7-mm) pupils. RESULTS: For a 3-mm pupil, the amount of total aberrations (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r(s) = 0.145; P = 0.103) and spherical-like aberrations (r(s) = -0.068; P = 0.448) did not change with aging, whereas comalike aberrations exhibited a weak but statistically significant correlation with age (r(s) = 0.256; P = 0.004). For a 7-mm pupil, total aberrations (r(s) = 0.552; P < 0.001) and comalike aberrations (r(s) = 0.561; P < 0.001) significantly increased with aging, but spherical-like aberrations showed no age-related changes (r(s) = 0.124; P = 0.166). Simulated pupillary dilation from 3 mm to 7 mm caused a 38.0+/-28.5-fold increase in the total aberrations, and the extent of increases significantly correlated with age (r(s) = 0.354; P < 0.001). Pupillary dilation influenced the comalike aberrations more in the older subjects than in the younger subjects (r(s) = 0.243; P = 0.006), but such age dependence was not found for spherical-like aberrations (r(s) = 0.141; P = 0.115). CONCLUSIONS: Comalike aberrations of the cornea correlate with age, implying that the corneas become less symmetrical along with aging. Spherical-like aberrations do not vary significantly with aging. Pupillary dilation markedly increases wavefront aberrations, and those effects are more prominent in older subjects than in younger subjects. (+info)

Spherical and aspherical photorefractive keratectomy and laser in-situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia: two prospective, randomized clinical trials. Summit technology PRK-LASIK study group. (8/981)

OBJECTIVE: Determine the outcomes of single-zone photorefractive keratectomy (SZPRK), aspherical photorefractive keratectomy (ASPRK), and laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of myopia between -6 and -12 diopters. DESIGN: Two simultaneous prospective, randomized, multi-center clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS: 286 first-treated eyes of 286 patients enrolled in one of two studies. In Study I, 134 eyes were randomized to SZPRK (58 eyes) or ASPRK (76 eyes). In Study II, 152 eyes were randomized to ASPRK (76 eyes) or to LASIK (76 eyes). INTERVENTION: All eyes received spherical one-pass excimer laser ablation as part of PRK or LASIK performed with the Summit Technologies Apex laser under an investigational device exemption, with attempted corrections between -6 and -12 diopters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data on uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, predictability and stability of refraction, and complications were analyzed. Follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS: At 1 month postoperatively, more eyes in the LASIK group achieved 20/20 and 20/25 or better uncorrected visual acuity than PRK-treated eyes; at the 20/25 or better level, the difference was significant for LASIK (29/76 eyes, 38%) over SZPRK (10/58 eyes, 17%) (P = .0064). At all subsequent postoperative intervals, no difference was seen between treatment groups. Similarly, best corrected visual acuities were better for LASIK than all PRK eyes at 1 month postoperatively, and LASIK was better than SZPRK at 3 months follow-up (e.g., for 20/20 or better at 1 month, LASIK 50/76 eyes (66%) versus SZPRK 24/57 eyes (42%), P = .0066). PRK eyes had a mean loss of BCVA through 6 months, while LASIK eyes had a slight gain of mean BCVA through month 6; at 12 months, both ASPRK groups but not SZPRK continued to have a small mean loss of BCVA (e.g., compared to preoperative, mean BCVA at 12 months for SZPRK was + 0.3, LASIK was +.21, ASPRK I was -0.11, and ASPRK II -0.31 (SZPRK versus ASPRK II, P = .0116). Predictability was better for PRK than LASIK at all follow-up intervals (e.g., for manifest refraction spherical equivalent +/- 1.0 diopters at 6 months, ASPRK I 42/62 eyes (68%) versus LASIK 29/72 eyes (40%), P = .0014%). Stability was slightly but insignificantly less in the LASIK eyes compared to PRK eyes. All visual outcome measures were better for eyes with preoperative myopia between -6 and -8.9 D compared with eyes with myopia between -9 and -12 D. No consistent differences in refractive outcomes or postoperative corneal haze were seen between aspherical and single-zone ablations; haze diminished over 12 months and was judged to be vision-impairing in only one ASPRK eye. Microkeratome and flap complications occurred in 4 eyes, resulting in delay of completion of the procedure in 3 eyes but not causing long-term impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in uncorrected visual acuity and return of best corrected visual acuity was more rapid for LASIK than PRK, but efficacy outcomes in the longer term through 12 months were similar for all treatment groups. LASIK eyes tended toward undercorrection with the nomogram employed in this study compared to PRK, but the scatter was similar, suggesting little difference between these procedures for most patients by 6 months and thereafter. No consistent advantage was demonstrated between aspherical and single-zone ablation patterns. Predictability was much better for all procedures for corrections of -6 to -8.9 D compared with -9 to -12 D. Sporadic loss of best corrected vision in the PRK eyes not found in the LASIK eyes and other measures of visual function require further study. (+info)

Eser I, Durrie DS, Schwendeman F, Stahl JE (September 2008). "Association between ocular dominance and refraction". Journal of ... Ocular dominance, sometimes called eye preference or eyedness, is the tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other ... Ocular dominance column Right- and left-hand traffic Chaurasia BD, Mathur BB (1976). "Eyedness". Acta Anatomica. 96 (2): 301-5 ... Handa T, Mukuno K, Uozato H, Niida T, Shoji N, Minei R, Nitta M, Shimizu K (April 2004). "Ocular dominance and patient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_dominance

925-939...................................Refraction and errors of refraction and accommodation 939.2-981 ... Ocular therapeutics 110-320...................................Otology. Diseases of the ear 341-437 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification:Class_R_--_Medicine

Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, low-tension glaucoma, and refraction. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100(9):1464-7. Blondeau P ... Ocular hypotony after retinal vascular occlusion. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1977;97(4):756-67. Perez RN, Phelps CD, Burton TC. ... The "no treatment" approach to ocular hypertension. Surv Ophthalmol 1980;25(3):175-82. Phelps CD, Armaly MF. Measurement of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Phelps

Medical signs, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruns_nystagmus

Ocular neuropathic pain (corneal neuralgia); rare In October 2009, the FDA, the National Eye Institute (NEI), and the ... The purely refraction-based approach represented by wavefront analysis actually conflicts with corneal surgical experience ... Wavefront is showing signs of success, but can it do it alone? Ocular Surgery News. September 1, 2000, page 41. EW Dialogue: ... November 2004). "Ocular higher-order aberrations and contrast sensitivity after conventional laser in situ keratomileusis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK

Treatment may be required to control hypocalcemia and to correct the ocular refraction anomalies. Common methods of controlling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny-Caffey_syndrome

... is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type ... accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophoria

Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, ... accommodation and refraction, Syndromes). ... There have been cases of improvement in extra-ocular movement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_and_a_half_syndrome

Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ... accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internuclear_ophthalmoplegia

Index myopia is attributed to variation in the index of refraction of one or more of the ocular media. As with any optical ... Index myopia is attributed to variation in the index of refraction of one or more of the ocular media. Cataracts may lead to ... Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Vision, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to ... Clinical Refraction. Chicago: The Professional Press. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart (1969). The Practice of Refraction (8th ed.). St ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

People may complain of neck pain, after years of chronic head tilting (ocular torticollis), but this is also encountered in ... accommodation and refraction). ... ocular torticollis) from an early age. Most people with ... Boricean ID, Bărar A (2011). "Understanding ocular torticollis in children". Oftalmologia. 55 (1): 10-26. PMID 21774381. Joel S ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_fourth_nerve_palsy

Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ... accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_nerve_palsy

In cases involving German Shepherds, Rottweilers and Miniature horses, the refraction errors were indicative of myopia. Nuclear ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, ... Preliminary laboratory investigations using retinoscopy of 240 dogs found myopic problems with varying degrees of refraction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals

1] (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular ... movement, accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophoria

Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ... accommodation and refraction, Oculomotor nerve). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve_palsy

Ocular motor control neurons Neurons that are interposed between the afferent and efferent limbs of this circuit and include ... Theory and practice of optics and refraction (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 98-99. ISBN 978-81-312-1132-8. Accommodation at Georgia ... "Chapter 7: Ocular Motor System". Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences. Department of Neurobiology ... Three regions make up the accommodation neural circuit, the afferent limb, the efferent limb and the ocular motor neurons that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_reflex

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects". Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction (2 ed.). p. 77. Wajuihian SO ... Optical: Cycloplegic refraction, and correction of Refractive errors if any Vision therapy General: Relax from near work Spasm ... "Iris and Ciliary body". Current Ocular Therapy (6 ed.). p. 518.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodative_excess

A measure called CorT total includes this posterior corneal data and more accurately reflects refraction compared with regular ... Pavan-Langston, Deborah (2007). Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 405. ... Biro, A (25 November 2012). "New measurement method quantifies corneal astigmatism". Ocular Surgery News. US edition. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_topography

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Syndromes). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofixation_syndrome

Unlike the red reflex, this can help determine if the patient has normal ocular alignment. In order to perform this test the ... The inequality of red reflection in both the eyes indicates unequal refraction, indicating a refractive error. Pupil of a ... Regardless of the effectiveness, it is a fast, inexpensive, and noninvasive exam that could identify ocular pathology which ... The objective is to detect ocular pathology that needs early intervention and ophthalmology referral to prevent visual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_reflex

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleral_reinforcement_surgery

They work closely with Optometrists in refractive therapy and refraction. There are a lot of ocular conditions in Ghana and as ... The services that eye care professionals offer are varied and include: Cataracts surgery Glaucoma surgery Refraction ... Retinopathy Glaucoma Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Agricultural injuries to the eye Trauma HIV/AIDS associated ocular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_care_in_Ghana

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Visual disturbances and blindness, Vision). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fusionis

... or through appropriate ocular exercises. Refraction "Pseudomyopia - symptoms". PSEUDOMYOPIA - false nearsightedness. "Acute ... Organic causes may include systemic or ocular medications, brain stem injury, or active ocular inflammation such as uveitis. ... Diplopia: Diplopia may occur due to esotropia or convergence spasm The diagnosis is done by cycloplegic refraction using a ... Functional pseudomyopia is managed though modification of working conditions, an updated refraction, typically involving a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomyopia

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Syndromes affecting the eye, Rare syndromes). ... The goal of surgery is to restore free ocular rotations. Various surgical techniques have been used: Harold Brown advocated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown's_syndrome

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Syndromes affecting the nervous system). ... see-saw nystagmus and associated ocular motility deficits including skew deviation, oculomotor nerve palsy, trochlear nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parinaud's_syndrome

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... Vincent, Stephen J; Collins, Michael J; Read, Scott A; Carney, Leo G (2014-07-01). "Myopic anisometropia: ocular ... Hammond, Christopher J (2013-01-01), Hoyt, Creig S; Taylor, David (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Emmetropization, refraction and ... ocular characteristics and aetiological considerations" (PDF). Clinical & Experimental Optometry (Review). 97 (4): 291-307. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisometropia

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... Blurred vision is an ocular symptom where vision becomes less precise and there is added difficulty to resolve fine details. ... Khurana, AK (September 2008). "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects". Theory and practice of optics and ... "Detection and Treatment Of Ocular Toxocariasis". www.reviewofophthalmology.com. "Carbon Monoxide - Vermont Department of Health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurred_vision

... ocular refraction MeSH H01.671.606.811 - refractometry MeSH H01.671.628 - oscillometry MeSH H01.671.660 - phase transition MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(H01)

... the tendency for eyes to look outward H52 Disorders of refraction and accommodation (H52.0) Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) - ... lenses Fungal contamination of contact lenses Lists of diseases List of eye surgeries List of systemic diseases with ocular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_disease

... of people with primary open-angle glaucoma actually have elevated ocular pressure. Ocular hypertension-an intraocular pressure ... Examination for glaucoma is assessed with attention given to gender, race, history of drug use, refraction, inheritance and ... Ocular hypertension (increased pressure within the eye) is the most important risk factor for glaucoma, but only about 50% ... Angle closure-induced ocular hypertension and glaucomatous optic neuropathy may also occur with these anomalies and has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

Reflection Refraction Sonoluminescence Shrimpoluminescence Synchrotron radiation The separation of light into colors by a prism ... from reflections at boundaries between the various ocular media Phosphenes from stimulation other than by light (e.g., ... the apparent bending and spreading of light waves when they meet an obstruction Dispersion Double refraction or birefringence ... Polarized light-related phenomena such as double refraction, or Haidinger's brush Rayleigh scattering (Why the sky is blue, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_phenomena

Johnson's criteria defines the number of line pairs of ocular resolution, or sensor resolution, needed to recognize or identify ... is the index of refraction of the media surrounding the radiating points, θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the half angle of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution

Fraunfelder, F. T.; Fraunfelder, F. W.; Edwards, R. (2001-09-01). "Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin ... such a one lit by refraction of light from outside the room. Alternatively, they may wear dark sunglasses, sunglasses designed ... "Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients". Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 20 (4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophobia

In 984, Ibn Sahl first discovered the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law,[verification needed] which he used to work ... replaced by surgical implants of intra-ocular lenses. Many convex types of lens have been approved by governing agencies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspheric_lens

Berk RS, Dong Z, Alousi S, Kosir MA, Wang Y, Vlodavsky I (April 2004). "Murine ocular heparanase expression before and during ... Tears lubricate the lid and are important for the refraction of light. Tears also promote epithelial health. Only a small ... This novel heparanase mechanism appears at first glance to be poor for ocular health since heparanase release from invading ... Tauber J, Laurie GW, Parsons EC, Odrich MG (August 2022). "Lacripep for the Treatment of Primary Sjögren's-Associated Ocular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacritin

Certain ocular diseases can come from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between the ... Refraction in the cornea causes the effective aperture (the entrance pupil) to differ slightly from the physical pupil diameter ... The distance between the VDU and keyboard should be kept as short as possible to minimize evaporation from the ocular surface ... Rolando, M; Zierhut, M (March 2001). "The ocular surface and tear film and their dysfunction in dry eye disease". Survey of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye

"The Artist Behind Walls". Ocular, Winter Quarter 1978-79. pp. 70-76. Giffen, Glenn (April 19, 1979). "Refreshing Music: ' ... solar refraction art installed in a cavernous gallery. People walking through the exhibit triggered an array of motion sensors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Odland

Optics and Refraction, Neuro-ophthalmology, Strabismus (1st ed.). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Care of the ... or loss of control of ocular misalignments. Motor anomalies can be managed in various ways, however, in order to commence ... convergence by asking patient to report when blur is appreciated progress of a patient undergoing management for ocular ... Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders [John Wiley & Sons]. Retrieved from http://reader.eblib.com.au.ez.library ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_fusion_range

... shining in the night sky-except that ocular asteroids are often quite mobile. Ocular asteroids must be distinguished from the ... Wong S, Sampath R (2002). "Erroneous automated refraction in a case of asteroid hyalois". J Cataract Refract Surg. 28 (9): 1707 ... ISBN 0-683-30076-8. Bjerk, Ellen (2004). "Ocular Disease of the Aging Dog". Proceedings of the 29th World Congress of the World ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_hyalosis

Due to the esterases existing in the aqueous humour and ocular tissues, ibopamine can be rapidly hydrolysed to epinine which is ... Marchini G, Babighian S, Tosi R, Perfetti S, Bonomi L (June 2001). "Effects of 2% ibopamine on pupil, refraction, anterior ... Instilled at 2% concentration, ibopamine exhibits several functions at ocular level such as pre- and post-operative mydriatic ... Soldati, Luciano; Gianesello, Valter; Galbiati, Isabella; Gazzaniga, Annibale; Virno, Michele (1993-02-01). "Ocular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibopamine

... "refraction unit." Gene sharing would maximize light transmission and refraction to the retina by this refraction unit. Studies ... "alpha B subunit of lens-specific protein alpha-crystallin is present in other ocular and non-ocular tissues". Biochemical and ... However, unlike lens, cornea depends on the air-cell interface and its curvature for refraction. Early immunology studies have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_moonlighting

The Huygens ocular is still being produced to this day, but suffers from a small field size, and other minor disadvantages. ... so that the light is transmitted from the specimen to the outer face of the objective lens with minimal refraction. Numerical ... Christiaan Huygens, another Dutchman, developed a simple 2-lens ocular system in the late 17th century that was achromatically ... or ocular lens, is a cylinder containing two or more lenses; its function is to bring the image into focus for the eye. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency

The ratio of refraction by the lens to that by the cornea is 1.6 for the shearwater and 0.4 for the pigeon; the figure for the ... Hart, NS; Partridge, J.C.; Bennett, A.T.D.; Cuthill, Innes C. (2000). "Visual pigments, cone oil droplets and ocular media in ... Birds that fish by stealth from above the water have to correct for refraction particularly when the fish are observed at an ... head position and light refraction at the moment of strike" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 165 (4): 573-576. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vision

3. The percentage of eyes ± 0.5 D from the predicted target refraction. 4. The percentage of eyes ± 1.0 D from the predicted ... is a process that is user-specific and incorporates the various systematic errors attributable to measurement of ocular ... 5. The percentage of eyes > 2.0 D from the predicted target refraction. 6. Range of errors from maximum plus error to maximum ... The assumed index of refraction of the normal cornea is based on the relationship between the anterior and posterior corneal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraocular_lens_power_calculation

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, All stub articles, Medical sign stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson's_facies

Normal ocular health Age 18 years or older Stable refraction error (no noticeable change in the last year) correctable to 20/40 ... Collagen vascular disease (e.g., corneal ulceration or melting) Ocular disease (e.g., dry eye, keratoconus, glaucoma) Systemic ... Brush PRK to denude the epithelium, instead of alcohol based techniques, also result in quantitatively lower ocular dryness ... or starburst aberrations Increased ocular straylight Under- or overcorrection Recurrence of myopia Corneal haze Scarring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorefractive_keratectomy

ISBN 978-0-7506-7524-6. oph/723 at eMedicine-"Presbyopia: Cause and Treatment" Ocular+Accommodation at the US National Library ... ISBN 978-81-312-1132-8. Duke, Elder's (1969). "Anomalies of accommodation". The practice of refraction (8th ed.). London: ... William J., Benjamin (2006). "Fusion and binocularity". Borish's Clinical Refraction (2nd ed.). St. Louis Mo.: Butterworth ... ISBN 0-7000-1410-1. William J., Benjamin (2006). "Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia". Borish's clinical refraction (2nd ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Refraction, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to ... Following that "objective refraction" the clinician typically shows the person lenses of progressively higher or weaker powers ... Refractive error, also known as refraction error, is a problem with focusing light accurately on the retina due to the shape of ... Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 22 (1): 41-46. doi:10.1089/jop.2006.22.41. ISSN 1080-7683. PMID 16503774. Li, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error

Kurzer Leitfaden der Refractions- und Accommodations-Anomalien, 1893 - A short guide to refraction and accommodation ... He specialized in ocular histopathology, and was the author of around 64 papers on clinical and histopathological subjects. At ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schiess-Gemuseus

... ocular hypertension (OH), and low-tension glaucoma showed that myopia occurred more frequently in each group than would be ... An analysis of the refractions of patients with primary open angle glaucoma, ... Open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, low-tension glaucoma, and refraction Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Sep;100(9):1464-7. doi: ... An analysis of the refractions of patients with primary open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension (OH), and low-tension glaucoma ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7115175/

Optical prescriptions, ocular refraction, etc.. Nothing in this chapter shall authorize an optician, or anyone else not ... or to practice ocular refraction, orthoptics, or visual training, or to fit contact lenses except on the prescription of an ...

https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title54.1/chapter15/section54.1-1508/

World Health Organization. Blindness and Deafness Unit; WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness (‎World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization, 2000)‎ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Refraction%2C+Ocular&type=mesh

Refraction, Ocular. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Refractive Errors. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Cataract. en_US. ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/359685?show=full

Ocular. Refraction anomalies may occur upon initiation of insulin; symptoms are usually transient. Intensification of insulin ... Frequency not reported: Refraction anomalies, temporary worsening of diabetic retinopathy[Ref]. Local. Injection site reactions ...

https://www.drugs.com/sfx/relion-novolin-70-30-innolet-side-effects.html

... `: ... Subject (keywords, tags): Ophthalmology; Refraction, Ocular. Contributor: University of California Libraries. Format: txt. Size ... Essentials of refraction. by Thomas G. (Thomas George) Atkinson. The refraction of the eye : a manual for students. by Gustavus ... download the ebook Refraction and how to refract : including sections on optics, retinoscopy, the fitting of spectacles and eye ...

https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/james-thorington/refraction-and-how-to-refract--including-sections-on-optics-retinoscopy-the-f-ala.shtml

Tommy C Y Chan, Alex L K Ng, George P M Cheng, Zheng Wang, Cong Ye, Victor C P Woo, Clement C Y Tham, Vishal Jhanji ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/collection/optics-and-refraction?page=2

Tear film and ocular surface diseases. *Corneal biomechanics. *Refraction, aberrations and contrast sensitivity ...

https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/helsinki-eye-lab/people

Ocular surface (768). *. Ophthalmologic surgical procedures (1470). *. Optic nerve (865). *. Optics and refraction (630) ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/collection/editors-choice?page=3

Categories: Refraction, Ocular Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Refraction,+Ocular&parentid=27107&catid=22320

After 3-4 months of age, also assess ocular motility, cycloplegia refraction and accommodation by dynamic retinoscopy. If ... Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6641a1.htm

refraction. The bending of light rays as they pass through the eye to focus on a specific point on the retina; also the ... determination and correction of ocular refractive errors. retina. The innermost, light-sensitive layer of the eye; contains the ... An error of refraction caused by irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or lens. ... The normal condition of the eye in refraction, in which parallel light rays focus exactly on the retina. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-2552434

Transient vision loss may be related to local ocular conditions, such as ocular surface disorders (eg, dry eyes), intraocular ... If the vision is still reduced at presentation, perform a refraction; in addition, consider tests (eg, fogging test, prism ... Amaurosis fugax and ocular infarction in adolescents and young adults. Ann Neurol. 1989 Jul. 26(1):69-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Amaurosis fugax in ocular vascular occlusive disorders: prevalence and pathogeneses. Retina. 2014 Jan. 34 (1):115-22. [QxMD ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1435495-159052/what-is-transient-vision-loss-tvl

Ocular refraction and diagnosis; a comprehensive reference and textbook for practitioners and students. ...

https://indexcat.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?&v:project=indexcat&sortby=Title&binning-state=pt%3D%3DMonograph%0AserieVolume%3D%3DVolume%20005%0AserieNumber%3D%3DSeries%204,%201936-1948,%201955%0Alanguage%3D%3DEnglish%0AseriePage%3D%3DPage%20816&

Comparison of Subjective Ocular Refraction with Binocular Simultaneous Looking-in Type and Real Space ...

https://tvst.arvojournals.org/solr/searchresults.aspx?author=Yoko+Hirohara

Estimation of ocular volume from axial length. Nagra, M., Gilmartin, B. & Logan, N. S., Dec 2014, In: British Journal of ... Evaluation of the auto-refraction function of the Nidek OPD-Scan III. McGinnigle, S., Naroo, S. A. & Eperjesi, F., 31 Mar 2014 ... Treatment of ocular allergies: nonpharmacologic, pharmacologic and immunotherapy. Bilkhu, P., Naroo, S. & Wolffsohn, J., 2015, ... A preliminary investigation into the effects of ocular lubricants on higher order aberrations in normal and dry eye subjects. ...

https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/organisations/optometry/publications/?ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&page=10

More important, as cycloplegic refraction was only done on those children with obvious ocular morbidity, there is a high ... Ocular problems were found in 20 321 (3.03%) children. The 3 localities with highest ocular pathology were Karary (26.2%), ... External ocular examination was done with the help of a magnifying loupe (× 1.25) and a pin-light to distinguish red eye, ... Refraction was done to obtain maximum vision amongst children with visual acuity ≤ 6/12 and showing improvement with pin-hole. ...

http://www.emro.who.int/ar/emhj-volume-19-2013/volume-19-issue-3/ocular-disorders-among-schoolchildren-in-khartoum-state-sudan.html

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. Type 2 Excludes*nystagmus and other irregular ...

https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/H00-H59/H49-H52/H50-/H50.34

In any case, it is recommended that one should wait several weeks postpartum before prescribing to a new refraction. ... In up to one third of cases, ocular sequelae have been reported. The most common ocular complaint is visual blurriness; however ... Physiologic Ocular Changes Occurring During Pregnancy. Cornea. Corneal sensitivity has been found to be decreased in most ... Pathologic Ocular Changes During Pregnancy. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia). The onset of hypertension (,140/90 ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1229740-overview

This has an impact on all relevant aspects of the ocular optics praxis, refraction, consultation, tolerance, consumer benefit ... During refraction at an annual health check, he was prescribed new reading glasses and shown an Executive Bifocal (with ... Measurement steps of 0.25 diopters are set for the subjective refraction depending on the process. The determination of the ... Perfecting the customization of eyeglasses to the human eye and visual acuity was made possible with the objective refraction ...

https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/int/about-us/newsroom/articles/the-history-of-progressive-lenses.html

L. L.-K. Lin, Y.-F. Shih, C.-B. Tsai et al., "Epidemiologic study of ocular refraction among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995 ... Ocular inflammation is a symptom commonly found in various systemic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ... H. Fledelius, M. Zak, and F. K. Pedersen, "Refraction in juvenile chronic arthritis: A long-term follow-up study, with emphasis ... A. Mohsenin and J. J. Huang, "Ocular manifestations of systemic inflammatory diseases," Connecticut Medicine, vol. 76, no. 9, ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2017/2657913/

Each individual underwent a comprehensive eye examination including cycloplegic refraction, and topographic and ocular ... Even though ocular refractive state is highly heritable and under strong genetic control, the identification of susceptibility ... HGF-rs12536657 and Ocular Biometric Parameters in Hyperopic Children, Emmetropic Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Multicenter ... Here, we assess the association of an HGF gene variant, previously reported as associated with hyperopia, and ocular biometric ...

https://www.cun.es/en/research/scientific-publications/hgf-ocular-biometric-parameters-hyperopic-children-emmetropic-adolescents

H49-H52) Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. (H53-H54) Visual disturbances and ...

https://www.careplans.com/pages/ICD10/default.aspx

The three items suggested; Intra-ocular pressure, Refraction, and Visual Acuity, are important data points to record patient ...

https://www.healthit.gov/isa/taxonomy/term/2506/level-1

View MorePresbyopiaAMDBiosimilarsCataractCataract TherapeuticsClinical DiagnosisCorneaCOVID-19DMEDry EyeGlaucomaIOLOCTOcular ... These include tear film analysis, refraction and topography, wavefront analysis, meibography, and pressure and dilation. ... For example, the Ocular Surface Disease Instrument (OSDI) has 12 questions about the impact of dry eye on daily life, while the ... PresbyopiaAMDBiosimilarsCataractCataract TherapeuticsClinical DiagnosisCorneaCOVID-19DMEDry EyeGlaucomaIOLOCTOcular Allergy ...

https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/zeroing-presence-dry-eye

Repository: Galter Health Sciences Library & Learning Center X ...

https://findingaids.library.northwestern.edu/subjects?q%5B%5D=%2A&op%5B%5D=OR&field%5B%5D=title&from_year%5B%5D=&to_year%5B%5D=&limit=subject&filter_fields%5B%5D=used_within_published_repository&filter_values%5B%5D=%2Frepositories%2F8&sort=title_sort%20asc&page=9

All children underwent comprehensive ocular examination and cycloplegic refraction. Average macular thickness, macular volume, ... Purpose: To describe ocular manifestations of acute leukemia in a Tunisian cohort and to assess the associations between ... Manifest refraction was measured at 1 month and compared to the predicted postoperative residual ... ... Comparison of Iridocorneal Angle Assessments in Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Patients: Anterior Segment Optical ...

http://www.octnews.org/publisher/960/medical-journals-publisher/

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction Visual disturbances and blindness Other disorders ...

https://www.medscout.com/en/clinics/confraternitat-private-hospital

... refraction, and eye health disorders; (2) visual efficiency skills of accommodation, binocularity, and ocular motility; and (3 ... If an ocular misalignment is detected, multiple measurements of the ocular deviation using prisms in 1 or more fields of gaze ... for ocular alignment at near for children is 6 prism diopters of exophoria. Most people free from ocular symptoms have small ... The average refraction of white children in the United States is nearly 2.00 diopters (D) of hyperopia in the first 5 years of ...

https://www.aao.org/clinical-statement/joint-technical-report-learning-disabilities-dysle

Refraction Test to determine the amount of the ocular refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed. ... Ocular end of the optic nerve. Denotes the exit of retinal nerve fibers from the eye and entrance of blood vessels to the eye. ... Ocular end of the optic nerve. Denotes the exit of retinal nerve fibers from the eye and entrance of blood vessels to the eye. ... cycloplegic refraction. Assessment of an eyes refractive error after lens accommodation has been paralyzed with cycloplegic ...

https://www.mesvision.com/knowledgeCenter?locale=es

Other ocular problems included vernal keratoconjunctivitis, vitamin A deficiency, microbial conjunctivitis, strabismus and corneal opacity. (who.int)
Several HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) gene variants have been associated with ocular refractive errors and corneal pathology. (cun.es)
Pentacam AXL Wave had repeatability with an ICC for total ocular aberrations ranging from 0.84 for HOAs to 0.92 for LOAs and for corneal from 0.76 for HOAs to 0.86 for LOAs. (pentacam.com)
Ocular abnormalities (n=eyes affected) included: buphthalmia (1), phthisis bulbi (2), corneal edema (4), corneal vascularization (2), nuclear sclerosis (8), cataracts (11), subluxated and luxated cataractous lenses (3) and vitreal opacity (1). (vin.com)
Myelinated retinal nerve fibers was not associated with age, sex, cardiovascular conditions other than stroke or ocular parameters, such as refraction, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or central corneal thickness. (qub.ac.uk)
Myelinated retinal nerve fibers was not associated with age, sex, cardiovascular conditions other than stroke or ocular parameters, such as refraction, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or central corneal thickness.CONCLUSION: This population-based study provides novel data on the prevalence of MRNF in Western Europe. (qub.ac.uk)
Corneal abrasions (scratches or rubbing) give rise to intense pain with tearing, ocular redness, discomfort to light, foreign body sensation and intolerance to the lens (shape, measurement, etc.) or alterations of the lens by notches or breaks. (icrcat.com)

The examination included measurement of distance visual acuity using an illuminated LogMAR 'E' chart, near and distant, ocular motility evaluation with a cover/uncover test, cycloplegic dilatation with cyclopentolate, streak retinoscopy, autorefraction with a handheld Retinomax K-Plus, subjective refraction for those with unaided visual impairment, and slit - lamp and direct ophthalmoscope examination of the lens, vitreous, and fundus. (cehjournal.org)
Ocular motility and strabismus -- v. 7. (who.int)
The examination included visual acuity testing, ocular motility, and examination of the external eye, anterior segment, and media. (bvsalud.org)

An analysis of the refractions of patients with primary open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension (OH), and low-tension glaucoma showed that myopia occurred more frequently in each group than would be expected in a normal population of similar age. (nih.gov)
Transient vision loss may be related to local ocular conditions, such as ocular surface disorders (eg, dry eyes), intraocular foreign bodies or masses, central or branch retinal vein occlusion, central or branch retinal artery occlusion, arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, intermittent angle closure glaucoma, hyphema, and optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
Routine eye examinations for the aging population are extremely important as the risk for certain ocular diseases such as cataracts, macular degeneration and glaucoma increases. (drrobertioptometry.com)
Glaucoma was the commonest ocular co-morbidity accounting for poor vision in 9.1of patients eight weeks after cataract surgery. (bvsalud.org)

This is the first global hub to conduct ground-breaking research in five key areas - myopia and eye growth, ocular drug discovery and delivery, vision enhancement, tear film and ocular surface, and advanced optometric technology. (opengovasia.com)

Each individual underwent a comprehensive eye examination including cycloplegic refraction, and topographic and ocular biometric analysis. (cun.es)
All children underwent comprehensive ocular examination and cycloplegic refraction. (octnews.org)
Cycloplegic refraction and fundus examination were performed in children with uncorrected visual acuity 20/40 or worse in either eye. (bvsalud.org)

Patients receive comprehensive ocular examinations, including ocular health assessment, treatment, and management of ocular diseases, therapeutic and cosmetic contact lens care, consultation, and referral to more specialized services when appropriate. (neec.com)

All the thalassemic patients were asymptomatic, but abnormal ocular findings (dry eye (33.3%), cataract (10.2%), retinal pigment epithelium degeneration (16.7%), color vision deficiency (3.7%), and visual field defects (33.7%)) were seen in 68.5% of thalassemic group. (ijo.in)
PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence, ocular, and systemic associations of myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNF) in a Caucasian cohort. (qub.ac.uk)
abstract = "PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence, ocular, and systemic associations of myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNF) in a Caucasian cohort.METHODS: The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, prospective cohort study encompassing 15,010 subjects in Germany. (qub.ac.uk)
Refraction, assessment of binocular function, slit lamp biomicroscopy, measurement of intraocular pressures, dilated fundus exam and digital retinal photography. (familyeyecare.biz)

Clinics in optometry : a compilation of eye clinics covering fully all errors of refraction and anomalies of muscles, with methods of examination, tests and corrections, as used in actual practice. (ebooksread.com)
and correcting errors of refraction and related factors by providing spectacles, spectacle lenses, spectacle frames, and the supply and fitting of contact lenses to members of the public, as well as the maintenance of the patient's vision (South African Government Gazette No 33546 of 2010, regulation 2). (ul.ac.za)

Preliminary tests may include assessment of ocular functions such as color vision and contrast sensitivity. (coavision.org)

New England Eye Center's optometrists evaluate the complete ocular health of patients with the use of biomicroscopy and ophthalmoscopy and detect and diagnosis systemic pathology. (neec.com)
The list of possible diseases would include any pathology that produces an acute red eye with ocular pain. (decisionmakerplus.net)
A full eye examination must be performed to rule out ocular pathology. (medscape.com)
Organic amblyopia refers to irreversible amblyopia caused by ocular pathology that will limit vision improvement. (medscape.com)

The ocular adnexa -- v. 14. (who.int)
All ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes related to vision, the eye, and ocular adnexa are categorized in a two-level categorization system using mutually exclusive categories and sub-groups to provide more efficient estimates of key vision and eye health outcomes. (cdc.gov)

Here, we assess the association of an HGF gene variant, previously reported as associated with hyperopia, and ocular biometric parameters in a multicenter Spanish cohort. (cun.es)

A speedy, efficient refraction allows Dr. Poma and her team to spend more time discussing other needs with the patient, including ocular health, dry eye care and lens upgrades. (womeninoptometry.com)

Both devices showed excellent correlations for total ocular aberrations. (pentacam.com)

These studies require a multi-disciplinary, multi-faceted approach and involve refraction, ocular biometry, ocular imaging, aberrometry, molecular biology, histology and pharmacology as well as electroretinography. (opengovasia.com)

Results of comprehensive ocular evaluations will be analyzed and interpreted and corrective lenses prescribed for refractive errors when necessary. (neec.com)

Purpose: To establish normative data on morphological characteristics and quantitative parameters of Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) as well as their systemic and ocular associations using OCT angiography (OCT-A) in healthy Nepalese subjects. (octnews.org)
This inflammation may be associated with underlying systemic disease or autoimmunity, or it may occur as a direct result of ocular trauma. (decisionmakerplus.net)
Presence of ocular or systemic disease or need of medications which might interfere with contact lens wear. (who.int)

The nature of ocular abnormalities in this subspecies of kiwi was characterized by clinical ophthalmic examination with refraction of 11 free-ranging and four captive Okarito brown kiwi from 17 June through 21 June 2002. (vin.com)
Ophthalmic optics and refraction -- v. 6. (who.int)

A dyslexia sight test will include full medical scans of the front and back surface of the eye, digitally measured prescriptions for accurate prescriptions, specialised binocular vision testing, full test of the ocular muscles stereoscopic vision testing, a computerised based Meares-Irlem testing , a full report, spectacles and coloured overlays (if necessary). (redgateopticians.com)
It is pierced by the tendons of the ocular muscles, and is reflected on each as a tubular sheath. (co.ma)
In front of the equator it gives attachment to the tendons of the ocular muscles, while its anterior part is covered by the conjunctiva. (co.ma)

The prevalence of ocular abnormalities in normal group was 19.4%, which was significantly lower than that in thalassemia patients ( P = 0.000). (ijo.in)
No significant correlation was found between ocular abnormalities and mean serum ferritin level ( P = 0.627) and mean hemoglobin concentration ( P = 0.143). (ijo.in)
Correlation of number of blood transfusion with the presence of ocular abnormalities was found to be statistically significant ( P = 0.005). (ijo.in)
This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in multi-transfused beta-thalassemia patients and to determine their relationship with serum ferritin level, hemoglobin concentration, and the type, dosage, and duration of chelation therapy. (ijo.in)

Some patients have had ocular examinations during the transient vision loss event that demonstrate the visible vasospasm on clinical exam, fundus photography, or fluorescein angiography. (medscape.com)
examination of the health of the internal ocular media and fundus with the use of diagnostic pharmaceutical agents, biomicroscopy, and ophthalmoscopy. (neec.com)

Cardinals of optics, physiological optics, and applied refraction. (nih.gov)

Although common dry eye symptoms include burning, redness, foreign body sensation, and ocular fatigue, more than 40% of patients with objective evidence of dry eye will be asymptomatic, Dr. Farid said. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
A paper identified compliance issues for children who wear contact lenses and assessed associations between noncompliance and ocular redness and comfort. (optometryadvisor.com)

Surgeons also can look for any significant differences between the wavefront and manifest refractions. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

Eye doctors know that intraocular pressure varies throughout the day-but that's not the only ocular factor that experiences diurnal changes. (reviewofoptometry.com)

Is axial length more important than refraction? (myopiaprofile.com)
The same analysis found that while there was a strong correlation between axial length and spherical equivalent - refraction explained about 70% of the variation in axial length - when both were considered in a model of risk, axial length maintained the significant association with visual impairment while spherical equivalent did not. (myopiaprofile.com)

Ophthalmoscopy, retinoscopy and refraction. (nih.gov)

Patient contact lens refraction should fit within the available parameters of the study lenses. (who.int)

The 3 specific ocular and vision-related conditions that accounted for the most medical encounters (i.e., myopia, astigmatism, and acute conjunctivitis) accounted for almost one-half (47.7%) of all ocular and vision-related medical encounters overall. (health.mil)
It is accepted as the gold standard in understanding efficacy of myopia control treatments and as a clinical measure, it could be up to 10 times more sensitive to detect myopia progression than refraction. (myopiaprofile.com)

Ocular dioptrics and lenses. (nih.gov)

Financial costs of ocular injuries and visual dysfunction resulting from traumatic brain injury have been recently reported and are significant. (health.mil)
Three birds in good physical condition had chronic ocular lesions associated with severe visual dysfunction. (vin.com)

Nothing in this chapter shall authorize an optician, or anyone else not otherwise authorized by law, to make, issue, or alter optical prescriptions, or to practice ocular refraction, orthoptics, or visual training, or to fit contact lenses except on the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist and under his direction, or to advertise or offer to do so in any manner. (virginia.gov)
The discovery of optical corrective lenses - which were indeed reading loupes as we understand them today - starting from the 13th century is considered the fifth most significant discovery in human history after the wheel and fire (1): 'Light refraction through glass is one of the simplest ideas, whose implementation strangely required a very long time', the explanation says. (zeiss.com)
No correlation was found between the symptoms and the adequacy of the users' ocular refractions or between symptoms and the wearing of glasses with multifocal lenses. (cdc.gov)

Research in this area is responsive to a key unmet need in eye health, which requires omitting the ocular barriers of drug delivery to the vitreous humour or retina at the back of the eye. (opengovasia.com)

For example, the Ocular Surface Disease Instrument (OSDI) has 12 questions about the impact of dry eye on daily life, while the Standard Patient Evaluation of EyeDryness (SPEED) questionnaire has 20 questions grouped by symptom category. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
As life expectancy for beta-thalassemia patients extends, regular ophthalmological evaluation to detect early changes in their ocular system is recommended. (ijo.in)

Intra-ocular pressure, Refraction, and Visual Acuity, are important data points to record patient eye health and treatment, as well quality measurement. (healthit.gov)
6 A single measurement of AXL is also a stronger indicator for disease risk in myopes of all ages than refraction. (myopiaprofile.com)
or =50 years old for VA measurement, refraction, and ocular examination. (bvsalud.org)

The current report used an ocular and vision disease classification system and several health care burden measures to quantify the impacts of various ocular and vision-related illnesses and injuries among active component service members of the U.S. Armed Forces during 2018. (health.mil)
this category accounted for slightly more than one-half (51.1%) of all ocular and vision-related medical encounters. (health.mil)
Optic nerve conditions and visual discomfort/disturbances accounted for more than one-quarter (30.1%) of all ocular and vision-related hospital bed days. (health.mil)
This is the first MSMR report specifically focused on the burden of ocular and vision conditions among active component U.S. service members. (health.mil)
Uncorrected refractive error was the commonest cause of poor vision prior to refraction. (bvsalud.org)

Correlates of ocular and somatic symptoms among video display terminal users. (cdc.gov)

and six patients (3.8) had severe visual impairment after refraction. (bvsalud.org)

ABSTRACT From December 2005 to June 2007, a total screening of all 1418 government primary schools in Khartoum State, Sudan, was performed to estimate ocular problems among children aged 6-15 years. (who.int)

The aim of this study was to assess ocular changes in thalassemia patients who have received multiple transfusions and chelate binding therapy in order to avoid iron accumulation. (ijo.in)

Wavefront analysis can help surgeons spot distortions seen on the ocular surface or higherorder aberration instability. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Meibography also can help identify meibomian gland dysfunction, which can be a significant cause of severe postop ocular surface disease and patient dissatisfaction. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Our optometrists diagnose and treat ocular surface disease with the use of therapeutic pharmaceutical agents and provide appropriate follow-up care. (neec.com)
This research aims to characterise the biochemistry of ocular surface samples in Asians, to identify novel markers that can be used to diagnose, and potentially predict and treat DED. (opengovasia.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms5

Diseases53

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment56

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science1

Named Groups5

Health Care10

Geographicals5

Latrunculin-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia in the cynomolgus monkey. (1/981)

Reflective meniscometry: a non-invasive method to measure tear meniscus curvature. (2/981)

Normal development of refractive state and ocular component dimensions in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). (3/981)

Biometric, optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia. (4/981)

The growing eye: an autofocus system that works on very poor images. (5/981)

The refractive development of untreated eyes of rhesus monkeys varies according to the treatment received by their fellow eyes. (6/981)

Changes in corneal wavefront aberrations with aging. (7/981)

Spherical and aspherical photorefractive keratectomy and laser in-situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia: two prospective, randomized clinical trials. Summit technology PRK-LASIK study group. (8/981)

Refraction, Ocular

Myopia

Refractive Errors

Hyperopia

Astigmatism

Eye

Emmetropia

Eyeglasses

Accommodation, Ocular

Biometry

Visual Acuity

Retinoscopy

Mydriatics

Corneal Topography

Cornea

Cyclopentolate

Anisometropia

Anterior Chamber

Lenses, Intraocular

Axial Length, Eye

Optometry

Lens Implantation, Intraocular

Ocular Hypertension

Photorefractive Keratectomy

Lasers, Excimer

Pupil

Refractometry

Vision Tests

Vitreous Body

Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ

Lens, Crystalline

Aberrometry

Interferometry

Ocular Physiological Phenomena

Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

Strabismus

Presbyopia

Tonometry, Ocular

Cataract Extraction

Refractive Surgical Procedures

Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological

Intraocular Pressure

Aphakia

Lenses

Sensory Deprivation

Phacoemulsification

Cataract

Amblyopia

Corneal Wavefront Aberration

Anterior Eye Segment

Optics and Photonics

Vision, Low

Singapore

Tropicamide

Vision Screening

Esotropia

Ophthalmic Solutions

Albinism, Ocular

Iris

Dominance, Ocular

Ophthalmology

Corneal Diseases

Contact Lenses

Sclera

Eye Neoplasms

Vision, Ocular

Ciliary Body

Ocular Motility Disorders

Keratoconus

Glaucoma

Eyelids

Aniseikonia

Eye Injuries

Delaware

Body Weights and Measures

Vision Disorders

Convergence, Ocular

Tuberculosis, Ocular

Blindness

Corneal Opacity