Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
Traumatic injuries to the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE that may result in vocal cord dysfunction.
Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.
Traumatic injuries to the LARYNGEAL NERVE.
The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.
Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
A pair of cone-shaped elastic mucous membrane projecting from the laryngeal wall and forming a narrow slit between them. Each contains a thickened free edge (vocal ligament) extending from the THYROID CARTILAGE to the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE, and a VOCAL MUSCLE that shortens or relaxes the vocal cord to control sound production.
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.
The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.
The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.
One of a pair of small pyramidal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the CRICOID CARTILAGE. The corresponding VOCAL LIGAMENT and several muscles are attached to it.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
Endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. When real-time video is combined interactively with prior CT scans or MRI images, this is called image-guided surgery (see SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED).
The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.
Small masses of chromaffin cells found near the SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA along the ABDOMINAL AORTA, beginning cranial to the superior mesenteric artery (MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR) or renal arteries and extending to the level of the aortic bifurcation or just beyond. They are also called the organs of Zuckerkandl and sometimes called aortic bodies (not to be confused with AORTIC BODIES in the THORAX). The para-aortic bodies are the dominant source of CATECHOLAMINES in the FETUS and normally regress after BIRTH.
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).
Excision of part (partial) or all (total) of the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Atrophy of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle as an indicator of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. (1/68)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. As such, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy should not only result in paralysis of the true vocal cord or thyroarytenoid muscle but also in a similar change in the PCA muscle. The ability of CT and MR imaging to depict denervation atrophy in the PCA muscle in patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was evaluated. METHODS: Two investigators reviewed the CT and/or MR studies of 20 patients with a clinical history of vocal cord paralysis. The appearance of the PCA muscle was given a rating of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, with 0 being definitely normal and 4 being definitely abnormal or atrophic. Each study was also reviewed for the presence or absence of other features of vocal cord paralysis: thyroarytenoid muscle atrophy, anteromedial deviation of the arytenoid cartilage, an enlarged piriform sinus and laryngeal ventricle, and a paramedian cord. RESULTS: Atrophy of the PCA muscle was shown unequivocally in 65% of the cases and was most likely present in an additional 20%. The frequency with which other features of vocal cord paralysis were seen was as follows: thyroarytenoid atrophy, 95%; anteromedial deviation of the arytenoid cartilage, 70%; enlarged piriform sinus, 100%; enlarged laryngeal ventricle, 90%; and a paramedian cord, 100%. CONCLUSION: Atrophy of the PCA muscle may be commonly documented on CT and MR studies in patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and vocal cord paralysis, and therefore should be part of the constellation of imaging features of vocal cord paralysis. This finding is particularly useful when other imaging findings of vocal cord paralysis are absent or equivocal.  (+info)

Quantitative analysis of the anatomy of the epineurium of the canine recurrent laryngeal nerve. (2/68)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the amount of epineurium surrounding the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) compared with a limb nerve, that to flexor hallicus longus (NFHL). Nerve samples were obtained from 10 adult dogs and studied using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to measure the relative proportion of epineurium and the relative proportions of adipose and collagenous tissue comprising the epineurium in both nerves. Significantly greater relative epineurial cross-sectional areas and adipose content were found in the RLN than in the NFHL. Based on observations on noncranial peripheral nerves, the findings indicate that the RLN is better protected against deformational forces associated with compression than stretching forces. The RLN may not be structured well for successful reinnervation after injury. The patterns observed for adipose tissue in RLN epineurial tissue appeared unique compared with those previously reported in peripheral nerves. The primary role associated with adipose tissue is to 'package' the nerve for protection. The RLN is considered to be a vital nerve in the body, as are other cranial nerves. The large proportions of adipose tissue in the epineurium may relate to the importance of protecting this nerve from injury.  (+info)

Synchronized fast rhythms in inspiratory and expiratory nerve discharges during fictive vocalization. (3/68)

In precollicular decerebrate and paralyzed cats, respiratory nerve activities were recorded during fictive vocalization (FV), which consisted of a distinctive pattern of 1) decreased inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) phase durations, 2) marked increase of phrenic activity and moderate changes of recurrent laryngeal (RL) and superior laryngeal (SL) I activities, and 3) massive recruitment of laryngeal and abdominal (ABD; lumbar) E activities. FV was produced by electrical stimulation (100 Hz) in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or its putative descending pathways in the ventrolateral pons (VLP). Spectral and correlation analyses revealed three types of effect on fast rhythms during FV. 1) I activities: the coherent high-frequency oscillations in I (I-HFO, 60-90 Hz) present in phrenic and RL discharges during the control state did not change qualitatively, but there was an increase of power and a moderate increase (4-10 Hz) of frequency. Sometimes a distinct relatively weak stimulus-locked rhythm appeared. 2) RL and SL activities during E: in recruited discharges, a prominent intrinsic rhythm (coherent E-HFOs at 50-70 Hz) appeared; sometimes a distinct relatively strong stimulus-locked rhythm appeared. 3) ABD activities during E: this recruited activity had no intrinsic rhythm but had an evoked oscillation locked to the stimulus frequency. Thus FV is characterized by 1) appearance of prominent coherent intrinsic rhythms in RL and SL E discharges, which presumably arise as a result of excitation and increased interactions in laryngeal networks; 2) modification of intrinsic rhythmic interactions in inspiratory networks; and 3) evoked rhythms in augmenting-E neuron networks without occurrence of intrinsic rhythms.  (+info)

Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during carotid artery surgery: case report and literature review. (4/68)

The anomalous position of a nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve predisposes it to injury during surgery in the neck. We present the case of a patient who underwent a carotid endarterectomy in which a rare left nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve was found intraoperatively. This abnormality, which occurs much less often on the left than the right side of the neck, should be familiar to vascular surgeons. Historical, embryologic, and surgical significance of this anomaly is addressed.  (+info)

Left vocal cord paralysis associated with long-standing patent ductus arteriosus. (5/68)

SUMMARY: Left vocal cord paralysis in association with patent ductus arteriosus is unusual. We report a patient with long-standing patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in whom CT studies obtained before and after paralysis developed showed an interval increase in size of the pulmonary trunk. The pathogenesis of left vocal cord paralysis in association with long-standing PDA is discussed.  (+info)

Relationship between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery: a study in corpses. (6/68)

The anatomical relationship between the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) was studied in 76 embalmed corpses, 8 females and 68 males. In both sexes, the RLN lay more frequently between branches of the ITA.; it was found in this position in 47.3% of male corpses and 42.8% of female ones. On the right, RLN was found between branches of the ITA in 49.3% of the cases, anterior to it in 38.04%, and posterior in 11.26%. On the left, the RLN lay between branches of the ITA in 44.45%, posterior to the ITA in 37.05%, and anterior to it in 18.05% of the cases. In 62.68% of the cases, the relationship found on one side did not occur again on the opposite side. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the distribution of the 3 types of relationships between the RLN and the ITA, on the right and on the left. Racial variations could contribute to an explanation of the differences observed by authors of different countries in the relationship between the RLN and the ITA.  (+info)

Use of the laryngeal mask airway in thyroid and parathyroid surgery as an aid to the identification and preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. (7/68)

A prospective study was carried out in patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and electrical nerve stimulation to identify the recurrent laryngeal nerves. A total of 150 consecutive patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery by a single surgeon were assessed for suitability of anaesthesia via the LMA. Peroperatively, a fibre-optic laryngoscope was passed through the LMA to enable the anaesthetist to visualise the vocal cords while adduction of the cords was elicited by applying a nerve stimulator in the operative field. In all, 144 patients were selected for anaesthesia via the LMA. Fibre-optic laryngoscopy and nerve stimulation were performed in 64 patients (42.7%). The trachea was deviated in 51 (34.0%) and narrowed in 33 (22.0%). The recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified in all patients. There were no cases of vocal cord dysfunction resulting from surgery. The LMA can be safely used for thyroid and parathyroid surgery even in the presence of a deviated or narrowed trachea. It can assist in identification and preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and is, therefore, of benefit to both patient and surgeon.  (+info)

Selective suppression of late laryngeal adductor responses by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade in the cat. (8/68)

Laryngeal adductor responses to afferent stimulation play a key role in airway protection. Although vital for protection during cough and swallow, these responses also must be centrally controlled to prevent airway obstruction by laryngospasm during prolonged stimulation. Our purpose was to determine the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in modulating early R1 responses (at 9 ms) and/or later more prolonged R2 responses (at 36 ms) during electrical stimulation of the laryngeal afferent fibers contained in the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in the cat. The percent occurrence, amplitude, and conditioning of muscle responses to single superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) stimuli presented in pairs at interstimulus intervals of 250 ms were measured in three experiments: 1) animals that had ketamine as anesthetic premedication were compared with those who did not, when both were maintained under alpha-chloralose anesthesia. 2) The effects of administering ketamine in one group of animals were compared with increasing the depth of alpha-chloralose anesthesia without NMDA receptor blockade in another group of animals. 3) The effects of dextromethorphan (without anesthetic effects) were examined in another group of animals. In the first experiment, the occurrence of R2 responses were reduced from 95% in animals without ketamine premedication to 25% in animals with ketamine premedication (P = 0.015). No differences occurred in the occurrence, amplitude, latency, or conditioning effects on R1 responses between these groups. In the second experiment, the occurrence of R2 responses was reduced from 96 to 79% after an increase in the depth of anesthesia with alpha-chloralose in contrast with reductions in R2 occurrence from 98 to 19% following the administration of ketamine to induce NMDA receptor blockade along with increased anesthesia (P = 0.025). In the third experiment, R2 occurrence was reduced from 89 to 27% (P = 0.017) with administration of dextromethorphan while R1 response occurrence and amplitude did not change. In each of these experiments, NMDA receptor blockade did not have significant effects on cardiac or respiratory rates in any of the animals. The results demonstrate that NMDA receptors play an essential role in long latency R2 laryngeal responses to laryngeal afferent stimulation. On the other hand, early R1 laryngeal adductor responses are likely to involve non-NMDA receptor activation.  (+info)

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor and sensory functions to the larynx (voice box) and other structures in the neck and throat. These injuries can occur due to various causes such as surgery, trauma, or degenerative conditions.

Types of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries:

There are several types of recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, including:

1. Traumatic injury: This type of injury occurs due to direct blows or penetrating wounds to the neck or throat.
2. Ischemic injury: This type of injury occurs due to reduced blood flow to the nerve, often due to atherosclerosis (narrowing of the blood vessels) or other conditions that affect blood flow.
3. Neuritis: This type of injury occurs due to inflammation of the nerve, often due to viral infections such as herpes zoster (shingles).
4. Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors in the neck or throat can compress or damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
5. Surgical injury: Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries can occur during surgical procedures such as thyroid or parathyroid surgery, or laryngotomy (surgery on the voice box).

Symptoms of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries:

The symptoms of recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries can vary depending on the severity and location of the injury. Common symptoms include:

1. Hoarseness or weakness of the voice
2. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
3. Pain in the neck, throat, or ear
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the neck or face
5. Weakness or paralysis of the vocal cords
6. Inability to speak or vocalize
7. Breathing difficulties

Diagnosis and Treatment of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries:

To diagnose a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, a thorough medical history and physical examination are essential. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may also be ordered to confirm the presence and extent of the injury. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) may also be performed to assess the function of the nerve.

Treatment of recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury. Some common treatment options include:

1. Supportive care: Patients with mild symptoms may require only supportive care, such as voice therapy or speech therapy to improve communication.
2. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications or steroids may be prescribed to reduce swelling and inflammation.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve or remove any compressive lesions.
4. Botulinum toxin injections: Botulinum toxin injections can be used to relax the vocal cord muscles and improve voice quality.
5. Thyroid hormone replacement: Patients with hypothyroidism may require thyroid hormone replacement therapy to improve vocal cord function.
6. Laryngeal framework surgery: This type of surgery is used to correct any structural abnormalities in the larynx that may be contributing to the nerve injury.
7. Vocal fold injection: Injecting material into the vocal folds can help to improve voice quality and reduce symptoms.
8. Speech therapy: Patients with persistent symptoms may require speech therapy to improve communication and address any swallowing difficulties.

Conclusion:

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, causing a range of symptoms that affect communication, breathing, and swallowing. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes. While treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the injury, surgical interventions, botulinum toxin injections, and speech therapy may be effective in managing symptoms and improving voice quality.

1. Raspy or strained voice
2. Breathy voice
3. Scratchy or rough voice
4. Weak or falsetto voice
5. Loss of vocal range
6. Difficulty speaking for long periods of time
7. Fatigue or exhaustion of the vocal cords
8. Pain in the throat or larynx (voice box)
9. Difficulty articulating certain sounds or words

Hoarseness can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Overuse or strain of the vocal cords, such as from screaming, shouting, or singing
2. Acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can irritate the throat and vocal cords
3. Viral infections, such as laryngitis or common cold
4. Bacterial infections, such as strep throat
5. Injury to the vocal cords or larynx
6. Neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis
7. Hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy or menopause
8. Anxiety or stress, which can lead to tension in the throat and vocal cords
9. Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, which can irritate the throat and vocal cords
10. Aging, which can cause wear and tear on the vocal cords over time.

Hoarseness can be diagnosed through a series of tests, including:

1. Physical examination of the throat and larynx
2. Laryngoscopy, which involves inserting a scope into the throat to examine the vocal cords
3. Acoustic analysis, which measures the quality and characteristics of the voice
4. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, to rule out other potential causes of hoarseness
5. Voice assessment, which involves evaluating the quality and functionality of the voice.

Treatment for hoarseness depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Resting the voice and avoiding heavy talking or singing
2. Drinking plenty of fluids to keep the throat moist
3. Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air
4. Avoiding irritants such as smoke and pollution
5. Taking over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to reduce inflammation and pain
6. Antibiotics if the hoarseness is caused by a bacterial infection
7. Steroids to reduce inflammation
8. Vocal therapy to improve vocal technique and reduce strain on the voice
9. Surgery, such as laser surgery or cordotomy, to remove lesions or improve vocal cord function.

1. Hypothyroidism: This is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and depression.
2. Hyperthyroidism: This is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms can include weight loss, anxiety, tremors, and an irregular heartbeat.
3. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or cancerous.
4. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
5. Goiter: This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by a variety of factors, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules.
6. Thyrotoxicosis: This is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, anxiety, tremors, and an irregular heartbeat.
7. Thyroiditis: This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.
8. Congenital hypothyroidism: This is a condition where a baby is born without a functioning thyroid gland or with a gland that does not produce enough thyroid hormones.
9. Thyroid cancer in children: This is a type of cancer that affects children and teenagers, usually in the form of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer.
10. Thyroid storm: This is a life-threatening condition where the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fever, rapid heartbeat, and cardiac arrest.

These are just a few examples of the many conditions that can affect the thyroid gland. It's important to be aware of these conditions and seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms or concerns related to your thyroid health.

Types of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): TBI can cause damage to the cranial nerves, leading to a range of symptoms such as double vision, facial weakness or paralysis, difficulty with swallowing, and cognitive impairment.
2. Stroke: A stroke can cause damage to the cranial nerves, leading to symptoms such as a drooping eyelid, facial weakness or paralysis, and difficulty with swallowing.
3. Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain can compress or damage the cranial nerves, causing a range of symptoms such as double vision, facial weakness or paralysis, and cognitive impairment.
4. Cerebral vasospasm: This is a condition where the blood vessels in the brain constrict, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain, which can cause damage to the cranial nerves.
5. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis: These infections can cause inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, leading to damage to the cranial nerves.
6. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): These conditions can cause progressive damage to the cranial nerves leading to a range of symptoms such as tremors, weakness, and difficulty with movement and balance.

Symptoms of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Double vision or loss of vision
2. Facial weakness or paralysis
3. Difficulty with swallowing
4. Slurred speech
5. Weakness or paralysis of the limbs on one side of the body
6. Difficulty with balance and coordination
7. Numbness or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
8. Seizures
9. Vision problems such as blurred vision, loss of peripheral vision, or loss of color vision
10. Cognitive impairment such as difficulty with concentration, memory loss, or difficulty with problem-solving.

Diagnosis of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Physical examination and medical history: A doctor will perform a physical examination to check for signs of cranial nerve damage such as weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles, difficulty with swallowing, or abnormal reflexes.
2. Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans: These tests can help doctors identify any structural problems in the brain or spinal cord that may be causing cranial nerve damage.
3. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS): These tests can help doctors determine the extent of nerve damage by measuring the electrical activity of muscles and nerves.
4. Lumbar puncture: This test involves inserting a needle into the spinal canal to collect cerebrospinal fluid for laboratory testing.
5. Blood tests: These can help doctors rule out other conditions that may be causing symptoms such as infections or autoimmune disorders.

Treatment of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Conservative management: Mild cases of cranial nerve injuries may not require surgical intervention and can be treated with conservative measures such as physical therapy, pain management, and monitoring.
2. Surgery: In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve compression on the nerves or repair any structural damage.
3. Rehabilitation: After surgery or conservative treatment, rehabilitation is crucial to regain lost function and prevent further complications. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy.

Prognosis of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

The prognosis for cranial nerve injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the sooner treatment is received, the better the outcome. Some people may experience a full recovery, while others may have persistent symptoms or long-term deficits.

Complications of Cranial Nerve Injuries:

1. Permanent nerve damage: In some cases, cranial nerve injuries can result in permanent nerve damage, leading to chronic symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or paralysis.
2. Seizures: Cranial nerve injuries can increase the risk of seizures, particularly if they involve the seizure-regulating nerves.
3. Infection: Any injury that penetrates the skull can increase the risk of infection, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
4. Hydrocephalus: This is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Cerebral edema: This is swelling of the brain tissue due to injury or inflammation, which can lead to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
6. Brain herniation: This is a condition in which the brain is pushed out of its normal position in the skull, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
7. Vision loss: Cranial nerve injuries can cause vision loss or blindness, particularly if they involve the optic nerves.
8. Facial paralysis: Cranial nerve injuries can cause facial paralysis or weakness, which can be temporary or permanent.
9. Hearing loss: Cranial nerve injuries can cause hearing loss or deafness, particularly if they involve the auditory nerves.
10. Cognitive and behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the injury, cranial nerve injuries can lead to cognitive and behavioral changes, such as difficulty with concentration, memory problems, or personality changes.

In summary, cranial nerve injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Some common types of voice disorders include:

1. Dysphonia: A term used to describe difficulty speaking or producing voice sounds.
2. Aphonia: A complete loss of voice.
3. Spasmodic dysphonia: A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the vocal cords, causing a strained or breaking voice.
4. Vocal fold paralysis: A condition in which the muscles controlling the vocal cords are weakened or paralyzed, leading to a hoarse or breathy voice.
5. Vocal cord lesions: Growths, ulcers, or other injuries on the vocal cords that can affect voice quality and volume.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and loss of voice.
7. Chronic laryngitis: A persistent form of laryngitis that can last for months or even years.
8. Acid reflux laryngitis: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that causes stomach acid to flow up into the throat, irritating the vocal cords and causing hoarseness.
9. Vocal fold nodules: Growths on the vocal cords that can cause hoarseness and other voice changes.
10. Vocal cord polyps: Growths on the vocal cords that can cause hoarseness and other voice changes.

Voice disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, as they may experience difficulty communicating effectively, loss of confidence, and emotional distress. Treatment options for voice disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include voice therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The primary symptom of hypoparathyroidism is low blood calcium levels, which can lead to tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes, muscle cramps, twitching, and spasms. Other signs may include brittle nails, thinning hair, and poor wound healing. In severe cases, hypoparathyroidism can cause seizures, coma, and even death.

Hypoparathyroidism is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment typically involves replacing calcium and vitamin D hormones, which can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, medications that stimulate the parathyroid glands may be prescribed to increase calcium production. Surgery may be necessary in cases where the condition is caused by a tumor or other structural abnormality.

Prognosis for hypoparathyroidism varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. With appropriate treatment, many people with hypoparathyroidism can lead normal lives, but some may experience persistent symptoms or complications such as osteoporosis, kidney stones, or cognitive impairment.

There are several types of thyroid neoplasms, including:

1. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths or lumps that can develop in the thyroid gland. Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous).
2. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
3. Thyroid adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body.
4. Thyroid cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thyroid gland. They are usually benign and do not cause any symptoms.

Thyroid neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain medical conditions, such as thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland).

Symptoms of thyroid neoplasms can include:

* A lump or swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing
* Hoarseness or voice changes
* Weight loss or fatigue

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or CT scans), and biopsies. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the neoplasm, and can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medications.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

The recurrent laryngeal nerves are the nerves of the sixth pharyngeal arch. The existence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was ... and the recurrent laryngeal nerves run up to the larynx.: 930-931 The vagus nerves, from which the recurrent laryngeal nerves ... The nerve of the sixth arch becomes the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The nerve of the fourth arch gives rise to the superior ... The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of ...
Due to compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, it can cause the hoarseness of the voice, which can also be a sign of ... Aortic dissection More commonly affects the right recurrent laryngeal nerve as the most common type of aortic dissection is ... The definition of Ortner's syndrome has since then expanded to encompass all possible causes of left recurrent laryngeal nerve ... Norbert Ortner in 1897 after he observed left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (LRLN) in three patients with left atrial ...
Recurrent laryngeal nerve Bryant, Nancy Jones; Woodson, Gayle E.; Kaufman, Kenton; Rosen, Clark; Hengesteg, Arne; Chen, Naidy; ... Hydman, Jonas (2008). Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Stockholm. ISBN 978-91-7409-123-6. The Arytenoid Cartilages - a ... The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are supplied by the anterior division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the ... Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles may lead to asphyxia, as they are the only laryngeal muscles to open the ...
the vagus nerve. part of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. the deep cervical lymph nodes. In the upper part, the carotid sheath ... At higher levels, larynx, pharynx, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and thyroid gland are located medially to common carotid artery. ... Medially are trachea and oesophagus with recurrent laryngeal nerve in between them. ... also contains the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII), which pierce the ...
Recurrent laryngeal nerve resection involves removing a section of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recurrent laryngeal nerve ... Surgical approaches include recurrent laryngeal nerve resection, selective laryngeal adductor denervation-reinnervation (SLAD-R ... Dedo, Herbert H. (1976). "Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Section for Spastic Dysphonia". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology ... efforts to treat the condition were published in 1976 by Herbert Dedo and involved cutting of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. ...
Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis with lateralized arytenoid. Non-rotating arytenoid. Medial vocal cord fixation. Arytenoid ... Unilateral superior laryngeal nerve weakness. The main aim of this combination is relaxation and increased mass of one vocal ... There is increase in average phonation time (from 4.6 seconds to 15 seconds). It provides static change to the laryngeal ... Previous history of radiation therapy to the larynx for treatment of laryngeal and hypolaryngeal cancers. Poor abduction of the ...
Physicians may also use the term recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Additionally, superior laryngeal nerve damage (SLN) can ... also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal ... These conditions result from continuous damage to the laryngeal nerves and often lead to vocal disability. Recurrent laryngeal ... The larynx EMG can, within limits, provide a prognosis of the development of a recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Patients ...
The arytenoid muscle is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). This is a bilateral ... Function of the arytenoid muscle is a good method to determine function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Continuous ... It is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. It approximates the arytenoid cartilages. Continuous electromyography may be ... electromyography of the arytenoid muscle can provide confidence to surgeons that the recurrent laryngeal nerve is not damaged ...
"The non-recurrent laryngeal nerve: An anatomical 'trap'". Revista Portuguesa de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo. 9 (1): ...
Invasion into the recurrent laryngeal nerve or the trachea. The tumor is located along the course of the recurrent laryngeal ... nerve. The tumor is widely adherent to the trachea. Diagnosis of aggressive subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma on cytology ...
The relationship between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thyroid artery is highly variable. The recurrent laryngeal ... Anatomy photo:32:06-0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Larynx: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Inferior Laryngeal ... Hepgul G, Kucukyilmaz M, Koc O, Duzkoylu Y, Sari YS, Erbil Y (2013). "The identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve by ... "Anatomic configurations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior thyroid artery". Surgery. 139 (2): 181-7. doi:10.1016/j. ...
"V. The abductor and adductor fibres of the recurrent laryngeal nerve". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 51 (308-314 ... Russell, J. S. R. (23 October 1897). "An Experimental Investigation of the Cervical and Thoracic Nerve Roots in Relation to the ... An experimental investigation of the nerve roots which enter into the formation of the brachial plexus of the dog". ...
... the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right; in the giraffe, it is over 30 cm (12 in) longer. These nerves are ... then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx. Thus, these nerve cells have ... Wedel, M. J. (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs" ( ... Each nerve cell in this path begins in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve, ...
Attention is paid on any deep nerve structures as the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The goal is to expose the affected disc and ... "The foramen is probed with a nerve hook to ensure that the nerve is free". To decompress a longer part of the cervical canal a ... Alternatively, if only a single nerve root is affected it is also possible to release the compressed nerve root via a ... The ventral slot technique is a procedure that allows the surgeon to reach and decompress the spinal cord and associated nerve ...
It contains the ligamentum arteriosum, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, lymph nodes, and fatty tissue. The space is bounded ...
The tumor infiltrates into infrahyoid muscles, trachea, oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, carotid sheath, etc. The tumor ... present are pain in the anterior region of the neck and changes in voice due to an involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve ...
Laryngeal nerve injury in about 1% of patients, in particular the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Unilateral damage results in a ... Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury may occur during the ligature of the inferior thyroid artery. Hypoparathyroidism temporary ( ... in the vicinity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve entry point and the superior parathyroid gland. Total thyroidectomy - Entire ... Bilateral damage presents as laryngeal obstruction after surgery and can be a surgical emergency: an emergency tracheostomy may ...
At the lower part of the neck, on the right side of the body, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses obliquely behind the ... left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and thoracic duct. To its right side below is the brachiocephalic trunk, and above, the trachea ... the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve being interposed; higher up, with the larynx and pharynx. Lateral to ... Sometimes the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve is contained within the sheath. The superior thyroid vein crosses the ...
Tumor has grown and Recurrent laryngeal nerve is pressing on vocal cord, paralyzing it. Treatment starts Tuesday to (hopefully ...
... the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a bit longer than the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. However, there is no discernible ... the external laryngeal nerve and the internal laryngeal nerve. The external laryngeal nerve is the smaller, external branch. It ... The superior laryngeal nerve innervates the two cricothyroid muscles. The recurrent laryngeal nerve gets its name from the fact ... By comparison with the recurrent laryngeal nerves, the superior laryngeal nerve takes a more direct route on the way to the ...
Medial to it are the esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct, and left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Lateral to it are the left pleura ... Behind, it is in relation with the esophagus, thoracic duct, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior cervical ganglion of the ... The right recurrent laryngeal nerve winds around the lower and back part of the vessel. The first part of the left subclavian ... It is in relation, in front, with the vagus nerve, the cardiac nerves, and the phrenic nerves, which lie parallel with it, the ...
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: a method of controlling vocal cord position. ...
Mathew J. Wedel (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs ... The study on the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs is published by Mathew J. Wedel (2012 ...
Other early complications include damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and the phrenic nerve. Late complications ...
Injury to one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves produces hoarseness, if both are damaged the voice may or may not be preserved ... by the superior laryngeal nerve. Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes weakened phonation ... Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve would cause this condition. It is also worth noting that all muscles are ... 214-215, 336 Hydman J (2008). Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Stockholm. p. 8. ISBN 978-91-7409-123-6. Laitman JT, Noden DM, ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve branches that innervate the thyroarytenoid muscle during the last stage of expiration; (3) the ... The rhythmicity of these nerves is classically viewed as originating from a single rhythm generator. In this model, phasing is ... The phases of the respiratory CPG are characterized by the rhythmic activity of: (1) the phrenic nerve during inspiration; (2) ... Grélot L, Barillot JC, Bianchi AL (1989). "Pharyngeal motoneurones: respiratory-related activity and responses to laryngeal ...
Its relationship to recurrent laryngeal nerve and anatomic examination of 24 autopsies". Head & Neck. 20 (8): 695-8. doi: ... The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament. A small cartilaginous nodule ( ...
A branch of the vagus nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, passes underneath the arch of aorta. The nerve is seen here. This ... Innervated by barometric nerve terminals, the aortic arch is responsible for sensing changes in the dilation of the vascular ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and tube displacement. Delayed complications include tracheal-innominate artery fistula, ...
... and as it enters the thorax it is joined by a filament from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Filaments from the nerve communicate ... and recurrent nerve. The course of the nerves on the two sides then differs. The right nerve, at the root of the neck, passes ... about the middle of the neck it receives filaments from the external laryngeal nerve; lower down, one or two twigs from the ... The left nerve, in the thorax, runs in front of the left common carotid artery and across the left side of the aortic arch, to ...
The inherent risk of damage was to the left laryngeal recurrent nerve, even if the operation was properly done. In the event, ...
Nerve damage can be a cause of oral dryness. An injury to the face or surgery can cause nerve damage to your head and neck area ... Photophobia (light intolerance). Dryness of other mucosae, e.g., nasal, laryngeal, and/or genital. Burning sensation. Itching ... that may be recurrent. It is associated with hyposalivation, as bacteria are able to enter the ductal system against the ... This side effect is a result of radiation damage of the parasympathetic nerves. Formation of salivary gland ducts depends on ...
... described the first cricotracheal resection with preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Pearson and Gullane would ... "Effect of harvesting autogenous laryngeal cartilage for laryngotracheal reconstruction on laryngeal growth and support". The ... In 1938, Looper rotated the hyoid bone to augment a stenotic adult laryngeal fracture sustained in a railroad accident. In 1968 ... Gerwat, J.; Bryce, D. P. (1974-06-01). "The management of subglottic laryngeal stenosis by resection and direct anastomosis". ...
Pseudocowpox Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (laryngeal papillomatosis) Rift Valley fever Roseola infantum (exanthem ... myxoma of the nerve sheath, myxomatous perineurioma, nerve sheath myxoma) Nevus flammeus (capillary malformation, port-wine ... Pyostomatitis vegetans Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (aphthosis, canker sores, recurrent oral aphthae) Recurrent intraoral ... recurrent melanocytic nevus, recurrent nevus) PUVA lentigines Small-sized congenital nevocytic nevus Spitz nevus (benign ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve, and trachea. This compression of local anatomic structures may cause symptoms such as difficulty ...
One particular discovery he made was of the importance of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Originally, he cut through them ... Later Golgi and Cajal stained the ramifying branches of nerve cells; these could only touch, or synapse. The brain now had ... It includes detailed images depicting the ventricles, cranial nerves, pituitary gland, meninges, structures of the eye, the ... Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) demonstrated that electrical stimulation of nerve produced muscle contraction, and the competing work ...
... and hoarseness due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. There might be external signs such as bruising on the ... uncommon and nonspecific but can include generalized hypertension due to the injury involving the sympathetic afferent nerves ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve of vagus) contracts, causing the arytenoids to appose each other (closes the laryngeal aditus by ... all recurrent laryngeal nerve of vagus). Since the true vocal folds adduct during the swallow, a finite period of apnea ( ... The bolus enters the esophagus and is propelled downwards first by striated muscle (recurrent laryngeal, X) then by the smooth ... The bolus is ready for swallowing when it is held together by saliva (largely mucus), sensed by the lingual nerve of the tongue ...
... rectus capitis anterior muscle rectus capitis lateralis muscle rectus femoris muscle rectus sheath recurrent laryngeal nerve ... cranial cranial autonomic ganglia cranial bone cranial nerve ganglia cranial nerve lesion cranial nerve nuclei cranial nerves ... ear external iliac artery external jugular vein external laryngeal nerve external medullary lamina external nasal nerve ... colliculus superior concha superior gluteal artery superior jugular bulb superior laryngeal artery superior laryngeal nerve ...
Nerves Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve - "ramus pharyngeus nervi vagi" Pharyngeal branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve - " ... Pharyngeal nerve of pterygopalatine ganglion Arteries Pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery - "rami pharyngeales ... "rami pharyngei nervi laryngei recurrentis" Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve - "rami pharyngei nervi ...
Despite injury to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and an effect on the king's voice, the cancerous lung was successfully ...
... and to its sides on its back surface run the recurrent laryngeal nerves in the upper trachea, and the vagus nerves in the lower ... and a tendency to get recurrent respiratory tract infections. From 2008, operations have experimentally replaced tracheas, with ...
Drugs are also given to individuals who have recurrent seizures, which may be a separate but related problem after brain injury ... Alternating hemiplegia Brunnstrom Approach Hemiplegic migraine Laryngeal paralysis Paraplegia Paresis Detailed article about ... and peripheral nerves result in ipsilateral hemiparesis.[citation needed] In a few cases, lesions above the medulla have ... Yamamoto S, Takasawa M, Kajiyama K, Baron JC, Yamaguchi T (2007). "Deterioration of hemiparesis after recurrent stroke in the ...
... and communicates with the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves, with the superior cardiac nerve, and with the plexus on the ... It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia which correspond to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. The right ... The inferior cervical ganglion gives off two branches: The Inferior cardiac nerve offsets to bloodvessels form plexuses on the ... The ganglion sends gray rami communicantes to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. ...
tibial recurrent artery ant. tibial recurrent artery muscular branches anterior medial malleolar artery anterior lateral ... deep artery of clitoris in females inferior gluteal artery Accompanying artery of ischiadic nerve Uterine artery (females) / ... artery Sternocleidomastoid artery Superior laryngeal artery Cricothyroid artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Lingual artery ... pollicis artery Radialis indicis Deep palmar arch ulnar artery anterior ulnar recurrent artery posterior ulnar recurrent artery ...
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branching off the left vagus nerve and hooking under the ligamentum arteriosum between the ... Posterior mediastinum: Neurogenic tumors, either from the nerve sheath (mostly benign) or elsewhere (mostly malignant). ... the phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, the thymus and the lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies ...
Its risks are injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, hypoparathyroidism (due to removal of the parathyroid glands), hematoma ... Reportedly, a 1% incidence exists of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after complete thyroidectomy. Risks related ... The increase in the risk of nerve injury can be due to the increased vascularity of the thyroid parenchyma and the development ... Pressure on the optic nerve behind the globe can lead to visual field defects and vision loss, as well. Prolonged untreated ...
The gland receives parasympathetic nerve supply from the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. There are ... A small horn at the back of the thyroid lobes, usually close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery, ... In this region, the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery pass next to or in the ligament. Typically, four ... Surgery does however carry a risk of damage to the parathyroid glands and the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which innervates the ...
Parasympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves arise from the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the thoracic vagus immediately distal to ... Cardiopulmonary nerves are splanchnic nerves that are postsynaptic and sympathetic. They originate in cervical and upper ... All major sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves arise from the stellate ganglia and the caudal halves of the cervical sympathetic ... These interconnect with the sympathetic cardiopulmonary nerves to form the ventral and dorsal cardiopulmonary plexuses. Moore, ...
Rectal neoplasm Rectophobia Rectosigmoid neoplasm Recurrent laryngeal papillomas Recurrent peripheral facial palsy Recurrent ... Walker cyst Renal hypoplasia Renal hypertension Renal osteodystrophy Renal rickets Renal tubular acidosis progressive nerve ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis. Additional findings include short stature. It was described in a small 2-generation family ( ... Tucker, H. M. (November 1983). "Congenital bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and ptosis: a new syndrome?". The Laryngoscope. ...
... and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These come from the vagus nerve (CN X). This is similar to the superior pharyngeal ... It is supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X). It is active during swallowing, and partially during breathing and speech. It may be ... insertion and nerve supply of the muscle at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine Hyodo, Masamitsu; Aibara, ...
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries * Subject Areas on Research. * A Cost-Utility Analysis of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ... Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury After Thyroid Surgery: An Analysis of 11,370 Patients. ... Tumor proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy. ... Endolaryngeal hookwire electrodes for intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during pediatric thyroid surgery. ...
... the recurrent laryngeal nerve has been one of the best cases for evolution due to the alarmingly obscure detour its route is ... A subject of high importance: the recurrent laryngeal nerve has been one of the best cases for evolution due to the alarmingly ... To observe the dissection of a giraffes recurrent laryngeal nerve by Professor Richard Dawkins, check out this link. ... The nerve would travel directly from the brain, past the heart, and to the gills as it does with most modern-day fish. However ...
Short-term and long-term effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after robotic esophag ... Short-term and long-term effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after robotic esophagectomy. ... but related injuries to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLNI) cannot be avoided. Considering that there is no study centering on ...
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Invasion by Thyroid Cancer: Laryngeal Function and Survival Outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2022 Nov. 132 (11 ... Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis Following Thyroidectomy: Analysis of Factors Affecting Nerve Recovery. Laryngoscope. 2022 ... After the recurrent nerve is identified, carefully follow the nerve superiorly toward the larynx. The nerve passes close to the ... The recurrent laryngeal nerve can become involved because of its proximity in the tracheoesophageal groove, with invasion of ...
Because of the wide distribution of the nerve throughout the body, there are several clinical correlations of the vagus nerve. ... cranial nerve [CN] X) is the longest cranial nerve in the body, containing both motor and sensory functions in both the ... The nerve travels widely throughout the body affecting several organ systems and regions of the body, such as the tongue, ... superior laryngeal nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves, and superior cardiac nerves. The structure and function of these nerves ...
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in 1.3% of cases. *Complications were most frequently associated with total thyroidectomy ... The nerve controlling the vocal cord was damaged in 1.3% and these complications were more frequent in patients who had had ... A hoarseness or severe alteration in voice suggests that the nerve controlling the voice is involved with thyroid cancer. That ...
Laryngeal nerve damage is injury to one or both of the nerves that cause the voice box to function. ... Woodson G. Pathophysiology of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. In: Randolph GW, ed. Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid ... Laryngeal nerve damage is injury to one or both of the nerves that cause the voice box to function. ... Injury to the left and right laryngeal nerves at the same time can cause a breathing problem. This can be an urgent medical ...
Sounds come from the Larynx innervated via Vagus Nerve(Superior and Recurrent Laryngeal). The tongue, which helps enunciate is ... Inferior Alveolar Nerve (V3) is primarily sensory to the teeth. ... innervated by Hypoglossal nerve and a branch off of Vagus.. I ...
Vincristine-induced recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis].. Núñez E; Solano D; Arreita A; Franco-Vicario R; Miguel F. Rev Clin ...
... after giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs ... The vagus nerve (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves, and is the ... via the recurrent laryngeal nerve) and keeping the larynx open for breathing. It also receives some sensation from the outer ... The vagus nerve and the heart. Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is mediated by the vagus nerve. The right vagus ...
Rarely, the patient may complain of hoarseness due to compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve by a dilated pulmonary ...
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy occurs in 5% to 11% of patients following thyroidectomy and is the second most common ... incomplete or partial recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis there is. an isolated paralysis of the abductor function of the ... Pseudosulcus is infraglottic laryngeal edema that is thought to be secondary to LPR. All patients were evaluated with dual- ... Microlaryngeal surgery, also known as phonomicrosurgery, is a workhorse procedure that deals with a variety of laryngeal ...
A, Left hemithyroidectomy surgical specimen including left recurrent laryngeal nerve posteriorly and level VI lymph nodes. B, ... A, Left hemithyroidectomy surgical specimen including left recurrent laryngeal nerve posteriorly and level… ...
Vagus Nerve [A08.800.050.050.925] * Laryngeal Nerves [A08.800.050.050.925.450] * Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve [A08.800.050.050. ... Vagus Nerve [A08.800.050.600.825] * Laryngeal Nerves [A08.800.050.600.825.450] * Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve [A08.800.050.600. ... Vagus Nerve [A08.800.800.060.920] * Laryngeal Nerves [A08.800.800.060.920.450] * Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve [A08.800.800.060. ... Vagus Nerve [A08.800.800.120.900] * Laryngeal Nerves [A08.800.800.120.900.450] * Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve [A08.800.800.120. ...
Diverse anatomical configuration of recurrent laryngeal nerve in relation to inferior thyroid artery, an experience with 51 ...
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries/*complications, Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve/physiology, Respiration, Stricklen Bethany, Swine ... Laryngeal Nerves - Injuries, Laryngeal Nerves - Physiology, Larynx - Physiology, Larynx/*physiology, Models, NEOMED College of ... Tags: *Animal model, *Deglutition, *Development, *Infant, *Recurrent laryngeal nerve, *Respiration, *Sensorimotor, 2018, Animal ... Swallow Safety in Infant Pigs With and Without Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Lesion.. Aerodigestive coordination is critical for ...
... and the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerves are related to the posterior surface of each lobe. Limitations A ... The nerve can get inflamed (irritated) after constant bending and pinching or after getting harm. Ongoing research in adults ...
There would be few if any, indications to intentionally divide the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The nerve is typically monitored ... There would be few if any, indications to intentionally divide the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The nerve is typically monitored ... The nerve being invaded by a tumor would be one of the few reasons that it would need to be sacrificed. Many times, the nerve ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body or carina or presence of a separate tumor nodule in an ipsilateral ... phrenic nerve or parietal pericardium or presence of a separate tumor nodule in the same lobe *pT4: tumor > 7 cm or tumor of ...
... origin of left recurrent laryngeal nerve from the left vagus nerve, palm of hand, phrenic nerve, pulmonary semilunar valve, ... 3. The origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve from the left vagus nerve between the aorta and left pulmonary artery.. 4. ...
... the recurrent laryngeal nerve. As evolutionist Jerry Coyne explains:. The reason why the recurrent laryngeal nerve, for example ... Are not all designs equiprobable? As Coyne explains, the recurrent laryngeal nerve. makes no sense under the idea of special ... Evolution does not distinguish different outcomes for the recurrent laryngeal nerve. When incredibly fantastic, mind boggling ... constraining the nerve to move with it). In other words, historical contingencies and constraints play an important role in ...
... recurrent laryngeal nerve, external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, and the upper and lower parathyroid glands. ... The critical nerves of the voice box that control sensation and movement of the vocal cords must be identified and preserved in ... He is also a pioneer in laryngeal ultrasound as a non-invasive method of vocal cord evaluation in patients who are undergoing ... Claymans patients have undergone failed initial surgery for their thyroid cancer by another surgeon or have recurrent, ...
Recurrent laryngeal nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerve is the vaguss third branch, and it controls several muscles within ... The right recurrent laryngeal nerve follows the right subclavian artery, and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve follows the ... Your vagus nerve has four main branches: pharyngeal branches, superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and superior ... Superior laryngeal nerve. The superior laryngeal nerve, sometimes referred to as the internal branch of the vagus, is ...
C78592 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy Paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Causes ... Paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. C26733 Cranial Nerve Disorder C103171 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury C118464 ... It is caused by irritation or trauma to a nerve or inflammation of a nerve. Intense painful sensation along a nerve or group of ... Patients experience pain radiating along a nerve path because of spinal pressure on the nerve root that connects to the nerve ...
Airway obstruction owing to hemorrhage within the neck, recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, and tracheal compression have to be ... A specific sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerve fibres (sympathin) and its relations to adrenaline and noradrenaline. ... Nociception typically begins by activation of peripheral nerves tuned to respond to doubtlessly dangerous thermal, mechanical, ...
... possible explanation could be that side effects due to activation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve may hamper adequate nerve ... Role of vagus nerve signaling in CNI-1493-mediated suppression of acute inflammation. Auton Neurosci 2000;85:141-7. ... Electrical vagus nerve stimulation and nicotine effects in peritonitis-induced acute lung injury in rats. Inflammation 2011;34: ... The vagus nerve and nicotinic receptors modulate experimental pancreatitis severity in mice. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1822-30. ...
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve. Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally ... Tibial NerveMedian NerveNerve BlockPeripheral Nerve InjuriesNerve CrushUlnar NerveFacial NerveOphthalmic NerveTrigeminal Nerve ... UnmyelinatedAxonsTibial NerveMedian NerveUlnar NerveFacial NerveOphthalmic NerveTrigeminal NerveSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal Nerves ... Nerve FibersSciatic NerveNerve Fibers, MyelinatedOptic NervePeripheral NervesNerve RegenerationOptic Nerve DiseasesDietary ...
Laryngeal Nerve, Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves, Recurrent Nerve, Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves, Recurrent Laryngeal Recurrent ... Inferior Laryngeal Nerve. Inferior Laryngeal Nerves. Laryngeal Nerve, Inferior. Laryngeal Nerve, Recurrent. Laryngeal Nerves, ... Nerve, Recurrent Laryngeal. Nerves, Inferior Laryngeal. Nerves, Recurrent Laryngeal. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves. ... Laryngeal Nerve, Inferior Entry term(s). Inferior Laryngeal Nerve Inferior Laryngeal Nerves Laryngeal Nerves, Inferior Nerve, ...
  • The vagus nerve (cranial nerve [CN] X) is the longest cranial nerve in the body, containing both motor and sensory functions in both the afferent and efferent regards. (nih.gov)
  • Because of the wide distribution of the nerve throughout the body, there are several clinical correlations of the vagus nerve. (nih.gov)
  • The vagus nerve has its origin in the medulla oblongata and exits the skull via the jugular foramen. (nih.gov)
  • the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) joins the vagus nerve just distal to the inferior ganglion. (nih.gov)
  • The vagus nerve continues by traveling inferiorly within the carotid sheath where it is located posterior and lateral to the internal and common carotid arteries, and medial to the internal jugular vein. (nih.gov)
  • it makes its descent into the thoracic cavity by traveling to the right of the trachea, and posterior to the hilum on the right, moving medially to form the esophageal plexus with the left vagus nerve. (nih.gov)
  • it then descends posteriorly to the phrenic nerve and posterior to the left lung, then travels medially towards to the esophagus forming the esophageal plexus with the right vagus nerve. (nih.gov)
  • There are four branches of the vagus nerve within the neck: pharyngeal branches, superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and the superior cardiac nerve. (nih.gov)
  • The right recurrent laryngeal nerve's fibers branch from the vagus nerve near the right subclavian artery, traveling superiorly to enter the larynx between the cricopharyngeus muscle and the esophagus. (nih.gov)
  • Sounds come from the Larynx innervated via Vagus Nerve(Superior and Recurrent Laryngeal). (blameitonthevoices.com)
  • The tongue, which helps enunciate is innervated by Hypoglossal nerve and a branch off of Vagus. (blameitonthevoices.com)
  • The vagus nerve (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves , and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (within the medulla oblongata ) and extends, through the jugular foramen , down below the head , to the neck, chest and abdomen . (wikidoc.org)
  • The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs except the suprarenal ( adrenal ) glands, from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon . (wikidoc.org)
  • This means that the vagus nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate , gastrointestinal peristalsis , sweating , and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth, including speech (via the recurrent laryngeal nerve ) and keeping the larynx open for breathing. (wikidoc.org)
  • Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is mediated by the vagus nerve. (wikidoc.org)
  • Loewi described the substance released by the vagus nerve as vagusstoff , which was later found to be acetylcholine . (wikidoc.org)
  • The vagus nerve has three associated nuclei , the dorsal motor nucleus , the nucleus ambiguus and the solitary nucleus . (wikidoc.org)
  • Drugs that inhibit the muscarinic cholinergic receptor (anticholinergics) such as atropine and scopolamine are called vagolytic because they inhibit the action of the vagus nerve on the heart, gastrointestinal tract and other organs. (wikidoc.org)
  • Anticholinergic drugs relax the detrusor muscle and cause constipation which again involves the vagus nerve. (wikidoc.org)
  • Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy using a pacemaker-like device implanted in the chest is a treatment used since 1997 to control seizures in epilepsy patients and has recently been approved for treating drug-resistant cases of clinical depression . (wikidoc.org)
  • [1] A convenient, non-invasive VNS device that stimulates an afferent branch of the vagus nerve is also being developed and will soon undergo trials. (wikidoc.org)
  • [ citation needed ] The Valsalva maneuver may activate the vagus nerve and is a "natural" way to achieve the same effect in some patients. (wikidoc.org)
  • Vagotomy (cutting of the vagus nerve) is a now-obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease. (wikidoc.org)
  • Activation of the vagus nerve typically leads to a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, or both. (wikidoc.org)
  • Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. (nih.gov)
  • 3. The origin of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve from the left vagus nerve between the aorta and left pulmonary artery. (ehd.org)
  • Behold one of the best kept secrets of modern medicine, the vagus nerve. (neuvanalife.com)
  • In this article, we will explore how you can stimulate the vagus nerve with exercises and lifestyle changes, understand the symptoms of a vagus nerve that lacks stimulation, and learn about the powerful connection between the vagus nerve and many medical conditions. (neuvanalife.com)
  • What is the Vagus Nerve? (neuvanalife.com)
  • The first step in stimulating your vagus nerve is understanding how it works. (neuvanalife.com)
  • The vagus nerve also plays an essential role in mental health, regulating your mood and emotional responses. (neuvanalife.com)
  • Now let's dive into the anatomy of the vagus nerve. (neuvanalife.com)
  • Your vagus nerve has four main branches: pharyngeal branches, superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and superior cardiac nerve. (neuvanalife.com)
  • The superior laryngeal nerve, sometimes referred to as the internal branch of the vagus, is responsible for controlling the muscles surrounding your voice box. (neuvanalife.com)
  • The fourth branch of the vagus nerve, the superior cardiac nerve, is responsible for controlling your heart rate by sending signals to and from your heart muscle. (neuvanalife.com)
  • Along with the four branches discussed above, the vagus nerve has many other parts which help control different muscles and organs throughout your body. (neuvanalife.com)
  • As we mentioned, the vagus nerve helps with digestion by stimulating the release of saliva and mucus. (neuvanalife.com)
  • Additionally, the vagus nerve can help regulate gastric acid production and stimulate intestinal contractions that help move food through your digestive system. (neuvanalife.com)
  • Recently, in animal models of sepsis, the vagus nerve (VN) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response, also referred to as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. (bmj.com)
  • In 2000, Tracey and coworkers demonstrated that vagus nerve (VN) stimulation potently suppresses cytokine production in a rodent model of sepsis. (bmj.com)
  • the dorsal motor nucleus of X, superior ganglion of X, and the inferior ganglion of X. The nerve fibers from the nucleus ambiguous are efferent, special visceral (ESV) fibers which help to mediate swallowing and phonation. (nih.gov)
  • The pharyngeal nerve branches arise from the inferior ganglion of CN X containing both sensory and motor fibers. (nih.gov)
  • Inferior Alveolar Nerve (V3) is primarily sensory to the teeth. (blameitonthevoices.com)
  • El nervio laríngeo recurrente (o inferior) se origina más caudalmente que el nervio laríngeo superior y sigue rutas diferentes en el lado derecho e izquierdo. (bvsalud.org)
  • incomplete or partial recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis there is. (bigsurspiritgarden.com)
  • Microlaryngeal surgery, also known as phonomicrosurgery, is a workhorse procedure that deals with a variety of laryngeal conditions, including benign vocal fold lesions, vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold scarring, vocal fold leukoplakia or cancer, and airway stenosis. (bigsurspiritgarden.com)
  • C3079 Heart Disease C101216 Myopathy C118464 Pediatric Adverse Events Terminology C78592 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy Paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. (nih.gov)
  • Paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. (nih.gov)
  • They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions. (nih.gov)
  • Instead, the nerve bypasses point A, goes down into the thorax, wraps around the right subclavian artery, then completes its journey back up into the larynx. (futurism.com)
  • The internal laryngeal nerve goes through the thyrohyoid membrane entering the larynx. (nih.gov)
  • Machine learning to predict occult metastatic lymph nodes along the recurrent laryngeal nerves in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
  • It is currently supposed that inflammatory mediators activate sensory nerves and send signals concerning the state of the inflammation to the central nervous system. (bmj.com)
  • A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS , sensory or motor NEURONS . (lookformedical.com)
  • A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot. (lookformedical.com)
  • Thyroidectomy and the recurrent laryngeal nerves. (ac.ke)
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy occurs in 5% to 11% of patients following thyroidectomy and is the second most common early complication. (bigsurspiritgarden.com)
  • The sciatic nerve , which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. (lookformedical.com)
  • The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH . (lookformedical.com)
  • Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers ( NERVE FIBERS , UNMYELINATED). (lookformedical.com)
  • Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves. (lookformedical.com)
  • Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina , at the optic disk , or in the nerve, optic chiasm , optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. (lookformedical.com)
  • The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei ( COCHLEAR NUCLEUS ) of the BRAIN STEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH . (lookformedical.com)
  • Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy ( RAMIE ) was reported to have superiority in upper mediastinal lymph nodes dissection than traditional approach, but related injuries to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLNI) cannot be avoided. (bvsalud.org)
  • The right recurrent laryngeal nerve follows the right subclavian artery, and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve follows the aorta. (neuvanalife.com)
  • the nerve divides into internal and external branches near the level of the hyoid. (nih.gov)
  • It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE. (lookformedical.com)
  • The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. (nih.gov)
  • To observe the dissection of a giraffe's recurrent laryngeal nerve by Professor Richard Dawkins, check out this link . (futurism.com)
  • This amazing nerve is part of your body's autonomic nervous system and is responsible for sending messages to almost every organ in your body. (neuvanalife.com)
  • The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord , including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves . (lookformedical.com)
  • C26733 Cranial Nerve Disorder C103171 Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury C118464 Pediatric Adverse Events Terminology C35078 Tourette Syndrome Tourette Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette syndrome A neurologic disorder caused by defective metabolism of the neurotransmitters in the brain. (nih.gov)
  • The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. (lookformedical.com)
  • Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve ( VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE ). (lookformedical.com)
  • Dr. Clayman has lectured nationally and internationally on the topic of surgical management of thyroid cancer from minimally invasive to aggressive thyroid cancer and the evaluation and management of recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer. (thyroidcancer.com)
  • The latter, through efferent nerves, releases neuromediators that influence immune cells and modulates local inflammation. (bmj.com)
  • Short-term and long-term effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after robotic esophagectomy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The nerve is typically monitored throughout surgery and protected to prevent injury. (findatopdoc.com)
  • Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve , which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. (lookformedical.com)
  • Swallow Safety in Infant Pigs With and Without Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Lesion. (omeka.net)
  • A subject of high importance: the recurrent laryngeal nerve has been one of the best cases for evolution due to the alarmingly obscure detour its route is forced to take. (futurism.com)
  • This nerve is made up of a series of smaller nerves that travel from your brainstem to your abdomen, passing through many of your body's major organs. (neuvanalife.com)
  • At this location Otto Loewi first proved that nerves secrete substances called neurotransmitters which have effects on receptors in target tissues. (wikidoc.org)
  • Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The nerve travels widely throughout the body affecting several organ systems and regions of the body, such as the tongue, pharynx, heart, and gastrointestinal system. (nih.gov)
  • This nerve begins at the base of your brain and travels down through your body to some of its most important organs, like your stomach, gallbladder, heart, lungs, and digestive tract. (neuvanalife.com)
  • Porphyria This rare disorder can cause seizures and damage to the vagal nerve. (wikidoc.org)
  • Damage to the nerve may produce weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation. (nih.gov)
  • It is also called the pneumogastric nerve since it innervates both the lungs and the stomach. (wikidoc.org)
  • Evolution does not distinguish different outcomes for the recurrent laryngeal nerve. (blogspot.com)
  • The nerve would travel directly from the brain, past the heart, and to the gills as it does with most modern-day fish. (futurism.com)
  • However, since the neck began elongating and the heart began lowering into the chest, the nerve became caught on the wrong side of the heart. (futurism.com)
  • The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus. (lookformedical.com)
  • Maturation of the Coordination Between Respiration and Deglutition with and Without Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Lesion in an Animal Model. (omeka.net)
  • The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. (lookformedical.com)