Receptors pituitary hormone. Medical search

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.

Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Examinations that evaluate functions of the pituitary gland.

A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.

The sudden loss of blood supply to the PITUITARY GLAND, leading to tissue NECROSIS and loss of function (PANHYPOPITUITARISM). The most common cause is hemorrhage or INFARCTION of a PITUITARY ADENOMA. It can also result from acute hemorrhage into SELLA TURCICA due to HEAD TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. Clinical signs include severe HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; bilateral visual disturbances; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; and COMA.

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

A POU domain factor that regulates expression of GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; and THYROTROPIN-BETA in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

A condition resulting from congenital malformations involving the brain. The syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia combines hypoplasia or agenesis of the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the OPTIC NERVE. The extent of the abnormalities can vary. Septo-optic dysplasia is often associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic and other diencephalic structures, and HYPOPITUITARISM.

A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)

A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.

A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.

Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).

Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.

A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.

Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY.

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.

Labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. Mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. The receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. This receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor.

A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.

Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the endocrine glands or demonstration of their physiological processes.

A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

Anterior pituitary cells that can produce both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)

A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.

Anterior pituitary cells which produce GROWTH HORMONE.

Proteins obtained from species of fish (FISHES).

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Radiation therapy used to treat the PITUITARY GLAND.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. It shows considerable size variation among the species, small in humans, and large in amphibians and lower vertebrates. This lobe produces mainly MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and other peptides from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.

Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH); TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.

Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce PROLACTIN.

A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.

Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE.

An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).

Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).

The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

The beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin. It is a 112-amino acid glycopolypeptide of about 16 kD. Full biological activity of TSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

Hormones produced in the testis.

One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.

The surgical removal of one or both testicles.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.

A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.

Long term orexigenic effect of a novel melanocortin 4 receptor selective antagonist. (1/206)

1. We designed and synthesized several novel cyclic MSH analogues and tested their affinities for cells expressing the MC1, MC3, MC4 and MC5 receptors. 2. One of the substances HS028 (cyclic [AcCys11, dichloro-D-phenylalanine14, Cys18, Asp-NH2(22)]-beta-MSH11-22) showed high affinity (Ki of 0.95nM) and high (80 fold) MC4 receptor selectivity over the MC3 receptor. HS028 thus shows both higher affinity and higher selectivity for the MC4 receptor compared to the earlier first described MC4 receptor selective substance HS014. 3. HS028 antagonised a alpha-MSH induced increase in cyclic AMP production in transfected cells expressing the MC3 and MC4 receptors, whereas it seemed to be a partial agonist for the MC1 and MC5 receptors. 4. Chronic intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administration of HS028 by osmotic minipumps significantly increased both food intake and body weight in a dose dependent manner without tachyphylaxis for a period of 7 days. 5. This is the first report demonstrating that an MC4 receptor antagonist can increase food intake and body weight during chronic administration providing further evidence that the MC4 receptor is an important mediator of long term weight homeostasis. (+info)

alpha-MSH and its receptors in regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by human monocyte/macrophages. (2/206)

The hypothesis that macrophages contain an autocrine circuit based on melanocortin [ACTH and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)] peptides has major implications for neuroimmunomodulation research and inflammation therapy. To test this hypothesis, cells of the THP-1 human monocyte/macrophage line were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence and absence of alpha-MSH. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was inhibited in relation to alpha-MSH concentration. Similar inhibitory effects on TNF-alpha were observed with ACTH peptides that contain the alpha-MSH amino acid sequence and act on melanocortin receptors. Nuclease protection assays indicated that expression of the human melanocortin-1 receptor subtype (hMC-1R) occurs in THP-1 cells; Southern blots of RT-PCR product revealed that additional subtypes, hMC-3R and hMC-5R, also occur. Incubation of resting macrophages with antibody to hMC-1R increased TNF-alpha concentration; the antibody also markedly reduced the inhibitory influence of alpha-MSH on TNF-alpha in macrophages treated with LPS. These results in cells known to produce alpha-MSH at rest and to increase secretion of the peptide when challenged are consistent with an endogenous regulatory circuit based on melanocortin peptides and their receptors. Targeting of this neuroimmunomodulatory circuit in inflammatory diseases in which myelomonocytic cells are prominent should be beneficial. (+info)

Regulation of basal expression of catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme genes by PACAP. (3/206)

We have previously reported that the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is important in the gene regulation of both induction and basal expressions of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to activate the intracellular cAMP/PKA pathway. In the present study, using primary cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells, we determined whether the basal activity of the PACAP receptor might play a role in the maintenance of the basal expression of these enzyme genes via the cAMP/PKA pathway. The potent PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP (6-38) caused a reduction of TH and DBH mRNA levels in a dose dependent manner as well as their enzyme activities and TH protein level. The effects of PACAP (6-38) and the PKA inhibitor H-89 exhibited generally similar trends, and were not additive in the reduction of TH and DBH gene expression and activities, suggesting that they take a common intracellular signaling pathway. The antagonist also caused decreases in the intracellular norepinephrine and epinephrine levels similar to the effect of H-89. Taken together, the data suggests that PACAP is involved in the regulation of maintenance of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes TH and DBH by utilizing the cAMP/PKA pathway. (+info)

Enhanced expression of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) in normal human keratinocytes during differentiation: evidence for increased expression of POMC peptides near suprabasal layer of epidermis. (4/206)

Immunohistochemical staining of human skin specimen showed the stronger localization of proopiomelanocortin peptides near the suprabasal layer of the epidermis, where keratinocytes are mostly differentiated. To test the possibilities of whether the production of proopiomelanocortin peptides or their receptor-binding activity or both is increased during differentiation of keratinocytes, we treated the cells in culture with Ca2+ to induce their differentiation. The production of proopiomelanocortin peptides and its gene expression were not induced significantly, but the binding ability of melanocortin receptor, as well as its gene expression were stimulated by Ca2+. Ultraviolet B irradiation, an inducer of differentiation, stimulated both proopiomelanocortin production and melanocortin receptor expression. These data show that normal human keratinocytes express melanocortin receptor similar to melanocytes, and that it is induced during differentiation. (+info)

Expression, pharmacological, and functional evidence for PACAP/VIP receptors in human lung. (5/206)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) type 1 (PAC(1)) and common PACAP/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) type 1 and 2 (VPAC(1) and VPAC(2), respectively) receptors were detected in the human lung by RT-PCR. The proteins were identified by immunoblotting at 72, 67, and 68 kDa, respectively. One class of PACAP receptors was defined from (125)I-labeled PACAP-27 binding experiments (dissociation constant = 5.2 nM; maximum binding capacity = 5.2 pmol/mg protein) with a specificity: PACAP-27 approximately VIP > helodermin approximately peptide histidine-methionine (PHM) >> secretin. Two classes of VIP receptors were established with (125)I-VIP (dissociation constants of 5.4 and 197 nM) with a specificity: VIP approximately helodermin approximately PACAP-27 >> PHM >> secretin. PACAP-27 and VIP were equipotent on adenylyl cyclase stimulation (EC(50) = 1.6 nM), whereas other peptides showed lower potency (helodermin > PHM >> secretin). PACAP/VIP antagonists supported that PACAP-27 acts in the human lung through either specific receptors or common PACAP/VIP receptors. The present results are the first demonstration of the presence of PAC(1) receptors and extend our knowledge of common PACAP/VIP receptors in the human lung. (+info)

High-voltage-activated calcium current and its modulation by dopamine D4 and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptors in cerebellar granule cells. (6/206)

Cerebellar granule cells were a good mold for electrophysiologic studies at the single neuron level. Two distinct types of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels were present in cerebellar granule cells. These calcium channels change their expression, gating, and pharmacological properties during development, suggesting that calcium channel must be related to the processes of granule cell maturation and excitability. Dopamine inhibited L-type calcium current by activating D4 receptor, and this effect might involve another signaling system with the exception of cAMP system. The functional D4 receptor discovered in cerebellum not only gave a possibility to find other antipsychotics, but also supported the existence of a dopaminergic system in the granule cell involving the D4 receptor. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) could increase intracellular Ca2+ content by activation of Ca2+ channel and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. The effects were also cAMP-independent. Activating Ca2+ currents might be an important and necessary role of PACAP as a neurotropic factor involved in the control of multiplication, differentiation, and migration of granule cells. (+info)

Functional characterization of structural alterations in the sequence of the vasodilatory peptide maxadilan yields a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide type 1 receptor-specific antagonist. (7/206)

Maxadilan is a vasodilatory peptide derived from sand flies that is an agonist at the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) type 1 receptor. Surprisingly, maxadilan does not share significant sequence homology with PACAP. To examine the relationship between structure and activity of maxadilan, several amino acid substitutions and deletions were made in the peptide. These peptides were examined in vitro for binding to crude membranes derived from rabbit brain, a tissue that expresses PACAP type 1 receptors; and induction of cAMP was determined in PC12 cells, a line that expresses these receptors. The peptides were examined in vivo for their ability to induce erythema in rabbit skin. Substitution of the individual cysteines at positions 1 and 5 or deletion of this ring structure had little effect on activity. Substitution of either cysteine at position 14 or 51 eliminated activity. Deletion of the 19 amino acids between positions 24 and 42 resulted in a peptide with binding, but no functional activity. The capacity of this deletion mutant to interact with COS cells transfected with the PACAP type 1 receptor revealed that this peptide was a specific antagonist to the PACAP type 1 receptor. (+info)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides directly stimulate sympathetic neuron neuropeptide Y release through PAC(1) receptor isoform activation of specific intracellular signaling pathways. (8/206)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP) have potent regulatory and neurotrophic activities on superior cervical ganglion (SCG) sympathetic neurons with pharmacological profiles consistent for the PACAP-selective PAC(1) receptor. Multiple PAC(1) receptor isoforms are suggested to determine differential peptide potency and receptor coupling to multiple intracellular signaling pathways. The current studies examined rat SCG PAC(1) receptor splice variant expression and coupling to intracellular signaling pathways mediating PACAP-stimulated peptide release. PAC(1) receptor mRNA was localized in over 90% of SCG neurons, which correlated with the cells expressing receptor protein. The neurons expressed the PAC(1)(short)HOP1 receptor but not VIP/PACAP-nonselective VPAC(1) receptors; low VPAC(2) receptor mRNA levels were restricted to ganglionic nonneuronal cells. PACAP27 and PACAP38 potently and efficaciously stimulated both cAMP and inositol phosphate production; inhibition of phospholipase C augmented PACAP-stimulated cAMP production, but inhibition of adenylyl cyclase did not alter stimulated inositol phosphate production. Phospholipase C inhibition blunted neuron peptide release, suggesting that the phosphatidylinositol pathway was a prominent component of the secretory response. These studies demonstrate preferential sympathetic neuron expression of PACAP-selective receptor variants contributing to regulation of autonomic function. (+info)

"A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release". Science. 273 (5277): 974-77. Bibcode: ... Ghrelin receptor[edit]. The ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a (a splice-variant of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, with the ... The receptor for ghrelin, the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is found on the same cells in the brain as ... Ghrelin was discovered after the ghrelin receptor (called growth hormone secretagogue type 1A receptor or GHS-R) was discovered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin

Posterior pituitary hormones. *Vasopressin receptor agonists. *Hormones of the hypothalamus. *Hormones of the pregnant female ... oxytocin receptor binding. • hormone activity. • neurohypophyseal hormone activity. • neuropeptide hormone activity. Cellular ... Its actions are mediated by specific, oxytocin receptors. The oxytocin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that requires ... Cardiac effects: oxytocin and oxytocin receptors are also found in the heart in some rodents, and the hormone may play a role ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin

The hormone then reacts with receptors inside of the cell.[20] The activated receptors reach the nucleus of the cells and ... These hormones travel through the blood vessels to the anterior pituitary gland of the brain.[20] At this location, ... There are two glucocorticoid receptors; one is the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and another is the glucocorticoid receptor ( ... compared to the hormones of the SAM system.[20] The effect of cortisol depends upon the type of receptor that it interacts with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood

Genes for human growth hormone, known as growth hormone 1 (somatotropin; pituitary growth hormone) and growth hormone 2 ( ... Peptide hormones *GHRH (somatocrinin) through binding to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR)[20] ... These cells release the peptides growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone ... Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, also known as human growth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatotropin

Genes for human growth hormone, known as growth hormone 1 (somatotropin; pituitary growth hormone) and growth hormone 2 ( ... peptide hormones *GHRH (somatocrinin) through binding to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR)[20] ... These cells release the peptides Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone ... Lin-Su K, Wajnrajch MP (December 2002). "Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and the GHRH Receptor". Reviews in Endocrine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hgh

... receptors of human pituitary gland". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 24 (1): RC1-3. doi:10.1007/bf03343800. PMID 11227737. S2CID ... Deghenghi R, Papotti M, Ghigo E, Muccioli G (2001). "Cortistatin, but not somatostatin, binds to growth hormone secretagogue ( ... Robas N, Mead E, Fidock M (2004). "MrgX2 is a high potency cortistatin receptor expressed in dorsal root ganglion". J. Biol. ... 2003). "Cortistatin rather than somatostatin as a potential endogenous ligand for somatostatin receptors in the human immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortistatin_(neuropeptide)

... is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue acting as an agonist at pituitary GnRH receptors. Agonism of ... As of July 2018, it is in phase II clinical trials for endometriosis.[needs update] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § ... GnRH receptors initially results in the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ... pituitary GnRH receptors become desensitised after several weeks of continuous leuprorelin therapy. This protracted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuprorelin

These receptors are activated by the peptide hormone α-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and antagonized by the agouti- ... It has been found that AgRP stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to release ACTH, cortisol and prolactin. ... The appetite-stimulating effects of AgRP are inhibited by the hormone leptin and activated by the hormone ghrelin. Adipocytes ... Ghrelin has receptors on NPY/AgRP neurons that stimulate the secretion of NPY and AgRP to increase appetite. AgRP is stored in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide

The pituitary synthesizes and secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH, in turn, stimulates production of the thyroid ... In Igsf1 deficient mice, the receptor for TRH is downregulated in the pituitary. This decrease could explain, at least in part ... TSH secretion is controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is released by neurons in the hypothalamus of the ... How the loss of IGSF1 causes a decrease in TRH receptors is presently unknown. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147255 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGSF1

"Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: GnRH receptor". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union ... G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. It is expressed on the surface of pituitary gonadotrope cells as well as lymphocytes ... This gene encodes the receptor for type 1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone. This receptor is a member of the seven-transmembrane ... Bédécarrats GY, Kaiser UB (2007). "Mutations in the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor: insights into receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNRHR

They also regulate many hormones including pituitary, gonadal and hypothalamic hormones as well as insulin. They are also nerve ... The type II receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. Each ... It can then either form a receptor complex with activin A receptor, type IB (ACVR1B) or with activin A receptor, type IC ( ... TGFβ superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway

3,5-T2 is an active thyroid hormone. It stimulates the TR-beta receptor for thyroid hormones and thus increases energy ... It has agonistic (thyromimetic) effects at myocardial tissue and pituitary, which results in 3,5-T2 suppressing TSH release. 3, ... 3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) is an active thyroid hormone within the class of iodothyronines. It has two iodine atoms at ... This could explain why patients with low T3 syndrome don't benefit from substitution therapy with thyroid hormones. Goglia F ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,5-Diiodothyronine

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § Antagonists "Orgalutran". European Medicines Agency. Retrieved 11 May 2012. Oberyé J ... Ganirelix competitively blocks GnRH receptors on the pituitary gonadotroph, quickly resulting in the suppression of ... The drug works by blocking the action of GnRH upon the pituitary, thus rapidly suppressing the production and action of LH and ... Ganirelix has a significantly higher receptor binding affinity (Kd = 0.4 nM) than GnRH (Kd = 3.6 nM). When ganirelix is given ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganirelix

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis releases the needed hormones to support the immune system. Activity of the immune system is ... Overactivation of glucocorticoid receptors can lead to health risks. Regulators of the immune system. Affect cell growth, ... Anti-inflammatory hormones that enhance the organism's response to a stressor. Prevent the overreaction of the body's own ... Release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus is influenced by stress. CRH is a major regulator of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroimmunology

... a neuropeptide and hormone, in the brain and periphery, resulting in increased signaling through its receptor tyrosine kinase, ... Psychological stress induces the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ... "stress hormone", cortisol, is a glucocorticoid that binds to glucocorticoid receptors. ... IGF-1 elicits its physiological effects by binding to a specific receptor tyrosine kinase, the IGF-1 receptor, to control ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise

receptor binding. • V1A vasopressin receptor binding. • V1B vasopressin receptor binding. • neuropeptide hormone activity. ... Pituitary gland, brain. Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress;[23] social interpretation of olfactory ... Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin,[5] is a hormone synthesized as a ... regulation of receptor activity. • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. • maternal aggressive behavior. • positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin

V1 receptors are found in various sites around the body. The major points include the CNS, Liver, Anterior Pituitary, Muscle ( ... Felypressin is a non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor that is chemically related to vasopressin, the posterior pituitary hormone. ... Felypressin is a Vasopressin 1 agonist, and will thus have effects at all Arginine vasopressin receptor 1As. It will, however, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felypressin

The anterior pituitary in turn releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH induces the release of corticosteroids and ... When a receptor within the body senses a stressor, a signal is sent to the anterior hypothalamus. At the reception of the ... Stress hormones influence the processes carried out in the hippocampus and amygdala which are also associated with emotional ... These stress hormones are also hindering the hippocampus from receiving enough energy by diverting glucose levels to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_stress_on_memory

Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis Male lactation Prolactin modulator Prolactin receptor Prolactin-releasing hormone ... The hormone acts in endocrine, autocrine and paracrine manner through the prolactin receptor and numerous cytokine receptors. ... Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin. Prolactin levels may be checked as part of a sex hormone workup, ... Prolactin receptors are present in the mammillary glands, ovaries, pituitary glands, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, liver, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin

Thyroxine receptors in the pituitary gland are activated by the surplus hormone, suppressing additional release of TSH in a ... Agents that act as antagonists at thyroid stimulating hormone receptors are currently under investigation as a possible ... Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins recognize and bind to the thyrotropin receptor (TSH receptor) which stimulates the ... in which the body produces antibodies to the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone. (Antibodies to thyroglobulin and to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves

Dual expression of p80 type I and p68 type II interleukin-1 receptors on anterior pituitary cells synthesizing growth hormone. ... the restoration of immune functions in aged subjects by pituitary-derived hormones, the role of hormones on susceptibility to ... Growth hormone augments superoxide anion secretion of human neutrophils by binding to the prolactin receptor. The Journal of ... showing that both isoforms of the IL-1 receptor are expressed only on pituitary cells that synthesize growth hormone as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_W._Kelley

... hormone responsiveness in the anterior pituitary is mediated by an increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors". ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates and prolongs GnSAF biosynthesis in growing small ... GnSAF is involved in regulating the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary and the ovarian cycle. ... Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estradiol on Luteinizing Hormone Biosynthesis in Cultured Rat Anterior Pituitary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor

The drug binds to receptors in the pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of gonadotropins (namely luteinzing hormone and ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § Agonists "gonadorelin analogue , Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved ... prior to down-regulation of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors, thereby reducing the release of gonadotropins in the ... thus reversibly repressing expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It is a decapeptide ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptorelin

... which are secreted from the pituitary); all of these peptides bind to opioid receptors and produce analgesic (and other) ... The hormones are secreted from chromaffin granules; this is where the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase catalyses the conversion of ... This desensitization and downregulation of α2 adrenergic receptors is caused by the upregulation of the enzyme Adrenal G ... and a few other hormones into the blood stream. The secreted adrenaline and noradrenaline play an important role in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaffin_cell

... dexamethasone binds to glucocorticoid receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which lie outside the blood-brain barrier, ... ACTH as measured prior to dosing of dexamethasone Equivocal results should be followed by a corticotropin-releasing hormone ... Dexamethasone is an exogenous steroid that provides negative feedback to the pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of ... A high dose of dexamethasone exerts negative feedback on pituitary neoplastic ACTH-producing cells (Cushing's disease), but not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone_suppression_test

... luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, from the pituitary gland. This, in turn, results in profound suppression ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § Agonists Chrisp P, Goa KL (April 1990). "Nafarelin. A review of its pharmacodynamic ... Nafarelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) and works by preventing the production of sex hormones by ... It works by continuously activating the GnRH receptor, which results in profound desensitization of the receptor such that it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafarelin

This hormone stimulates the production of FSH receptors on the follicular granulosa cells and has at the same time a negative ... The pituitary gland secrete follicle-stimulating hormones (FSHs) that stimulate follicular growth and oocyte maturation. The ... Meiotic division I goes on in the ovulated oocyte stimulated by luteinizing hormones (LHs) produced by the pituitary gland. FSH ... So taste receptors play a functional role for controlling apoptosis in male reproductive tissue. The mutation frequencies for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary. FSH plays a key role in development, growth and ... Leptin receptors are also found in mammary epithelial cells and leptin has been observed as a growth factor in breast tissue. ... Notable hormone differences occur between CPP and PT patients, so studying these hormone levels is the main biochemical ... CPP is treated with lutenizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone agonists. PT can impact growth velocity and bone age slightly, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_thelarche

Gonadal hormone receptors have also been found in the basal fore-brain nuclei. Estradiol influences cognitive function, ... Estrogen receptors have been found in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, and frontal cortex, indicating the ... Sex hormone production is regulated by the gonadotropic hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH ... Oxytocin is a hormone that induces contraction of the uterus and lactation in mammals and is also a characteristic hormone of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences

2011). "Chapter 17: Pancreatic hormones & diabetes mellitus". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: ... are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),[115] or ... pituitary axes. Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency ... "Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

The intestines also contain receptors that send satiety signals to the brain. The hormone cholecystokinin is secreted by the ... These include depression, food allergies, ingestion of certain chemicals, bulimia, anorexia nervosa, pituitary gland ... "MCH (Melanin Concentrating Hormone) and MCH-2 Receptor". Mice lacking Melanin-Concentrating Hormone are hypophagic and lean ... The signals from the stomach are initiated by the release of the peptide hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

hormone-mediated signaling pathway. • follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway. • regulation of receptor activity. • G- ... Saxena BB، Rathnam P (1976). "Amino acid sequence of the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone from human pituitary ... Fujiki Y، Rathnam P، Saxena BB (1980). "Studies on the disulfide bonds in human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone". ... Shome B، Parlow AF (1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone- ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/هرمون_منبه_للجريب_بيتا

Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. *Hormones of the thyroid gland ... T4 and T3 bind to thyroid receptor proteins in the cell nucleus and cause metabolic effects through the control of DNA ... It may also be used to treat goiter via its ability to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone that is considered ... Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4).[1][4] It is used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11-12, human ... Receptor/signaling modulators. Androgens and antiandrogens. Estrogen receptor modulators. Progesterone receptor modulators. ... This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), which prevents the ... "Hormones and Behavior. 53 (5): 613-26. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.013. PMC 2706155 . PMID 18374335.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and are peptide hormones that signal the gonads to produce sex hormones. By suppressing ... Androgen receptor degradersEdit. Selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs) are another new type of antiandrogen that has ... Antigonadotropins are drugs that suppress the GnRH-mediated secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland.[64] ... Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, Koutsilieris M (2007). "Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

腦下垂體及下視丘（英語：Template:Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues） ... Glutamate receptor antagonist（英語：Excitatory amino acid antagonist） (NMDA（英語：NMDA receptor antagonist）) ... Cannabinoid receptor antagonist（英語：Cannabinoid receptor antagonist）. *Endocannabinoid enhancer（英語：Endocannabinoid enhancer） ( ... Glutamate receptor agonist（英語：Excitatory amino acid agonist） (AMPA（英語：Ampakine

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/肾上腺素

Endorphins are also involved in the release of sex hormones in the pituitary gland.[4] Also, scientists think that acupuncture ... All of the endorphins bind to the opioid receptors in the brain. Many of the analgesic (pain killer) drugs have a similar ... They are usually in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. More endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of ... They are produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. Their name has two parts: endo- and -orphin; these are ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins

Media.pituitary.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26. [permanent dead link]) Schwartz, Erika T.; Holtorf, Kent (2008). "Hormones in ... Holtorf prescribes naltrexone, an opioid receptor blocker, used most often to treat opiate addiction, and buproprion ( ... Holtorf, K (2009). "The bioidentical hormone debate: Are bioidentical hormones (estradiol, estriol, and progesterone) safer or ... He has been an advocate of bioidentical hormones, which has been labeled as quack medicine. He published an extensive review on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Holtorf

... the anterior pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.. •The hypothalamic- ... In the brain, cortisol acts on two types of receptor - mineralocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors, and these are ... pituitary-gonadal axis comprises hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone ... Over time, CRF receptors in the anterior pituitary will become down-regulated, producing depression and anxiety symptoms.[33] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis

選擇性雌激素受體調節物（SERM）是一種人工合成或是從植物提煉的藥物，可以選擇性的成為雌激素受体（英语：estrogen receptor）的激动剂或拮抗剂，進行調節作用。最常見的有雷洛昔芬（英语：raloxifene）及諾瓦得士。雷洛昔芬在骨骼和脂质 ... 對於更

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/绝经期

Whan a hormone binds tae the receptor, it results in the activation o a seegnal transduction pathwey that teepically activates ... hormones is eften dependent on complex sets o direct influence an feedback interactions involvin the hypothalamic-pituitary- ... Regulation o hormone synthesis o gonadal hormones, adrenocortical hormones, an thyroid ... Some hormones are completely active whan released intae the bluidstream (as is the case for insulin an growthe hormones), while ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

radiology - randomized trial - rebound - receptor (immunology) - recombinant - recombinant DNA - recombinant DNA technology - ... hormone - host - host factors - HPTN - HPV - HRSA - HTLV-I - HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP ... pituitary gland - placebo - placebo controlled study - placebo effect - plasma - plasma cells - platelets - PML - Pneumocystis ... co-receptors - coccidioidomycosis - codon - cofactors - cognitive impairment - cohort - colitis - combination therapy - ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics

The TrkB receptor is encoded by the NTRK2 gene and is member of a receptor family of tyrosine kinases that includes TrkA and ... Exposure to stress and the stress hormone corticosterone has been shown to decrease the expression of BDNF in rats, and, if ... Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). *Pleiotrophin. *Renalase. *Thrombopoietin (see here instead) ... receptor binding. • neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding. • growth factor activity. • GO:0001948 protein binding. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

... by causing GnRH receptor downregulation) to GnRH. Pituitary desensitization reduces the secretion of LH and FSH and thus ... the release of the pituitary hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). However, after the ... GnRH agonists acts as agonists of the GnRH receptor, the biological target of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones.[1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist

... the hormone regulatory centre of the brain and part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key part of the body's stress ... activation of the D2 receptor promoter by members of the retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor family". Proceedings of the ... Isotretinoin has a low affinity for retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR), but may be converted ... transcriptional activation of the dopamine D2 receptor - in addition to serotonin and glutamate receptors - is regulated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

... in the production of the gonadotropin hormones normally released by the anterior pituitary gland known as luteinising hormone ( ... FSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Kisspeptin and its associated receptor KISS1R are known to be involved in the regulation ... FSHR (Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity, XX gonadal dysgenesis). *GnRHR (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity) ... Hormone replacement therapy[edit]. The method and dose of treatment will vary depending on the individual being treated. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome

The ubiquitin receptor Rpn13 binds to Rpn2 and completes the base cub-complex. The lid covers one half of the AAA-ATPase ... Wilk S, Orlowski M (November 1980). "Cation-sensitive neutral endopeptidase: isolation and specificity of the bovine pituitary ... and its control by ecdysteroid hormones in the insect Manduca sexta". FEBS Letters. 400 (3): 345-9. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(96) ... The second ubiquitin receptor identified to date, Rpn10, is positioned at the periphery of the lid, near subunits Rpn8 and Rpn9 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome

Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the chromaffin cells, the hormone release ... and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body. ... Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones.[1] ... Pituitary gland. Anterior. *Pars intermedia. *Pars tuberalis. *Pars distalis. *Acidophil cell *Somatotropic cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

The receptor for PDGF, PDGFR is classified as a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), a type of cell surface receptor. Two types of ... Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). *Pleiotrophin. *Renalase. *Thrombopoietin (see here instead) ... Like many other growth factors that have been linked to disease, PDGF and its receptors have provided a market for receptor ... "Isolation of a novel receptor cDNA establishes the existence of two PDGF receptor genes". Science. 243 (4892): 800-4. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor

Receptors[edit]. Main article: Bradykinin receptor. *The B1 receptor (also called bradykinin receptor B1) is expressed only as ... Agonists: Growth hormone. *Human placental lactogen. *Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant) ... The kinin B1 and B2 receptors belong to G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. ... This receptor has been also described to play a role in inflammation.[10] Most recently, it has been shown that the kinin B1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by stimulating the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) ... TNF can bind two receptors, TNFR1 (TNF receptor type 1; CD120a; p55/60) and TNFR2 (TNF receptor type 2; CD120b; p75/80). TNFR1 ... tumor necrosis factor receptor binding. • cytokine activity. • identical protein binding. Cellular component. • membrane. • ... receptor biosynthetic process. • activation of MAPK activity. • immune response. • leukocyte tethering or rolling. • positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

... and of hormone-bound lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 to treat neuroendocrine tumors (peptide receptor radionuclide therapy). ... Effects on pituitary system[edit]. Hypopituitarism commonly develops after radiation therapy for sellar and parasellar ... adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiencies are the least common among people with ... Radiation-induced hypopituitarism mainly affects growth hormone and gonadal hormones.[28] In contrast, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

A peptide hormone, gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which ... The olfactory receptors are located on cell surfaces in the nose which bind to chemicals enabling the detection of smells. It ... Taste is a form of chemoreception that takes place in the specialised taste receptors, contained in structures called taste ... The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system

Prolactin modulators: Prolactin inhibitors: D2 receptor agonists (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline); Prolactin releasers: D2 ... "Dipeptidyl arylamidase II of the pituitary. Properties of lysylalanyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis: inhibition by cations, ... Agonists: Growth hormone. *Human placental lactogen. *Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were considerably elevated (30-33 mIU/mL and 34-37 mIU/mL, ... which is caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER) - specifically, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) - that results in an ... Impaired negative feedback by estrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis would account for the elevated ... follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were 6.7-19.1 mIU/mL and 5.8-13.2 mIU/mL, respectively), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_insensitivity_syndrome

Shome B, Parlow AF (1973). "The primary structure of the hormone-specific, beta subunit of human pituitary luteinizing hormone ... Keutmann HT, Hua QX, Weiss MA (1992). "Structure of a receptor-binding fragment from human luteinizing hormone beta-subunit ... "Involvement of Gs and Gi proteins in dual coupling of the luteinizing hormone receptor to adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C ... biologically inactive luteinizing hormone: characterization of the abnormal hormone". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52 (6): 1143- ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_polipeptid_luteinizirajućeg_hormona

insulin receptor binding. • hormone activity. • GO:0001948 protein binding. • growth factor activity. • insulin-like growth ... Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). *Pleiotrophin. *Renalase. *Thrombopoietin (see here instead) ... IGF-2 exerts its effects by binding to the IGF-1 receptor and to the short isoform of the insulin receptor (IR-A or exon 11-).[ ... together with luteinizing hormone (LH). Thus, IGF2 acts as a co-hormone together with both FSH and LH.[10] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones. *Corticosteroids *Glucocorticoids. *Mineralocorticoids. *Sex hormones. *Thyroid hormones/ ... 5-HT3 receptor antagonists block serotonin receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. As such, they ... NK1 receptor antagonist *Aprepitant (Emend) is a commercially available NK1 Receptor antagonist ... Mirtazapine (Remeron) is an antidepressant that also has antiemetic effects[4][5] it is also a potent histamine H1 receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic

It blocks dopamine receptors in the anterior pituitary gland increasing release of prolactin which in turn increases lactation. ... and luteinizing hormone (LH) and resulting in hypogonadism (low sex hormone (e.g., testosterone, estradiol) levels).[36] As ... Due to blockade of D2 receptors in the central nervous system, D2 receptor antagonists like metoclopramide can also produce a ... Domperidone is a peripherally selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist.[7] It has no clinically significant interaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

Identification of a Novel Pituitary-Specific Chicken Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor and Its Splice Variants. ... "Identification of a Novel Pituitary-Specific Chicken Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor and Its Splice Variants," Biology ... "Identification of a Novel Pituitary-Specific Chicken Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor and Its Splice Variants," Biology ... Cloning and Expression of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor in the... Evidence for Different Gonadotropin Releasing ...

https://bioone.org/journals/Biology-of-Reproduction/volume-75/issue-5/biolreprod.105.050252/Identification-of-a-Novel-Pituitary-Specific-Chicken-Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormone/10.1095/biolreprod.105.050252.short

Pituitary receptor site blockade by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vivo: mechanism of action ... Pituitary receptor site blockade by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vivo: mechanism of action ... Pituitary receptor site blockade by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vivo: mechanism of action ... Pituitary receptor site blockade by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vivo: mechanism of action ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/216/4544/420

Thyroid Hormone Receptors Suppress Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 Activity in Hepatoma. Ruey-Nan Chen, Ya-Hui Huang, Chau- ... thyroid hormone receptors, TR), which belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. These receptors function as ligand- ... Thyroid Hormone Receptors Suppress Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 Activity in Hepatoma ... Thyroid Hormone Receptors Suppress Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 Activity in Hepatoma ...

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/6/1697

Pituitary Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Genes and Associations with Mammographic Measures and ... Pituitary Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Genes and Associations with Mammographic Measures and ... Pituitary Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Genes and Associations with Mammographic Measures and ... Pituitary Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Genes and Associations with Mammographic Measures and ...

https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/2648

The Role of Pituitary Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Receptors in the Physiological Regulation of Gonadotrophin Secretion ... Richard N. Clayton; The Role of Pituitary Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Receptors in the Physiological Regulation of ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/64/1/1/72995/The-Role-of-Pituitary-Gonadotrophin-Releasing?redirectedFrom=fulltext

... in which GABA receptors are expressed and pituitary growth hormone (GH) cells provide a source of GABA. We hypothesised that ... RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that GABA-B receptor subunits R1 and R2 are present in the whole rat pituitary. Laser ... To investigate GABA-B receptor function in somatotropes, we used rat GH3 adenoma cells, which, like pituitary GH cells, express ... Activation of GABA-B receptors and regulation of growth hormone levels. In: Neuroendocrinology, Nr. 3: S. 170-177 ...

https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16580/index.html

Peptide receptor protein relationships steroid feedback in gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation of the steer anterior ... Pituitary receptors for gonadotropin releasing hormone in relation to changes in pituitary and plasma gonadotropins in ... pituitary regulation of cell responses and gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors by gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulation of g protein function in the rat anterior pituitary ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/006/079/006079883.php

Compounds were tested for the effective dose to induce luteinizing hormone (LH) release in rat pituitary receptors. ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/102693

These findings suggested that at least 1-2 methionine residues in each subunit are involved in the hormone-receptor interaction ... Carboxymethylation of methionine residues in bovine pituitary luteinizing hormone and its subunits. Effects on the binding ... Carboxymethylation of methionine residues in bovine pituitary luteinizing hormone and its subunits. Effects on the binding ... Carboxymethylation of methionine residues in bovine pituitary luteinizing hormone and its subunits. Effects on the binding ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/159/1/71

Estrogen Receptor alpha, a Sex-Dependent Predictor of Aggressiveness in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas: SSTR and Sex Hormone ... analyses of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) 1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5, estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), and progesterone receptor ... Context: Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are fairly common and require a multidisciplinary approach. Reliable markers ... Objective: We aimed to characterize the somatostatin, estrogen, and progesterone receptor distribution for NFPAs and compare it ...

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1164525

Gonadotrope androgen receptor mediates pituitary responsiveness to hormones and androgen-induced subfertility. ... Gonadotrope androgen receptor mediates pituitary responsiveness to hormones and androgen-induced subfertility. ... female mice with disruption of the androgen receptor (Ar) gene specifically in pituitary gonadotropes (PitARKO) were produced. ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controls reproduction. While we have demonstrated that androgen impairs ovarian ...

https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/127817/pdf

This novel GHR mutation provides evidence for impaired hormone autofeedback in the pathogenesis of these pituitary tumors. It ... hormone excess, and histomorphologic features. Those that cause growth hormone (GH) excess and acromegaly are subdivided into ... Pharmacologic GH antagonism recapitulates the morphologic phenotype of pituitary tumors from which this mutation was identified ... This GHR mutation significantly impairs glycosylation-mediated receptor processing, maturation, ligand binding, and signaling. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-growth-hormone-receptor-mutation-impairs-growth-Asa-Digiovanni/8ffa8df885ef7d2d132629b1ff23e121896bb22c

Luteinizing hormone secretion from wild-type and progesterone receptor knockout mouse anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology. ... Luteinizing hormone secretion from wild-type and progesterone receptor knockout mouse anterior pituitary cells. / Turgeon, ... title = "Luteinizing hormone secretion from wild-type and progesterone receptor knockout mouse anterior pituitary cells", ... T1 - Luteinizing hormone secretion from wild-type and progesterone receptor knockout mouse anterior pituitary cells ...

https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/luteinizing-hormone-secretion-from-wild-type-and-progesterone-rec

... and Ligand Selectivity of a Novel Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Expressed in the Pituitary and Midbrain of ,I,Xenopus ...

http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/73218

Pituitary Hormone" by people in this website by year, and whether "Receptors, Pituitary Hormone" was a major or minor topic of ... Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous ... "Receptors, Pituitary Hormone" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Receptors, Pituitary Hormone*Receptors, Pituitary Hormone. *Receptors, Pituitary Hormones. *Pituitary Hormones Receptors ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/19324

These mutations can occur in the genes coding for GnRH, LH, and FSH or their receptors. Depending on which hormone and receptor ... The anterior portion of the pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these ... Millar RP, Lu ZL, Pawson AJ, Flanagan CA, Morgan K, Maudsley SR (April 2004). "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis

Desensitization and internalization of human and Xenoplus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors expressed in aT4 pituitary ... Desensitization and internalization of human and Xenoplus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors expressed in aT4 pituitary ... Desensitization and internalization of human and Xenoplus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors expressed in aT4 pituitary ... Desensitization and internalization of human and Xenoplus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors expressed in aT4 pituitary ...

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/desensitization-and-internalization-of-human-and-xenoplus-gonadot

... one of them also associated with serum growth hormone levels. These findings suggest that the GH1 gene may also influence ... We have found associations between mammographic density and two SNPs in the pituitary growth hormone gene, ... Pituitary growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor genes and associations with mammographic measures and ... Pituitary growth hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor genes and associations with mammographic measures and ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/phgHome.action?action=forward&dbsource=huge&id=18968

To determine its possible side-effects on the pituitary gland, we investigated the gene expression of pituitary LH-RH-receptors ... To determine its possible side-effects on the pituitary gland, we investigated the gene expression of pituitary LH-RH-receptors ... To determine its possible side-effects on the pituitary gland, we investigated the gene expression of pituitary LH-RH-receptors ... To determine its possible side-effects on the pituitary gland, we investigated the gene expression of pituitary LH-RH-receptors ...

https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/targeted-cytotoxic-analogue-of-luteinizing-hormone-releasing-horm

... ... The hypothalamic decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), acting via its receptors (GnRHRs) expressed in pituitary ... Basal transcription; Gonadotrophs; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor; Regulated ... Intrinsic and Regulated Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Transcription in Mammalian Pituitary Gonadotrophs. Front ...

http://ibiss-r.rcub.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2853

... mRNA in two tissues involved in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We have used a solution hybridization/ ... The present study was designed to characterize the regulation of the type II corticosteroid receptor (GR) ... Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / pharmacology * Dexamethasone / pharmacology * Female * Gene Expression Regulation* / drug ... Differential regulation of type II corticosteroid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the rat anterior pituitary ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2361479/?dopt=Abstract

anterior pituitary-like hormones synonyms, anterior pituitary-like hormones pronunciation, anterior pituitary-like hormones ... English dictionary definition of anterior pituitary-like hormones. n. 1. a. A substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced ... growth hormone, human growth hormone, somatotrophic hormone, somatotrophin, somatotropic hormone, somatotropin, STH - a hormone ... hormone. (redirected from anterior pituitary-like hormones). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia. hor·mone. (hôr′ ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+pituitary-like+hormones

... axis and its end-effectors glucocorticoid hormones play central roles in the adaptive response to numerous stressors that can ... axis and its end-effectors glucocorticoid hormones play central roles in the adaptive response to numerous stressors that can ... Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis, Glucocorticoids, and Glucocorticoid Receptor. The HPA axis consists of three ... The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the steroid/thyroid/nuclear receptor superfamily, acts as a tissue receptor for ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2015.00230/full

They are made in the pituitary gland that controls the the activity of the other endocrine glands in the body. ... Hormones are the chemical substances that coordinate the activities of living organism growth. ... Hormones attach themselves to proteins but they cant bind to hormone receptors. So what a hormone needs to do is to lose its ... The pituitary-stimulating hormone helps regulate hormones by secreting them to the endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is ...

https://chiropracticscientist.com/functional-endocrinology-understanding-hormones-from-the-pituitary-to-the-receptor-sites/

... receptor was isolated from a human pituitary cDNA library. The cDNA encoded a polypeptide consisting of 525 amino acids with ... A functional cDNA clone for a human pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) ... Receptors, Pituitary Hormone / biosynthesis* * Receptors, Pituitary Hormone / genetics * Receptors, Pituitary Hormone / ... Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide * Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7902709/?dopt=Abstract

The increased pituitary CRH receptor mRNA after stress suggests that stress-induced CRH receptor down-regulation is due to ... In contrast, repeated immobilization or ip hypertonic saline for 8 or 14 days increased pituitary CRH receptor mRNA, and CRH ... Acute stress caused time- and stress type-dependent changes in pituitary CRH receptor expression. In situ hybridization studies ... Although in 6-day ADX rats pituitary CRH receptor mRNA levels were markedly reduced after acute immobilization, glucocorticoid ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Regulation-of-messenger-ribonucleic-acid-for-corti-Rabad%C3%A1n-Diehl-Kiss/5597782174d6161524ed36dbe9caad974cc39366

... receptor (CRHR-2) in the brain in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, we conducted experiments using ... and in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), whereas sustained increases in arginine vasopressin (AVP) hnRNA and c-fos ... min prior to agonist injection attenuated the stimulatory effects of urocortin-2 on the above-mentioned hypothalamic-pituitary- ... In an attempt to clarify the role of the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ...

https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=b7224fed-4293-46af-bbab-abc7ba7a4f85

Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; COX, cyclooxygenase; DA, dopamine; HPA, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal; i.c.v ... Prostaglandin E receptor EP1 controls impulsive behavior under stress. Yoko Matsuoka, Tomoyuki Furuyashiki, Kiyofumi Yamada, ... Prostaglandin E receptor EP1 controls impulsive behavior under stress. Yoko Matsuoka, Tomoyuki Furuyashiki, Kiyofumi Yamada, ... Prostaglandin E receptor EP1 controls impulsive behavior under stress Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16066.short

Resistance to thyroid hormone: Feedback loop interrupted on the level of pituitary thyroid hormone receptors. ... The pituitary gland secretes thyrotropin (TSH; Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) that stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine ( ... Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus as well as anterior pituitary, thus controlling the ... Both peripheral thyroid hormones (iodothyronines) inhibit thyrotropin secretion from the pituitary (negative feedback). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid_axis

Pituitary Diseases. Endocrine System Diseases. Tolvaptan. Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists. Molecular Mechanisms of ... a drug that blocks the action of the water retaining hormone vasopressin. The study will enroll stable outpatients with CHF ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01346072

Anatomy22

Organisms5

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Long term orexigenic effect of a novel melanocortin 4 receptor selective antagonist. (1/206)

alpha-MSH and its receptors in regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by human monocyte/macrophages. (2/206)

Regulation of basal expression of catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme genes by PACAP. (3/206)

Enhanced expression of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) in normal human keratinocytes during differentiation: evidence for increased expression of POMC peptides near suprabasal layer of epidermis. (4/206)

Expression, pharmacological, and functional evidence for PACAP/VIP receptors in human lung. (5/206)

High-voltage-activated calcium current and its modulation by dopamine D4 and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptors in cerebellar granule cells. (6/206)

Functional characterization of structural alterations in the sequence of the vasodilatory peptide maxadilan yields a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide type 1 receptor-specific antagonist. (7/206)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides directly stimulate sympathetic neuron neuropeptide Y release through PAC(1) receptor isoform activation of specific intracellular signaling pathways. (8/206)

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Pituitary Hormones

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Neoplasms

Hypopituitarism

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

Prolactin

Pituitary Diseases

Pituitary Hormones, Posterior

Luteinizing Hormone

Growth Hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Human Growth Hormone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Thyrotropin

Hormones

Pituitary Function Tests

Dwarfism, Pituitary

Hypophysectomy

Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Gonadotropins, Pituitary

Adenoma

Pituitary Gland, Posterior

Thyroid Hormones

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Prolactinoma

Pituitary Apoplexy

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Transcription Factor Pit-1

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Adenoma, Basophil

Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit

Septo-Optic Dysplasia

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide

Thyroxine

Hypothalamus

Hyperprolactinemia

Hydrocortisone

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

LIM-Homeodomain Proteins

Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

Parathyroid Hormone

Craniopharyngioma

Sella Turcica

Estradiol

Radioimmunoassay

Testosterone

Adrenal Insufficiency

Adenoma, Acidophil

Central Nervous System Cysts

Hypogonadism

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic

Endocrine System Diseases

Hypothyroidism

Receptors, Pituitary Hormone

Hypothalamic Diseases

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

RNA, Messenger

Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Ether

Progesterone

Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion

Receptors, Prolactin

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine

Dwarfism

Somatostatin

Rats, Inbred Strains

Ovary

Triiodothyronine

Ovariectomy

Chromogranins

Sexual Maturation

Receptors, LHRH

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I