A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.
Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.
The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.
The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.
Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.
A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).
C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.
A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.
The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.
The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).
A metallocarboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal basic amino acid from peptides and proteins, with preference shown for lysine over arginine. It is a plasma zinc enzyme that inactivates bradykinin and anaphylatoxins.
A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects.
A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

C5a receptor and interleukin-6 are expressed in tissue macrophages and stimulated keratinocytes but not in pulmonary and intestinal epithelial cells. (1/328)

The anaphylatoxin derived from the fifth component of the human complement system (C5a) mediates its effects by binding to a single high-affinity receptor (C5aR/CD88), the expression of which has been traditionally thought to be restricted to granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages (Mphi), and cell lines of myeloid origin. Recent immunohistochemical data suggested that human bronchial and alveolar cells express C5aR as well. To reexamine the tissue distribution of human C5aR expression, transcription of the C5aR gene was investigated in normal and pathologically affected human lung (bronchopneumonia, tuberculosis), large intestine (acute appendicitis, Crohn's disease), and skin (pyogenic granuloma, lichen planus) using in situ hybridization. In contrast to previous evidence, C5aR mRNA could not be detected in pulmonary or intestinal epithelial cells, whereas keratinocytes in inflamed but not in normal skin revealed detectable levels of C5aR transcripts. Additionally, it could be documented that only migrating Mphi express C5aR mRNA, whereas sessile Mphi in normal tissues and epithelioid/multinucleated Mphi found in granulomatous lesions do not. Because C5a has been demonstrated to upregulate the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 in human monocytes, we also studied IL-6 gene transcription in parallel to the C5aR. IL-6 mRNA was detectable in many tissue Mphi. Surprisingly, a tight co-expression of C5aR and IL-6 mRNA was observed in keratinocytes from lesions of pyogenic granuloma and lichen planus. These results point to an as yet unknown role for C5a in the pathogenesis of skin disorders beyond its well-defined function as a chemoattractant and activator of leukocytes.  (+info)

Chimeric receptors of the human C3a receptor and C5a receptor (CD88). (2/328)

Chimeras were generated between the human anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a receptors (C3aR and C5aR, respectively) to define the structural requirements for ligand binding and discrimination. Chimeric receptors were generated by systematically exchanging between the two receptors four receptor modules (the N terminus, transmembrane regions 1 to 4, the second extracellular loop, and transmembrane region 5 to the C terminus). The mutants were transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells (with or without Galpha-16) and analyzed for cell surface expression, binding of C3a and C5a, and functional responsiveness (calcium mobilization) toward C3a, C5a, and a C3a as well as a C5a analogue peptide. The data indicate that in both anaphylatoxin receptors the transmembrane regions and the second extracellular loop act as a functional unit that is disrupted by any reciprocal exchange. N-terminal substitution confirmed the two-binding site model for the human C5aR, in which the receptor N terminus is required for high affinity binding of the native ligand but not a C5a analogue peptide. In contrast, the human C3a receptor did not require the original N terminus for high affinity binding of and activation by C3a, a result that was confirmed by N-terminal deletion mutants. This indicates a completely different binding mode of the anaphylatoxins to their corresponding receptors. The C5a analogue peptide, but not C5a, was an agonist of the C3aR. Replacement of the C3aR N terminus by the C5aR sequence, however, lead to the generation of a true hybrid C3a/C5a receptor, which bound and functionally responded to both ligands, C3a and C5a.  (+info)

Effects of a new C5a receptor antagonist on C5a- and endotoxin-induced neutropenia in the rat. (3/328)

A new C5a receptor antagonist, the cyclic peptide Phe-[Orn-Pro-D-cyclohexylalanine-Trp-Arg], (F-[OPdChaWR]), was tested for its ability to antagonize the neutropenic effects of both C5a and endotoxin in rats. Human recombinant C5a (2 microg kg(-1) i.v.) caused rapid neutropenia, characterized by an 83% decrease in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) at 5 min. Administration of F-[OPdChaWR] (0.3-3 mg kg(-1) i.v.), did not affect the levels of circulating PMNs but, when given 10 min prior to C5a, it inhibited the C5a-induced neutropenia by up to 70%. Administration of E. Coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg kg(-1) i.v.) also caused neutropenia with an 88% decrease in circulating PMNs after 30 min. When rats were pretreated with F-[OPdChaWR] (0.3 - 10 mg kg(-1) i.v.) 10 min prior to LPS, there was a dose-dependent antagonism of the neutropenia caused by LPS, with up to 69% reversal of neutropenia observed 30 min after LPS administration. These findings suggest that C5a receptor antagonists may have therapeutic potential in the many diseases known to involve either endotoxin or C5a.  (+info)

Dynamics of a chemoattractant receptor in living neutrophils during chemotaxis. (4/328)

Persistent directional movement of neutrophils in shallow chemotactic gradients raises the possibility that cells can increase their sensitivity to the chemotactic signal at the front, relative to the back. Redistribution of chemoattractant receptors to the anterior pole of a polarized neutrophil could impose asymmetric sensitivity by increasing the relative strength of detected signals at the cell's leading edge. Previous experiments have produced contradictory observations with respect to receptor location in moving neutrophils. To visualize a chemoattractant receptor directly during chemotaxis, we expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged receptor for a complement component, C5a, in a leukemia cell line, PLB-985. Differentiated PLB-985 cells, like neutrophils, adhere, spread, and polarize in response to a uniform concentration of chemoattractant, and orient and crawl toward a micropipette containing chemoattractant. Recorded in living cells, fluorescence of the tagged receptor, C5aR-GFP, shows no apparent increase anywhere on the plasma membrane of polarized and moving cells, even at the leading edge. During chemotaxis, however, some cells do exhibit increased amounts of highly folded plasma membrane at the leading edge, as detected by a fluorescent probe for membrane lipids; this is accompanied by an apparent increase of C5aR-GFP fluorescence, which is directly proportional to the accumulation of plasma membrane. Thus neutrophils do not actively concentrate chemoattractant receptors at the leading edge during chemotaxis, although asymmetrical distribution of membrane may enrich receptor number, relative to adjacent cytoplasmic volume, at the anterior pole of some polarized cells. This enrichment could help to maintain persistent migration in a shallow gradient of chemoattractant.  (+info)

Human T cells express the C5a receptor and are chemoattracted to C5a. (5/328)

The anaphylatoxin C5a is a potent mediator of inflammation that exerts a broad range of activity on cells of the myeloid lineage. In this study, we present the first evidence that human T cells express the C5a receptor (C5aR) and are chemotactic to C5a. Using FACS analysis, we found that the C5aR was expressed at a low basal level on unstimulated T cells and was strikingly up-regulated upon PHA stimulation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. CD3+ sorted T cells as well as Jurkat T cells were shown to express C5aR mRNA as assessed by RT-PCR. Moreover, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that C5aR mRNA was down-regulated in purified T cells upon long-term PHA stimulation. To demonstrate that C5a was biologically active on T cells, we investigated the chemotactic activity of C5a and observed that purified CD3+ T cells are chemotactic to C5a at nanomolar concentrations. Finally, using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we showed that the T cells infiltrating the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis express the C5aR mRNA. In summary, these results suggest that C5a exerts direct effects on T cells and could be involved in the trafficking of T cells under physiological and pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.  (+info)

Inhibition of a membrane complement regulatory protein by a monoclonal antibody induces acute lethal shock in rats primed with lipopolysaccharide. (6/328)

Rats pretreated with traces of LPS developed acute fatal shock syndrome after i.v. administration of a mAb that inhibits the function of a membrane complement regulatory molecule. Such a shock was not observed after the administration of large amounts of LPS instead of the mAb following LPS pretreatment. The lethal response did not occur in rats depleted of either leukocytes or complement, and a C5a receptor antagonist was found to inhibit the reaction. Furthermore, LPS-treated rats did not suffer fatal shock following the injection of cobra venom factor, which activates complement in the fluid phase so extensively as to exhaust complement capacity. Therefore, complement activation on cell membranes is a requirement for this type of acute reaction.  (+info)

C5a receptor activation. Genetic identification of critical residues in four transmembrane helices. (7/328)

Hormones and sensory stimuli activate serpentine receptors, transmembrane switches that relay signals to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). To understand the switch mechanism, we subjected 93 amino acids in transmembrane helices III, V, VI, and VII of the human chemoattractant C5a receptor to random saturation mutagenesis. A yeast selection identified 121 functioning mutant receptors, containing a total of 523 amino acid substitutions. Conserved hydrophobic residues are located on helix surfaces that face other helices in a modeled seven-helix bundle (Baldwin, J. M., Schertler, G. F., and Unger, V. M. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272, 144-164), whereas surfaces predicted to contact the surrounding lipid tolerate many substitutions. Our analysis identified 25 amino acid positions resistant to nonconservative substitutions. These appear to comprise two distinct components of the receptor switch, a surface at or near the extracellular membrane interface and a core cluster in the cytoplasmic half of the bundle. Twenty-one of the 121 mutant receptors exhibit constitutive activity. Amino acids substitutions in these activated receptors predominate in helices III and VI; other activating mutations truncate the receptor near the extracellular end of helix VI. These results identify key elements of a general mechanism for the serpentine receptor switch.  (+info)

rC5a directs the in vitro migration of human memory and naive tonsillar B lymphocytes: implications for B cell trafficking in secondary lymphoid tissues. (8/328)

Human C5a is a potent chemoattractant for granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells. In mice C5a has been shown to be chemotactic for germinal center (GC) B cells. To date, no information is available on the effects of C5a on human B cell locomotion. Here we demonstrate that rC5a increases polarization and migration of human tonsillar B cells. The locomotory response was due to both chemokinetic and chemotactic activities of rC5a. Moreover, memory and, at a lesser extent, naive B cell fractions from purified tonsillar populations displayed rC5a-enhanced migratory properties, whereas GC cells did not. Flow cytometry revealed C5aR (CD88) on approximately 40% memory and 10% naive cells, respectively, whereas GC cells were negative. Immunohistochemistry showed that a few CD88+ cells were of the B cell lineage and localized in tonsillar subepithelial areas, where the majority of memory B cells settle. Pretreatment of memory B cells with the CD88 mAb abolished their migratory responsiveness to rC5a. Finally, the C5 gene was found to be expressed in naive, GC, and memory B lymphocytes at both the mRNA and the protein level. This study delineates a novel role for C5a as a regulator of the trafficking of human memory and naive B lymphocytes and supports the hypothesis that the B cells themselves may serve as source of C5 in secondary lymphoid tissues.  (+info)

The term "Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a" refers to a specific type of receptor found on the surface of various cells in the human body, including immune cells and endothelial cells. This receptor binds to a molecule called C5a, which is a cleavage product of the complement component C5 and is one of the most potent anaphylatoxins.

Anaphylatoxins are inflammatory mediators that play a crucial role in the immune response, particularly in the activation of the complement system and the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury. C5a is generated during the activation of the complement system and has a wide range of biological activities, including chemotaxis (attracting immune cells to the site of inflammation), increased vascular permeability, and the activation of immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells.

The C5a receptor, also known as CD88, is a G protein-coupled receptor that belongs to the superfamily of seven transmembrane domain receptors. When C5a binds to the receptor, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to the activation of various cellular responses, such as the release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation.

Abnormal activation of the C5a/C5a receptor pathway has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, targeting this pathway with therapeutic agents has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of these conditions.

Anaphylatoxins are a group of small protein molecules that are released during an immune response, specifically as a result of the activation of the complement system. The term "anaphylatoxin" comes from their ability to induce anaphylaxis, a severe and rapid allergic reaction. There are three main anaphylatoxins, known as C3a, C4a, and C5a, which are derived from the cleavage of complement components C3, C4, and C5, respectively.

Anaphylatoxins play a crucial role in the immune response by attracting and activating various immune cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, to the site of infection or injury. They also increase vascular permeability, causing fluid to leak out of blood vessels and leading to tissue swelling. Additionally, anaphylatoxins can induce smooth muscle contraction, which can result in bronchoconstriction and hypotension.

While anaphylatoxins are important for the immune response, they can also contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, and sepsis. Therefore, therapies that target the complement system and anaphylatoxin production have been developed and are being investigated as potential treatments for these conditions.

Complement C3a is a protein fragment that is generated during the activation of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system. The complement system helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body by marking them for destruction and attracting immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

C3a is produced when the third component of the complement system (C3) is cleaved into two smaller fragments, C3a and C3b, during the complement activation cascade. C3a is a potent anaphylatoxin, which means it can cause the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to inflammation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.

C3a also has chemotactic properties, meaning it can attract immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes to the site of complement activation. Additionally, C3a can modulate the activity of various immune cells, including dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, and play a role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response.

It's important to note that while C3a has important functions in the immune response, uncontrolled or excessive activation of the complement system can lead to tissue damage and inflammation, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and allergies.

Complement C5a is a protein fragment that is generated during the activation of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system. The complement system helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body by tagging them for destruction and attracting immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

C5a is formed when the fifth component of the complement system (C5) is cleaved into two smaller fragments, C5a and C5b, during the complement activation cascade. C5a is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator that can attract and activate various immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils, to the site of infection or injury. It can also increase vascular permeability, promote the release of histamine, and induce the production of reactive oxygen species, all of which contribute to the inflammatory response.

However, excessive or uncontrolled activation of the complement system and generation of C5a can lead to tissue damage and inflammation, contributing to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, targeting C5a or its receptors has been explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for these conditions.

Complement receptors are proteins found on the surface of various cells in the human body, including immune cells and some non-immune cells. They play a crucial role in the complement system, which is a part of the innate immune response that helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Complement receptors bind to complement proteins or fragments that are generated during the activation of the complement system. This binding triggers various intracellular signaling events that can lead to diverse cellular responses, such as phagocytosis, inflammation, and immune regulation.

There are several types of complement receptors, including:

1. CR1 (CD35): A receptor found on erythrocytes, B cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and glomerular podocytes. It functions in the clearance of immune complexes and regulates complement activation.
2. CR2 (CD21): Expressed mainly on B cells and follicular dendritic cells. It facilitates antigen presentation, B-cell activation, and immune regulation.
3. CR3 (CD11b/CD18, Mac-1): Present on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and some T cells. It mediates cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and intracellular signaling.
4. CR4 (CD11c/CD18, p150,95): Expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It is involved in cell adhesion, phagocytosis, and intracellular signaling.
5. C5aR (CD88): Found on various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, and dendritic cells. It binds to the complement protein C5a and mediates chemotaxis, degranulation, and inflammation.
6. C5L2 (GPR77): Present on various cell types, including immune cells. Its function is not well understood but may involve regulating C5a-mediated responses or acting as a receptor for other ligands.

These receptors play crucial roles in the immune response and inflammation by mediating various functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cell adhesion, and intracellular signaling. Dysregulation of these receptors has been implicated in several diseases, including autoimmune disorders, infections, and cancer.

Complement C5a, des-Arginine is a derivative of the complement component C5a. The complement system is a group of proteins that are part of the body's immune defense against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. When activated, the complement system can help to eliminate pathogens by attracting immune cells to the site of infection, promoting inflammation, and directly killing the pathogen.

C5a is a small protein that is generated when the complement component C5 is cleaved during the activation of the complement system. C5a is a potent anaphylatoxin, which means it can cause the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, leading to increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection.

Des-Arginine refers to the removal of an arginine residue from the C-terminus of C5a. This modified form of C5a is known as C5a-desArg and has reduced pro-inflammatory activity compared to intact C5a. However, it can still contribute to the regulation of the immune response by interacting with specific receptors on immune cells.

In summary, Complement C5a, des-Arginine is a derivative of the complement component C5a that has reduced pro-inflammatory activity due to the removal of an arginine residue from its C-terminus.

Complement C5 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body. The complement system is a complex series of biochemical reactions that help to identify and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses.

Complement C5 is one of several proteins in the complement system that are activated in a cascading manner in response to an activating event, such as the binding of an antibody to a pathogen. Once activated, Complement C5 can be cleaved into two smaller proteins, C5a and C5b.

C5a is a powerful anaphylatoxin, which means it can cause the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, leading to inflammation and increased vascular permeability. It also acts as a chemoattractant, drawing immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

C5b, on the other hand, plays a role in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is a protein structure that can punch holes in the membranes of pathogens, leading to their lysis and destruction.

Overall, Complement C5 is an important component of the immune system's response to infection and injury, helping to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body.

Complement C3 is a protein that plays a central role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to clear pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Complement C3 can be activated through three different pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Once activated, it breaks down into two fragments, C3a and C3b.

C3a is an anaphylatoxin that helps to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury, while C3b plays a role in opsonization, which is the process of coating pathogens or damaged cells with proteins to make them more recognizable to the immune system. Additionally, C3b can also activate the membrane attack complex (MAC), which forms a pore in the membrane of target cells leading to their lysis or destruction.

In summary, Complement C3 is an important protein in the complement system that helps to identify and eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body through various mechanisms.

Complement C4a is a protein fragment or cleavage product generated during the activation of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system. The complement system helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells by marking them for destruction and direct lysis. Complement component 4 (C4) is one of the key proteins in this cascade, and it gets cleaved into C4a and C4b during the activation process.

C4a is a small anaphylatoxin with a molecular weight of approximately 9 kDa. It has chemotactic properties, meaning it can attract immune cells like neutrophils to the site of complement activation. Additionally, C4a can induce histamine release from mast cells and basophils, contributing to local inflammation. However, its precise physiological role in the immune response is not entirely clear, and dysregulation of C4a production has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and allergies.

Complement activation is the process by which the complement system, a part of the immune system, is activated to help eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body. The complement system consists of a group of proteins that work together to recognize and destroy foreign substances.

Activation of the complement system can occur through three different pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Each pathway involves a series of proteolytic reactions that ultimately result in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which creates a pore in the membrane of the target cell, leading to its lysis and removal.

The classical pathway is typically activated by the binding of antibodies to antigens on the surface of a pathogen or damaged cell. The lectin pathway is activated by the recognition of specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of microorganisms. The alternative pathway can be spontaneously activated and serves as an amplification loop for both the classical and lectin pathways.

Complement activation plays a crucial role in the immune response, but uncontrolled or excessive activation can also lead to tissue damage and inflammation. Dysregulation of complement activation has been implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases.

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens are cell-surface proteins that are expressed on leukocytes (white blood cells) and can be used to identify and distinguish different subsets of these cells. They are important markers in the field of immunology and hematology, and are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

CD antigens are designated by numbers, such as CD4, CD8, CD19, etc., which refer to specific proteins found on the surface of different types of leukocytes. For example, CD4 is a protein found on the surface of helper T cells, while CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

CD antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, in which antibodies are designed to bind to specific CD antigens and trigger an immune response against cancer cells or infected cells. They can also be used as markers to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment.

It's important to note that not all CD antigens are exclusive to leukocytes, some can be found on other cell types as well, and their expression can vary depending on the activation state or differentiation stage of the cells.

Biological toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment. Biological toxins can be classified into different categories based on their mode of action, such as neurotoxins (affecting the nervous system), cytotoxins (damaging cells), and enterotoxins (causing intestinal damage).

Examples of biological toxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, ricin toxin from the castor bean plant, and saxitoxin produced by certain types of marine algae.

Biological toxins can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested or exposed to, as well as the route of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin contact). They can cause illnesses ranging from mild to severe, and some can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

Prevention and control measures for biological toxins include good hygiene practices, vaccination against certain toxin-producing bacteria, avoidance of contaminated food or water sources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling or working with potential sources of toxins.

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that occurs suddenly after exposure to an allergen (a substance that triggers an allergic reaction) to which the person has previously been sensitized. The symptoms of anaphylaxis include rapid onset of symptoms such as itching, hives, swelling of the throat and tongue, difficulty breathing, wheezing, cough, chest tightness, rapid heartbeat, hypotension (low blood pressure), shock, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness and death. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline) and other supportive measures to stabilize the patient's condition.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream where they circulate and are able to move quickly to sites of infection or inflammation in the body. Neutrophils are capable of engulfing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances through a process called phagocytosis. They are also involved in the release of inflammatory mediators, which can contribute to tissue damage in some cases. Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and other proteins that help them carry out their immune functions.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Membrane proteins are a type of protein that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of biological membranes, such as the plasma membrane of cells or the inner membrane of mitochondria. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including:

1. Cell-cell recognition and signaling
2. Transport of molecules across the membrane (selective permeability)
3. Enzymatic reactions at the membrane surface
4. Energy transduction and conversion
5. Mechanosensation and signal transduction

Membrane proteins can be classified into two main categories: integral membrane proteins, which are permanently associated with the lipid bilayer, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are temporarily or loosely attached to the membrane surface. Integral membrane proteins can further be divided into three subcategories based on their topology:

1. Transmembrane proteins, which span the entire width of the lipid bilayer with one or more alpha-helices or beta-barrels.
2. Lipid-anchored proteins, which are covalently attached to lipids in the membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor or other lipid modifications.
3. Monotopic proteins, which are partially embedded in the membrane and have one or more domains exposed to either side of the bilayer.

Membrane proteins are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are targets for various therapeutic interventions, including drug development and gene therapy. However, their structural complexity and hydrophobicity make them challenging to study using traditional biochemical methods, requiring specialized techniques such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

The complement system is a group of proteins found in the blood and on the surface of cells that when activated, work together to help eliminate pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi from the body. The proteins are normally inactive in the bloodstream. When they encounter an invading microorganism or foreign substance, a series of reactions take place leading to the activation of the complement system. Activation results in the production of effector molecules that can punch holes in the cell membranes of pathogens, recruit and activate immune cells, and help remove debris and dead cells from the body.

There are three main pathways that can lead to complement activation: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Each pathway involves a series of proteins that work together in a cascade-like manner to amplify the response and generate effector molecules. The three main effector molecules produced by the complement system are C3b, C4b, and C5b. These molecules can bind to the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Complement proteins also play a role in the regulation of the immune response. They help to prevent excessive activation of the complement system, which could damage host tissues. Dysregulation of the complement system has been implicated in a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

In summary, Complement System Proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune response by helping to eliminate pathogens and regulate the immune response. They can be activated through three different pathways, leading to the production of effector molecules that mark pathogens for destruction. Dysregulation of the complement system has been linked to various diseases.

Lysine carboxypeptidase is not a widely recognized or used medical term. However, in biochemistry, carboxypeptidases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds at the carboxyl-terminal end of a protein or peptide. If there is a specific enzyme named "lysine carboxypeptidase," it would be an enzyme that selectively removes lysine residues from the carboxyl terminus of a protein or peptide.

There are several enzymes that can act as carboxypeptidases, and some of them have specificities for certain amino acids, such as arginine or lysine. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, processing, and regulation.

It's worth noting that the term "lysine carboxypeptidase" may refer to different enzymes depending on the context, such as bacterial or mammalian enzymes, and they may have different properties and functions.

Complement C4 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to clear pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Complement C4 is involved in the early stages of the complement activation cascade, where it helps to identify and tag foreign or abnormal cells for destruction by other components of the immune system.

Specifically, Complement C4 can be cleaved into two smaller proteins, C4a and C4b, during the complement activation process. C4b then binds to the surface of the target cell and helps to initiate the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which creates a pore in the cell membrane and leads to lysis or destruction of the target cell.

Deficiencies or mutations in the Complement C4 gene can lead to various immune disorders, including certain forms of autoimmune diseases and susceptibility to certain infections.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Triprolidine is an antihistamine medication that is used to relieve symptoms caused by allergies, such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy or watery eyes. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Triprolidine may also be used to help relieve symptoms of motion sickness.

It is important to note that this definition is for informational purposes only and should not be taken as medical advice. If you have any questions about triprolidine or its use, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Histamine release is the process by which mast cells and basophils (types of white blood cells) release histamine, a type of chemical messenger or mediator, into the surrounding tissue fluid in response to an antigen-antibody reaction. This process is a key part of the body's immune response to foreign substances, such as allergens, and helps to initiate local inflammation, increase blood flow, and recruit other immune cells to the site of the reaction.

Histamine release can also occur in response to certain medications, physical trauma, or other stimuli. When histamine is released in large amounts, it can cause symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and hives. In severe cases, it can lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is a laboratory technique used in the field of clinical pathology and immunology. It is a method for separating and identifying proteins, particularly immunoglobulins or antibodies, in a sample. This technique combines the principles of electrophoresis, which separates proteins based on their electric charge and size, with immunological reactions, which detect specific proteins using antigen-antibody interactions.

In IEP, a protein sample is first separated by electrophoresis in an agarose or agar gel matrix on a glass slide or in a test tube. After separation, an antibody specific to the protein of interest is layered on top of the gel and allowed to diffuse towards the separated proteins. This creates a reaction between the antigen (protein) and the antibody, forming a visible precipitate at the point where they meet. The precipitate line's position and intensity can then be analyzed to identify and quantify the protein of interest.

Immunoelectrophoresis is particularly useful in diagnosing various medical conditions, such as immunodeficiency disorders, monoclonal gammopathies (like multiple myeloma), and other plasma cell dyscrasias. It can help detect abnormal protein patterns, quantify specific immunoglobulins, and identify the presence of M-proteins or Bence Jones proteins, which are indicative of monoclonal gammopathies.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Alligators and crocodiles are large, semi-aquatic reptiles belonging to the order Crocodylia. They are characterized by a long, broad snout, powerful tail, and sharp teeth designed for grabbing and holding onto prey. Alligators and crocodiles are similar in appearance but can be distinguished by their snouts: alligators have a wider, U-shaped snout, while crocodiles have a more V-shaped snout.

Alligators (family Alligatoridae) are native to the United States and China, with two living species: the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). They prefer freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) are found in tropical regions around the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. There are 14 species of crocodiles, including the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Crocodiles can tolerate both freshwater and saltwater environments.

Both alligators and crocodiles are apex predators, feeding on a variety of animals such as fish, birds, and mammals. They are known for their powerful bite force and have been reported to take down large prey, including deer and cattle. Alligators and crocodiles play an important role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems by controlling populations of other animals and helping to keep waterways clean.

While alligators and crocodiles are often feared due to their size and predatory nature, they are also threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting. Several species are considered endangered or vulnerable, and conservation efforts are underway to protect them and their habitats.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

"Anaphylatoxin Receptors: C5a". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. It functions as a complement receptor. C5a receptor 1 modulates inflammatory responses ... May 1998). "Expression of receptors for C5a anaphylatoxin (CD88) on human bronchial epithelial cells: enhancement of C5a- ...
Li R, Coulthard LG, Wu MC, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM (Mar 2013). "C5L2: a controversial receptor of complement anaphylatoxin, C5a ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... the C5a receptor (also termed CD88) and GPR77, and a second C5a receptor, C5a2 (C5L2), which has the structure of a G protein ...
Li R, Coulthard LG, Wu MC, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM (Mar 2013). "C5L2: a controversial receptor of complement anaphylatoxin, C5a ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... the G protein-coupled C5a receptor (also termed CD88) and a second C5a receptor, GPR77 (i.e. C5a2 or C5L2), which has the ...
Gerard C, Gerard NP (1994). "C5A anaphylatoxin and its seven transmembrane-segment receptor". Annual Review of Immunology. 12: ... Anaphylatoxins, or complement peptides, are fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are produced as part of the activation of the ... The C3a, C4a and C5a components are referred to as anaphylatoxins: they cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, ... Pan ZK (November 1998). "Anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a induce nuclear factor kappaB activation in human peripheral blood monocytes ...
C5a) and GPR77, a second C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor C5a2 (C5L2), a second C5a receptor of debated function which ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1, FPR1 receptor, fMet-Leu-Phe receptor 1, FMLP receptor 1, or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl- ...
Gerard C, Gerard NP (1994). "C5A anaphylatoxin and its seven transmembrane-segment receptor". Annual Review of Immunology. 12 ( ... "Chemokine Receptors: CCR1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... C-C CKR1, a receptor for macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/Rantes, is also a functional receptor for MCP3". The Journal ... This gene encodes a member of the beta chemokine receptor family, which belongs to G protein-coupled receptors. The ligands of ...
Oppermann M, Götze O (1995). "Plasma clearance of the human C5a anaphylatoxin by binding to leucocyte C5a receptors". ... "Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor". J. Biol. ... An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived ... 1995). "[Chemico-enzymatic synthesis, cloning and expression of a gene for an analog of human anaphylatoxin C5a]". Bioorg. Khim ...
"Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor". J. Biol. ... Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. ... Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector ... "Phosphorylation-dependent activation of the Ras-GRF/CDC25Mm exchange factor by muscarinic receptors and G-protein beta gamma ...
"Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor". J. Biol. ... Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. ... Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector ...
"Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor". J. Biol. ... Mayne M, Holden CP, Nath A, Geiger JD (2000). "Release of calcium from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-regulated stores ... "Human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoproteins gp120 and gp160 specifically inhibit the CD3/T cell-antigen receptor ... in the bovine parathyroid and in human kidney HEK293 cells stably transfected with the human parathyroid Ca2+-sensing receptor ...
"Entrez Gene: P2RY14 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 14". Gerard C, Gerard NP (1994). "C5A anaphylatoxin and its ... 2003). "Characterization of the UDP-glucose receptor (re-named here the P2Y14 receptor) adds diversity to the P2Y receptor ... This receptor is a P2Y purinergic receptor for UDP-glucose and other UDP-sugars coupled to G-proteins. It has been implicated ... "P2Y Receptors: P2Y14". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. ...
C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5AR2 gene. It's a complement component ... 2004). "C5a mutants are potent antagonists of the C5a receptor (CD88) and of C5L2: position 69 is the locus that determines ... Cain SA, Monk PN (2002). "The orphan receptor C5L2 has high affinity binding sites for complement fragments C5a and C5a des-Arg ... G protein-coupled receptor, of class A (rhodopsin-like). The anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a are cationic fragments generated ...
Like C3a, C5a is also an anaphylatoxin that interacts with its cognate C5a receptor (C5aR) to attract leukocytes. Subsequent ... While the anaphylatoxin C3a interacts with its C3a receptor (C3aR) to recruit leukocytes, C3b contributes to further downstream ... Phagocytes have receptors for C3b and as a result of receptor-ligand binding are able to more easily recognize and engulf ... Surface bound C4b acts as a receptor for the binding of C2. The binding of C2 and C4b results in C2 being cleaved by C1s into ...
"In Xenopus oocytes the human C3a and C5a receptors elicit a promiscuous response to the anaphylatoxins". FEBS Letters. 395 (2-3 ... "Anaphylatoxin Receptors: C3a". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... The C3a receptor also known as complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor protein involved in ... "Expression of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a receptors on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells in models of ...
C3a receptor C3AR1 C5a receptor C5AR1 C5L2 GPR77 Fukuoka Y, Nielsen LP, Hugli TE (1989). "Characterization of receptors to the ... The anaphylatoxin receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind anaphylatoxins. Members of this family ... "Anaphylatoxin Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology ... G protein-coupled receptors, All stub articles, Transmembrane receptor stubs). ...
C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH], neurokinin, thyrotropin-releasing ... transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors ( ... G protein-coupled receptors database List of MeSH codes (D12.776) Metabotropic receptor Orphan receptor Pepducins, a class of ... is a receptor that can bind with stimulative signal molecules, while inhibitory hormone receptor (Ri) is a receptor that can ...
Fc receptors play a dominant role in the response which can be augmented by the complement system via the anaphylatoxin C5a. ... Ligation of Fc receptors on the surfaces of immune effector cells can give rise to a number of responses, such as degranulation ... Larger immune complexes also bind more avidly to Fc receptors, however. Immune complex size depends on both the quantity of ... Ravetch, Jeffrey V. (2002-12-15). "A full complement of receptors in immune complex diseases". The Journal of Clinical ...
Motilin receptor (MLNR, GPR38) Anaphylatoxin receptors InterPro: IPR002234 C3a receptor (C3AR1, C3AR) C5a receptor (C5AR1, C5AR ... chemokine receptor (DARC, DUFF) G Protein-coupled Receptor 30 (GPER, CML2, GPCR estrogen receptor) Angiotensin II receptor ... Opioid receptor InterPro: IPR001418 delta Opioid receptor (OPRD1, OPRD) kappa Opioid receptor (OPRK1, OPRK) mu Opioid receptor ... Melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) Melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) ACTH receptor (MC2R), ACTR) GPR3 ( ...
Subsequent investigation demonstrated that complement, specifically the anaphylatoxin C5a, can drive the Arthus reaction ... Specifically, mice lacking the common gamma chain subunit of the Fc receptors that is required for signaling by CD64 (FcγRI) ... "C5a anaphylatoxin is a major regulator of activating versus inhibitory FcγRs in immune complex-induced lung disease". The ... Sylvestre, D. L.; Ravetch, J. V. (1994-08-19). "Fc receptors initiate the Arthus reaction: redefining the inflammatory cascade ...
... receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.597 - receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor MeSH D23.050.301.264. ... receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a MeSH D23.101.100.110.597 - receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor MeSH D23.101.100.110.600 ... receptors, complement 3d MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.690 - receptors, ige MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.695 - receptors, igg MeSH ... receptors, complement 3b MeSH D23.101.100.110.610 - receptors, complement 3d MeSH D23.101.100.110.690 - receptors, ige MeSH ...
Gerard NP, Gerard C (February 1991). "The chemotactic receptor for human C5a anaphylatoxin". Nature. 349 (6310): 614-617. doi: ... C5a des-Arg is a much less potent anaphylatoxin. Both C5a and C5a des-Arg can trigger mast cell degranulation, releasing ... C5a interact with receptor protein C5a Receptor 1 (C5aR1) on the surface of target cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and ... C5a binding to the receptor is a two-stage process: an interaction between basic residues in the helical core of C5a and acidic ...
"Chimeric receptors of the human C3a receptor and C5a receptor (CD88)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (13): 8367-8370 ... C3a is a 77 residue anaphylatoxin that binds to the C3a receptor (C3aR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor. It plays a large ... C3a molecules induce responses through the GPCR C3a receptor. Like other anaphylatoxins, C3a is regulated by cleavage of its ... C3a induces an immunological response through a 482 residue G-protein-coupled receptor called C3a receptor (C3aR). The C3aR is ...
Anaphylatoxin receptors C3a receptor C5a receptor (CD88) C5AR2 Fc receptor Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR) FcγRI (CD64) FcγRIIA ( ... Prolactin receptor) Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif Interferon receptors Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - ... C chemokine receptors (XCRs) XCR1 CX3C chemokine receptors (CX3CRs) CX3CR1 (Fractalkine receptor) TGF beta receptors - Single ... Trimeric cytokine receptors Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) CXC ...
This enzyme then cleaves C5 to C5a, a potent anaphylatoxin, and C5b. The C5b then recruits and assembles C6, C7, C8 and ... Complement peptide C5a, C4a, and C3a receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 65 (1): 500-43. doi:10.1124/pr.111.005223. PMID ... Both C3a and C5a have anaphylatoxin activity, directly triggering degranulation of mast cells as well as increasing vascular ... The complex of C3b(2)Bb is a protease which cleaves C5 into C5b and C5a. C5 convertase is also formed by the classical pathway ...
... receptor, anaphylatoxin c5a MeSH D12.776.543.750.705.833.600 - receptors, complement 3b MeSH D12.776.543.750.705.833.610 - ... receptor, erbb-2 MeSH D12.776.543.750.060.437 - receptor, erbb-3 MeSH D12.776.543.750.060.468 - receptor, igf type 1 MeSH ... receptor, igf type 1 MeSH D12.776.543.750.750.400.780.410 - receptor, igf type 2 MeSH D12.776.543.750.750.400.820 - receptors, ... receptor, trkb MeSH D12.776.543.750.060.499 - receptor, trkc MeSH D12.776.543.750.060.500 - receptors, eph family MeSH D12.776. ...
... complement c5a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.024.270.255 - complement c5a, des-arginine MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050 - complement c1 ... receptors, antigen, b-cell MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.950.500 - antigens, cd79 MeSH D12.776.124.790.106.050 - alpha 1- ... anaphylatoxins MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.024.250 - complement c3a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.024.260 - complement c4a MeSH D12.776 ... complement c5a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.450.250.255 - complement c5a, des-arginine MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.450.625 - ...
As well as endocytic PRRs, phagocytes also express opsonin receptors Fc receptor and complement receptor 1 (CR1), which bind to ... September 2012). "Opposing roles for complement component C5a in tumor progression and the tumor microenvironment". Journal of ... Acute appendicitis Acute dermatitis Acute infective meningitis Acute tonsillitis Anaphylatoxin Anti-inflammatories Essential ... These cells possess surface receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize (i.e., bind) two ...
Recombinant Human C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 (C5AR1) - VLPs (Active) from Cusabio. Cat Number: CSB-MP003996HU. ... Alternative Name/ Alias: (C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor)(C5a-R)(C5aR)(CD88). Purity: Testing in progress. More than 99 ... Recombinant Human C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1(C5AR1) - VLPs (Active) , CBS-MP003996HU , Cusabio. ...
"Anaphylatoxin Receptors: C5a". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... "Mapping of genes for the human C5a receptor (C5AR), human FMLP receptor (FPR), and two FMLP receptor homologue orphan receptors ... is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. It functions as a complement receptor. C5a receptor 1 modulates inflammatory responses ... May 1998). "Expression of receptors for C5a anaphylatoxin (CD88) on human bronchial epithelial cells: enhancement of C5a- ...
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells express receptors for anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a and are chemoattracted to C3a and C5a. J ... Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) and ... Tissue vasculature during chronic inflammation is maintained by complement anaphylatoxin C5a and beta-defensins. Anaphylatoxin ... and the production of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a (111). Anaphylatoxins can be involved in T-cell homeostasis (112, 113) and in ...
Complement receptors have only been identified in the last 2 decades. ... interacting with its regulatory molecules and cellular receptors, plays a central role in the induction and regulation of ... Receptors for the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a have also been identified.. CR1/CD35 and CR2/CD21 are major receptors for ... Mice with C5a receptor-deficient dendritic cells promote induction of Treg and Th17 cells. [2] T cell-derived complement C3a ...
Complement 5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist that inhibits the interaction between C5aR and the anaphylatoxin C5a ... has approximately same activity as avacopan on C5a receptor ... Avacopan blocks C5a-mediated neutrophil activation and ...
The C5a receptor is expressed by human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;121:226-233. [PubMed] [ ... Effect of anaphylatoxin C3a, C5a on the tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011 ... Structure, function and cellular expression of complement anaphylatoxin receptors. Curr Opin Immunol. 1995;7:48-53. [PubMed] [ ... 1Denotes the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. Orange boxes highlight regulatory complement proteins. MBL: Mannose-binding lectin; ...
C4a and C5a anaphylatoxin peptides and also for their dearginated forms ASP/C3adesArg, C4adesArg and C5adesArg respectively. ... This gene encodes a G-protein coupled receptor 1 family member involved in the complement system of the innate immune response ... It may instead modulate signal transduction through the beta-arrestin pathway, and may alternatively act as a decoy receptor. ... Unlike classical G-protein coupled receptors, the encoded protein does not associate with intracellular G-proteins. ...
Background Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) are sensitive to heat, capsaicin, pungent ... overall identity with the C5a ... [Show full abstract] anaphylatoxin receptors. The coding region consists of 1056 bp ... Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal receptor activated by capsaicin, heat, and acid, which plays ... receptor [48]. The interaction of LTB4 at these receptors is a contributing factor in the patho- ...
... which eventually triggers the activation of the anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a. C5a and to a lesser degree C3a attract effector ... Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. Deposited immune ... receptor. TSH receptor autoantibodies in Graves disease stimulate receptor function, triggering the release of thyroid ... 2.1.2. Stimulation and Inhibition of Receptor Function. Autoantibodies can affect receptor function with different outcomes as ...
C5aR2, also known as C5L2, is one of two receptors for C5a (anaphylatoxin). It is coexpressed with C5aR1 (CD88) in neutrophils ... Muenstermann M, Strobel L, Klos A, Wetsel RA, Woodruff TM, Köhl J, Johswich KO: Distinct roles of the anaphylatoxin receptors ... The mouse monoclonal antibody 1D9-M12 recognizes an extracellular epitope on C5aR2 (C5L2), a C5a complement receptor, which is ... Fonseca MI, McGuire SO, Counts SE, Tenner AJ: Complement activation fragment C5a receptors, CD88 and C5L2, are associated with ...
Recombinant Human C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (C5AR1). 100ug. 3430.4 EUR Recombinant Human C5a anaphylatoxin ... Developing affinity reagents recognizing and modulating G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) function by traditional animal ...
strong,Rat anti Mouse CD88 antibody, clone 20/70,/strong, recognizes murine CD88, also known as C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic ... receptor 1 (C5aR1), a member of the ,a href=http://www.scholarpedia.org/… ... also known as C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 (C5aR1), a member of the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. CD88 is a ... GO:0004944 C5a anaphylatoxin receptor activity GO:0050830 defense response to Gram-positive bacterium GO:0010575 positive ...
C3a, C5a, and C4a (weakly) have anaphylatoxin activity: They cause mast cell degranulation, leading to increased vascular ... Deficiency in C1, C2, C3, MBL, MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2), factor H, factor I, or complement receptor 2 (CR2): ... C5a is a neutrophil chemoattractant; it regulates neutrophil and monocyte activities and may cause augmented adherence of cells ... Complement components have other immune functions that are mediated by complement receptors (CRs) on various cells. Several CRs ...
Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a Entry term(s). Anaphylatoxin C5a Receptor Antigen, CD88 Antigens, CD88 C5a Receptor C5a Receptors ... C5a Receptors. CD88 Antigen. CD88 Antigens. Complement 5a Receptor. Receptor, C5a. Receptor, Complement 5a. Receptors, C5a. ... receptor C5a receptor de complemento 5a receptor de la anafilotoxina C5a receptor del 5a complemento receptor del complemento ... Récepteur à lanaphylatoxine C5a Entry term(s):. Anaphylatoxin C5a Receptor. Antigen, CD88. Antigens, CD88. C5a Receptor. ...
Dive into the research topics of Expression of c5a receptors on bone marrow stromal cells and biological responses to c5a. ... Expression of c5a receptors on bone marrow stromal cells and biological responses to c5a. ...
C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1; Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C5a (PubMed: ... The ligand interacts with at least two sites on the receptor: a high- affinity site on the extracellular N-terminus, and a ... second site in the transmembrane region which activates downstream signaling events . Receptor activation stimulates chemotaxis ...
C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor. C5AR1_HUMAN C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1. C5AR2_HUMAN C5a anaphylatoxin ... Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4. LGR5_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled ...
C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding Biological Process. GO:0001701 in utero embryonic development ... An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived ... Homo sapiens] C5 is the fifth component of complement and is comprised of alpha (C5a) and beta (C5b) polypeptide chains, C5a is ... Cfp plays a role in intestinal homeostasis in response to an infectious challenge to activate Hc (C5a), which in turn provides ...
The C5a anaphylatoxin receptor CD88 is expressed in presynaptic terminals of hippocampal mossy fibres ... The C5a anaphylatoxin receptor CD88 is expressed in presynaptic terminals of hippocampal mossy fibres. Journal of ... Blockade of C5a receptors reduces astroglial inflammation in a rat SOD1G93A model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ... Woodruff, Trent, Denny, Kerina, Crane, James, Atkin, Julie, Taylor, Steve and Noakes, Peter (2008). Blockade of C5a receptors ...
Complement C5a Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Anaphylatoxin C5a Receptor Medicine & Life Sciences 72% ... N2 - Complement factor C5a acting via C5a receptors (C5aR) is recognized as an anaphylotoxin and chemoattractant that exerts ... AB - Complement factor C5a acting via C5a receptors (C5aR) is recognized as an anaphylotoxin and chemoattractant that exerts ... Complement factor C5a acting via C5a receptors (C5aR) is recognized as an anaphylotoxin and chemoattractant that exerts ...
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY G Protein-Coupled Receptor List. ... C3a anaphylatoxin has a higher potency than C5a anaphylatoxin Complement peptide receptors. C5a {Sp: Human} C3a {Sp: Human} C5a ... C5a anaphylatoxin has a higher potency than C3a anaphylatoxin Complement peptide receptors. C5a {Sp: Human} C5a des-Arg {Sp: ... Adenosine receptors. adenosine A1 receptor ADORA1. Adora1. Adora1. Adenosine receptors. adenosine A2A receptor ADORA2A. Adora2a ...
Anaphylatoxin C5a Receptor Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Sepsis Medicine & Life Sciences 52% ... title = "Functional roles for C5a receptors in sepsis",. abstract = "The function of the C5a receptors, C5ar (encoded by C5ar) ... Functional roles for C5a receptors in sepsis. Daniel Rittirsch, Michael A. Flierl, Brian A. Nadeau, Danielle E. Day, Markus ... Functional roles for C5a receptors in sepsis. In: Nature Medicine. 2008 ; Vol. 14, No. 5. pp. 551-557. ...
Selection de fournisseur de qualité pour anti-C5A anticorps. ... Commander C5A anticorps monoclonal et polyclonal pour beaucoup ... C5A Anticorps. (Complement Component 5a (C5a)). Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C5a. ... C5A Anticorps par Réactivité. Trouvez C5A Anticorps pour une variété despèces telles que anti-Human C5A, anti-Rat C5A, anti- ... C5A anticorps (AA 678-751) (ABIN7427906) C5a Reactivité: Humain WB, IHC, IP, ICC Hôte: Souris Monoclonal D2 unconjugated ...
Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a. *Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. *Receptors, Chemokine. *Receptors, Complement 3b ... Receptors, Interleukin-5 [D12.776.543.750.705.852.420.380]. *Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit [D12.776.543.750.705.852. ... A low affinity interleukin-5 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT to form a high ... "Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ...
NMR Solution Structure Of C5A At pH 5.2, 303K, 20 Structures. 1CFA. Solution Structure Of A Semi-Synthetic C5A Receptor ... C5 convertase activates C5 by cleaving the alpha chain, releasing C5a anaphylatoxin & generating C5b (beta chain + alpha chain ...
We found that human platelets failed to respond functionally to the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. Instead, complement activation ... Consequently, we demonstrate that ADP receptor antagonists efficiently inhibited platelet activation, although full complement ... and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis (AChR + gMG) in Japan. We report integrated ...
GPR77 (G-Protein Coupled Receptor 77, C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor C5L2, belongs to the G-Protein Coupled Receptor ( ...
... an aptamer against C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (C5aR) was combined with PD-1 blockade, showing synergy in inhibiting ... T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3; CSF-1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; ATP, adenosine triphosphate ... Rintatolimod is a toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist and activates interferon-induced proteins that require dsRNA for their ... A combined PD-1/C5a blockade synergistically protects against lung cancer growth and metastasis. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:694-703. ...
... soluble TNF receptor We (sTNFRI), anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a, C5a; markers of supplement activation), mast cell tryptase (MCT), ... rawveronica0 comments5-HT6 Receptors If parts of plants are used, do all cutting of samples in a drop of the glutaraldehyde ... rawveronica0 comments5-HT6 Receptors Kifunensine in a focus of 5.4 M was contained in the suspension system in the Kifunensine ... rawveronica0 comments5-HT6 Receptors We aimed to research the immune replies to Sri Lankan snake envenoming (predominantly by ...
  • The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 (Cluster of Differentiation 88) is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mouse monoclonal antibody 1D9-M12 recognizes an extracellular epitope on C5aR2 (C5L2), a C5a complement receptor, which is coexpressed with C5aR1 (CD88) in neutrophils, as well as e.g. in mast cells, astrocytes, or macrophages. (exbio.cz)
  • Homo sapiens] Staphylococcus aureus-induced neutrophil dysfunction correlates with the loss of C5AR1 from the neutrophil cell surface and results in C5a (C5)-induced CEACAM8 overexpression. (innatedb.com)
  • The anaphylatoxin C5a generated by activation of the innate immunity complement system is a potent inflammatory peptide mediator through the G-protein-coupled receptor C5aR (CD88) present in immune-inflammatory cells, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and mast cells. (edu.au)
  • Complement factor C5a acting via C5a receptors (C5aR) is recognized as an anaphylotoxin and chemoattractant that exerts proinflammatory effects in many pathological states. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The effects of C5a and C5aR in acute pancreatitis and in pancreatitis-associated lung injury were evaluated using genetically altered mice that either lack C5aR or do not express C5. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The function of the C5a receptors, C5ar (encoded by C5ar) and C5l2 (encoded by Gpr77), especially of C5l2, which was originally termed a 'default receptor', remains a controversial topic. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Moreover, early IgG immune complexinduced C5a and its interaction with C5aR led to induction of activating FcRIII and suppression of inhibitory FcRII on alveolar macrophages, which appears important for cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment inside the IgG immune complex-injured lung (26). (estrogen-receptor.com)
  • In this study, we have investigated whether treatment with a selective C5aR antagonist prevents Inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis by a complement C5a receptor antagonist in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. (edu.au)
  • C5aR2, also known as C5L2, is one of two receptors for C5a (anaphylatoxin). (exbio.cz)
  • Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory C3a, C4a and C5a anaphylatoxin peptides and also for their dearginated forms ASP/C3adesArg, C4adesArg and C5adesArg respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C5a. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
  • Trouvez C5A Anticorps pour une variété d'espèces telles que anti-Human C5A, anti-Rat C5A, anti-Mouse C5A. (anticorps-enligne.fr)
  • Homo sapiens] C5 is the fifth component of complement and is comprised of alpha (C5a) and beta (C5b) polypeptide chains, C5a is a complement anaphylatoxin that can stimulate the generation of nitric oxide along with the secretion of histamine and leukotriene LTC4 from several cell types and can bring about an increase in vascular permeability that facilitates eosinophil accumulation at sites of allergic inflammation. (innatedb.com)
  • Homo sapiens] C5 is the fifth component of complement and is comprised of alpha (C5a) and beta (C5b) polypeptide chains. (innatedb.com)
  • An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. (innatedb.com)
  • C5 convertase activates C5 by cleaving the alpha chain, releasing C5a anaphylatoxin & generating C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain). (lu.se)
  • Invading microorganisms exposed surfaces, on the other hand, are quickly opsonized by AP-generated C3b, which tags them for clearance, activates the cytolytic terminal pathway, and releases the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. (imedpub.com)
  • The muscarine cholinergic receptor activates a G protein when bound to ex.c. ach. (wikidoc.org)
  • The receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor , which activates the G protein G s . [2] . (wikidoc.org)
  • It may instead modulate signal transduction through the beta-arrestin pathway, and may alternatively act as a decoy receptor. (nih.gov)
  • The Fc portion of antibodies in immune complexes can be bound by C1q of the classical complement pathway, which eventually leads to the release of C5a and C3a. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to being the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, C1q Tirbanibulin Mesylate can also bind directly to several membrane receptors including CR1, CD91, LAIR1, SCARF1, 21, cC1qR, and gC1qR (29C35), interactions that have been associated with complement-independent functions of C1q. (nos-nop.org)
  • Ozagrel hydrochloride In this procedure the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are produced and C5 cleavage initiates the terminal go with pathway that culminates in the forming of the membrane assault complex (Mac pc). (biotech2012.org)
  • From a signaling transduction perspective, C5a receptor 1 activation is implicated in β-arrestin2 recruitment via Rab5a, coupling of Gαi proteins, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, calcium mobilization and Rho activation leading to downstream functions, such as secretion of cytokines, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • 2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
  • The C5a receptor 1 is expressed on: Granulocytes Macrophages Monocytes Dendritic cells Hepatoma-derived cell line HepG2 Astrocytes Microglia Potent and selective agonist and antagonists for C5a receptor 1 have been developed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A. (bvsalud.org)
  • The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are potent mediators and regulators of inflammation during the effector phase of autoimmunity through engagement of specific anaphylatoxin receptors, i.e. (isef-luebeck.de)
  • Developing affinity reagents recognizing and modulating G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) function by traditional animal immunization or in vitro screening methods is challenging. (awljournal.org)
  • GPR77 (G-Protein Coupled Receptor 77, C5a Anaphylatoxin Chemotactic Receptor C5L2, belongs to the G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family 1). (bma.ch)
  • Thus, contrary to earlier speculation, C5l2 is a functional receptor rather than merely a default receptor. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Methods A next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel was created for the human TRPV1 gene and in addition, for the leukotriene receptors BLT1 and BLT2 recently described to modulate TRPV1 mediated sensitisation processes rendering the coding genes LTB4R and LTB4R2 important co-players in pharmacogenetic approaches involving TRPV1. (researchgate.net)
  • Complement and complement receptors play a critical role in immune defense by initiating the rapid destruction of invading microorganisms, amplifying the innate and adaptive immune responses, and mediating solubilization and clearance of immune complexes. (medscape.com)
  • This gene encodes a G-protein coupled receptor 1 family member involved in the complement system of the innate immune response. (nih.gov)
  • Differential regulation of C5a receptor 1 in innate immune cells during the allergic asthma effector phase. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • The multiple fragments bind to specific receptors on innate and adaptive immune cells, the activation of which translates the initial humoral innate immune response (IR) into cellular innate and adaptive immunity. (isef-luebeck.de)
  • In addition to their role in innate IRs, anaphylatoxins regulate humoral and cellular adaptive IRs including B-cell and T-cell activation, differentiation, and survival. (isef-luebeck.de)
  • CR2/CD21 interacts with C3b degradation products C3dg and C3d and can act synergistically with the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) in B-cell activation. (medscape.com)
  • Mice with C5a receptor-deficient dendritic cells promote induction of Treg and Th17 cells. (medscape.com)
  • They regulate B- and T-lymphocyte responses either directly or indirectly through the activation of anaphylatoxin receptors via dendritic cells that modulate lymphocyte function. (isef-luebeck.de)
  • Molecular biology has shown that the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors belong to distinct protein superfamilies . (wikidoc.org)
  • readily available in PMC 2015 October 01.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptTang et al.Pagemodel of IgG immune complex acute lung injury , anti-C5a remedy drastically NPY Y5 receptor Agonist custom synthesis lowered the improve in vascular permeability and neutrophil recruitment (25). (estrogen-receptor.com)
  • Microglial CR3-mediated phagocytosis has also been shown to be dependent on DAP12, PKC, DAG, cAMP, MLCK, and Rho/Rock signaling pathways, all of which could be modulated pharmacologically or by other endogenous receptors (49C52). (nos-nop.org)
  • In addition, these studies suggest that intracellular signaling via CR3 is usually proinflammatory and harmful in AD and that C3-brought on phagocytosis of A is beneficial when mediated by receptors other than CR3. (nos-nop.org)
  • The complement anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) can also indirectly modulate phagocytosis. (nos-nop.org)
  • Efficient phagocytosis also depends on recognition of ligands, intracellular signaling by multiple receptors, successful endosomal trafficking, lysosomal digestion and product recycling, and protection of surrounding cells from bystander cytotoxic effects (46). (nos-nop.org)
  • Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. (hindawi.com)
  • These receptors, a subset of the Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like) family, all bind peptide ligands which include the chemokines, opioids and somatostatins. (reactome.org)
  • An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR ) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . (wikidoc.org)
  • Defects in the expression of complement or complement receptors may result in loss of tolerance to self-proteins and the development of immune complex-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
  • The CR1 receptor preferentially binds C3b that is covalently attached to immune complexes, and it has a weaker affinity for bound C4b and iC3b. (medscape.com)
  • CR1 and CR2 have been shown to influence the immune environment in a B-cell receptor-independent manner. (medscape.com)
  • Possibly, one of the most vital findings inside the existing study is the fact that p-RvD1 and ATRvD1 remedy led to a considerable reduction inside the IgG immune complex-induced C5a production in BAL fluids (Fig. four). (estrogen-receptor.com)
  • Unlike classical G-protein coupled receptors, the encoded protein does not associate with intracellular G-proteins. (nih.gov)
  • A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. (ouhsc.edu)
  • In contrast, the mAChRs are not ion channels, but belong instead to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors that activate other ionic channels via a second messenger cascade. (wikidoc.org)
  • In myasthenia gravis , the receptor is targeted by antibodies , leading to muscle weakness. (wikidoc.org)
  • Four distinct complement receptors, CR1, CR2, CR3, and CR4, have been described for the surface-bound complement fraction C3 and its cleavage fragments. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we will briefly review our current understanding of the complex roles of anaphylatoxins in the regulation of immunologic tolerance and the early events driving autoimmunity and the implications of such regulation for therapeutic approaches that target the CS. (isef-luebeck.de)
  • Histamine exerts its effects by binding to its 4 receptors [histamine 1 receptor (H1R), H2R, H3R, and and H4R] on target cells in various tissues (see Figure 2 and Table 1). (healthjade.com)
  • Receptors, Histamine H1" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. (uchicago.edu)
  • Most histamine H1 receptors operate through the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol second messenger system. (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Receptors, Histamine H1" by people in this website by year, and whether "Receptors, Histamine H1" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Receptors, Histamine H1" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • C5a receptor 1 modulates inflammatory responses, obesity, development and cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, hormone release, and cerebral glyconeogenesis. (uchicago.edu)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of C5a on interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) generation in granulocyte and monocyte adsorption. (adacyte.com)
  • This exacerbation of injury in the absence of C5a function indicates that, in pancreatitis, C5a exerts an anti-inflammatory effect. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Anaphylatoxins, which are involved in both pro-inflammatory processes and a variety of anti-inflammatory effects, are produced during granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis. (adacyte.com)
  • We noticed the anti-inflammatory effects of C5a, the strongest anaphylatoxin, in granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis. (adacyte.com)
  • A low affinity interleukin-5 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-5. (harvard.edu)
  • The density of CR1 receptors on cell surfaces varies with the cell type and with the activation of the cell for neutrophils and monocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Receptor activation stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release, intracellular calcium release and superoxide anion production (PubMed:10636859, PubMed:15153520). (jensenlab.org)
  • Go with receptor 1 (CR1) also inhibits C3 activation at least in soluble type. (biotech2012.org)
  • It also denotes the human gene encoding the receptor. (wikidoc.org)
  • The complement system, interacting with its regulatory molecules and cellular receptors, plays a central role in the induction and regulation of immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Partial or complete deficiencies of the components of the complement system, including its receptors and regulatory proteins, are now described in humans and may be of a genetic or familial origin or acquired. (medscape.com)
  • Homo sapiens] C5 (C5a) is a critical mediator in blood during Candida albicans infection. (innatedb.com)
  • Drugs such as the neuromuscular blocking agents bind reversibly to the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and are used routinely in anaesthesia. (wikidoc.org)
  • Regulation of myelopoiesis through syntenin-mediated modulation of IL-5 receptor output. (harvard.edu)
  • Therefore a attainable mechanism of RvD1 involvement in C5a production is its regulation on C/EBP transcriptional activities. (estrogen-receptor.com)
  • Effector proteins interacting with the Fc portion of immunoglobulin M (IgM) include complement and complement receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Binding sites, especially for complement receptor (CR3), malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified proteins, and apolipoprotein E (apoE), are dispersed throughout its 20 CCP modules (CCPs), also known as short consensus repeats, to facilitate additional 'non-canonical' FH activities. (imedpub.com)
  • Cfp plays a role in intestinal homeostasis in response to an infectious challenge to activate Hc (C5a), which in turn provides protection through Il6 expression by the epithelium. (innatedb.com)
  • In particular, this project is aimed at looking at the signalling pathways that are activated when these growth factors activate their receptors, which are on these stem and tumor cells. (edu.au)
  • An LL, Gorman JV, Stephens G, Swerdlow B, Warrener P, Bonnell J, Mustelin T, Fung M, Kolbeck R: Complement C5a induces PD-L1 expression and acts in synergy with LPS through Erk1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. (exbio.cz)
  • This involves exploring the signal transduction mechanisms that are activated when signalling molecules such as neuregulin-1 (ARIA, beta-heregulin 1), or agrin active ErbB or MuSK receptors in the membrane of muscle respectively. (edu.au)
  • Like other transmembrane receptors , acetylcholine receptors are classified according to their "pharmacology", or according to their relative affinities and sensitivities to different molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • Although all acetylcholine receptors, by definition, respond to acetylcholine, they respond to other molecules as well. (wikidoc.org)
  • Interestingly, a recent study demonstrates that the RvD1 is capable to limit the human neutrophil recruitment under shear situations in a mechanism dependent on its receptors, ALX/FPR2 and GPR32 (44). (estrogen-receptor.com)