Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
A mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus without a thymus and with depressed or absent T-cell function. This strain of rats may have a small amount of hair at times, but then lose it.
In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
Processes required for CELL ENLARGEMENT and CELL PROLIFERATION.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. Antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. Images are obtained by a scintillation camera.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. In atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes.
Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin.
Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The practice of living unclothed for reasons of comfort or health.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.
Tissues, cells or organs transplanted between animals of different species.
A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.

Inhibition of angiogenesis induces chromaffin differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma. (1/550)

Inhibition of angiogenesis has been shown to reduce tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor microvascular density in experimental models. To these effects we would now like to add induction of differentiation, based on biological analysis of xenografted human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y, WAG rnu/rnu) treated with the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Treatment with TNP-470 (10 mg/kg s.c., n = 15) reduced the tumor growth by 66% and stereological vascular parameters (Lv, Vv, Sv) by 36-45%. The tumor cell apoptotic fraction increased more than threefold, resulting in a decrease in viable tumor cells by 33%. In contrast, the mean vascular diameter (29 microm) and the mean tumor cell proliferative index (49%) were unaffected. TNP-470-treated tumors exhibited striking chromaffin differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, observed as increased expression of insulin-like growth factor II gene (+88%), tyrosine hydroxylase (+96%), chromogranin A, and cellular processes. Statistical analysis revealed an inverse correlation between differentiation and angiogenesis. It is suggested that by inhibiting angiogenesis, TNP-470 induces metabolic stress, resulting in chromaffin differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Such agonal differentiation may be the link between angiostatic therapy and tumor cell apoptosis.  (+info)

Cytokine-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia limited by interleukin-4. (2/550)

1. The effect of IL-4 on responses to intraplantar (i.pl.) carrageenin, bradykinin, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-8 and PGE2 was investigated in a model of mechanical hyperalgesia in rats. Also, the cellular source of the IL-4 was investigated. 2. IL-4, 30 min before the stimulus, inhibited responses to carrageenin, bradykinin, and TNFalpha, but not responses to IL-1beta, IL-8 and PGE2. 3. IL-4, 2 h before the injection of IL-1beta, did not affect the response to IL-1beta, whereas IL-4, 12 or 12+2 h before the IL-1beta, inhibited the hyperalgesia (-30%, -74%, respectively). 4. In murine peritoneal macrophages, murine IL-4 for 2 h before stimulation with LPS, inhibited (-40%) the production of IL-1beta but not PGE2. Murine IL-4 (for 16 h before stimulation with LPS) inhibited LPS-stimulated PGE2 but not IL-1beta. 5. Anti-murine IL-4 antibodies potentiated responses to carrageenin, bradykinin and TNFalpha, but not IL-1beta and IL-8, as well as responses to bradykinin in athymic rats but not in rats depleted of mast cells with compound 40/80. 6. These data suggest that IL-4 released by mast cells limits inflammatory hyperalgesia. During the early phase of the inflammatory response the mode of action of the IL-4 appears to be inhibition of the production TNFalpha, IL-1beta and IL-8. In the later phase of the response, in addition to inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 also may inhibit the release of PGs.  (+info)

Experimental enteropathy in athymic and euthymic rats: synergistic role of lipopolysaccharide and indomethacin. (3/550)

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunologic and microbiological bases of indomethacin enteropathy. Athymic nude and euthymic specific pathogen-free (SPF) rats were reared under conventional or SPF conditions. In each group, indomethacin was given intrarectally for 2 days. Indomethacin enteropathy was evaluated using a previously described ulcer index and tissue myeloperoxidase activity. Both euthymic and athymic nude rats developed intestinal ulcers to the same degree under conventional conditions but no or minimal ulcer under SPF conditions. Pretreatment of conventional rats with intragastric kanamycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, attenuated indomethacin enteropathy in a dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, when lipopolysaccharide was injected intraperitoneally in kanamycin-pretreated rats, it fully restored enteropathy in these rats in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed that kanamycin decreased the number of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin concentration of the small intestine in a dose-dependent fashion. These results indicate that indomethacin enteropathy is bacteria dependent and does not require a T cell function. Synergy between indomethacin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide may play a major role in this enteropathy.  (+info)

A new in vivo method to study P-glycoprotein transport in tumors and the blood-brain barrier. (4/550)

Drug resistance is a major cause of chemotherapy failure in cancer treatment. One reason is the overexpression of the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), involved in multidrug resistance (MDR). In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis of P-gp transport might identify the capacity of modulation by P-gp substrate modulators, such as cyclosporin A. Therefore, P-gp function was measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]verapamil as radiolabeled P-gp substrate. Studies were performed in rats bearing tumors bilaterally, a P-gp-negative small cell lung carcinoma (GLC4) and its P-gp-overexpressing subline (GLC4/P-gp). For validation, in vitro and biodistribution studies with [11C]daunorubicin and [11C]verapamil were performed. [11C]Daunorubicin and [11C]verapamil accumulation were higher in GLC4 than in GLC4/P-gp cells. These levels were increased after modulation with cyclosporin A in GLC4/P-gp. Biodistribution studies showed 159% and 185% higher levels of [11C]daunorubicin and [11C]verapamil, respectively, in GLC4 than in GLC4/P-gp tumors. After cyclosporin A, [11C]daunorubicin and [11C]verapamil content in the GLC4/P-gp tumor was raised to the level of GLC4 tumors. PET measurements demonstrated a lower [11C]verapamil content in GLC4/P-gp tumors compared with GLC4 tumors. Pretreatment with cyclosporin A increased [11C]verapamil levels in GLC4/P-gp tumors (184%) and in brains (1280%). This pharmacokinetic effect was clearly visualized with PET. These results show the feasibility of in vivo P-gp function measurement under basal conditions and after modulation in solid tumors and in the brain. Therefore, PET and radiolabeled P-gp substrates may be useful as a clinical tool to select patients who might benefit from the addition of a P-gp modulator to MDR drugs.  (+info)

Treatment of neoplastic meningitis with intrathecal temozolomide. (5/550)

Neoplastic meningitis (NM) results from leptomeningeal dissemination of cancers arising within the central nervous system or metastasizing to the leptomeninges from systemic neoplasms. The inability to produce therapeutic drug levels intrathecally (i.t.) with systemic administration and the minimal efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents currently available for direct i.t. use limit therapy. Temozolomide [8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4([3H])-one] is a novel methylating agent with proven activity against intraparenchymal malignant gliomas (MGs). Insolubility of the standard formulation prevents its efficacious use as an i.t. agent, however. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed a unique microcrystalline formulation of temozolomide with greatly enhanced solubility. Treatment of athymic rats bearing subarachnoid MER- human MG xenografts with four doses of i.t. microcrystalline temozolomide over a 2-week period produced a 142% increase in median survival at individual doses of 2.2 micromol (P = 0.0073) and a >367% increase in median survival at individual doses of 6.8 micromol (P = 0.0015). At the higher dose tested, three of eight rats treated developed no neurological symptoms and had no evidence of residual tumor on histological examination after treatment. Use of this microcrystalline formulation in athymic rats bearing subarachnoid MER+ human MG xenografts increased median survival >132% (P < 0.0058) at both dose levels tested. Toxicity directly attributable to the i.t. administration of microcrystalline temozolomide was exhibited in the highest dose groups only and was limited to small patchy areas of focal demyelination involving <5% of spinal cord long tracks.  (+info)

Induction of adult T-cell leukemia-like lymphoproliferative disease and its inhibition by adoptive immunotherapy in T-cell-deficient nude rats inoculated with syngeneic human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-immortalized cells. (6/550)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been shown to be the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), but the in vivo mechanism by which the virus causes the malignant transformation is largely unknown. In order to investigate the mechanisms of HTLV-1 leukemogenesis, we developed a rat model system in which ATL-like disease was reproducibly observed, following inoculation of various rat HTLV-1-immortalized cell lines. When previously established cell lines, F344-S1 and TARS-1, but not TART-1 or W7TM-1, were inoculated, systemic multiple tumor development was observed in adult nude (nu/nu) rats. FPM1 cells, newly established from a heterozygous (nu/+) rat syngeneic to nu/nu rats, caused transient tumors only at the injection site in adult nu/nu rats, but could progressively grow in newborn nu/nu rats and metastasize in lymph nodes. The derivative cell line (FPM1-V1AX) serially passed through newborn nu/nu rats acquired the potency to grow in adult nu/nu rats. These results indicated that only some with additional changes but not all of the in vitro HTLV-1-immortalized cell lines possessed in vivo tumorigenicity. Using the syngeneic system, we further showed the inhibition of tumor development by transferring splenic T cells from immunized rats, suggesting the involvement of T cells in the regression of tumors. This novel and reproducible nude rat model of human ATL would be useful for investigation of leukemogenesis and antitumor immune responses in HTLV-1 infection.  (+info)

Antitumor activity of P-4055 (elaidic acid-cytarabine) compared to cytarabine in metastatic and s.c. human tumor xenograft models. (7/550)

The antineoplastic efficacy of P-4055, a 5'-elaidic acid (C18:1, unsaturated fatty acid) ester of cytarabine, a nucleoside antimetabolite frequently used in the treatment of hematological malignancies, was examined in several in vivo models for human cancer. In initial dose-finding studies in nude mice, the efficacy of P-4055 was highest when using schedules with repeated daily doses. In a Raji Burkitt's lymphoma leptomeningeal carcinomatosis model in nude rats, the control cytarabine- and saline-treated animals (five in each group) had a mean survival time of 13.2 days, whereas treatment with P-4055 resulted in three of five long-time survivors (>70 days). In a systemic Raji leukemia model in nude mice, 8 of 10 of the P-4055-treated animals survived (>80 days), compared with none of the cytarabine-treated animals (mean survival time, 34.2 days). In s.c. xenograft models, the effects of maximum tolerated doses of P-4055 and cytarabine, given in four weekly cycles of daily bolus i.v. injections for 5 subsequent days, against seven tumors (three melanomas, one lung adenocarcinoma, one breast cancer, and two osteogenic sarcomas) were investigated. P-4055 induced partial or complete tumor regression of the lung carcinoma, as well as of all three malignant melanomas. In two of the melanomas the activity was highly superior to that of cytarabine, and both P-4055 and cytarabine were, in general, more effective than several clinically established drugs previously tested in the same tumor models. In in vitro studies, inhibitors of nucleoside carrier-dependent transport, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside and dipyridamol, reduced strongly the cellular sensitivity to cytarabine, but not to P-4055, indicating that P-4055 uses an alternative/additional mechanism of internalization into the cell compared with cytarabine. The results explain, at least in part, the observed differences between the two compounds in in vivo efficacy, and together the data strongly support the evaluation of P-4055 in clinical studies.  (+info)

Reduction of BRCA1 protein expression in Japanese sporadic breast carcinomas and its frequent loss in BRCA1-associated cases. (8/550)

BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene that is responsible for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. To clarify the possible involvement of the BRCA1 protein in mammary carcinogenesis in sporadic and hereditary forms, we have analyzed the BRCA1 protein expression pattern in five breast epithelial cell lines, including a BRCA1-deficient cell line, and 162 breast cancer tissue samples [including 108 sporadic, 35 hereditary (BRCA1 status unknown), and 19 BRCA1-associated cases] from Japanese women. Twelve anti-BRCA1 antibodies were tested by fixation conditions, in which nuclear localization of BRCA1 protein was preserved, and by specificity of the antibodies, which was evaluated in BRCA1-deficient cancer cells. Using monoclonal antibodies applicable to immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue sections, we found high-level expression of BRCA1 protein in normal mammary epithelium and various degrees of reduced expression in breast cancer cells. Of the 19 BRCA1-associated breast cancer tissues, 15 (79%) showed reduction (8 cases) or complete loss (7 cases) of nuclear expression. Thirty (28%) of 108 sporadic and 6 (17%) of 35 hereditary carcinomas showed reduced BRCA1 protein expression. Reduction of BRCA1 protein expression in sporadic carcinomas was associated with solid-tubular phenotype, with poor tubular differentiation, and with an overexpression of c-erbB-2 protein, which is one of the prognostic factors in breast cancer. Our data suggest that reduced expression of BRCA1 protein may play an important role in mammary carcinogenesis, not only in BRCA1-associated breast carcinomas, but also in sporadic carcinomas, and also suggest that mechanisms other than mutation may be involved in its reduced expression.  (+info)

"Nude mice" is a term used in the field of laboratory research to describe a strain of mice that have been genetically engineered to lack a functional immune system. Specifically, nude mice lack a thymus gland and have a mutation in the FOXN1 gene, which results in a failure to develop a mature T-cell population. This means that they are unable to mount an effective immune response against foreign substances or organisms.

The name "nude" refers to the fact that these mice also have a lack of functional hair follicles, resulting in a hairless or partially hairless phenotype. This feature is actually a secondary consequence of the same genetic mutation that causes their immune deficiency.

Nude mice are commonly used in research because their weakened immune system makes them an ideal host for transplanted tumors, tissues, and cells from other species, including humans. This allows researchers to study the behavior of these foreign substances in a living organism without the complication of an immune response. However, it's important to note that because nude mice lack a functional immune system, they must be kept in sterile conditions and are more susceptible to infection than normal mice.

'Rats, Nude' is not a standard medical term or condition. The term 'nude' in the context of laboratory animals like rats usually refers to a strain of rats that are hairless due to a genetic mutation. This can make them useful for studies involving skin disorders, wound healing, and other conditions where fur might interfere with observations or procedures. However, 'Rats, Nude' is not a recognized or established term in medical literature or taxonomy.

A xenograft model antitumor assay is a type of preclinical cancer research study that involves transplanting human tumor cells or tissues into an immunodeficient mouse. This model allows researchers to study the effects of various treatments, such as drugs or immune therapies, on human tumors in a living organism.

In this assay, human tumor cells or tissues are implanted into the mouse, typically under the skin or in another organ, where they grow and form a tumor. Once the tumor has established, the mouse is treated with the experimental therapy, and the tumor's growth is monitored over time. The response of the tumor to the treatment is then assessed by measuring changes in tumor size or weight, as well as other parameters such as survival rate and metastasis.

Xenograft model antitumor assays are useful for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new cancer therapies before they are tested in human clinical trials. They provide valuable information on how the tumors respond to treatment, drug pharmacokinetics, and toxicity, which can help researchers optimize dosing regimens and identify potential side effects. However, it is important to note that xenograft models have limitations, such as differences in tumor biology between mice and humans, and may not always predict how well a therapy will work in human patients.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

Experimental neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that are induced and studied in a controlled laboratory setting, typically in animals or cell cultures. These studies are conducted to understand the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development, progression, and potential treatment strategies. By manipulating various factors such as genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and pharmacological interventions, researchers can gain valuable insights into the complex processes underlying neoplasm formation and identify novel targets for cancer therapy. It is important to note that experimental neoplasms may not always accurately represent human cancers, and further research is needed to translate these findings into clinically relevant applications.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Antineoplastic agents are a class of drugs used to treat malignant neoplasms or cancer. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing their division and replication. Antineoplastic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action, such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapy agents.

Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, which can cause cross-linking of DNA strands and ultimately lead to cell death. Antimetabolites interfere with the metabolic processes necessary for DNA synthesis and replication, while topoisomerase inhibitors prevent the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during replication. Mitotic inhibitors disrupt the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell division. Targeted therapy agents are designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, such as mutated oncogenes or dysregulated signaling pathways.

It's important to note that antineoplastic agents can also affect normal cells and tissues, leading to various side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). Therefore, the use of these drugs requires careful monitoring and management of their potential adverse effects.

Pathologic neovascularization is the abnormal growth of new blood vessels in previously avascular tissue or excessive growth within existing vasculature, which occurs as a result of hypoxia, inflammation, or angiogenic stimuli. These newly formed vessels are often disorganized, fragile, and lack proper vessel hierarchy, leading to impaired blood flow and increased vascular permeability. Pathologic neovascularization can be observed in various diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and chronic inflammation. This process contributes to disease progression by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and edema formation, ultimately leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

Tissue distribution, in the context of pharmacology and toxicology, refers to the way that a drug or xenobiotic (a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism) is distributed throughout the body's tissues after administration. It describes how much of the drug or xenobiotic can be found in various tissues and organs, and is influenced by factors such as blood flow, lipid solubility, protein binding, and the permeability of cell membranes. Understanding tissue distribution is important for predicting the potential effects of a drug or toxin on different parts of the body, and for designing drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles.

Neoplasm metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site (where the original or primary tumor formed) to other places in the body. This happens when cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The cancer cells can then travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors, called secondary tumors or metastases.

Metastasis is a key feature of malignant neoplasms (cancers), and it is one of the main ways that cancer can cause harm in the body. The metastatic tumors may continue to grow and may cause damage to the organs and tissues where they are located. They can also release additional cancer cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to further spread of the cancer.

The metastatic tumors are named based on the location where they are found, as well as the type of primary cancer. For example, if a patient has a primary lung cancer that has metastasized to the liver, the metastatic tumor would be called a liver metastasis from lung cancer.

It is important to note that the presence of metastases can significantly affect a person's prognosis and treatment options. In general, metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat than cancer that has not spread beyond its original site. However, there are many factors that can influence a person's prognosis and response to treatment, so it is important for each individual to discuss their specific situation with their healthcare team.

Transfection is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of deliberately introducing foreign genetic material (DNA, RNA or artificial gene constructs) into cells. This is typically done using chemical or physical methods, such as lipofection or electroporation. Transfection is widely used in research and medical settings for various purposes, including studying gene function, producing proteins, developing gene therapies, and creating genetically modified organisms. It's important to note that transfection is different from transduction, which is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using viruses as vectors.

Tumor burden is a term used to describe the total amount of cancer in the body. It can refer to the number of tumors, the size of the tumors, or the amount of cancer cells in the body. In research and clinical trials, tumor burden is often measured to assess the effectiveness of treatments or to monitor disease progression. High tumor burden can cause various symptoms and complications, depending on the type and location of the cancer. It can also affect a person's prognosis and treatment options.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Genetic therapy, also known as gene therapy, is a medical intervention that involves the use of genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, to treat or prevent diseases. It works by introducing functional genes into cells to replace missing or faulty ones caused by genetic disorders or mutations. The introduced gene is incorporated into the recipient's genome, allowing for the production of a therapeutic protein that can help manage the disease symptoms or even cure the condition.

There are several approaches to genetic therapy, including:

1. Replacing a faulty gene with a healthy one
2. Inactivating or "silencing" a dysfunctional gene causing a disease
3. Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight off a disease, such as cancer

Genetic therapy holds great promise for treating various genetic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, and certain types of cancer. However, it is still an evolving field with many challenges, such as efficient gene delivery, potential immune responses, and ensuring the safety and long-term effectiveness of the therapy.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a medical treatment that combines the specificity of antibodies and the therapeutic effects of radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. It involves the use of radioactive isotopes, which are attached to monoclonal antibodies, that recognize and bind to antigens expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Once bound, the radioactivity emitted from the isotope irradiates the cancer cells, causing damage to their DNA and leading to cell death. This targeted approach helps minimize radiation exposure to healthy tissues and reduces side effects compared to conventional radiotherapy techniques. RIT has been used in the treatment of various hematological malignancies, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and is being investigated for solid tumors as well.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and other molecules from genes in neoplastic cells, or cells that are part of a tumor or cancer. In a normal cell, gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that the right genes are turned on or off at the right time. However, in cancer cells, this regulation can be disrupted, leading to the overexpression or underexpression of certain genes.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation can be affected by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and signals from the tumor microenvironment. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes (genes that promote cancer growth and development) or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (genes that prevent cancer).

Understanding neoplastic gene expression regulation is important for developing new therapies for cancer, as targeting specific genes or pathways involved in this process can help to inhibit cancer growth and progression.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.

For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.

It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Prostatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The term "neoplasm" simply means new or abnormal tissue growth. When it comes to the prostate, neoplasms are often referred to as tumors.

Benign prostatic neoplasms, such as prostate adenomas, are non-cancerous overgrowths of prostate tissue. They usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. While they can cause uncomfortable symptoms like difficulty urinating, they are generally not life-threatening.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells in the prostate. Prostate cancer often grows slowly and may not cause any symptoms for many years. However, some types of prostate cancer can be aggressive and spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the bones or lymph nodes.

It's important to note that while prostate neoplasms can be concerning, early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for many men. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are key to monitoring prostate health and catching any potential issues early on.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.

The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.

Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.

Immunotoxins are biomolecules that combine the specificity of an antibody with the toxicity of a toxin. They are created by chemically linking a monoclonal antibody (that recognizes and binds to a specific cell surface antigen) to a protein toxin (that inhibits protein synthesis in cells). The immunotoxin selectively binds to the target cell, gets internalized, and releases the toxin into the cytosol, leading to cell death. Immunotoxins have been explored as potential therapeutic agents for targeted cancer therapy and treatment of other diseases.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Neoplasm invasiveness is a term used in pathology and oncology to describe the aggressive behavior of cancer cells as they invade surrounding tissues and organs. This process involves the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion, increased motility and migration, and the ability of cancer cells to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the production of enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Invasive neoplasms are cancers that have spread beyond the original site where they first developed and have infiltrated adjacent tissues or structures. This is in contrast to non-invasive or in situ neoplasms, which are confined to the epithelial layer where they originated and have not yet invaded the underlying basement membrane.

The invasiveness of a neoplasm is an important prognostic factor in cancer diagnosis and treatment, as it can indicate the likelihood of metastasis and the potential effectiveness of various therapies. In general, more invasive cancers are associated with worse outcomes and require more aggressive treatment approaches.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.

Cell growth processes refer to the series of events that occur within a cell leading to an increase in its size, mass, and number of organelles. These processes are essential for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of all living organisms. The main cell growth processes include:

1. Cell Cycle: It is the sequence of events that a eukaryotic cell goes through from one cell division (mitosis) to the next. The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase (growth and preparation for DNA replication), S phase (DNA synthesis), G2 phase (preparation for mitosis), and M phase (mitosis or meiosis).

2. DNA Replication: It is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA molecule before cell division. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an exact replica of the parent cell's genetic material.

3. Protein Synthesis: Cells grow by increasing their protein content, which is achieved through the process of protein synthesis. This involves transcribing DNA into mRNA (transcription) and then translating that mRNA into a specific protein sequence (translation).

4. Cellular Metabolism: It refers to the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell to maintain life. These reactions include catabolic processes, which break down nutrients to release energy, and anabolic processes, which use energy to build complex molecules like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

5. Cell Signaling: Cells communicate with each other through intricate signaling pathways that help coordinate growth, differentiation, and survival. These signals can come from within the cell (intracellular) or from outside the cell (extracellular).

6. Cell Division: Also known as mitosis, it is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This ensures that each new cell contains an exact copy of the parent cell's genetic material and allows for growth and repair of tissues.

7. Apoptosis: It is a programmed cell death process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells. Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Drug screening assays for antitumor agents are laboratory tests used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of potential drugs or compounds that can inhibit the growth of tumor cells or induce their death. These assays are typically performed in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish) using cell cultures of various types of cancer cells.

The assays measure different parameters such as cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and cytotoxicity to determine the ability of the drug to kill or inhibit the growth of tumor cells. The results of these assays can help researchers identify promising antitumor agents that can be further developed for clinical use in cancer treatment.

There are different types of drug screening assays for antitumor agents, including high-throughput screening (HTS) assays, which allow for the rapid and automated testing of a large number of compounds against various cancer cell lines. Other types of assays include phenotypic screening assays, target-based screening assays, and functional screening assays, each with its own advantages and limitations.

Overall, drug screening assays for antitumor agents play a critical role in the development of new cancer therapies by providing valuable information on the activity and safety of potential drugs, helping to identify effective treatments and reduce the time and cost associated with bringing new drugs to market.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a specific isoform of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. It is a well-characterized signaling protein that plays a crucial role in angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. VEGFA stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, thereby contributing to the growth and development of new vasculature. This protein is essential for physiological processes such as embryonic development and wound healing, but it has also been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The regulation of VEGFA expression and activity is critical to maintaining proper vascular function and homeostasis.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ovary, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various cell types within the ovary, including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. Ovarian neoplasms are often classified based on their cell type of origin, histological features, and potential for invasive or metastatic behavior.

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are the most common type and can be further categorized into several subtypes, such as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors. Some of these epithelial tumors have a higher risk of becoming malignant and spreading to other parts of the body.

Germ cell ovarian neoplasms arise from the cells that give rise to eggs (oocytes) and can include teratomas, dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. Stromal ovarian neoplasms develop from the connective tissue cells supporting the ovary and can include granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas.

It is essential to diagnose and treat ovarian neoplasms promptly, as some malignant forms can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if not managed appropriately. Regular gynecological exams, imaging studies, and tumor marker tests are often used for early detection and monitoring of ovarian neoplasms. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type, stage, and patient's overall health condition.

Experimental liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the liver that are intentionally created or manipulated in a laboratory setting for the purpose of studying their development, progression, and potential treatment options. These experimental models can be established using various methods such as chemical induction, genetic modification, or transplantation of cancerous cells or tissues. The goal of this research is to advance our understanding of liver cancer biology and develop novel therapies for liver neoplasms in humans. It's important to note that these experiments are conducted under strict ethical guidelines and regulations to minimize harm and ensure the humane treatment of animals involved in such studies.

A genetic vector is a vehicle, often a plasmid or a virus, that is used to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell as part of genetic engineering or gene therapy techniques. The vector contains the desired gene or genes, along with regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers, which are needed for the expression of the gene in the target cells.

The choice of vector depends on several factors, including the size of the DNA to be inserted, the type of cell to be targeted, and the efficiency of uptake and expression required. Commonly used vectors include plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria. They are often used as cloning vectors to amplify and manipulate DNA fragments. Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of host cells, including human cells. They are commonly used as gene therapy vectors because they can efficiently transfer genes into both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Retroviruses and lentiviruses are RNA viruses that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome. This allows for stable expression of the transgene over time. Lentiviruses, a subclass of retroviruses, have the advantage of being able to infect non-dividing cells, making them useful for gene therapy applications in post-mitotic tissues such as neurons and muscle cells.

Overall, genetic vectors play a crucial role in modern molecular biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study gene function, develop new therapies, and modify organisms for various purposes.

Western blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and quantify specific proteins in a mixture of many different proteins. This technique is commonly used to confirm the expression of a protein of interest, determine its size, and investigate its post-translational modifications. The name "Western" blotting distinguishes this technique from Southern blotting (for DNA) and Northern blotting (for RNA).

The Western blotting procedure involves several steps:

1. Protein extraction: The sample containing the proteins of interest is first extracted, often by breaking open cells or tissues and using a buffer to extract the proteins.
2. Separation of proteins by electrophoresis: The extracted proteins are then separated based on their size by loading them onto a polyacrylamide gel and running an electric current through the gel (a process called sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE). This separates the proteins according to their molecular weight, with smaller proteins migrating faster than larger ones.
3. Transfer of proteins to a membrane: After separation, the proteins are transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using an electric current in a process called blotting. This creates a replica of the protein pattern on the gel but now immobilized on the membrane for further analysis.
4. Blocking: The membrane is then blocked with a blocking agent, such as non-fat dry milk or bovine serum albumin (BSA), to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies in subsequent steps.
5. Primary antibody incubation: A primary antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest is added and allowed to bind to its target protein on the membrane. This step may be performed at room temperature or 4°C overnight, depending on the antibody's properties.
6. Washing: The membrane is washed with a buffer to remove unbound primary antibodies.
7. Secondary antibody incubation: A secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody (often coupled to an enzyme or fluorophore) is added and allowed to bind to the primary antibody. This step may involve using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated or alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated secondary antibody, depending on the detection method used later.
8. Washing: The membrane is washed again to remove unbound secondary antibodies.
9. Detection: A detection reagent is added to visualize the protein of interest by detecting the signal generated from the enzyme-conjugated or fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. This can be done using chemiluminescent, colorimetric, or fluorescent methods.
10. Analysis: The resulting image is analyzed to determine the presence and quantity of the protein of interest in the sample.

Western blotting is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying specific proteins within complex mixtures. It can be used to study protein expression, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and more. However, it requires careful optimization and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Radioimmunodetection (RID) is a medical diagnostic technique that combines the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of radioisotopes to detect and locate antigens or tumor markers within the body. This technique involves labeling antibodies with radioactive isotopes, which are then introduced into the patient's body. The labeled antibodies bind to the target antigens, allowing for their detection and localization using external gamma cameras.

The process typically begins with the production of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize and bind to a particular antigen associated with a disease or condition. These antibodies are then labeled with radioisotopes such as technetium-99m, iodine-131, or indium-111, which emit gamma rays that can be detected by external imaging devices.

Once the labeled antibodies have been administered to the patient, they circulate throughout the body and bind to their respective antigens. The bound radioactive antibodies can then be imaged using a gamma camera or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanner, providing information about the location, size, and distribution of the target antigens within the body.

Radioimmunodetection has been widely used in the detection and monitoring of various malignancies, including cancerous tumors and metastases, as well as inflammatory and infectious diseases. It offers several advantages over other diagnostic techniques, such as high sensitivity, specificity, and non-invasiveness, making it an essential tool in modern medical imaging and diagnostics.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

Cell survival refers to the ability of a cell to continue living and functioning normally, despite being exposed to potentially harmful conditions or treatments. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, or other stressors that can damage cells or interfere with their normal processes.

In scientific research, measures of cell survival are often used to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapies or treatments. For example, researchers may expose cells to a particular drug or treatment and then measure the percentage of cells that survive to assess its potential therapeutic value. Similarly, in toxicology studies, measures of cell survival can help to determine the safety of various chemicals or substances.

It's important to note that cell survival is not the same as cell proliferation, which refers to the ability of cells to divide and multiply. While some treatments may promote cell survival, they may also inhibit cell proliferation, making them useful for treating diseases such as cancer. Conversely, other treatments may be designed to specifically target and kill cancer cells, even if it means sacrificing some healthy cells in the process.

Indium radioisotopes refer to specific types of radioactive indium atoms, which are unstable and emit radiation as they decay. Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Its radioisotopes are often used in medical imaging and therapy due to their unique properties.

For instance, one commonly used indium radioisotope is Indium-111 (^111In), which has a half-life of approximately 2.8 days. It emits gamma rays, making it useful for diagnostic imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In clinical applications, indium-111 is often attached to specific molecules or antibodies that target particular cells or tissues in the body, allowing medical professionals to monitor biological processes and identify diseases like cancer.

Another example is Indium-113m (^113mIn), which has a half-life of about 99 minutes. It emits low-energy gamma rays and is used as a source for in vivo counting, typically in the form of indium chloride (InCl3) solution. This radioisotope can be used to measure blood flow, ventilation, and other physiological parameters.

It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes require proper training and safety measures due to their ionizing radiation properties.

'Mammary neoplasms, experimental' is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide definitions for the individual terms:

1. Mammary: Pertaining to the breast or mammary glands in females, which are responsible for milk production.
2. Neoplasms: Abnormal growths of tissue, also known as tumors or masses, that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
3. Experimental: Relating to a scientific experiment or study, typically conducted in a controlled setting to test hypotheses and gather data.

In the context of medical research, 'experimental mammary neoplasms' may refer to artificially induced breast tumors in laboratory animals (such as rats or mice) for the purpose of studying the development, progression, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer. These studies can help researchers better understand the biology of breast cancer and develop new therapies and strategies for its diagnosis and management.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

A Tumor Stem Cell Assay is not a widely accepted or standardized medical definition. However, in the context of cancer research, a tumor stem cell assay generally refers to an experimental procedure used to identify and isolate cancer stem cells (also known as tumor-initiating cells) from a tumor sample.

Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that are believed to be responsible for driving tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. They have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types within the tumor, making them a promising target for cancer therapies.

A tumor stem cell assay typically involves isolating cells from a tumor sample and subjecting them to various tests to identify those with stem cell-like properties. These tests may include assessing their ability to form tumors in animal models or their expression of specific surface markers associated with cancer stem cells. The goal of the assay is to provide researchers with a better understanding of the biology of cancer stem cells and to develop new therapies that target them specifically.

A glioma is a type of tumor that originates from the glial cells in the brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells (neurons) within the central nervous system, including providing nutrients, maintaining homeostasis, and insulating neurons.

Gliomas can be classified into several types based on the specific type of glial cell from which they originate. The most common types include:

1. Astrocytoma: Arises from astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support to neurons.
2. Oligodendroglioma: Develops from oligodendrocytes, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
3. Ependymoma: Originate from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): A highly aggressive and malignant type of astrocytoma that tends to spread quickly within the brain.

Gliomas can be further classified based on their grade, which indicates how aggressive and fast-growing they are. Lower-grade gliomas tend to grow more slowly and may be less aggressive, while higher-grade gliomas are more likely to be aggressive and rapidly growing.

Symptoms of gliomas depend on the location and size of the tumor but can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits such as weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body. Treatment options for gliomas may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Yttrium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes or variants of the element Yttrium, which is a rare earth metal. These radioisotopes are artificially produced and have unstable nuclei that emit radiation in the form of gamma rays or high-speed particles. Examples of yttrium radioisotopes include Yttrium-90 and Yttrium-86, which are used in medical applications such as radiotherapy for cancer treatment and molecular imaging for diagnostic purposes.

Yttrium-90 is a pure beta emitter with a half-life of 64.1 hours, making it useful for targeted radionuclide therapy. It can be used to treat liver tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma by attaching it to monoclonal antibodies or other targeting agents that selectively bind to cancer cells.

Yttrium-86 is a positron emitter with a half-life of 14.7 hours, making it useful for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It can be used to label radiopharmaceuticals and track their distribution in the body, providing information on the location and extent of disease.

It is important to note that handling and use of radioisotopes require specialized training and equipment due to their potential radiation hazards.

Fibrosarcoma is a type of soft tissue cancer that develops in the fibrous (or connective) tissue found throughout the body, including tendons, ligaments, and muscles. It is characterized by the malignant proliferation of fibroblasts, which are the cells responsible for producing collagen, a structural protein found in connective tissue.

The tumor typically presents as a painless, firm mass that grows slowly over time. Fibrosarcomas can occur at any age but are more common in adults between 30 and 60 years old. The exact cause of fibrosarcoma is not well understood, but it has been linked to radiation exposure, certain chemicals, and genetic factors.

There are several subtypes of fibrosarcoma, including adult-type fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma, and dedifferentiated fibrosarcoma. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, often followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to reduce the risk of recurrence. The prognosis for patients with fibrosarcoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence or absence of metastasis (spread of cancer to other parts of the body).

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

A neoplasm is a tumor or growth that is formed by an abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Neoplasm proteins are therefore any proteins that are expressed or produced in these neoplastic cells. These proteins can play various roles in the development, progression, and maintenance of neoplasms.

Some neoplasm proteins may contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth and division seen in cancer, such as oncogenic proteins that promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death). Others may help the neoplastic cells evade the immune system, allowing them to proliferate undetected. Still others may be involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Neoplasm proteins can also serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response. For example, the presence or level of certain neoplasm proteins in biological samples such as blood or tissue may indicate the presence of a specific type of cancer, help predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, or suggest whether a particular therapy will be effective.

Overall, understanding the roles and behaviors of neoplasm proteins can provide valuable insights into the biology of cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Skin transplantation, also known as skin grafting, is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of healthy skin from one part of the body (donor site) and its transfer to another site (recipient site) that has been damaged or lost due to various reasons such as burns, injuries, infections, or diseases. The transplanted skin can help in healing wounds, restoring functionality, and improving the cosmetic appearance of the affected area. There are different types of skin grafts, including split-thickness grafts, full-thickness grafts, and composite grafts, which vary in the depth and size of the skin removed and transplanted. The success of skin transplantation depends on various factors, including the size and location of the wound, the patient's overall health, and the availability of suitable donor sites.

Angiogenesis inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They work by targeting specific molecules involved in the process of angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. By blocking these molecules, angiogenesis inhibitors can prevent the development of new blood vessels that feed tumors, thereby slowing or stopping their growth.

Angiogenesis inhibitors are used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colon, lung, breast, kidney, and ovarian cancer. They may be given alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Some examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include bevacizumab (Avastin), sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), and pazopanib (Votrient).

It's important to note that while angiogenesis inhibitors can be effective in treating cancer, they can also have serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, bleeding, and damage to the heart or kidneys. Therefore, it's essential that patients receive careful monitoring and management of these potential side effects while undergoing treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhenium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "Re" and atomic number 75. Rhenium is a heavy, silvery-white, metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in high-temperature alloys and electronics.

It does not have any direct medical relevance or application as a drug, treatment, or diagnostic tool in human medicine. However, like many other elements, rhenium compounds are being studied for their potential medicinal uses, such as in cancer therapy. But it's important to note that these are still in the research phase and have not yet been approved for use in humans.

"Nudism" is not a term that has a medical definition per se, as it is not a medical condition or diagnosis. However, it is a social and cultural practice also known as "naturism," which refers to the acceptance and promotion of the natural human body and its functions, often including optional nudity in private or designated public spaces. It's important to note that while some people may participate in nudism for personal, philosophical, or therapeutic reasons, it is not a medically recognized treatment or therapy.

Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.

It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.

Drug synergism is a pharmacological concept that refers to the interaction between two or more drugs, where the combined effect of the drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This means that when these drugs are administered together, they produce an enhanced therapeutic response compared to when they are given separately.

Drug synergism can occur through various mechanisms, such as:

1. Pharmacodynamic synergism - When two or more drugs interact with the same target site in the body and enhance each other's effects.
2. Pharmacokinetic synergism - When one drug affects the metabolism, absorption, distribution, or excretion of another drug, leading to an increased concentration of the second drug in the body and enhanced therapeutic effect.
3. Physiochemical synergism - When two drugs interact physically, such as when one drug enhances the solubility or permeability of another drug, leading to improved absorption and bioavailability.

It is important to note that while drug synergism can result in enhanced therapeutic effects, it can also increase the risk of adverse reactions and toxicity. Therefore, healthcare providers must carefully consider the potential benefits and risks when prescribing combinations of drugs with known or potential synergistic effects.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase.

During the G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for DNA replication. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is copied, resulting in two complete sets of chromosomes. During the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and produces more proteins and organelles necessary for cell division.

The M phase is the final stage of the cell cycle and consists of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter nuclei, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and creates two separate daughter cells.

The cell cycle is regulated by various checkpoints that ensure the proper completion of each phase before progressing to the next. These checkpoints help prevent errors in DNA replication and division, which can lead to mutations and cancer.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

HT-29 is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line that is commonly used in research. These cells are derived from a colorectal cancer tumor and have the ability to differentiate into various cell types found in the intestinal mucosa, such as absorptive enterocytes and mucus-secreting goblet cells. HT-29 cells are often used to study the biology of colon cancer, including the effects of drugs on cancer cell growth and survival, as well as the role of various genes and signaling pathways in colorectal tumorigenesis.

It is important to note that when working with cell lines like HT-29, it is essential to use proper laboratory techniques and follow established protocols to ensure the integrity and reproducibility of experimental results. Additionally, researchers should regularly authenticate their cell lines to confirm their identity and verify that they are free from contamination with other cell types.

Glioblastoma, also known as Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a highly aggressive and malignant type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the brain. These tumors are characterized by their rapid growth, invasion into surrounding brain tissue, and resistance to treatment.

Glioblastomas are composed of various cell types, including astrocytes and other glial cells, which make them highly heterogeneous and difficult to treat. They typically have a poor prognosis, with a median survival rate of 14-15 months from the time of diagnosis, even with aggressive treatment.

Symptoms of glioblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in personality or behavior, and weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.

Standard treatment for glioblastoma typically involves surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide. However, despite these treatments, glioblastomas often recur, leading to a poor overall prognosis.

A heterograft, also known as xenograft, is a type of graft in which tissue or an organ is transplanted from one species to another. For example, a heart valve from a pig may be used as a heterograft in a human heart surgery. However, due to the significant differences between species, the recipient's immune system often recognizes the heterograft as foreign and mounts an immune response against it, leading to rejection of the graft. To prevent this, immunosuppressive drugs are usually administered to the recipient to suppress their immune system and reduce the risk of rejection. Despite these challenges, heterografts can be a valuable option in certain medical situations where a human donor organ or tissue is not available.

Down-regulation is a process that occurs in response to various stimuli, where the number or sensitivity of cell surface receptors or the expression of specific genes is decreased. This process helps maintain homeostasis within cells and tissues by reducing the ability of cells to respond to certain signals or molecules.

In the context of cell surface receptors, down-regulation can occur through several mechanisms:

1. Receptor internalization: After binding to their ligands, receptors can be internalized into the cell through endocytosis. Once inside the cell, these receptors may be degraded or recycled back to the cell surface in smaller numbers.
2. Reduced receptor synthesis: Down-regulation can also occur at the transcriptional level, where the expression of genes encoding for specific receptors is decreased, leading to fewer receptors being produced.
3. Receptor desensitization: Prolonged exposure to a ligand can lead to a decrease in receptor sensitivity or affinity, making it more difficult for the cell to respond to the signal.

In the context of gene expression, down-regulation refers to the decreased transcription and/or stability of specific mRNAs, leading to reduced protein levels. This process can be induced by various factors, including microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation, histone modification, or DNA methylation.

Down-regulation is an essential mechanism in many physiological processes and can also contribute to the development of several diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Ras genes are a group of genes that encode for proteins involved in cell signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Mutations in Ras genes have been associated with various types of cancer, as well as other diseases such as developmental disorders and autoimmune diseases. The Ras protein family includes H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras, which are activated by growth factor receptors and other signals to activate downstream effectors involved in cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal activation of Ras signaling due to mutations or dysregulation can contribute to tumor development and progression.

"Naked Mole-Rat Database". Naked Mole-Rat Database 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011. "Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource". Naked Mole-Rat ... Naked mole-rats are not threatened. They are widespread and numerous in the drier regions of East Africa. A naked mole-rat ... The skin of naked mole-rats lacks neurotransmitters in their cutaneous sensory fibers. As a result, the naked mole-rats feel no ... At lower temperatures, naked mole-rats can use behavioral thermoregulation. For example, cold naked mole-rats huddle together ...
The Ugi naked-tailed rat is the smallest species within the genus Solomys. It has a snout-vent-length of 187 mm. The tail ... The Ugi naked-tailed rat (Solomys salamonis) is a poorly known and possibly extinct species of rodent in the family Muridae. It ... A reassessment of the type locality of the giant rat Solomys salamonis (Rodentia : Muridae) from the Solomon Islands. ...
The Bougainville naked-tailed rat (Solomys salebrosus) or Bougainville giant rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. ...
The giant naked-tailed rat (Uromys anak) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in West Papua, Indonesia and ...
The Isabel naked-tailed rat (Solomys sapientis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only on the island of ...
pilucho: naked. piñén: dirt of the body. guata: belly. machi: Mapuche shaman. colo colo: pampas cat, Leopardus colocola. curi: ... guarén: the brown rat. laucha: mouse. roquín: lunch, picnic cuncuna: caterpillar. pichintún: pinch, or very small portion. ...
In naked mole rats, this behavioral dominance occurs in the form of the queen facing the worker head-to-head, and shoving it ... Honeycutt, R (1992). "Naked mole-rats". American Scientist. 80 (1): 43-53. Bibcode:1992AmSci..80...43H. Darwin, C. (1859) On ... and naked mole rats depend upon tubers in the ground. Each of these resources has patchy distributions throughout the ... naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), and the insect order Hymenoptera (which includes bees, wasps, and ants). The fact that ...
Naked mole rats and mole-rats Old World porcupines (family Hystricidae), such as the Cape porcupine New World porcupines ( ... "Naked mole-rat". nationalzoo.si.edu. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2023. Jarvis, Jennifer U.M. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). ... "Echimyidae - spiny rats". nhpbs.org/. New Hampshire's PBS Station. Retrieved 10 July 2023. Most species are herbivores and eat ... "Heteromyidae: kangaroo rats, pocket mice, and relatives". ADW: Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan: Museum of Zoology ...
The more common ones are denoted as rnu (Rowett nude), fz (fuzzy), and shn (shorn). Rowett nude rats, first identified in 1953 ... Shaking rat Kawasaki was first described in 1988. This and the Lewis rat are well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats. The ... The biobreeding rat (a.k.a. the biobreeding diabetes-prone rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops ... Laboratory rats not sacrificed may be euthanized or, in some cases, become pets. Domestic rats differ from wild rats (various ...
Griffin, Ashleigh S. (23 September 2008). "Naked Mole Rat" (PDF). Current Biology. 18 (18): R844-5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07. ... a notable exception being the naked mole-rat, whose lips close behind the front teeth). They are also more mobile in mammals ...
Petromuridae (dassie rat or noki). One genus and one species. Heterocephalidae (naked mole-rat). One genus and one species. ... Octodontidae (viscacha rats, degus, rock rats and coruro). Eight genera and 14 species. Echimyidae (hutias, coypu, spiny-rats ... Abrocomidae (chinchilla rats and Inka rats). Two genera and ten species. Ctenomyidae (tuco-tucos). One genus and 69 species. ... Muridae (true mice and rats (Old World rats and mice), gerbils and relatives). 155 genera and 816 species. Other details: Size ...
Tail naked, blackish above, paler beneath. Fine dense fur shorter ventrally. Many shortish whiskers. Males are larger.[citation ... The soft-furred rat (Millardia meltada), or soft-furred metad, is a species of rodent in the family Muridae native to South ... Rats of Asia, Millardia, Rodents of India, Mammals of Nepal, Rodents of Bangladesh, Rodents of Sri Lanka, Mammals described in ...
Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole-rat. Spalacidae, a family of about 30 muroid species in six genera from Eurasia and ... Mole-rat (acche laal) or mole rat can refer to several groups of burrowing Old World rodents: Bathyergidae, a family of about ... In the family Muridae: Nesokia indica from southern and southwestern Asia and Egypt, also known as the short-tailed mole-rat. ... Bandicota bengalensis from southern Asia, also known as the Indian mole-rat. This page is an index of articles on animal ...
Loves naked mole-rats and ants. Won 1st place at the Science fair. Piya - Johnny sniffed her hair in class after the room went ...
Hasson, Nir (2018-04-16). "Did King David's United Monarchy Exist? Naked Mole Rats Uncover Monumental Evidence". Haaretz. ... The Middle East blind mole-rat or Palestine mole-rat (Nannospalax ehrenbergi) is a species of rodent in the family Spalacidae. ... The Middle East blind mole-rat weighs 100-200 grams (3.5-7.1 oz). It has light gray fur and four sharp teeth, two large teeth ... In Israel, the blind mole-rat is a major agricultural pest. It digs long tunnels up to 80 centimeters deep and stores onions ...
The biology of the naked mole-rat. Vol. 3. p. 44. Friedmann, D.; Johnson, B.; Linksvayer, T. (2020). "Distributed physiology ...
The ears are large and nearly naked. The fur is smooth and flattened, interspersed with short spines. The dorsal pelage is a ... The Malayan field rat, Malaysian field rat or Malaysian wood rat, (Rattus tiomanicus) is a species of rodent in the family ... The Malayan field rat is nocturnal. It climbs well and spends much of its time in trees as well as foraging on the ground. It ... The Malayan field rat is an abundant and adaptable species with a very wide range, a large total population and an ability to ...
"Naked mole-rats share food with a chirp and a wave Cornell study of social rodents traces recruits' route to roots". Cornell ... Paul W. Sherman is a professor Emeritus at Cornell University in animal behaviour best known for his work on naked mole rats ... Sherman, Paul (2017-03-21). The Biology of the Naked Mole-Rat. ISBN 978-0-691-62886-8. "Rewilding can cause rather than solve ... In 1996, he published work demonstrating how kin selection in the eusocial naked mole rats affects food allocation. In 2000, he ...
Naked mole rats have high telomerase activity, they live long, and were thought by some to never get cancer; and therefore ... Naked mole rats do get cancer, however. Theories, such as Weismann's "programmed death" theory, suggest that deterioration and ... Taylor, Kyle R.; Milone, Nicholas A.; Rodriguez, Carlos E. (2016). "Four Cases of Spontaneous Neoplasia in the Naked Mole-Rat ( ... Petruseva IO, Evdokimov AN, Lavrik OI (2017). "Genome Stability Maintenance in Naked Mole-Rat". Acta Naturae. 9 (4): 31-41. doi ...
Rochelle pioneered the naked mole-rat as a model system in biomedical research. Not only does she currently maintain the ... Thomas Park and Melissa Holmes, she published the book "The Extraordinary Biology of the Naked Mole-rat" in 2021 Buffenstein, ... Buffenstein, Rochelle (November 2005). "The naked mole-rat: a new long-living model for human aging research". The Journals of ... Bringing her colony of naked mole-rats with her, she began characterizing their negligible senescence in a collaborative study ...
... the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat. Presociality is when animals exhibit more than just sexual interactions with ... Some examples are badgers, and naked mole-rats. Many rodent species are also considered fossorial because they live in burrows ... A rare exception, the naked mole-rat produces little metabolic heat, so it is considered an operational poikilotherm. Birds are ... Buffenstein R, Yahav S (1991). "Is the naked mole-rat Hererocephalus glaber an endothermic yet poikilothermic mammal?". Journal ...
Naked mole-rats went on exhibit in 1996. Komodo dragons become a feature exhibit in 1997. In 1997, zoo workers went on strike ...
As a result of their "pioneering research on the causes of cancer resistance in naked mole-rats," Gorbunova and Seluanov won ... Following this discovery, Gorbunova focused her cancer-fighting experiments on the naked mole rat. In 2009, she published ... "Gorbunova earns award for work with naked mole rats". Campus Times. November 14, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2022. "Vera ... Gorbunova's research team continued to focus on the naked mole rat as a key to understanding cancer resistance among animals. ...
Common examples include Mongooses, Wolves, and Naked mole-rats. High costs to polygyny: some males could evolve to care for ...
"O Bro, Where Are Thou?") As Told by Ginger - Naked Mole Rat Expert (Ep. "Family Therapy") Back at the Barnyard - Additional ...
... the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat. Some shrimp, such as Synalpheus regalis, are also eusocial. E. O. Wilson and ... the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis), both of which are highly inbred. ... Burda, H. Honeycutt; Begall, S.; Locker-Grutjen, O.; Scharff, A. (2000). "Are naked and common mole-rats eusocial and if so, ... International Union for the Study of Social Insects Eusociality in naked mole-rats (CS1 errors: periodical ignored, Wikipedia ...
"Emmy Award-Winning Nancy Cartwright to Reprise Her Role of Rufus the Naked-Mole Rat in the Live-Action Kim Possible Disney ... Nancy Cartwright as Rufus, Ron's pet naked mole-rat. Cartwright reprises her role from the animated series. Patton Oswalt as ...
They have long, naked tails which are not prehensile. Adult animals weigh around 1.3 kg (2.9 lb). Their skulls are unusual in ... Bristle-spined rats are named because the spines on the back are more bristle-like in texture than the spines on the rest of ... The bristle-spined rat is restricted to remnant forests and forest edges in the Atlantic coastal forests on the east coast of ... The bristle-spined rat (Chaetomys subspinosus) is an arboreal rodent from the Atlantic forest in eastern Brazil. Also known as ...
... s live up to 28 years, the second-longest of any rodent after the naked mole-rat, which can live in excess of ... Ruby, J Graham; Smith, Megan; Buffenstein, Rochelle (24 January 2018). "Naked mole-rat mortality rates defy Gompertzian laws by ... Buffenstein, Rochelle; Craft, Wendy (2021). "The Idiosyncratic Physiological Traits of the Naked Mole-Rat; a Resilient Animal ... The paws have naked and padded soles and have a plantigrade gait. The ears are external and both the eyes and ears are very ...
Giant naked-tailed rat, Uromys anak Thomas, 1907 Biak giant rat, Uromys boeadii Groves & Flannery, 1994 Giant white-tailed rat ... 1904 King rat, Uromys rex Thomas, 1888 Great Key Island giant rat, Uromys siebersi Thomas, 1923 Vangunu giant rat, Uromys vika ... 1983 Emperor rat, Uromys imperator Thomas, 1888 Bismarck giant rat, Uromys neobritannicus Tate & Archbold, 1935 Guadalcanal rat ... They are known as the giant naked-tailed rats. There are eleven species in the genus, with the most recent described in 2017. ...
"Naked Mole-Rat Database". Naked Mole-Rat Database 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011. "Naked Mole-Rat Genome Resource". Naked Mole-Rat ... Naked mole-rats are not threatened. They are widespread and numerous in the drier regions of East Africa. A naked mole-rat ... The skin of naked mole-rats lacks neurotransmitters in their cutaneous sensory fibers. As a result, the naked mole-rats feel no ... At lower temperatures, naked mole-rats can use behavioral thermoregulation. For example, cold naked mole-rats huddle together ...
Petherick, A. Naked mole-rats dont feel the burn. Nature (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2008.535 ... Researchers have added to the list of biological curiosities about mole-rats: the animals do not feel all types of pain. The ...
THEY might be bald and ugly, but naked mole rats never get cancer. If their trick can be copied it could help humans resist ... Its almost impossible to culture naked mole rat cells in the lab, which made Andrei Seluanov and Vera Gorbunova from Rochester ... They found that a dilute solution of naked mole rat skin cells did start to proliferate, but stopped once the… ... Cancer-free mole rats could help humans in the fight against cancer ...
Naked mole-rats have a protein that interrupts pain signal. ... When a naked mole-rat meets a sneaky sea worm By Nancy Shute. ... Naked mole-rats have a version of a pain-sensing protein that doesnt respond to hot stimuli, such as the capsaicin molecule ... Because naked mole-rats spend their time in hot African climates, the rodents might have evolved to not need the pain signals ... Naked mole-rats invade neighboring colonies and steal babies By Jake Buehler. October 20, 2020. ...
Naked mole rats may hold lifesaving clues for heart attack treatment ... Naked mole rats may hold lifesaving clues for heart attack treatment Washington , Fri, 24 Feb 2012 ANI ... Naked mole rats retain a tolerance for oxygen deprivation into adulthood. Park and his colleagues measured calcium entry in ... Naked mole rats, however, are very tolerant to oxygen deprivation, or hypoxia-as are human newborns, whose brain cells have ...
Tag Archives: Research about naked mole rats. Could naked mole-rats live forever?. Naked mole-rats are weirdly spectacular - ... Even more spectacular is that research has shown that naked mole-rats do not age in the same manner as other mammals, and in ... stories/tag/research-about-naked-mole-rats/ data-token=379b4392e7fb4fe7ad4abb720fcc676c,,noscript class=wpforms-error- ...
Naked Mole Rat is a burrowing rodent inhabited to the parts of East Africa. It is the only species distinguished in genus ... Naked Mole Rat. By Ezoic Ground Mammals 2 Comments Naked Mole Rat is a burrowing rodent inhabited to the parts of East Africa. ... The long-lived naked mole-rat. Description. Here, the weight is mostly 30-35 g and the length is 8-10 cm long. Queens can weigh ... In the wild, naked mole rats are mostly known to breed once in a year, if the litter survives. They breed all year long in ...
... and now for Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed on HBO Max. ... Naked, naked, naked, naked, naked mole rats. And I was like, ... In Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed, a naked mole rat named Wilbur (Jordan Fisher) discovers clothes in a culture where theyre ... Mo Willems naked mole rats owe their rock n roll sound to this composer ... Deborah Wicks La Puma and Mo Willems Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience is on HBO Max. ...
Mole Rat and all his Fellow Mole Rats in the Tunnel have always been, well... naked. But when Wilbur discovers clothing and a ... Cartoonitos Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience Voice Cast Revealed WarnerMedia Kids & Family and ... Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience is part of WarnerMedias multi-year deal with Willems and ... WarnerMedia Kids & Family and Stampede Ventures have unveiled the cast of their upcoming Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The ...
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Naked mole-rat females have large numbers of egg cells compared to mice, and death rates of these cells were lower than in mice ... For example, at eight days old, naked mole-rat females had 1.5 million egg cells per ovary (i.e. about 95 times more than mice ... Eternal fertility of naked mole-rats may aid in human therapies, study shows. A Cornell CVM-coauthored study unlocks clues ... In contrast, naked mole-rat queens can breed right through old age, suggesting the rodents have special processes to preserve ...
... but the naked mole rat is impressive in its long and active lifespan. Researchers believe that this small mammals high levels ... The naked mole rat is a subterranean rodent native to East Africa. It stands out in comparison to the common rat, which lives ... Naked Mole Rat May Hold Secret To Long Life. By Aya Ephrati, NoCamels July 09, 2012 2 minutes ... The naked mole rat, a burrowing rodent that lives in colonies much like those of ants, has already proven to be an excellent ...
... but naked mole rats love farmers! The abundance of root veggies and crops in farm fields gives naked mole rats vast territory ... Fun fact: Naked mole rats are one of the only eusocial mammals, meaning only one female in the colony (the queen) breeds and ... Naked mole rats are not currently under any known immediate threats in the wild. Farmers sometimes see them as pests, ...
Intriguingly, fully-grown naked mole-rats (NMRs) exhibit many traits typical of neonatal rodents. However, little is known ... Intriguingly, fully-grown naked mole-rats (NMRs) exhibit many traits typical of neonatal rodents. However, little is known ... The naked mole-rat (NMR) is the longest-lived rodent with a maximum lifespan ,31 years. ... The naked mole-rat (NMR) is the longest-lived rodent with a maximum lifespan ,31 years. ...
Surprisingly, the naked mole rat gene was different from HAS2 in all other animals. In addition naked mole rats were very slow ... U of R boffins discover wrinkle therapy chem may cure cancer in naked mole rats. * Post author By Tommy Belknap ... They have isolated a specific chemical in the naked mole rat which seems to gird the rodent Lotharios cells against tumors. ... The Rochester team also identified the gene, named HAS2, responsible for making HMW-HA in the naked mole rat. ...
Kinda cute, kinda ugly. Sorta weird, but oh so snuggly! Our Snugglies line features endangered and rare animals in super soft fabric! Hangtag includes fun facts on each animal!
U of R Conducted Famous Naked Mole Rat Study Last Year in Which they Isolated the Chemical that Keeps Some Rats Cancer-Free ... Similar to the University of Rochester naked mole rat study that looked which chemicals could prevent cancer in rodents, this ... Vera Gorbunova, Professor of Biology at University Rochester, and principal investigator of the original naked mole rat study, ... Naked Mole Rat Researcher - Grant Will Fund Research Into Aging Process & Cancer Prevention. Apr 23, 2014 ...
"It took us 10 years from the discovery of HMW-HA in the naked mole rat to showing that HMW-HA improves health in mice," said ... According to the University of Rochester, naked mole rats have long captured the attention of scientists for their lengthy ... The researchers previously learned that HMW-HA is also one mechanism responsible for the unusual resistance naked mole rats ... NewsNation) - Researchers at the University of Rochester transferred a longevity gene from naked mole rats to mice, calling it ...
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A naked mole rat (NMR) is pictured at the University of Rochester January 31, 2018. Naked mole rats are intriguing for ... Naked Mole-rat, hairless rat (© Eric Isselée - stock.adobe.com) Longer Life News ... the researchers identified HMW-HA as a key factor in the naked mole rats exceptional cancer resistance. These mole rats have ... Testing the naked mole rats longevity gene in mice. According to the study, which is published in the journal Nature, this ...
NAKED MOLE RATS IN THE WORLD OF DARKNESS by Mike Folie- Author: Mike Folie Synopsis: Four actors play twenty-seven different ... Home > Full Length > NAKED MOLE RATS IN THE WORLD OF DARKNESS by Mike Folie ... The perfect "date night play," Naked Mole Rats will delight adult audiences of all ages. ...
... First name: Laure-hélène, Age: 19 yo, City: Killeen (TX) ... Bri From Lab Rats Naked. First name: Shari, Age: 47 yo, City: New York (NY) ... Bri From Lab Rats Naked. First name: Marie-olympe, Age: 28 yo, City: Seaside (CA) ... Bri From Lab Rats Naked. First name: Etienna, Age: 26 yo, City: Santa Maria (CA) ...
Peregrines do not begin true incubation until they lay the second to final egg of the clutch. The adults could cowl the eggs throughout really chilly temperatures, however are not truly incubating them. This happens most often at night time, especially in northern states the place the air temperature is beneath freezing. Now that weve three eggs within the clutch, true incubation will occur by the pair of falcons. This signifies that the adults will not often go away the eggs uncovered for greater than a minute or so, unless the temperatures get within the 80s or so. The adults maintain the eggs at about 99.5 to one hundred degrees Fahrenheit and can use their beaks to turn the eggs several times through the day.. From personal beach bonfires with smores to plush pool cabanas and surf classes, make new memories in a magical beachfront setting. Choose from informal toes-in-the-sand tacos and cocktails, to fireplace bites overlooking the sunset, to pizza and grab-n-go sandwiches, to fresh-catch ...
Naked mole rats are one of the weirdest mammalian species out there ... Naked mole rats are one of the weirdest mammalian species out there, even when you take out the fact that they are completely ... Naked mole rats are fairly small in size (about 4 inches) but they have giant colonies composed of as many as 300 workers. This ... Naked Mole Rats are…Interesting. December 30, 2020 , Posted In: Georgia Pest & Termite Control ...
Athymic Nude Rat Brain Atlas will provide the first stereotaxic brain atlas of the athymic nude rat (Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu), a T- ... N2 - Athymic Nude Rat Brain Atlas will provide the first stereotaxic brain atlas of the athymic nude rat (Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu), a ... AB - Athymic Nude Rat Brain Atlas will provide the first stereotaxic brain atlas of the athymic nude rat (Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu), a ... abstract = "Athymic Nude Rat Brain Atlas will provide the first stereotaxic brain atlas of the athymic nude rat (Crl:NIH- ...
Vadim Gladyshev and his team has investigated the epigenetic aging of the naked mole rat, an animal whose mortality rate does ... A paper published in Nature has investigated the epigenetic aging of the naked mole rat, an animal whose mortality rate does ... Do naked mole rats actually age?. In this paper, the researchers address the question of whether the naked mole rat is truly a ... just as it is in naked mole rats.. One thing, however, is very clear: if we are ever going to harness the naked mole rats ...
The Naked Mole Rats are a band from Portland, OR bringing you rocknroll with a splash of country and ... ... Naked Mole Rats // Holy Catholic Social Club. 04oct9:00 pm11:00 pmNaked Mole Rats // Holy Catholic Social ClubWEDNESDAY NIGHT ... The Naked Mole Rats are a band from Portland, OR bringing you rocknroll with a splash of country and even a little jazz. With ... The Naked Mole Rats are a band from Portland, OR ... the Mole Rats have a diverse sound that combines their many ...
Naked mole-rats (NMRs), Heterocephalus glaber, are one of the few known eusocial mammals, meaning that they have a social caste ... Naked mole-rats (NMRs), Heterocephalus glaber, are one of the few known eusocial mammals, meaning that they have a social caste ...
Naked mole rats are extremely long lived rodents. Cellular protein integrity and homeostasis mediated by proteasomes and ... Naked Mole Rats - Clues to their Exceptional Longevity. Naked Mole Rats (NMR), native to parts of East Africa, are extremely ... Metabolic clues to salubrious longevity in the brain of the longest-lived rodent: the naked mole-rat. J Neurochem. 2015 Aug. ... Age-related changes in the proteostasis network in the brain of the nakedmole-rat. Implications promoting healthy longevity. ...
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  • Athymic Nude Rat Brain Atlas will provide the first stereotaxic brain atlas of the athymic nude rat (Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu), a T-cell deficient rat model commonly used in experimental studies and pre-clinical safety and efficacy studies. (lu.se)
  • Naked mole-rats' substance P deficiency has also been tied to their lack of the histamine-induced itching and scratching behavior typical of rodents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because naked mole-rats spend their time in hot African climates, the rodents might have evolved to not need the pain signals that come from heat, the authors speculate. (sciencenews.org)
  • Park, who for years has studied naked mole rats and their unusual adaptations, thinks the latest findings "are just the tip of the iceberg" of what we can learn from the rodents. (newstrackindia.com)
  • In contrast, naked mole-rat queens can breed right through old age, suggesting the rodents have special processes to preserve their ovarian reserve and avoid waning fertility. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • Rodents have an 85 percent genetic similarity to humans - so whatever is behind the naked mole rat's longevity may hold the key to longer and healthier lives for us as well. (nocamels.com)
  • She studied seven species of rodents, including guinea pigs, mice, and mole rats, to determine the genetic relationships between them. (nocamels.com)
  • Intriguingly, fully-grown naked mole-rats (NMRs) exhibit many traits typical of neonatal rodents. (frontiersin.org)
  • Similar to the University of Rochester naked mole rat study that looked which chemicals could prevent cancer in rodents, this study will also examine the mechanisms that help these species live longer and resist cancer. (senate.gov)
  • For context, naked mole rats are mouse-sized rodents that live up to 41 years, nearly 10 times the lifespan of rodents of comparable size. (studyfinds.org)
  • Naked mole rats are intriguing for researchers for a variety of reasons: they have the longest life span of rodents (average lifespan is 30 years), they are resistant to a variety of age-related diseases such as cancer, and they tend to remain fit and active until very advanced ages. (studyfinds.org)
  • Naked Mole Rats (NMR), native to parts of East Africa , are extremely long lived rodents, living up to 8x's longer than comparably sized mice. (geresdengle.com)
  • We know that brown adipose tissue may protect rodents (such as mice and rats) from the cold in winter. (medscape.com)
  • most notably its being the only mammalian thermoconformer with an almost entirely ectothermic (cold-blooded) form of body temperature regulation, as well as exhibiting a complex social structure split between reproductive and non-reproductive castes, making it and the closely related Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) the only widely recognized examples of eusociality (the highest classification of sociality) in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • This last power has puzzled researchers, because like other mammals, mole-rats have functional versions of a protein called TRPV1, which responds to painfully hot stimuli. (sciencenews.org)
  • Even more spectacular is that research has shown that naked mole-rats do not age in the same manner as other mammals, and in fact show little to no signs of ageing, and their risk of death does not increase with age. (africageographic.com)
  • Unlike humans and other mammals, which become less fertile with age, naked mole-rats are able to reproduce throughout their long lifespans. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • Naked mole rats are one of the only eusocial mammals, meaning only one female in the colony (the queen) breeds and most other members spend their lives working for the colony! (assiniboinepark.ca)
  • While all mammals possess this gene, the version found in the naked mole rat appears to promote more robust gene expression. (studyfinds.org)
  • Naked mole-rats (NMRs), Heterocephalus glaber, are one of the few known eusocial mammals, meaning that they have a social caste system with a reproductive division of labor. (gatech.edu)
  • The pattern of bone remodeling of one of the most peculiar mammals in the world, the naked mole-rat (NMR), was assessed. (bvsalud.org)
  • The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to the Horn of Africa and parts of Kenya, notably in Somali regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) are of great interest to scientists due to their unusually long life span and extreme cancer resistance. (georgetown.edu)
  • A naked mole rat (NMR) is pictured at the University of Rochester January 31, 2018. (studyfinds.org)
  • The research team found evidence for each of the three processes, and compared ovaries from naked mole-rats and mice across different stages of development. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • Despite their similar sizes, mice live four years at most and start to show a drop in fertility by nine months, whereas naked mole-rats have a life expectancy of 30 years or more. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • Naked mole-rat females have large numbers of egg cells compared to mice, and death rates of these cells were lower than in mice. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • For example, at eight days old, naked mole-rat females had 1.5 million egg cells per ovary ( i.e. about 95 times more than mice of the same age). (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • NewsNation ) - Researchers at the University of Rochester transferred a longevity gene from naked mole rats to mice, calling it a "groundbreaking endeavor. (wgnradio.com)
  • It took us 10 years from the discovery of HMW-HA in the naked mole rat to showing that HMW-HA improves health in mice," said Vera Gorbunova, the Doris Johns Cherry professor of biology and medicine at Rochester. (wgnradio.com)
  • In this research, a gene from the mole rat was introduced into mice, leading to enhanced health and increased longevity in the mice. (studyfinds.org)
  • These mole rats have almost 10 times more HMW-HA in their systems compared to mice and humans. (studyfinds.org)
  • Remarkably, mice with the naked mole rat's gene variant showed heightened resistance to spontaneous tumors and chemically induced skin cancers. (studyfinds.org)
  • The researchers found two genes whose methylation patterns are different between naked mole rats and mice. (lifespan.io)
  • The researchers found that Tert methylation in the naked mole rat has more methylation sites and gradually increasing methylation with age, which occurs in a different and wider pattern than that of mice. (lifespan.io)
  • however, unlike mice (and people), the telomeres of naked mole rats are known to elongate, rather than shorten, over 20 years [4]. (lifespan.io)
  • and now, a colony of naked mole rats. (kosu.org)
  • Given the harshness of the environment in which both the naked mole rats and ants live in, it makes evolutionary sense to spread the reach of a colony for kilometers on end if need be, and if you come across another colony, it makes sense to snatch their pups and supplement your workforce. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • It is our hope that combining arts and science will delight, educate, and inspire young people to learn more about our naked mole-rat colony," said Matt Cannella, Director of Advancement, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (theadvfam.com)
  • They were also fortunate to get a behind the scenes look at the naked mole rat colony at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in Washington, DC, thanks to small mammal biologist David Kessler. (georgetown.edu)
  • This animated rock musical follows a colony of Naked Mole Rats after one of their own discovers a love for wearing clothes. (magnet-yify.com)
  • Although she is a hero to the colony, she is also the most feared and powerful mole rat to exist. (magnet-yify.com)
  • Not only this, but compared to humans, the naked mole rat's body shows little decline due to aging. (nocamels.com)
  • These intelligent African giant pouched rats are helping humans save lives through search and rescue missions while wearing tiny backpacks. (discovery.com)
  • A genetically distinct HEV have been isolated from humans with hepatitis E, regularly was recently isolated from rats in Germany, and its genome infect pigs worldwide ( 6 ), and infection in humans caused was sequenced. (cdc.gov)
  • AC, commonly called the rat lungworm, is a parasitic worm and the most common infectious cause of eosinophilic (a type of white cell) meningitis in humans worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • In Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed , a naked mole rat named Wilbur (Jordan Fisher) discovers clothes in a culture where they're banned. (kosu.org)
  • La Puma wrote an epic, Freddie Mercury-style ballad for Wilbur, a naked mole rat who dares to get dressed in a culture that bans clothes. (kosu.org)
  • This rock musical follows Wilbur J. Mole Rat Jr. and his fellow naked mole rats. (theadvfam.com)
  • Wilbur The Mole Rat is loveable and a fan favorite and, even though he is an animal, we can all relate to his search for acceptance within his community. (magnet-yify.com)
  • A fun and funny tale about a sensitive, curious and rockin' Naked Mole Rat named Wilbur who "scandalously" decides to (gasp! (watchseriesz.com)
  • We wanted to know if the adult naked mole-rats used the same strategy as babies to prevent calcium entry. (newstrackindia.com)
  • The perfect "date night play," Naked Mole Rats will delight adult audiences of all ages. (originalworksonline.com)
  • Twenty (20) healthy adult male albino rats weighing 220-250 g were used as test animals. (who.int)
  • Park thinks this strategy is an evolutionary adaptation by mole-rats, which live in the hundreds underground in tight, oxygen-deprived conditions. (newstrackindia.com)
  • Her analysis revealed that the correlation between life span and NRG-1 levels was independent of evolutionary lineage - meaning that it was unique to the naked mole rat, not a common trait of these rodent species. (nocamels.com)
  • While formerly considered to belong to the same family as other African mole-rats, Bathyergidae, more recent investigation places it in a separate family, Heterocephalidae. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's almost impossible to culture naked mole rat cells in the lab, which made Andrei Seluanov and Vera Gorbunova from Rochester University, New York, wonder if this might be linked to their ability to resist cancer. (newscientist.com)
  • A notable observation was that when HMW-HA was eliminated from mole rat cells, these cells were more prone to forming tumors . (studyfinds.org)
  • Researchers have added to the list of biological curiosities about mole-rats: the animals do not feel all types of pain. (nature.com)
  • Washington, Feb 24 (ANI): Researchers have asserted that naked mole rats possess a survival secret in their brain cells that could pave the way for improved heart attack or stroke treatments. (newstrackindia.com)
  • The researchers, from Tel Aviv University's Department of Zoology, the University of Texas Health Science Center and the City College of New York are working together to determine whether the naked mole rat's unusually high levels of NRG-1, a neuroprotecting protein, is behind the naked mole rat's three-decade life span. (nocamels.com)
  • Of all the species the researchers studied, the naked mole rat had the most plentiful and long-lasting supply of the protein. (nocamels.com)
  • The researchers previously learned that HMW-HA is also one mechanism responsible for the unusual resistance naked mole rats have to cancer. (wgnradio.com)
  • Previously, the researchers identified HMW-HA as a key factor in the naked mole rats' exceptional cancer resistance. (studyfinds.org)
  • The researchers engineered a mouse model to produce the naked mole rat's version of the hyaluronan synthase 2 gene , responsible for creating the protein that yields HMW-HA. (studyfinds.org)
  • A year later, the researchers found two pups in one of the original 26 invading colonies that had the characteristics of mole rats from one of the colonies that had been invaded and exterminated. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • Kidnapping is a behavior also witnessed in some primate species, but researchers believe that the mole rat behavior has a stronger link to the kidnapping seen in slave-making ant species such as Formica sanguinea. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • In this paper, the researchers address the question of whether the naked mole rat is truly a negligibly senescent animal: one that does not age. (lifespan.io)
  • In this study, the researchers used 107 blood samples taken from naked mole rats from newborns to nearly 12 years of age, analyzing their cells for the epigenetic alterations that characterize aging. (lifespan.io)
  • The evidence presented by these researchers suggests that the processes of aging that occur in naked mole rats are critically and fundamentally different from those of other species. (lifespan.io)
  • Naked mole-rats are weirdly spectacular - they are bare-skinned, wrinkly and buck-toothed, and they live in large underground colonies in East Africa where only the queen breeds, with a few selected males. (africageographic.com)
  • The naked mole rat, a burrowing rodent that lives in colonies much like those of ants, has already proven to be an excellent tool for aging and biomedical research because it is resistant to cancer and maintains protein integrity in the brain despite being exposed to oxidative damage, Dr. Huchon says. (nocamels.com)
  • Naked mole rats are fairly small in size (about 4 inches) but they have giant colonies composed of as many as 300 workers. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • In the early 90s, biologists conducted a study in Kenya, where they found that 26 naked mole rat colonies expanded their burrows into neighboring territories. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • Naked mole-rats have a high resistance to tumours, although it is likely that they are not entirely immune to related disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the University of Rochester , naked mole rats have long captured the attention of scientists for their lengthy lifespans and resistance to age-related diseases. (wgnradio.com)
  • The naked mole rat, despite its less-than-appealing appearance, boasts a remarkable lifespan and a significant resistance to age-related diseases. (studyfinds.org)
  • This fall our students look forward to discussing recent evidence that naked mole rat cancer resistance may be due to unusually high levels of hyaluronate in their skin and other tissues (Tian et al. (georgetown.edu)
  • Mole Rat and all his Fellow Mole Rats in the Tunnel have always been, well. (awn.com)
  • Kids can tunnel the naked mole rat way with an interactive play experience designed to mimic their underground lives. (zooatlanta.org)
  • Metabolic clues to salubrious longevity in the brain of the longest-lived rodent: the naked mole-rat. (geresdengle.com)
  • Hormone signals help ready worker mole-rats to treat pups as their own. (theconversation.com)
  • Worker naked mole-rats take care of their colony's young even though they aren't the pups' actual parents. (theconversation.com)
  • THEY might be bald and ugly, but naked mole rats never get cancer. (newscientist.com)
  • Yet mole rats have evolved to suppress pain and even cancer. (newstrackindia.com)
  • Seluanov and Gorbunova then showed that when HMW-HA was removed, the cells became susceptible to tumors, confirming that the chemical did play a role in making naked mole rats cancer-proof. (dragonflyeye.net)
  • The mission of the Foundation for Research in Physiology is to carry out studies on the Naked Mole Rat, which has an exceptionally long life-span, in order to help research advance to prevent cancer, Alzheimer's and cardio-vascular diseases. (fondationphysiologie.org)
  • Surprisingly, the naked mole rat gene was different from HAS2 in all other animals. (dragonflyeye.net)
  • In addition naked mole rats were very slow at recycling HMW-HA, which contributed to the accumulation of the chemical in the animals' tissues. (dragonflyeye.net)
  • Virus was transmissible venison, raising the possibility that other animals or modes to seronegative Sprague-Dawley rats, but transmission was of zoonotic transmission exist. (cdc.gov)
  • Hormones in the naked mole-rat queen's poop turn subordinate nest-mates into surrogate parents. (sciencenews.org)
  • True to form, La Puma laughs when she remembers wondering how Willems "would navigate the slightly problematic word 'naked,'" when writing the lyrics for the colony's underground (get it? (kosu.org)
  • The naked mole-rat is well adapted to the limited availability of oxygen within the tunnels of its typical habitat. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naked mole rats, however, are very tolerant to oxygen deprivation, or hypoxia-as are human newborns, whose brain cells have calcium channels that close during oxygen deprivation, protecting the cells from calcium overdose. (newstrackindia.com)
  • Naked mole rats retain a tolerance for oxygen deprivation into adulthood. (newstrackindia.com)
  • Naked Mole Rat is a burrowing rodent inhabited to the parts of East Africa. (itsnature.org)
  • The naked mole rat is a subterranean rodent native to East Africa. (nocamels.com)
  • They will be providing engaging content about naked mole rats in the theatre lobby for children to explore before or after the performance. (theadvfam.com)
  • This 2D vector-based atlas contains coronal, sagittal, and horizontal brain sections of an athymic rat brain rendered from a single cleared specimen, placed in a computerized 3D environment. (lu.se)
  • Age-related changes in the proteostasis network in the brain of the nakedmole-rat. (geresdengle.com)
  • For example, cold naked mole-rats huddle together or seek shallow parts of the burrows that are warmed by the sun. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, when they get too hot, naked mole-rats retreat to the deeper, cooler parts of the burrows. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Rochester team also identified the gene, named HAS2, responsible for making HMW-HA in the naked mole rat. (dragonflyeye.net)
  • As of 2017, it was not known how the naked mole-rat survives acidosis without tissue damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through a series of witty, silly, tuneful rock songs, the leader of the naked mole rats ultimately decides that each mole rat can choose whether to dress or remain naked. (theadvfam.com)
  • Vera Gorbunova, Professor of Biology at University Rochester, and principal investigator of the original naked mole rat study, will lead this effort. (senate.gov)
  • ROCHESTER, N.Y. - The naked mole rat is bringing modern medicine one step closer to creating the "elixir of life. (studyfinds.org)
  • and characterized its ability to infect laboratory rats and However, many, if not most, persons who have unexplained nonhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
  • HEV in Rats, Los Angeles, California, USA genomic sequence or to transmit an agent to laboratory Table 1. (cdc.gov)
  • The additional voice cast includes Ron Funches as Les Pants the Weather Mole, Thomas Lennon as Stark Naked the News Mole, and Jenna Ushkowitz as the Secret Service Mole. (awn.com)
  • At lower temperatures, naked mole-rats can use behavioral thermoregulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present investigation was undertaken on rats to demonstrate the structural changes that took place after the exposure of the gingiva to a dental visible light curing unit. (who.int)
  • Composer Deborah Wicks La Puma writes music for Mo Willems' musicals including Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience . (kosu.org)
  • Their latest collaboration is the new, animated version of Willems' Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience, now airing on HBO Max. (kosu.org)
  • For Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience , Mo Willems and Deborah Wicks La Puma channeled their favorite bands from the '80s including AC/DC, Pink Floyd and Elton John. (kosu.org)
  • Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience is part of WarnerMedia's multi-year deal with Willems and producing partner Stampede Ventures to create live-action Storytime Specials and multiple animated and live-action series based on the author's popular children's books. (awn.com)
  • Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Rock Experience is a rock 'n roll parable with a significant message for today's audiences, based on the hit children's book by Mo Willems. (production.pro)
  • Mo Willems' best-selling 2009 picture book Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed inspired this show. (theadvfam.com)
  • The adorable film Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience by Mo Willems and Mr. Warburton gives viewers a story that explores the true meaning of originality. (magnet-yify.com)
  • Carol Kane as Grand-Mah, the larger-than-life matriarch of the Mole Rat society. (awn.com)
  • With three lead singers and songwriters-Scott Berger, Sam Brewer and Braden Johnson, the Mole Rats have a diverse sound that combines their many influences into their own unique take on the power trio. (laurelthirst.com)
  • The animation is unique and each mole rat is special and diverse. (magnet-yify.com)
  • It may not be much to look at, but the naked mole rat is impressive in its long and active lifespan. (nocamels.com)
  • It stands out in comparison to the common rat, which lives an average of three years, in its 10 to 30 year lifespan. (nocamels.com)
  • While naked mole rats remain largely youthful in phenotype even after decades of life, with mortality rate remaining steady over the animal's lifespan [1], its skin becomes more parchment-like and its activity decreases [2], suggesting that aging is having at least some physical effect. (lifespan.io)
  • Could naked mole-rats live forever? (africageographic.com)
  • He also happens to live in a community of naked mole rats who shudder at the thought of a mere sock. (magnet-yify.com)
  • As part of weekly journal club, our students have elected to discuss multiple papers on naked mole rat research, beginning with the publication of the H. glaber genome in 2011. (georgetown.edu)
  • The naked mole-rat: a new long-living model for human aging research. (lifespan.io)
  • Ronen N, Livne E, Gross B. Oxidative damage in rat tissue following excessive L-tryptophan and atherogenic diets. (medscape.com)
  • They have isolated a specific chemical in the naked mole rat which seems to gird the rodent Lothario's cells against tumors. (dragonflyeye.net)
  • On the other hand, methylation of other genes might also be protective against other diseases of aging in human beings, just as it is in naked mole rats. (lifespan.io)
  • The ultimate test of human endurance - NAKED AND AFRAID bares down with plenty of firsts and danger-filled with adventures that neither the audience nor the survivalists will ever see coming.An all-new season of NAKED AND AFRAID premieres Sunday, February 27 at 8pm ET/PT on Discovery. (discovery.com)
  • Thus, it is important to understand how this rat virus is diagnosed with increasing frequency as a cause of sporadic related to human infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Results of testing for transmission of human and swine rats. (cdc.gov)
  • I give Naked Mole Rat Gets Dressed: The Underground Rock Experience 4 out of 5 stars and recommend it for ages 5 to 8, plus adults. (magnet-yify.com)
  • Farmers sometimes see them as pests, but naked mole rats love farmers! (assiniboinepark.ca)
  • Find out what happens when Wilbur's newfound love of rocking outfits rocks Naked Mole Rat society to its core. (watchseriesz.com)
  • Make it the start, finish, or fun rest break of your visit - kids love our interactive KIDZone and Naked Mole Rat Playgrounds, with plenty of opportunities to play, climb, explore, or burn off that great Zoo energy! (zooatlanta.org)
  • The "eternal fertility" of naked mole-rats seems to be the big takeaway in a recent study, co-authored by Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) . (veterinarypracticenews.com)
  • Genetic analysis comparing the mole rat with several other rodent species revealed that high levels NRG-1 in adults correlated with a longer life span. (nocamels.com)
  • Naked mole rats are one of the weirdest mammalian species out there, even when you take out the fact that they are completely hairless. (bugbustersusa.com)
  • We have isolated a genetically similar by eating undercooked meat from domestic pigs, wild boar, HEV from urban rats in Los Angeles, California, USA, and several species of wild deer has been documented ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)