AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CarePublication CharacteristicsGeographicals
Sex RatioSex FactorsSex Determination ProcessesSex CharacteristicsSex Determination AnalysisSex PreselectionReproductionWaspsSex ChromosomesHymenopteraSexBirth RateSexual Behavior, AnimalCompetitive BehaviorSex DifferentiationPaternal ExposureWolbachiaFertilityLitter SizeSex DistributionUnsafe SexDisorders of Sex DevelopmentBiological EvolutionNesting BehaviorPopulation DynamicsY ChromosomePregnancyBirth OrderSex WorkersOvipositionAzerbaijanEndocrinologyGovernment PublicationsSeasonsGovernment Publications as TopicGeorgiaTemperatureSelection, GeneticDrosophilaSuppression, GeneticCrosses, GeneticDrosophila melanogasterDrosophila ProteinsEnvironmental MedicineOccupational MedicinePetroleumGas, NaturalExtraction and Processing IndustryEricaceaeIndians, North AmericanManitobaUnited NationsIndiaAsia
Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Sex Determination Processes: The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.Sex Determination Analysis: Validation of the SEX of an individual by inspection of the GONADS and/or by genetic tests.Sex Preselection: Methods for controlling genetic SEX of offspring.Reproduction: The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings.Sex Chromosomes: The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.Birth Rate: The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.Sexual Behavior, Animal: Sexual activities of animals.Competitive Behavior: The direct struggle between individuals for environmental necessities or for a common goal.Sex Differentiation: The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.Paternal Exposure: Exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring.Wolbachia: A genus of bacteria comprised of a heterogenous group of gram-negative small rods and coccoid forms associated with arthropods. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1, 1984)Fertility: The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.Litter Size: The number of offspring produced at one birth by a viviparous animal.Sex Distribution: The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.Unsafe Sex: Sexual behaviors which are high-risk for contracting SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or for producing PREGNANCY.Disorders of Sex Development: In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Nesting Behavior: Animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young.Population Dynamics: The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.Y Chromosome: The male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the X chromosome has been retained.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Birth Order: The sequence in which children are born into the family.Sex Workers: People who engage in occupational sexual behavior in exchange for economic rewards or other extrinsic considerations.Oviposition: The process of laying or shedding fully developed eggs (OVA) from the female body. The term is usually used for certain INSECTS or FISHES with an organ called ovipositor where eggs are stored or deposited before expulsion from the body.AzerbaijanEndocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.Government PublicationsSeasons: Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Government Publications as Topic: Discussion of documents issued by local, regional, or national governments or by their agencies or subdivisions.GeorgiaTemperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Selection, Genetic: Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Suppression, Genetic: Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).Crosses, Genetic: Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Environmental Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease.Occupational Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings.Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.Gas, Natural: A combustible, gaseous mixture of low-molecular weight PARAFFIN hydrocarbons, generated below the surface of the earth. It contains mostly METHANE and ETHANE with small amounts of PROPANE; BUTANES; and higher hydrocarbons, and sometimes NITROGEN; CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; and HELIUM. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Extraction and Processing Industry: The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.Ericaceae: The heath plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that are generally shrubs or small trees. Leaves are alternate, simple, and leathery; flowers are symmetrical with a 4- or 5-parted corolla of partly fused petals.Indians, North American: Individual members of North American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia.Manitoba: A province of Canada, lying between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Ontario. Its capital is Winnipeg. Taking its name from Lake Manitoba, itself named for one of its islands, the name derived from Algonquian Manitou, great spirit. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p724 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p332)United Nations: An international organization whose members include most of the sovereign nations of the world with headquarters in New York City. The primary objectives of the organization are to maintain peace and security and to achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems.IndiaAsia: The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CarePublication CharacteristicsGeographicals
Sex RatioSex FactorsSex Determination ProcessesSex CharacteristicsSex Determination AnalysisSex PreselectionReproductionWaspsSex ChromosomesHymenopteraSexBirth RateSexual Behavior, AnimalCompetitive BehaviorSex DifferentiationPaternal ExposureWolbachiaFertilityLitter SizeSex DistributionUnsafe SexDisorders of Sex DevelopmentBiological EvolutionNesting BehaviorPopulation DynamicsY ChromosomePregnancyBirth OrderSex WorkersOvipositionAzerbaijanEndocrinologyGovernment PublicationsSeasonsGovernment Publications as TopicGeorgiaTemperatureSelection, GeneticDrosophilaSuppression, GeneticCrosses, GeneticDrosophila melanogasterDrosophila ProteinsEnvironmental MedicineOccupational MedicinePetroleumGas, NaturalExtraction and Processing IndustryEricaceaeIndians, North AmericanManitobaUnited NationsIndiaAsia
Bombus terrestrisBombus terrestris
1 sex ratio indicative of worker colony control. B. terrestris often does not conform to standard predictions of sex ratios ... resulting in an overall sex ratio of 1:4 (female to males).[10] However, most studies show that this balance of bimodal sex ... Sex ratios[edit]. Due to the variability in the switch point to male production from worker production of B. terrestris ... Late-switching colonies have fewer males and a more even sex ratio of 1:1:3, thus indicating the queen's control over her ...
Demographics of New ZealandDemographics of New Zealand
"Sex ratios". Population Statistics Unit, Statistics New Zealand Statistics House. "Sex Ratio". The World Factbook. CIA. ... "Ethnic group (detailed single and combination) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2013 (RC ... For urban areas, "Subnational population estimates (UA, AU), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996, 2001, 2006-16 (2017 boundary)". ... "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal Income by Sex". New Zealand Statistics. Retrieved 9 May 2011. "QuickStats About Incomes: ...
Female labor force in the Muslim worldFemale labor force in the Muslim world
"Sex Ratio". The World Factbook. Chen, Martha, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz, Renana Jhabvala, and Christine Bonner. ... These ratios are compiled and published by the World Economic Forum. The median annual income for female workers in the United ... Generally speaking, the closer the ratio is to 1, the more gender equal an economy is because neither sex has a ... Table 3: Ratio of Female-to-Male Workers Source: Global Gender Gap Report 2012, World Economic Forum Similar to the ratio of ...
Demographics of VenezuelaDemographics of Venezuela
Dependency ratios. total dependency ratio: 52.6 (2015 est.). youth dependency ratio: 43 (2015 est.). elderly dependency ratio: ... Sex ratio[edit]. Age. Ratio. (males/females) Total:. 1.02 At birth:. 1.07 ... potential support ratio: 10.5 (2015 est.). Life expectancy at birth. total population: 76.2 years. male: 73.2 years. female: ...
Demographics of the Republic of the CongoDemographics of the Republic of the Congo
8.12 Dependency ratios. *8.13 Urbanization. *8.14 Sex ratio. *8.15 Infant mortality rate ... Dependency ratios[edit]. total dependency ratio: 84.5 (2015 est.). youth dependency ratio: 78.3 (2015 est.). elderly dependency ... Sex ratio[edit]. at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female. 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female. 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female. 25-54 years: ... potential support ratio: 16.1 (2015 est.). Urbanization[edit]. urban population: 66.9% of total population (2018). rate of ...
Polistes metricusPolistes metricus
In most species that deviate from a 1:1 sex ratio, there is a degree of sexual dimorphism, with the more common sex being ... Robert A. Metcalf argues that data on the skewed sex ratios does not prove or disprove the hypothesis of parent-offspring ... 1 male to female sex ratio. Despite the equal parental investment in the sexes, the average frequency for females in Polistes ... In a population that has a female biased sex ratio, according to W. D. Hamilton, there could be Local Mate Competition, or LMC ...
Unbeatable strategyUnbeatable strategy
1 sex-ratio production proves the best overall genotypic strategy". "In the way in which the success of a chosen sex ratio ... Hamilton in his 1967 paper on sex ratios in Science. In this paper Hamilton discusses sex ratios as strategies in a game, and ... This is exactly the case with the "unbeatable" sex ratios referred to." Hamilton (1967). "[...] But if, on the contrary, ... ISBN 0-8014-1319-2. Edwards, A.W.F. (1998). "Natural selection and the sex ratio: Fisher's sources". American Naturalist. 151 ( ...
Y chromosomeY chromosome
1:1 sex ratio[edit]. Fisher's principle outlines why almost all species using sexual reproduction have a sex ratio of 1:1. W. D ... "Extraordinary sex ratios". Science. 156 (3774): 477-488. Bibcode:1967Sci...156..477H. doi:10.1126/science.156.3774.477. PMID ... Many ectothermic vertebrates have no sex chromosomes. If they have different sexes, sex is determined environmentally rather ... For example, female birds, snakes, and butterflies have ZW sex chromosomes, and males have ZZ sex chromosomes.[citation needed] ...
Sociosexual orientationSociosexual orientation
Sex ratio theory[edit]. Operational sex ratio is the number of sexually competing males versus the number of sexually competing ... High sex ratios indicate that there are more men than women available, while low sex ratios imply more women than men are ... Low sex ratios (more women) are correlated with more unrestricted sociosexuality, as men can afford to demand more casual sex ... High sex ratios (more men) are associated with lower SOI scores (more restricted sociosexual orientation), as men must satisfy ...
Demographics of ChadDemographics of Chad
Dependency ratiosEdit. total dependency ratio: 100.2 (2015 est.). youth dependency ratio: 95.2 (2015 est.). elderly dependency ... Sex ratioEdit. At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female. Under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female. 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female. 65 years ... potential support ratio: 20.3 (2015 est.). Contraceptive prevalence rateEdit. 5.7% (2014/15). UrbanizationEdit. urban ...
Women in VietnamWomen in Vietnam
Sex ratioEdit. Recent studies have shown a shift in Vietnam's sex ratio to match that of other countries in the region, where ... 283-302; Daniel Goodkind, "Rising Sex Ratios at Birth in Confucian Asia: A Summary of Interpretive Puzzles" (Unpublished ... In 2006, the sex ratio was found to be 110 men per 100 women throughout Vietnam, higher than the established normal sex ratio ... Zeng Yi et al., "Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio of Birth in China," Population and ...
Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction
Sex ratioEdit. Apart from some eusocial wasps, organisms which reproduce sexually have a 1:1 sex ratio of male and female ... "Extraordinary sex ratios". Science. 156 (3774): 477-488. Bibcode:1967Sci...156..477H. doi:10.1126/science.156.3774.477. PMID ... As the 1:1 sex ratio is approached, the advantage associated with producing males dies away. ... Also in some species each plant is one sex while other species produce both sexes on the same plant.[27] ...
Demographics of MongoliaDemographics of Mongolia
Sex ratio: at birth: male(s)/female 1.0500 1.01 1.0424 1.0310 Sex ratio: under 15 years: male(s)/female 1.0408 n.a. 1.0153 ... After a decline in enrollment ratios during the transition to a market economy in the 1990s, school attendance is now once more ... Sex ratio: 60 years and over: male(s)/female 0.8169 0.80 n.a. 0.7933 ... Sex ratio: 15-59 years: male(s)/female 1.0003 n.a. 0.9414 0.9379 ... Sex ratio: total population: male(s)/female 1.0002 0.9947 n.a. ...
PinophytaPinophyta
... sex-ratio bias[13] ... and the ratios among the major nutrients are helpful guides to ...
Painted turtlePainted turtle
... one population in Ontario has a female to male ratio of 4:1.[46] Hatchling sex ratio varies based on egg temperature. During ... Adult sex ratios of painted turtle populations average around 1:1.[115] Many populations are slightly male-heavy, but some are ... Adults outnumber juveniles in most populations, but gauging the ratios is difficult because juveniles are harder to catch; with ... It does not appear that females choose nesting sites to influence the sex of the hatchlings;[16] within a population, nests ...
StatisticsStatistics
Edwards, A.W.F. (1998). "Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources". American Naturalist. 151 (6): 564-569. doi: ... Nelder (1990)[44] described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. See also ... Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined, and permit any ... The psychophysicist Stanley Smith Stevens defined nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal measurements do not ...
Selfish genetic elementSelfish genetic element
Hamilton WD (April 1967). "Extraordinary sex ratios. A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in ... producing an extremely male-biased sex ratio. In ecologically challenged species, such biased sex ratios imply that the ... When segregation distortion acts on sex chromosomes, they can skew the sex ratio. The SR system in Drosophila pseudoobscura, ... Whenever sex chromosomes undergo segregation distortion, the population sex ratio is altered, making these systems particularly ...
Hawaiian monk sealHawaiian monk seal
Unbalanced sex-ratios were more likely to occur in slow-growing populations.[34][35] ... One key natural factor affecting the seal populations is the male-biased sex-ratio, which results in increased aggressive ... and subsequent skewed gender ratios.[32] Anthropogenic or human impacts include hunting (during the 1800s and 1900s) and the ... Smaller populations were more likely to experience mobbing as a result of the higher male/female ratio and male aggression. ...
In vitro fertilisationIn vitro fertilisation
Sex ratio distortionsEdit. Certain kinds of IVF, in particular ICSI (first applied in 1991) and blastocyst transfer (first ... can lead to intentional or unintentional demographic effects such as the skewed live-birth sex ratios seen in communist China ... This can be used to diagnose monogenic disorders with sex linkage. It can potentially be used for sex selection, wherein a ... Standard IVF done at the second or third day leads to a normal sex ratio. ...
Sockeye salmonSockeye salmon
... under Varying Operational Sex Ratios". Ethology. 102 (2): 304-322. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01127.x.. ... as well as the operational sex ratio (OSR) of the environment.[19] ... "Size- and Sex-Selective Mortality of Adult Sockeye Salmon: Bears, Gulls, and Fish Out of Water". Transactions of the American ...
Prenatal testosterone transferPrenatal testosterone transfer
"Finger-length ratios show evidence of prenatal hormone-transfer between opposite-sex twins". Hormones and Behavior. 49 (3): 315 ... Medland, S.E.; Loehlin, J.C.; Martin, N.C. (2008). "No effect of prenatal hormone transfer on digit ratio in a large sample of ... Studies involving humans often compare opposite-sex to same-sex dizygotic twins. Females of opposite-sex twin pairs are thought ... Cohen-Bendahan CC, van de Beek C, Berenbaum SA (2005b). "Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: ...
Wskaźnik długości palców 2D:4D, wolna encyklopediaWskaźnik długości palców 2D:4D, wolna encyklopedia
Hönekopp J, Watson S. Meta-Analysis of Digit Ratio 2D:4D Shows Greater Sex Difference in the Right Hand. „American Journal of ... A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Association Between 2D:4D Ratios and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Humans. „Annals of Human Biology ... Voracek M, Pietschnig J, Nader IW, Stieger S. Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Sex-Role Orientation: Further Evidence and Meta-Analysis ... a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Manning JT, Kilduff L, Cook C, Crewther B, Fink B. Digit Ratio (2D:4D): A Biomarker for Prenatal ...
Behavioral ecologyBehavioral ecology
... the ratio of relatedness between sexes determines the sex investment ratios.[120] As a result, it has been observed that there ... 1 sex ratio. Both the queen and the workers try to bias the sex ratio in their favor.[48] In some species, the workers gain ... The sex-ratio conflict arises from a relatedness asymmetry, which is caused by the haplodiploidy nature of Hymenoptera. For ... Examples include the sex-ratio conflict and worker policing seen in certain species of social Hymenoptera such as ...
HaplodiploidyHaplodiploidy
Peer, K.; Taborsky, M. (2004). "Female ambrosia beetles adjust their offspring sex ratio according to outbreeding opportunities ... and ants can modify sex ratios within colonies which maximizes relatedness among members and generates a workforce appropriate ... Shared gene proportions in haplo-diploid sex-determination system relationships Sex Daughter Son Mother Father Full sister Full ... In an X0 sex-determination system, males and females receive an equal number of autosomes, but when it comes to sex chromosomes ...
BirdBird
Göth, Anne (2007). "Incubation temperatures and sex ratios in Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami) mounds". Austral ... "Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird". Biology Letters. 1: 31-3. PMC 1629050 . PMID 17148121. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247. ... Birds have two sexes: either female or male. The sex of birds is determined by the Z and W sex chromosomes, rather than by the ... These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality.[100] ...
BioarchaeologyBioarchaeology
... such as risk of death or sex ratio) of a given age cohort within a population. Age and sex are crucial variables in the ... Isotope ratios in food, especially plant food, are directly and predictably reflected in bone chemistry, allowing researchers ... In reviewing the sexing of Egyptian skulls from Qua and Badari, Mann found that 20.3% could be assigned to a different sex than ... Sex-based differences are not inherently a form of inequality, but become an inequality when members of one sex are given ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CarePublication CharacteristicsGeographicals
Sex RatioSex FactorsSex Determination ProcessesSex CharacteristicsSex Determination AnalysisSex PreselectionReproductionWaspsSex ChromosomesHymenopteraSexBirth RateSexual Behavior, AnimalCompetitive BehaviorSex DifferentiationPaternal ExposureWolbachiaFertilityLitter SizeSex DistributionUnsafe SexDisorders of Sex DevelopmentBiological EvolutionNesting BehaviorPopulation DynamicsY ChromosomePregnancyBirth OrderSex WorkersOvipositionAzerbaijanEndocrinologyGovernment PublicationsSeasonsGovernment Publications as TopicGeorgiaTemperatureSelection, GeneticDrosophilaSuppression, GeneticCrosses, GeneticDrosophila melanogasterDrosophila ProteinsEnvironmental MedicineOccupational MedicinePetroleumGas, NaturalExtraction and Processing IndustryEricaceaeIndians, North AmericanManitobaUnited NationsIndiaAsia
Bird mating behaviour influenced by sex ratiosBird mating behaviour influenced by sex ratios
... also found that both sexes were more polygamous when the ratio was skewed towards the opposite sex. ... Researchers found that when the sex ratio was skewed, divorce and infidelity was more common. (Credit: O. Kruger). A joint ... "We found that a female bias in sex ratio destabilises the pair bond system, although it is unclear as to whether this is due to ... Bird mating behaviour influenced by sex ratios. Birds in female-dominated populations are more likely to ditch and divorce ...
bath.ac.uk
Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. - PubMed - NCBIParental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. - PubMed - NCBI
... analogous to Fisherian sex ratio selection, that favours increased parental investment by whichever sex faces more intense ... We emphasize the need to distinguish between the ASR and the operational sex ratio (OSR). If mortality is higher when caring ... The second argument takes the reasonable premise that anisogamy produces a male-biased operational sex ratio (OSR) leading to ... Conventional sex roles imply caring females and competitive males. The evolution of sex role divergence is widely attributed to ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
CAES NEWSWIRE | Human sex ratiosCAES NEWSWIRE | Human sex ratios
Most animal sex ratios are 50:50. But that ratio can be changed by environmental factors like temperature or even by seasonal ... "Sex ratios are not necessarily tied to socioeconomic status or natural disasters, as those are always changing. There are all ... What her first-ever global analysis on birth sex ratio shows is that people living in areas with longer, darker winters - such ... Navara is currently studying the cues that affect the sex ratios in poultry. ...
caes.uga.edu
Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences | PNASAbnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences | PNAS
In the absence of manipulation, both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human ... has distorted these natural sex ratios in large parts of Asia and North Africa. This son preference is manifest in sex- ... Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences. Therese Hesketh and Zhu Wei Xing ... Measures to reduce sex selection must include strict enforcement of existing legislation, the ensuring of equal rights for ...
pnas.org
Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion | CMAJSex ratios at birth after induced abortion | CMAJ
For these models, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) (i.e., the ratio of 2 odds or 2 male:female ratios). To account for small ... An increase in the sex ratio of births to India-born mothers in England and Wales: evidence of sex-selective abortion. Popul ... Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion. Marcelo L. Urquia, Rahim Moineddin, Prabhat Jha, Patricia J. OCampo, Kwame ... Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion. Marcelo L. Urquia, Rahim Moineddin, Prabhat Jha, Patricia J. OCampo, Kwame ...
cmaj.ca
Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion | CMAJSex ratios at birth after induced abortion | CMAJ
Determinants of imbalanced sex ratio at birth in Nepal: evidence from secondary analysis of a large hospital-based study and ... Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion. Marcelo L. Urquia, Rahim Moineddin, Prabhat Jha, Patricia J. OCampo, Kwame ... Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion. Marcelo L. Urquia, Rahim Moineddin, Prabhat Jha, Patricia J. OCampo, Kwame ... Sex ratios at birth after induced abortion. Marcelo L. Urquia, Rahim Moineddin, Prabhat Jha, Patricia J. OCampo, Kwame ...
cmaj.ca
Sex ratio - WikipediaSex ratio - Wikipedia
Hamilton W.D. (April 1967). "Extraordinary sex ratios. A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications ... primary sex ratio - ratio at fertilization secondary sex ratio - ratio at birth tertiary sex ratio - ratio in sexually mature ... Evolution of sex Operational sex ratio Sex allocation Trivers-Willard hypothesis XY sex-determination system Humans: Human sex ... The theory of sex ratio is a field of study concerned with the accurate prediction of sex ratios in all sexual species, based ...
en.wikipedia.org
Human sex ratio - WikipediaHuman sex ratio - Wikipedia
Furthermore, the theory suggests that East German birth sex ratios should generally be lower than the observed sex ratio in ... Intersex § Population figures Operational sex ratio Sex selection Sex-selective abortion and infanticide Surplus women XY sex- ... High birth sex ratios, some claim, may be caused in part by social factors. Reported sex ratios at birth, outside the typical ... "Sex ratio at birth (per 100 female newborn, 2005-2010 data)". United Nations Data Division. "Trend Analysis of the Sex Ratio at ...
en.wikipedia.org
The long-run consequences of male-biased sex ratios - Marginal REVOLUTIONThe long-run consequences of male-biased sex ratios - Marginal REVOLUTION
Im not evolutionary biologist, but, in humans, isnt the long run consequence of a male biased sex-ratio an equal sex ratio. ... The sex ratio imbalance during the California Gold Rush was very brief. Most of the Forty-Niners failed to find much gold, gave ... The long-run consequences of male-biased sex ratios. by Tyler Cowen June 11, 2018 at 12:32 am in *Data Source ... In areas with more male-biased sex ratios, women were historically more likely to get married and less likely to work outside ...
marginalrevolution.com
Skewed sex ratios causes single fathers to bring up the young | EurekAlert! Science NewsSkewed sex ratios causes single fathers to bring up the young | EurekAlert! Science News
When the balance of the sexes is skewed towards one gender, parents are more likely to split up, leaving the father to care for ... He said: "We found that the chicks had a 50:50 sex ratio at hatching in all these species, and that the skewed adult sex ratios ... adult sex ratio bias can alter social behaviour with divorce, infidelity, and parental antagonism being more common in sex- ... Skewed sex ratios causes single fathers to bring up the young A new study from an international team of researchers finds that ...
eurekalert.org
The Competitive Saving Motive: Evidence from Rising Sex Ratios and Savings Rates in ChinaThe Competitive Saving Motive: Evidence from Rising Sex Ratios and Savings Rates in China
This paper proposes a new competitive saving motive: As the sex ratio rises, Chinese parents with a son raise their savings in ... The Competitive Saving Motive: Evidence from Rising Sex Ratios and Savings Rates in China. Shang-Jin Wei, Xiaobo Zhang. NBER ... "The Competitive Saving Motive: Evidence from Rising Sex Ratios and Savings Rates in China," Journal of Political Economy, ...
nber.org
Christian countries Compared by People | Sex ratio | Total population: NationMaster.comChristian countries Compared by People | Sex ratio | Total population: NationMaster.com
For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due ... Interesting observations about People , Sex ratio , Total population. *Qatar ranked first for sex ratio , total population ... Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. ... Australia ranked first for sex ratio , total population amongst High income OECD countries in 2013. ...
nationmaster.com
Sex Chromosomes May Explain Unbalanced Sex RatiosSex Chromosomes May Explain Unbalanced Sex Ratios
... but its possible the heterogametric sex may have a lower chance of surviving to adulthood. ... but its possible the heterogametric sex may have a lower chance of surviving to adulthood. ... Sex chromosomes may be involved in skewing sex ratios, ... Sex chromosomes may be involved in skewing sex ratios, ... Heterogamety may play a natural role in sex selection, but unnatural causes can also skew a species sex ratio. For instance, ...
healthypets.mercola.com
Sex ratio: the hidden horrors - | Print ViewSex ratio: the hidden horrors - | Print View
In every census since 1951, the two ratios have gone more or less hand in hand, dropping steadily except in the late 1970s (see ... TABLE 1: Child Sex RAtio (CSR) and Overall Sex Ratio (OSR) 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 ... However, during the same decade, the Overall Sex Ratio (OSR, which looks at the ratio of all females to males, and not just ... Sex ratio: the hidden horrors Millions of males are falling victim to illnesses at much faster rates, skewing the demographic ...
indiatogether.org
Influence of latent toxoplasmosis on the secondary sex ratio in mice | Parasitology | Cambridge CoreInfluence of latent toxoplasmosis on the secondary sex ratio in mice | Parasitology | Cambridge Core
Influence of latent toxoplasmosis on the secondary sex ratio in mice - Volume 134 Issue 12 - Š. KAŇKOVÁ, P. KODYM, D. FRYNTA, R ... Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156, 477-478.. Hostomská, L., Jírovec, O., Horáčková, M. and Hrubcová ... The sex ratio may be influenced by many factors, such as stress and immunosuppression, age of parents, parity and sex of ... Therefore, we speculate that Toxoplasma can alter the secondary sex ratio (i.e. male to female ratio in the offspring) of ...
cambridge.org
Recurrent Selection on the Winters sex-ratio Genes in Drosophila simulans | GeneticsRecurrent Selection on the Winters sex-ratio Genes in Drosophila simulans | Genetics
... "sex-ratio distorters" and the phenotype of skewed progeny sex ratios is termed "sex-ratio." The mere transmission advantage of ... Hamilton, W. D., 1967 Extraordinary sex ratios. A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in ... Selection on the Winters sex-ratio is older than on the Paris sex-ratio, the other system in D. simulans that has been ... If we apportion fitness evenly among individuals of each sex, the fitness of each male is then simply equal to the sex ratio, W ...
genetics.org
Worldwide Human Sex Ratio at BirthWorldwide Human Sex Ratio at Birth
Sex ratio is the number of males for each female. Current world sex ratio at birth: 1.07:1 male(s)/female (107 baby boys to 100 ... Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of cer ... This map shows worldwide human sex ratio at birth. ... For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due ... Sex ratio is the number of males for each female.. Current world sex ratio at birth: 1.07:1 male(s)/female (107 baby boys to ...
chartsbin.com
Dienekes Anthropology Blog: Temperature and sex ratioDienekes' Anthropology Blog: Temperature and sex ratio
Ambient temperature predicts sex ratios and male longevity. Ralph Catalano et al.. Abstract. The theory that natural selection ... we find that cold ambient temperatures during gestation predict lower secondary sex ratios and longer life span of males in ... by which women subjected to environmental stressors abort frail male fetuses implies that climate change may affect sex ratio ...
dienekes.blogspot.com
Sex ratio at birth and exposure to petrochemicals | Occupational & Environmental MedicineSex ratio at birth and exposure to petrochemicals | Occupational & Environmental Medicine
These authors cited a study of Yang and colleagues2 of sex ratios near a petroleum refinery plant in Taiwan. In that study Yang ... Saadat and colleagues1 reported a significantly high sex ratio (proportion male) in births to people exposed to oil and natural ... Yang and colleagues3 contrasted the sex ratios at birth in 16 municipalities in which there was substantial involvement in the ... petrochemical industry with sex ratios in the other 345 municipalities in Taiwan. Overall, the offspring sex ratios of the ...
oem.bmj.com
The Influence of Alcohol Consumption in Conjunction with Sex Hormone Deficiency on Ca/P Ratio in RatsThe Influence of Alcohol Consumption in Conjunction with Sex Hormone Deficiency on Ca/P Ratio in Rats
... the conjunction of sex hormone deficiency and alcoholic diet (G1 and G7) led to the lowest Ca/P ratios for both females and ... the deficiency of sex hormones did not change the Ca/P ratio in females or males. However, the combination of sex hormone ... the deficiency of sex hormones did change the Ca/P ratio in females and males. However, the deficiency of sex hormones in ... This was verified by the results observed in ad libitum groups in which sex hormone deficiency did not alter Ca/P ratio in both ...
hindawi.com
uni.news: Population sex ratio influences parental care in ploversuni.news: Population sex ratio influences parental care in plovers
In plovers, closely related populations express strikingly different adult sex ratios. This variation is mainly driven by sex ... The behavioural scientist did his research about the sex ratio of plovers supervised by Professor Dr. Joseph Hoffman and ... Families in populations with biased adult sex ratios were predominantly tended by a single parent - typically the father - ... Population sex ratio influences parental care in plovers. « One exhibition at... , Startseite , New Agreement signed... » ...
ekvv.uni-bielefeld.de
Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios | UNFPA - United Nations Population FundCharacteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios | UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund
First, rising sex ratios in India have been recorded since the early 1980s, and have since continued increasing with no sign, ... Inicio Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, and Future Scenarios. Characteristics of Sex-Ratio Imbalance in India, ... Second, even if sex-ratio values in India are still beneath those of China, its potential contribution to the overall " ... weight.1 The prospect of further worsening of Indias sex composition requires close monitoring of current sex-ratio trends in ...
unfpa.org
Sex ratio adjustments in common terns: influence of mate condition and maternal experience - Benito - 2013 - Journal of Avian...Sex ratio adjustments in common terns: influence of mate condition and maternal experience - Benito - 2013 - Journal of Avian...
Population-wide sex ratios and sex-specific mortality did not differ from parity, but clutch size, mass of the father, maternal ... We investigated whether hatching and fledging sex ratio and sex-specific chick mortality correlated with the ecological ... Sex ratio adjustments in common terns: influence of mate condition and maternal experience. Authors. *. María M. Benito,. * ... Artur Goławski, Zbigniew Kasprzykowski, Mateusz Ledwoń, Emilia Mróz, Federico Morelli, Brood sex ratio in expansive and non- ...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Female-biased sex ratio despite the absence of spatial and niche segregation between sexes in alpine populations of dioecious...Female-biased sex ratio despite the absence of spatial and niche segregation between sexes in alpine populations of dioecious...
Genus Salixis a notable example of the female-biased sex ratio. Quite surprisingly, there are very few studies retesting... ... 1 sex ratios. Genus Salix is a notable example of the female-biased sex ratio. Quite surprisingly, there are very few studies ... Female-biased sex ratio despite the absence of spatial and niche segregation between sexes in alpine populations of dioecious ... Alström-Rapaport C, Lascoux M, Gullberg U (1997) Sex determination and sex ratio in the dioecious shrub Salix viminalis L. ...
link.springer.com
Sex Ratios in a Socially Parasitic Bee and Implications for Host-Parasite Interactions | SpringerLinkSex Ratios in a Socially Parasitic Bee and Implications for Host-Parasite Interactions | SpringerLink
We also argue that extremely female-biased sex ratios of the host species, combined with overall sex ratio parity in the ... Sex allocation has been studied for very few inquilines of social Hymenoptera. Here we report sex ratio patterns in the ... Sex Ratios in a Socially Parasitic Bee and Implications for Host-Parasite Interactions. *Nahid Shokri Bousjein. 1. , ... Shokri Bousjein, N., Staines, M., Vo, C. et al. Sex Ratios in a Socially Parasitic Bee and Implications for Host-Parasite ...
link.springer.com
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FemalesChromosomesAverage sex ratioSecondary sex ratioAbstractPopulationsEvolution ofImbalanced sex ratios at birthSpeciesAllocationPredictsEqual sex ratiosNormal sex ratio2017VariationBiasImbalance1978Reduce sex selectionHigh sexAffect sexHigher sexDifferences in sexEvolutionarily stable s1967Overall sexReproductiveDeterminationDemographicBiasesBirth sexCommon sexRarer sexShiftsConsequencesAbortionsBoys to 100 girlsMortalityDeviationsSegregationAnalysesParityManipulationIndiaOperational sex r1988Adaptive19971992ProportionFlour BeetlesParentalHatchlingsAbsenceHuman societies1991Distortions
Females50
Chromosomes5
Average sex ratio1
Secondary sex ratio2
Abstract1
  • abstract = "Background: Geographic ranges of ectotherms such as reptiles may be determined strongly by abiotic factors owing to causal links between ambient temperature, juvenile survival and individual sex (male or female). (edu.au)
Populations16
Evolution of1
  • The evolution of sex role divergence is widely attributed to anisogamy initiating a self-reinforcing process. (nih.gov)
Imbalanced sex ratios at birth1
Species28
Allocation11
Predicts2
  • F isher (1930) presented a qualitative argument for the maintenance of an equal sex ratio, which predicts selection on any heritable variant that increases the production of the rarer sex. (genetics.org)
  • The Boomsma-Grafen model predicts that sex ratios will be split when the following three conditions hold: (i) relatedness varies among colonies, (ii) workers control investment, and (iii) workers can determine whether they are in a high or low relatedness colony. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Equal sex ratios4
  • These signatures likely result from the biased transmission of the driver and selection on the suppressor for the maintenance of equal sex ratios. (genetics.org)
  • Suppressors have been identified in a wide variety of meiotic drive systems and are predicted to be strongly favored by natural selection for the maintenance of equal sex ratios (reviewed by J aenike 2001 ). (genetics.org)
  • Furthermore, the evolution of linked enhancer genes may enable drivers to evade suppression, setting off another bout of Fisherian selection for equal sex ratios ( H artl 1975 ). (genetics.org)
  • Women in job types that were categorized as "high stress" were more likely to give birth to daughters, whereas women in job types that were categorized as "low stress" had equal sex ratios or a slight male bias in offspring. (biomedcentral.com)
Normal sex ratio2
  • The study was located in the Comilla district from the eastern region which had adverse sex ratio at birth and the Rangpur district from the western region having normal sex ratio. (www.gov.uk)
  • However, among mothers with no prior abortion, second-generation mothers had a normal sex ratio, while first-generation mothers gave birth to 142 boys for every 100 girls (95% CI 125 to 162 boys for every 100 girls). (ices.on.ca)
20173
Variation10
  • In the aggregated results of 56 Demographic and Health Surveys in African countries, the ratio is 1.03, albeit with considerable country-to-country variation. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the study, "The genetic sex-determination system explains 24% of interspecific variation in ASRs in amphibians and 36% in reptiles. (mercola.com)
  • Here, we characterize naturally occurring genetic variation at the Winters sex-ratio driver ( Distorter on the X or Dox ), its progenitor gene ( Mother of Dox or MDox ), and its suppressor gene ( Not Much Yang or Nmy ), which have been previously mapped and characterized. (genetics.org)
  • This variation is mainly driven by sex differences in the survival of juveniles. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • We don't know what causes one sex to survive better than the other during the juvenile stage, but understanding this intriguing variation will be the next step of our research," he added. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Allen GA, Antos JA (1993) Sex ratio variation in the dioecious shrub Oemleria cerasiformis . (springer.com)
  • Reproductive specialization results from the instability of the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) sex ratio, and is independent of variation in relatedness. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Boomsma & Grafen ( 1990 , 1991 ) explained this phenomenon as a consequence of how selection on sex ratio is altered by the variation in relatedness among colonies. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • CRAIG T.P., PRICE P.W. & ITAMI J.K. 1992: Facultative sex ratio shifts by a herbivorous insect in response to variation in host plant quality. (eje.cz)
  • We further show the role played by the sperm nucleus area as a mediator in the relationship between individual genetic variation and sex-ratio bias. (pacospace.com)
Bias3
  • In the simplest case, a single queen that mates once, workers are predicted to bias investment in a ratio of 3 : 1 in favour of their sisters, with whom they share higher relatedness. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Ectoparasites are prominent examples of this bias, given that their sex ratios vary from strongly female- to strongly male-biased both among hosts and at the metapopulation level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we used Peromyscus leucopus to demonstrate that sex ratio is explained by an exclusive effect of the father, and suggest a likely mechanism by which male-driven sex-ratio bias is attained. (pacospace.com)
Imbalance6
19782
Reduce sex selection1
  • Finally, we suggest measures that will help to reduce sex selection and lead, eventually, to normalization of the sex ratio. (pnas.org)
High sex2
  • For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. (nationmaster.com)
  • Saadat and colleagues 1 reported a significantly high sex ratio (proportion male) in births to people exposed to oil and natural gas from an Iranian oilfield. (bmj.com)
Affect sex1
  • The theory that natural selection has conserved mechanisms by which women subjected to environmental stressors abort frail male fetuses implies that climate change may affect sex ratio at birth and male longevity. (blogspot.com)
Higher sex2
  • In accordance with our hypothesis and results of previous retrospective cohort studies on human subjects, mice with toxoplasmosis produced a higher sex ratio than controls, in the early phase of latent infection. (cambridge.org)
  • April, May, June and July have higher sex ratios. (chinesefortunecalendar.com)
Differences in sex1
Evolutionarily stable s3
  • In modern language, the 1:1 ratio is the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Spending equal amounts of resources to produce offspring of either sex is an evolutionarily stable strategy: if the general population deviates from this equilibrium by favoring one sex, one can obtain higher reproductive success with less effort by producing more of the other. (wikipedia.org)
  • Essentially he argues that the 1:1 ratio is the evolutionarily stable strategy. (wikipedia.org)
19672
  • Obviously, a complete sweep of a sex-linked driver dooms a male-less (or female-less) population to extinction ( H amilton 1967 ), and natural selection strongly favors genetic factors that suppress drive and restore Mendelian segregation. (genetics.org)
  • HAMILTON W.D. 1967: Extraordinary sex ratios. (eje.cz)
Overall sex1
  • In some societies in Asia and Africa, for instance, baby boys are favored over girls and the rise in selective abortions and infanticide has skewed the overall sex ratio in favor of males. (uga.edu)
Reproductive4
  • But that ratio can be changed by environmental factors like temperature or even by seasonal shifts, said Kristen Navara, a reproductive endocrinologist with the UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. (uga.edu)
  • quaternary sex ratio - ratio in post-reproductive organisms Measuring these requires sophisticated mathematics since they lack clear boundaries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seasonal pattern of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), condition factor (K), and sex ratio in the catfish Auchenipterichthys longimanus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) as an approach to identify its reproductive period. (scielo.br)
  • Balshine-Earn S (1996) Reproductive Rates, Operational Sex Ratios, and Mate choice in St. Peter's Fish. (concordia.ca)
Determination2
Demographic3
  • Second, even if sex-ratio values in India are still beneath those of China, its potential contribution to the overall "masculinization" of Asia (and, consequently, of the world's population) is particularly formidable in view of India's demographic weight.1 The prospect of further worsening of India's sex composition requires close monitoring of current sex-ratio trends in the country. (unfpa.org)
  • In 2000 the country's sex ratio at birth, an important demographic indicator, was at normal levels and was estimated to be fairly close to normal (105 boys to 100 girls). (unfpa.org)
  • The current growth of 1 point per year since 2006 means that the ratio might cross the 115 mark within three years, which would significantly affect the country's demographic and sex structure. (unfpa.org)
Biases1
Birth sex2
  • What her first-ever global analysis on birth sex ratio shows is that people living in areas with longer, darker winters - such as in temperate and subarctic climates - have more baby boys, accounting for 51.3 percent of births. (uga.edu)
  • US National Center for Biotechnology Information published a study of The Association between Season of Pregnancy and Birth-Sex among Chinese in 2014. (chinesefortunecalendar.com)
Common sex1
  • Professor András Liker, Marie Curie Research Fellow at the University of Sheffield during the study, said: "If there is more of one sex than another, members of the rarer sex have a higher chance of getting a new partner for breeding than members of the common sex. (bath.ac.uk)
Rarer sex2
  • If there are lots of unpaired members of the opposite sex, there is more opportunity for the rarer sex to attract several partners," he added. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Basically, the rarer sex has more opportunity to 'play the field' and either cheat on the partner or leave in favour of a new mate. (bath.ac.uk)
Shifts1
Consequences2
Abortions2
Boys to 100 girls2
Mortality7
  • If mortality is higher when caring than competing this diminishes the likelihood of sex role divergence because this strongly limits the mating success of the earlier deserting sex. (nih.gov)
  • This son preference is manifest in sex-selective abortion and in discrimination in care practices for girls, both of which lead to higher female mortality. (pnas.org)
  • Since that time, improved health care and conditions for women have resulted in reductions in female mortality, but these advances have now been offset by a huge increase in the use of sex-selective abortion, which became available in the mid-1980s. (pnas.org)
  • It has been proposed that these environmental factors also explain sex differences in mortality. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated whether hatching and fledging sex ratio and sex-specific chick mortality correlated with the ecological environment (laying date, clutch size, hatching order and year quality) and parental traits (condition, arrival date, experience and breeding success), over seven consecutive years. (wiley.com)
  • Population-wide sex ratios and sex-specific mortality did not differ from parity, but clutch size, mass of the father, maternal breeding experience and to some extent year quality correlated with hatching sex ratio. (wiley.com)
  • No clear patterns of sex-specific mortality were found, neither global nor related to parental traits. (wiley.com)
Deviations2
Segregation1
Analyses4
  • I eliminated all Asian and African countries during a second round of analyses to get rid of any confound associated with sex-specific abortion," she said. (uga.edu)
  • Because most analyses of sex ratio focus on sexual interactions, the relative importance of sexual versus nonsexual mechanisms remains unclear. (ncbs.res.in)
  • This study analyses secular trends in gender ratios for live births over the second half of the 20th century. (bmj.com)
  • Previous analyses indicated a 1:4 female-biased sex ratio at the foraging grounds, and based on our results, this largely reflects the use of unshaded beach hatcheries at some of the source rookeries for decades, which resulted in mostly female hatchlings. (edu.au)
Parity1
Manipulation2
  • These results provide the first insights into the effect of daily thermocycles on sex differentiation in fish, and underline the key role of natural environmental cycles on the control of sex ratios during larval development, which may be applied to the manipulation of sex ratio in aquaculture. (stir.ac.uk)
  • The project, Hormonal Manipulation of Offspring Sex Ratio in White Leghorn Chickens, lead by Dr. Kristen Navara is part of the Association's comprehensive research program encompassing all phases of poultry and egg production and processing. (poultryworld.net)
India7
  • For example, the male to female ratio falls from 1.05 for the group aged 15 to 65 to 0.70 for the group over 65 in Germany, from 1.00 to 0.72 in the United States, from 1.06 to 0.91 in mainland China, and from 1.07 to 1.02 in India. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, rising sex ratios in India have been recorded since the early 1980s, and have since continued increasing with no sign, so far, of reversing course. (unfpa.org)
  • According to United Nations Statistics Division, the sex ratio at China is 1.15 , India is 1.107, Armenia 1.129, Azerbaijan 1.125 and Vietnam is 1.097. (chinesefortunecalendar.com)
  • My guess would be that the sex ratio at birth in India would definitely improve over the next four years, and while the PCPNDT activists may want to take credit for this, my guess is that it will movies like this which would have a far greater impact, and the tragedy is we'll never be able to give them the credit they deserve. (drmalpani.com)
  • How to Use 2019 Chinese Baby Calendar for Chinese Baby Gender Prediction Chart based on Sex Ratio at birth statistic data in China, USA, India, Canada and Singapore. (chinesefortunecalendar.com)
  • Without understanding the seasonal sex ratio birth data from China, USA, India, Singapore and Germany, you don't know how to use the Chinese Baby Gender Prediction Chart. (chinesefortunecalendar.com)
  • The ratio at China is 1.15 , India is 1.107, Armenia 1.129, Azerbaijan 1.125 and Vietnam is 1.097. (chinesefortunecalendar.com)
Operational sex r2
  • The second argument takes the reasonable premise that anisogamy produces a male-biased operational sex ratio (OSR) leading to males competing for mates. (nih.gov)
  • We emphasize the need to distinguish between the ASR and the operational sex ratio (OSR). (nih.gov)
19881
Adaptive1
19971
19921
  • Fisher RL (1992) Sex ratios in bumble bee social parasites: support for queen-worker conflict theory. (springer.com)
Proportion3
  • Here we studied the sex ratio of experimentally infected laboratory mice, expressed here as the proportion of males in the litter. (cambridge.org)
  • The proportion of daughters increased with clutch size and maternal breeding experience, suggesting a decline in breeding performance or a resources balance solved by producing more of the cheaper sex. (wiley.com)
  • No correlations of sex ratio with elevation as a proxy of environmental harshness and proportion of non-flowering individuals were found. (springer.com)
Flour Beetles1
Parental4
  • Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. (nih.gov)
  • However, given each offspring has precisely two genetic parents (the Fisher condition), a biased OSR generates frequency-dependent selection, analogous to Fisherian sex ratio selection, that favours increased parental investment by whichever sex faces more intense competition. (nih.gov)
  • No effect of parental quality or extra-pair paternity on brood sex ratio in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus). (lancs.ac.uk)
  • In addition, we found no significant effect on brood sex ratio of the individual quality of either parent as indicated by their biometrics, feather mite loads, time of breeding, or parental survival. (lancs.ac.uk)
Hatchlings2
Absence2
  • Even in the absence of sex selection practices, a range of "normal" sex ratios at birth of between 103 and 108 boys per 100 girls has been observed in different economically developed countries, and among different ethnic and racial groups within a given country. (wikipedia.org)
  • We discuss the possible causes of the maintenance of presence-absence polymorphism in the Winters sex-ratio genes. (genetics.org)
Human societies2
19911
Distortions1
  • We then demonstrate how the tradition of preference for male offspring has led to huge distortions in the sex ratio in some countries. (pnas.org)