Ras proteins. Medical search

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Cellular proteins encoded by the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras genes. The proteins have GTPase activity and are involved in signal transduction as monomeric GTP-binding proteins. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.

Transforming protein encoded by ras oncogenes. Point mutations in the cellular ras gene (c-ras) can also result in a mutant p21 protein that can transform mammalian cells. Oncogene protein p21(ras) has been directly implicated in human neoplasms, perhaps accounting for as much as 15-20% of all human tumors. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

PROTEINS that specifically activate the GTP-phosphohydrolase activity of RAS PROTEINS.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is expressed primarily in neuronal tissue and may be specific for the Ha-ras homolog of the RAS PROTEINS.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A family of GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS that are specific for RAS PROTEINS.

A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol.

A ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. The c-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.

A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.

A family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are related to RAS PROTEINS.This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that stimulates the dissociation of GDP from RAL GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It also has GDP exchange activity towards other MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate.

A replication-defective mouse sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) first described by J.J. Harvey in 1964.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A family of ubiquitously expressed MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in intracellular signal transduction. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A protein found most abundantly in the nervous system. Defects or deficiencies in this protein are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, Watson syndrome, and LEOPARD syndrome. Mutations in the gene (GENE, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) affect two known functions: regulation of ras-GTPase and tumor suppression.

Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS.

A class of monomeric, low molecular weight (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins that regulate a variety of intracellular processes. The GTP bound form of the protein is active and limited by its inherent GTPase activity, which is controlled by an array of GTPase activators, GDP dissociation inhibitors, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A mammalian homolog of the DROSOPHILA SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEIN. It is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RAS PROTEINS.

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A class of RAS GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS that are genetically related to the Son of Sevenless gene from DROSOPHILA. Sevenless refers to genetic mutations in DROSOPHILA that cause loss of the R7 photoreceptor which is required to see UV light.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.

A group of replication-defective viruses, in the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS, which are capable of transforming cells, but which replicate and produce tumors only in the presence of Murine leukemia viruses (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE).

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in the region 17q11.2. Mutation of these genes is thought to cause NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, Watson syndrome, and LEOPARD syndrome.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine acts as the methylating agent. EC 2.1.1.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Grb2 associates with activated EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR and PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS via its SH2 DOMAIN. It also binds to and translocates the SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS through its SH3 DOMAINS to activate PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.

Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating a signal transduction pathway that controls assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A family of closely-related serine-threonine kinases that were originally identified as the cellular homologs of the retrovirus-derived V-RAF KINASES. They are MAP kinase kinase kinases that play important roles in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. EC 3.1.4.4.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Plasma membrane recruitment of RalGDS is critical for Ras-dependent Ral activation. (1/4833)

In COS cells, Ral GDP dissociation stimulator (RalGDS)-induced Ral activation was stimulated by RasG12V or a Rap1/Ras chimera in which the N-terminal region of Rap1 was ligated to the C-terminal region of Ras but not by Rap1G12V or a Ras/Rap1 chimera in which the N-terminal region of Ras was ligated to the C-terminal region of Rap1, although RalGDS interacted with these small GTP-binding proteins. When RasG12V, Ral and the Rap1/Ras chimera were individually expressed in NIH3T3 cells, they localized to the plasma membrane. Rap1Q63E and the Ras/Rap1 chimera were detected in the perinuclear region. When RalGDS was expressed alone, it was abundant in the cytoplasm. When coexpressed with RasG12V or the Rap1/Ras chimera, RalGDS was detected at the plasma membrane, whereas when coexpressed with Rap1Q63E or the Ras/Rap1 chimera, RalGDS was observed in the perinuclear region. RalGDS which was targeted to the plasma membrane by the addition of Ras farnesylation site (RalGDS-CAAX) activated Ral in the absence of RasG12V. Although RalGDS did not stimulate the dissociation of GDP from Ral in the absence of the GTP-bound form of Ras in a reconstitution assay using the liposomes, RalGDS-CAAX could stimulate it without Ras. RasG12V activated Raf-1 when they were coexpressed in Sf9 cells, whereas RasG12V did not affect the RalGDS activity. These results indicate that Ras recruits RalGDS to the plasma membrane and that the translocated RalGDS induces the activation of Ral, but that Rap1 does not activate Ral due to distinct subcellular localization. (+info)

Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity opposes other Ras effectors in PC12 cells by inhibiting neurite outgrowth. (2/4833)

Ras proteins can activate at least three classes of downstream target proteins: Raf kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3 phosphate (PI3) kinase, and Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ral-GEFs). In NIH 3T3 cells, activated Ral-GEFs contribute to Ras-induced cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation by complementing the activities of Raf and PI3 kinases. In PC12 cells, activated Raf and PI3 kinases mediate Ras-induced cell cycle arrest and differentiation into a neuronal phenotype. Here, we show that in PC12 cells, Ral-GEF activity acts opposite to other Ras effectors. Elevation of Ral-GEF activity induced by transfection of a mutant Ras protein that preferentially activates Ral-GEFs, or by transfection of the catalytic domain of the Ral-GEF Rgr, suppressed cell cycle arrest and neurite outgrowth induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment. In addition, Rgr reduced neurite outgrowth induced by a mutant Ras protein that preferentially activates Raf kinases. Furthermore, inhibition of Ral-GEF activity by expression of a dominant negative Ral mutant accelerated cell cycle arrest and enhanced neurite outgrowth in response to NGF treatment. Ral-GEF activity may function, at least in part, through inhibition of the Rho family GTPases, CDC42 and Rac. In contrast to Ras, which was activated for hours by NGF treatment, Ral was activated for only approximately 20 min. These findings suggest that one function of Ral-GEF signaling induced by NGF is to delay the onset of cell cycle arrest and neurite outgrowth induced by other Ras effectors. They also demonstrate that Ras has the potential to promote both antidifferentiation and prodifferentiation signaling pathways through activation of distinct effector proteins. Thus, in some cell types the ratio of activities among Ras effectors and their temporal regulation may be important determinants for cell fate decisions between proliferation and differentiation. (+info)

Cell growth inhibition by farnesyltransferase inhibitors is mediated by gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB. (3/4833)

Recent results have shown that the ability of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) to inhibit malignant cell transformation and Ras prenylation can be separated. We proposed previously that farnesylated Rho proteins are important targets for alternation by FTIs, based on studies of RhoB (the FTI-Rho hypothesis). Cells treated with FTIs exhibit a loss of farnesylated RhoB but a gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB (RhoB-GG), which is associated with loss of growth-promoting activity. In this study, we tested whether the gain of RhoB-GG elicited by FTI treatment was sufficient to mediate FTI-induced cell growth inhibition. In support of this hypothesis, when expressed in Ras-transformed cells RhoB-GG induced phenotypic reversion, cell growth inhibition, and activation of the cell cycle kinase inhibitor p21WAF1. RhoB-GG did not affect the phenotype or growth of normal cells. These effects were similar to FTI treatment insofar as they were all induced in transformed cells but not in normal cells. RhoB-GG did not promote anoikis of Ras-transformed cells, implying that this response to FTIs involves loss-of-function effects. Our findings corroborate the FTI-Rho hypothesis and demonstrate that gain-of-function effects on Rho are part of the drug mechanism. Gain of RhoB-GG may explain how FTIs inhibit the growth of human tumor cells that lack Ras mutations. (+info)

Telomerase activity is sufficient to allow transformed cells to escape from crisis. (4/4833)

The introduction of simian virus 40 large T antigen (SVLT) into human primary cells enables them to proliferate beyond their normal replicative life span. In most cases, this temporary escape from senescence eventually ends in a second proliferative block known as "crisis," during which the cells cease growing or die. Rare immortalization events in which cells escape crisis are frequently correlated with the presence of telomerase activity. We tested the hypothesis that telomerase activation is the critical step in the immortalization process by studying the effects of telomerase activity in two mortal SVLT-Rasval12-transformed human pancreatic cell lines, TRM-6 and betalox5. The telomerase catalytic subunit, hTRT, was introduced into late-passage cells via retroviral gene transfer. Telomerase activity was successfully induced in infected cells, as demonstrated by a telomerase repeat amplification protocol assay. In each of nine independent infections, telomerase-positive cells formed rapidly dividing cell lines while control cells entered crisis. Telomere lengths initially increased, but telomeres were then maintained at their new lengths for at least 20 population doublings. These results demonstrate that telomerase activity is sufficient to enable transformed cells to escape crisis and that telomere elongation in these cells occurs in a tightly regulated manner. (+info)

Signals from the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPases converge on the Pak protein kinase in Rat-1 fibroblasts. (5/4833)

Ras plays a key role in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Raf is the major effector of Ras in the Ras > Raf > Mek > extracellular signal-activated kinase (ERK) cascade. A second effector is phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase), which, in turn, activates the small G protein Rac. Rac also has multiple effectors, one of which is the serine threonine kinase Pak (p65(Pak)). Here we show that Ras, but not Raf, activates Pak1 in cotransfection assays of Rat-1 cells but not NIH 3T3 cells. We tested agents that activate or block specific components downstream of Ras and demonstrate a Ras > PI 3-kinase > Rac/Cdc42 > Pak signal. Although these studies suggest that the signal from Ras through PI 3-kinase is sufficient to activate Pak, additional studies suggested that other effectors contribute to Pak activation. RasV12S35 and RasV12G37, two effector mutant proteins which fail to activate PI 3-kinase, did not activate Pak when tested alone but activated Pak when they were cotransfected. Similarly, RacV12H40, an effector mutant that does not bind Pak, and Rho both cooperated with Raf to activate Pak. A dominant negative Rho mutant also inhibited Ras activation of Pak. All combinations of Rac/Raf and Ras/Raf and Rho/Raf effector mutants that transform cells cooperatively stimulated ERK. Cooperation was Pak dependent, since all combinations were inhibited by kinase-deficient Pak mutants in both transformation assays and ERK activation assays. These data suggest that other Ras effectors can collaborate with PI 3-kinase and with each other to activate Pak. Furthermore, the strong correlation between Pak activation and cooperative transformation suggests that Pak activation is necessary, although not sufficient, for cooperative transformation of Rat-1 fibroblasts by Ras, Rac, and Rho. (+info)

Control of growth and differentiation by Drosophila RasGAP, a homolog of p120 Ras-GTPase-activating protein. (6/4833)

Mammalian Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP), p120 Ras-GAP, has been implicated as both a downregulator and effector of Ras proteins, but its precise role in Ras-mediated signal transduction pathways is unclear. To begin a genetic analysis of the role of p120 Ras-GAP we identified a homolog from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster through its ability to complement the sterility of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) gap1 mutant strain. Like its mammalian homolog, Drosophila RasGAP stimulated the intrinsic GTPase activity of normal mammalian H-Ras but not that of the oncogenic Val12 mutant. RasGAP was tyrosine phosphorylated in embryos and its Src homology 2 (SH2) domains could bind in vitro to a small number of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins expressed at various developmental stages. Ectopic expression of RasGAP in the wing imaginal disc reduced the size of the adult wing by up to 45% and suppressed ectopic wing vein formation caused by expression of activated forms of Breathless and Heartless, two Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinases of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family. The in vivo effects of RasGAP overexpression required intact SH2 domains, indicating that intracellular localization of RasGAP through SH2-phosphotyrosine interactions is important for its activity. These results show that RasGAP can function as an inhibitor of signaling pathways mediated by Ras and receptor tyrosine kinases in vivo. Genetic interactions, however, suggested a Ras-independent role for RasGAP in the regulation of growth. The system described here should enable genetic screens to be performed to identify regulators and effectors of p120 Ras-GAP. (+info)

BLNK required for coupling Syk to PLC gamma 2 and Rac1-JNK in B cells. (7/4833)

Signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR) is essential for B cell function and development. Despite the key role of Syk in BCR signaling, little is known about the mechanism by which Syk transmits downstream effectors. BLNK (B cell LiNKer protein), a substrate for Syk, is now shown to be essential in activating phospholipase C (PLC)gamma 2 and JNK. The BCR-induced PLC gamma 2 activation, but not the JNK activation, was restored by introduction of PLC gamma 2 membrane-associated form into BLNK-deficient B cells. As JNK activation requires both Rac1 and PLC gamma 2, our results suggest that BLNK regulates the Rac1-JNK pathway, in addition to modulating PLC gamma 2 localization. (+info)

A2B adenosine and P2Y2 receptors stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. cross-talk between cyclic AMP and protein kinase c pathways. (8/4833)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades underlie long-term mitogenic, morphogenic, and secretory activities of purinergic receptors. In HEK-293 cells, N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) activates endogenous A2BARs that signal through Gs and Gq/11. UTP activates P2Y2 receptors and signals only through Gq/11. The MAPK isoforms, extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), are activated by NECA and UTP. H-89 blocks ERK activation by forskolin, but weakly affects the response to NECA or UTP. ERK activation by NECA or UTP is unaffected by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein), attenuated by a phospholipase C inhibitor (U73122), and is abolished by a MEK inhibitor (PD098059) or dominant negative Ras. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by GF 109203X failed to block ERK activation by NECA or UTP, however, another PKC inhibitor, Ro 31-8220, which unlike GF 109203X, can block the zeta-isoform, and prevents UTP- but not NECA-induced ERK activation. In the presence of forskolin, Ro 31-8220 loses its ability to block UTP-stimulated ERK activation. PKA has opposing effects on B-Raf and c-Raf-1, both of which are found in HEK-293 cells. The data are explained by a model in which ERK activity is modulated by differential effects of PKC zeta and PKA on Raf isoforms. (+info)

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASA2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in ... "Identification of the ras GTPase-activating protein GAP1(m) as a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-binding protein in ... "Entrez Gene: RAS p21 protein activator 2". Retrieved 2018-09-14. Lockyer PJ, Wennström S, Kupzig S, Venkateswarlu K, Downward J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_p21_protein_activator_2

... or RasGAP (Ras GTPase activating protein), also known as RASA1, is a 120-kDa cytosolic human ... Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in ... "Entrez Gene: RASA1 RAS p21 protein activator (GTPase activating protein) 1". Chow A, Gawler D (October 1999). "Mapping the site ... 1997). "Ras-GTPase activating protein (GAP): a putative effector for Ras". Cell. Signal. 9 (2): 153-8. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_p21_protein_activator_1

... is a family of evolutionarily related proteins. Ras proteins are membrane- ... Protein pages needing a picture, Protein domains, Protein families, Membrane proteins, All stub articles, Membrane protein ... As it is the GTP bound form of ras which is active, these proteins are said to be down-regulators of ras. The Ras GTPase- ... Note: There are distinctly different GAPs for the rap and rho/rac subfamilies of ras-like proteins (reviewed in reference) that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase-activator_protein_for_Ras-like_GTPase

An important target is the ras protein signal-transduction chain. Tyrosine kinases recruited to a receptor following hormone ... Protein kinases are also found in bacteria and plants. Up to 30% of all human proteins may be modified by kinase activity, and ... Eukaryotic protein kinases are enzymes that belong to a very extensive family of proteins that share a conserved catalytic core ... A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase

Activating mutations of the Ras protein and upstream elements of the Ras protein may play a role in more than two-thirds of all ... RRAS2 Mutations in the Ras family of proto-oncogenes (comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to ... All Ras protein family members belong to a class of protein called small GTPase, and are involved in transmitting signals ... Mutations in Ras genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins, which can cause unintended and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_GTPase

Ras proteins are membrane-associated molecular switches that bind GTP and GDP and slowly hydrolyze GTP to GDP. The balance ... Protein families, Peripheral membrane proteins, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ... McCormick F, Boguski MS (1993). "Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives". Nature. 366 (6456): 643-654. Bibcode:1993Natur.366 ... Boguski, MS; McCormick, F (1993). "Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives". Nature. 366 (6456): 643-54. Bibcode:1993Natur. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RasGEF_domain

Boguski, M. S.; McCormick, F. (1993). "Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives". Nature. 366 (6456): 643-654. doi:10.1038/ ... v t e (Protein domains, Peripheral membrane proteins, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ... RhoGAP domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain of GTPase activating proteins towards Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like small ... "Crystal structure of a small G protein in complex with the GTPase-activating protein rhoGAP". Nature. 388 (6643): 693-697. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RhoGAP_domain

He also published many papers on the structures of protein molecules including human Ras, human cyclin dependent kinase 2 and ... Tong, L.; Milburn, MV; de Vos, AM; Kim, S.-H. (1989). "Structure of Ras Protein". Science. 245 (244): 244. Bibcode:1989Sci... ... small heat shock protein. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Sung-Hou

Once activated, Ras interacts with several proteins, namely Raf. Activated Raf stimulates MAPK-kinase (MAPKK or MEK) by ... Examination of the different signaling cascades induced by RTKs established Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI-3 ... thereby allowing interaction with Ras and the exchange of GDP for GTP on Ras. Whereas the interaction between Grb2 and PDGFR ... The adaptor protein Grb2 forms a complex with Sos by the Grb2 SH3 domain. Grb2 (or the Grb2/Sos complex) is recruited to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor_receptor

Bosgraaf L, Van Haastert PJ (Dec 2003). "Roc, a Ras/GTPase domain in complex proteins" (PDF). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1643 (1-3 ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi: ... 2006). "LRRK1 protein kinase activity is stimulated upon binding of GTP to its Roc domain". Cell. Signal. 18 (6): 910-20. doi: ... The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Res. 8 (2): 85-95. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRK1

These Ras genes have GTP/GDP binding and GTPase activity, and their normal function may be as G-like regulatory proteins ... The N-ras proto-oncogene is a member of the Ras gene family. It is mapped on chromosome 1, and it is activated in HL60, a ... Yuasa Y, Gol RA, Chang A, et al. (1984). "Mechanism of activation of an N-ras oncogene of SW-1271 human lung carcinoma cells". ... The mammalian Ras gene family consists of the Harvey and Kirsten Ras genes (HRAS and KRAS), an inactive pseudogene of each (c- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma_RAS_viral_oncogene_homolog

... is a small G protein in the Ras subfamily of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Once bound to Guanosine triphosphate, H ... HRAS is in the Ras family, which also includes two other proto-oncogenes: KRAS and NRAS. These proteins all are regulated in ... McCormick F (Dec 1995). "Ras-related proteins in signal transduction and growth control". Molecular Reproduction and ... The rate of conversion is usually slow but can be sped up dramatically by an accessory protein of the GTPase activating protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRAS

Ras homolog gene family, member B, also known as RHOB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RHOB gene. RHOB is a ... Robertson D, Paterson HF, Adamson P, Hall A, Monaghan P (May 1995). "Ultrastructural localization of ras-related proteins using ... Identification of a non-cytosolic GDI protein interacting with the small GTP-binding proteins RhoB and RhoG". The Journal of ... Identification of a non-cytosolic GDI protein interacting with the small GTP-binding proteins RhoB and RhoG". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHOB

His track record includes the discovery of the N-Ras oncogene , the identification of farnesylation of Ras proteins, and the ... His work in the field of cell signalling showed how RAS and other signalling proteins are involved in transmitting signals from ... Hancock, JF; Magee, AI; Childs, JE; Marshall, CJ (June 1989). "All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are ... Hall, A; Marshall, CJ; Spurr, NK; Weiss, RA (1983). "Identification of transforming gene in two human sarcoma cell lines as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marshall_(doctor)

Hurley, JB; Simon, MI; Teplow, DB; Robishaw, JD; Gilman, AG (1984). "Homologies between signal transducing G proteins and ras ... G proteins are a vital intermediary between the extracellular activation of receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) on the cell ... This was due to loss of proteins in these cancer cells. When he introduced the missing protein from normal cells into the ... In 1980, he succeeded in identifying and isolating the new protein, which he named G protein, as it specifically binds to GTP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman

RAS p21 protein activator 4B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASA4B gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: RAS p21 protein activator 4B". Retrieved 2016-10-15. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 7, All stub articles, Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASA4B

RAS guanyl releasing protein 4 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the RASGRP4 gene in chromosome 19. The protein encoded ... This protein was shown to activate H-Ras in a cation-dependent manner in vitro. Expression of this protein in myeloid cell ... provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]. "Entrez Gene: RAS guanyl releasing protein 4". Retrieved 2013-01-31. v t e (Articles with short ... lines was found to be correlated with elevated level of activated RAS protein, and the RAS activation can be greatly enhanced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASGRP4

... (Ras-proximate-1 or Ras-related protein 1) is a small GTPase, which are small cytosolic proteins that act like cellular ... These proteins are divided into families depending on their protein structure, and the most well studied is the Ras superfamily ... RIAM (Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule) is a broadly expressed adaptor protein that contains an RA (Ras association)-like ... Rap1 belongs to Ras-related protein family. GTPases are inactive when in their GDP-bound form, and become active when they bind ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap1

SOS1 activates the small G protein Ras. eIF-2b is a eukaryotic initiation factor necessary to initiate protein translation. eIF ... GEFs are multi-domain proteins and interact with other proteins inside the cell through these domains. Adaptor proteins can ... For example, SOS1, the Ras GEF in the MAPK/ERK pathway, is recruited by the adaptor protein GRB2 in response to EGF receptor ... Ras-GRF1 Kalirin PLEKHG2 Ephexin5 is a RhoA GEF involved in neuronal synapse development. G proteins Guanine Nucleotide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine_nucleotide_exchange_factor

RAS protein activator like 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASAL3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... "Entrez Gene: RAS protein activator like 3". Retrieved 2016-07-16. Saito S, Kawamura T, Higuchi M, Kobayashi T, Yoshita- ... a novel hematopoietic RasGAP protein, regulates the number and functions of NKT cells". Eur. J. Immunol. 45 (5): 1512-23. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASAL3

Ras suppressor protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSU1 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is involved ... "Entrez Gene: RSU1 Ras suppressor protein 1". Cutler ML, Bassin RH, Zanoni L, Talbot N (1992). "Isolation of rsp-1, a novel cDNA ... Dougherty GW, Chopp T, Qi SM, Cutler ML (2005). "The Ras suppressor Rsu-1 binds to the LIM 5 domain of the adaptor protein ... In mouse, the encoded protein was initially isolated based on its ability to inhibit v-Ras transformation. Multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSU1

Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, Zhong H, Im SY, Lee JW, Ghosh S (2000). "A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of ... NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKBIB gene. NFKB1 (MIM 164011) or NFKB2 (MIM 164012) ... Chen Y, Wu J, Ghosh G (June 2003). "KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain of IkappaBbeta and ... Lee JW, Choi HS, Gyuris J, Brent R, Moore DD (1995). "Two classes of proteins dependent on either the presence or absence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFKBIB

There are more than a hundred proteins in the Ras superfamily. Based on structure, sequence and function, the Ras superfamily ... The best-known members are the Ras GTPases and hence they are sometimes called Ras subfamily GTPases. A typical G-protein is ... GTP-binding protein regulators Wennerberg K, Rossman KL, Der CJ (March 2005). "The Ras superfamily at a glance". J. Cell Sci. ... Therefore, a G-protein can be switched on and off. GTP hydrolysis is accelerated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), while ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_GTPase

... functions differently compared to other proteins in the Ras superfamily. Similar to those in the Ras superfamily, the ... The protein is a lipid-anchored, cell-membrane protein with five repeats of the RAS-related GTP-binding region. Also present ... "The Ras-related protein Rheb is farnesylated and antagonizes Ras signaling and transformation". The Journal of Biological ... RHEB also known as Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) is a GTP-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed in humans and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHEB

Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, Zhong H, Im SY, Lee JW, Ghosh S (Feb 2000). "A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the ... NF-κB inhibitor interacting Ras-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKIRAS2 gene. Model organisms have been ... Tago K, Funakoshi-Tago M, Sakinawa M, Mizuno N, Itoh H (Oct 2010). "KappaB-Ras is a nuclear-cytoplasmic small GTPase that ... "Entrez Gene: NFKB inhibitor interacting Ras-like 2". Retrieved 2011-08-30. "Salmonella infection data for Nkiras2". Wellcome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKIRAS2

Ras association domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF1 gene. This gene encodes a ... The encoded protein was found to interact with DNA repair protein XPA. The protein was also shown to inhibit the accumulation ... protein similar to the RAS effector proteins. The RASSF1 gene has eight isoforms, of which RASSF1A and RASSF1C are the most ... "The putative tumor suppressor RASSF1A homodimerizes and heterodimerizes with the Ras-GTP binding protein Nore1". Oncogene. 21 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASSF1

Ras and EF-hand domain-containing protein also known as Ras-related protein Rab-45 is a protein that in humans is encoded by ... "RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Ras and EF-hand domain-containing protein - Q8IZ41 (RASEF_HUMAN)". Branden C, Tooze J (1999 ... The basic members of this group of proteins are Ras oncogens. It's divided into five major families (Ras, Rho, Arf/Sar, Ran and ... This could provoke a malignant tumor if combined with a separate mutation in a protein's RAS group. RASEF or Rab 45 is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASEF

This gene encodes a member of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins that suppresses the Ras/mitogen-activated protein ... "Entrez Gene: RASA4 RAS p21 protein activator 4". Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Miyajima N, et al. (1998). "Prediction of the coding ... Ras GTPase-activating protein 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RASA4 gene. ... Consequently, Ras is converted from the active GTP-bound state to the inactive GDP-bound state and no longer activates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASA4

Ras-related protein Rab-5C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB5C gene. RAB5C belongs to the Ras-related protein ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi: ... encoding a small GTP-binding protein homologous to the Ras-related RAB gene". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 73 (1-2): 137-9. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: RAB5C RAB5C, member RAS oncogene family". Albertsen HM, Smith SA, Mazoyer S, et al. (1994). "A physical map and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAB5C

Ras GTPase-activating protein nGAP is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RASAL2 gene. This gene encodes a protein that ... "Entrez Gene: RASAL2 RAS protein activator like 2". Maekawa M, Nakamura S, Hattori S (1993). "Purification of a novel ras GTPase ... GAPs function as activators of Ras superfamily of small GTPases. The protein encoded by this gene is able to complement the ... 2004). "Proteomic, functional, and domain-based analysis of in vivo 14-3-3 binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal regulation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASAL2

Deng L, Garrett RA, Shah SA, Peng X, She Q (March 2013). "A novel interference mechanism by a type IIIB CRISPR-Cmr module in ... Class 2 systems use a single large Cas protein for the same purpose. Class 1 is divided into types I, III, and IV; class 2 is ... Class 1 systems use a complex of multiple Cas proteins to degrade foreign nucleic acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Biosciences

... is a laboratory technique for the study of protein-protein, protein-peptide, and protein-DNA interactions that ... Gao C, Mao S, Lo CH, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD (May 1999). "Making artificial antibodies: a format for phage display of ... a gene encoding a protein of interest is inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to "display" the protein on ... characterize small molecules-protein interactions and map protein-protein interactions. Users can use three dimensional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 ... Koki AT, Khan NK, Woerner BM, Seibert K, Harmon JL, Dannenberg AJ, Soslow RA, Masferrer JL (January 2002). "Characterization of ... PTGS (COX, which can be confused with "cytochrome oxidase") enzymes are monotopic membrane proteins; the membrane-binding ... of the protein. The catalytic domain is homologous to mammalian peroxidases such as myeloperoxidase. It has been found that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin-endoperoxide_synthase_2

... a major structural protein (VP1) of about 58~60 kDa and a minor capsid protein (VP2). The most variable region of the viral ... Tu ET, Bull RA, Greening GE, Hewitt J, Lyon MJ, Marshall JA, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA (2008). "Epidemics of ... The protein MDA-5 may be the primary immune sensor that detects the presence of noroviruses in the body. Some people have ... The vaccine relies on using a virus-like particle that is made of the norovirus capsid proteins in order to mimic the external ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

PI3K Akt IKK NFkB Caspase 9 STAT3 p38 MAPK VEGF IL-8 Shc Grb2/SOS Ras Raf MEK1 / MEK2 Erk1/2 FAK p190Rho/GAP Paxillin p130CAS ... c-Src can be activated by many transmembrane proteins that include: adhesion receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein ... Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, also known as proto-oncogene c-Src, or simply c-Src (cellular Src; pronounced "sarc ... Nada S, Okada M, MacAuley A, Cooper JA, Nakagawa H (May 1991). "Cloning of a complementary DNA for a protein-tyrosine kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

Floyd T, Nelson RA (1990). "Bone Metabolism in Black Bears". Bears: Their Biology and Management. 8: 135-137. doi:10.2307/ ... Lundberg, D. A.; Nelson, R. A.; Wahner, H. W.; Jones, J. D. (1976). "Protein metabolism in the black bear before and during ... Hibernating bears are able to recycle their proteins and urine, allowing them to stop urinating for months and to avoid muscle ... Nelson, R. A. (1980). "Protein and fat metabolism in hibernating bears". FASEB J. 39 (12): 2955-2958. PMID 6998737. Lohuis, T. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation

Thomas SH, Wagner RD, Arakaki AK, Skolnick J, Kirby JR, Shimkets LJ, Sanford RA, Löffler FE (May 2008). "The mosaic genome of ... Myxobacteria are also known to produce gephyronic acid, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential agent for ... Sasse F, Steinmetz H, Höfle G, Reichenbach H (January 1995). "Gephyronic acid, a novel inhibitor of eukaryotic protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobacteria

Perlman R, Schiemann WP, Brooks MW, Lodish HF, Weinberg RA (2001). "TGF-beta-induced apoptosis is mediated by the adapter ... Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene. Daxx, a Death domain- ... This protein also associates with centromeres in G2 phase. In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate ... It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-associated_protein_6

Gruters RA, Neefjes JJ, Tersmette M, de Goede RE, Tulp A, Huisman HG, Miedema F, Ploegh HL (1987). "Interference with HIV- ... Murphy CI, Lennick M, Lehar SM, Beltz GA, Young E (Oct 1990). "Temporal expression of HIV-1 envelope proteins in baculovirus- ... Montefiori DC, Robinson WE, Mitchell WM (Dec 1988). "Role of protein N-glycosylation in pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 15, All stub articles, Protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GANC

"The eps8 Family of Proteins Links Growth Factor Stimulation to Actin Reorganization Generating Functional Redundancy in the Ras ... Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EPS8L1 gene. ... This gene encodes a protein that is related to epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8), a substrate for the ... The function of this protein is unknown. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms exist. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPS8L1

This family consists of 9 proteins although most of them are known to have one or more isoforms. These proteins are: chemokine- ... "A DNA-Methylated Sight on Autoimmune Inflammation Network across RA, pSS, and SLE". Journal of Immunology Research. 2018: ... Li H, Guo X, Shao L, Plate M, Mo X, Wang Y, Han W (March 2010). "CMTM5-v1, a four-transmembrane protein, presents a secreted ... That is, the methylation of a cluster(s) regulates its nearby gene by blocking it from making mRNAs and thereby the proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF-like_MARVEL_transmembrane_domain-containing_5

Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, Consens FB, Little R, An H, et al. (July 2003). "REM sleep behavior disorder is related to ... Tau proteins have been found in some glial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Clinical diagnostic criteria were defined in 1998 and ... A modified form of the alpha-synuclein protein within affected neurons may cause MSA. About 55% of MSA cases occur in men, with ... In 2020, researchers at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston concluded that protein misfolding cyclic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNG4 gene. GNG4 ... Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, Meyer HE, Lutz S, Jakobs KH, Niroomand F, Wieland T (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G ... "Entrez Gene: GNG4 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 4". Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N (Mar 1996). " ... "A direct interaction between G-protein beta gamma subunits and the Raf-1 protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (24): 14251-4. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNG4

Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze ... Capaldi RA, Aggeler R (March 2002). "Mechanism of the F(1)F(0)-type ATP synthase, a biological rotary motor". Trends in ... In prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's inner membrane. These proteins use the energy from reduced molecules ... Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide bonds. Each different protein has a unique sequence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

The plasma protein binding of threohydrobupropion is 42%. Threohydrobupropion is formed from bupropion via reduction of the ... Bondarev ML, Bondareva TS, Young R, Glennon RA (August 2003). "Behavioral and biochemical investigations of bupropion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threohydrobupropion

Martienssen RA, Colot V (August 2001). "DNA methylation and epigenetic inheritance in plants and filamentous fungi". Science. ... of breast and ovarian cancers the protein encoded by DIRAS3 is not expressed, suggesting that it functions as a tumor ... Bjornsson HT, Albert TJ, Ladd-Acosta CM, Green RD, Rongione MA, Middle CM, Irizarry RA, Broman KW, Feinberg AP (May 2008). "SNP ... "DNA sequence polymorphisms within the bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gs subunit alpha (Gsα)-encoding (GNAS) genomic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

To recognize protein as designated substrate, 19S complex has subunits that are capable to recognize proteins with a special ... Simon JH, Gaddis NC, Fouchier RA, Malim MH (Dec 1998). "Evidence for a newly discovered cellular anti-HIV-1 phenotype". Nature ... Accordingly, misfolded proteins and damaged protein need to be continuously removed to recycle amino acids for new synthesis; ... The 19S regulatory particles can recognize ubiquitin-labeled protein as degradation substrate, unfold the protein to linear, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMD7

They exhibit a high degree of protein dynamics, alone or in complex. Several types of catenins work with N-cadherins to play an ... One possible way to achieve this, which has been successful in mouse models, is to use inhibitors of Ras activation in order to ... Catenins are a family of proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells. The first two ... Nam JS, Ino Y, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S (September 2002). "Ras farnesylation inhibitor FTI-277 restores the E-cadherin/catenin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

As tendons develop they lay down collagen, which is the main structural protein of connective tissue. As tendons pass near bony ... RA (2016). "Chapter 5: Diseases and surgery of the globe and orbit". In Gilger, BC (ed.). Equine Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). John ... Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains. Other enzymes include resin and lipase. ... Most food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, including proteins, simple carbohydrate, fats ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CD28 and CTLA-4 cell-surface receptor family. It forms homodimers and plays an ... Shilling RA, Bandukwala HS, Sperling AI (Oct 2006). "Regulation of T:B cell interactions by the inducible costimulator molecule ... ICOS+protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human ICOS genome location and ICOS gene ... Beier KC, Hutloff A, Dittrich AM, Heuck C, Rauch A, Büchner K, Ludewig B, Ochs HD, Mages HW, Kroczek RA (Dec 2000). "Induction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD278

Mucin and cadherin-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUPCDH gene. This gene is a novel mucin-like gene ... Paris MJ, Williams BR (Jan 2001). "Characterization of a 500-kb contig spanning the region between c-Ha-Ras and MUC2 on ... 2003). "The Secreted Protein Discovery Initiative (SPDI), a Large-Scale Effort to Identify Novel Human Secreted and ... The role of the hybrid extracellular region and the specific function of this protein have not yet been determined. Alternative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUPCDH

... proteins are of interest for biotechnology and industrial use due to their thermostable nature. One application is ... Chen, L; Brügger, K; Skovgaard, M; Redder, P; She, Q; Torarinsson, E; Greve, B; Awayez, M; Zibat, A; Klenk, HP; Garrett, RA ( ... Intracellular proteins are not necessarily stable at low pH however, as Sulfolobus species maintain a significant pH gradient ... They are also unique in the sense that the genes encoding the structural proteins of the virus are constantly transcribed and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus

By suppressing Jarid1b protein level, miR-137 is believed to play a role in modulating the differentiated state of mouse ESCs. ... Langevin SM, Stone RA, Bunker CH, Grandis JR, Sobol RW, Taioli E (May 2010). "MicroRNA-137 promoter methylation in oral rinses ... miR-137 is located on chromosome 1p22 within the non-protein-coding RNA gene AK094607. It is transcribed as a non-coding ... This binding in turn results in an inhibition of translation of the target protein or degradation of the target messenger RNA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

FLS that are present in the synovium during RA display altered phenotype compared to the cells present in normal tissues. They ... Specific for fibroblast-like synoviocytes is also the expression of CD55; this protein is often used to identify this cell type ... These hallmark features of FLS in RA are divided into 7 cell-intrinsic hallmarks and 4 cell-extrinsic hallmarks. The cell- ... These include especially lubricin, a protein crucial for the joint lubrication. Furthermore these cells express a number of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast-like_synoviocyte

Wen ST, Van Etten RA (October 1997). "The PAG gene product, a stress-induced protein with antioxidant properties, is an Abl SH3 ... Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL ... Welch PJ, Wang JY (November 1993). "A C-terminal protein-binding domain in the retinoblastoma protein regulates nuclear c-Abl ... Yamanashi Y, Baltimore D (January 1997). "Identification of the Abl- and rasGAP-associated 62 kDa protein as a docking protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABL_(gene)

In Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A (1993). Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et ... a consensus significant loss of betasheet structure of the Notch3 protein has been predicted using in silico analysis. MRIs ... Deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins, Cerebrovascular diseases, Skin conditions resulting from errors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADASIL

Free radicals can damage proteins, lipids or DNA. Glycation mainly damages proteins. Damaged proteins and lipids accumulate in ... Miller RA (April 2001). "Biomarkers of aging: prediction of longevity by using age-sensitive T-cell subset determinations in a ... Chemical damage to structural proteins can lead to loss of function; for example, damage to collagen of blood vessel walls can ... These adducts can further rearrange to form reactive species, which can then cross-link the structural proteins or DNA to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence

Pinto LH, Holsinger LJ, Lamb RA (May 1992). "Influenza virus M2 protein has ion channel activity". Cell. 69 (3): 517-28. doi: ... which can modulate protein trafficking of viral proteins or protect the proteins from the low pH they would otherwise encounter ... Holins, small pore-forming transmembrane proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages Thomaston JL, Alfonso-Prieto M, Woldeyes RA ... The human papillomavirus 16 E5 protein, the least well-studied of the three known oncogenic HPV proteins, was reported in 2012 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroporin

Lin J, Lin L, Thomas DG, Greenson JK, Giordano TJ, Robinson GS, Barve RA, Weishaar FA, Taylor JM, Orringer MB, Beer DG (2004 ... The members of this family encode proteins with 50 to 80% sequence identity to each other. The promoters and first exons of the ... MAGEA10 (MAGE family member A10) is a protein-coding gene in humans clustered at chromosomal location Xq28. This gene is a ... "MAGE-A10 is a nuclear protein frequently expressed in high percentages of tumor cells in lung, skin and urothelial malignancies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGEA10

ras GTPase-activating protein 2. Names. GTPase-activating protein 1m. GTPase-activating protein of RAS. ... Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in ... RasGAP_RASA2; Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of RASA2. smart00323. Location:301 → 642. RasGAP; GTPase-activator protein for Ras- ... RasGAP_RASA2; Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of RASA2. smart00323. Location:301 → 642. RasGAP; GTPase-activator protein for Ras- ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5922

Previous symbols and names : Synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1 homolog (rat), synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1 ... SYNGAP1 - synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1. *Synonym(s) : KIAA1938, RASA5, SYNGAP ...

https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Genes.php?lng=EN&data_id=18361&MISSING%20CONTENT=synaptic-Ras-GTPase-activating-protein-1&search=Disease_Genes_Simple&title=synaptic%20Ras%20GTPase%20activating%20protein%201

ProSpecs Member RAS Oncogene Family include: Recombinant Human RAB27A, Recombinant Human RAB11A. ... Member RAS Oncogene Family Function. RAN is a GTP binding protein that is small in size and is part of the RAS superfamily that ... About Member RAS Oncogene Family:. Member RAS Oncogene Family consists of RAN, which is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases that ... The RAN protein also plays a role in the progression of the cell cycle and in controlling DNA synthesis. For the RAN to be ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/member_ras_oncogene_family

Protein (GST tag). Spezies: Human. Quelle: Wheat germ. Jetzt Produkt ABIN1317037 bestellen. ... RAB13, Member RAS Oncogene Family (RAB13) (AA 1-200) protein (His tag) RAB13 Spezies: Rind (Kuh) Wirt: Hefe Recombinant > 90 % ... RAB13, Member RAS Oncogene Family (RAB13) (AA 1-200) protein (His tag) RAB13 Spezies: Ratte Wirt: Hefe Recombinant > 90 % ELISA ... RAB13 Protein (RAB13, Member RAS Oncogene Family) (AA 1-203) (GST tag). RAB13 Spezies: Human Wirt: Wheat germ Recombinant AP, ...

https://www.antikoerper-online.de/protein/1317038/RAB13,+Member+RAS+Oncogene+Family+RAB13+AA+1-203+protein+GST+tag/

The mRNA and protein expressions of RhoC, ROCK1, and ROCK2 were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain ... the mRNA and protein expressions of RhoC, ROCK1, and ROCK2 in RPMI8226 and U266 cells were significantly decreased with single ... We found that 5-Aza-Dc and TSA can effectively decrease the mRNA and protein expressions of RhoC, ROCK1, and ROCK2. Furthermore ... The aim of this study was to explore the impact of Ras homolog C/Rho-associated coiled-protein kinase (Rho/ROCK) signaling ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/915998

Title: Mevalonate-Ras Homology (Rho)/Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil-Forming Protein Kinase (ROCK)-Mediated Signaling Pathway as a ... Activation of the Ras homology (Rho)/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated signaling pathway with ... Activation of the Ras homology (Rho)/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated signaling pathway with ... Mevalonate-Ras Homology (Rho)/Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil-Forming Protein Kinase (ROCK)-Mediated Signaling Pathway as a ...

https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/30857

The expression of Jun proteins is not significantly altered in v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes. Transduction of cells with v-ras(Ha) ... The expression of Jun proteins is not significantly altered in v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes. Transduction of cells with v-ras(Ha) ... The expression of Jun proteins is not significantly altered in v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes. Transduction of cells with v-ras(Ha) ... The expression of Jun proteins is not significantly altered in v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes. Transduction of cells with v-ras(Ha) ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/activator-protein-1-transcription-factors-are-fundamental-to-v-ra

Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily proteins unrelated to Ras and AF-1 of estrogen receptor α ... Ras is the prototypical member of a class of low molecular weight GTP binding proteins involved in the regulation of many ... Establishment of Ras Effector-Loop LNCaP Stable Cell Lines.. LNCaP cells were transfected with 5 μg of Ras vector {N-[1-(2,3- ... MAPK Activation in Ras Effector-Loop Stable Cell Lines.. Ras is a common downstream focal point of many growth factor signaling ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/63/8/1981/511100/Constitutive-Activation-of-the-Ras-Mitogen

Mutant RAS:p-RAF complexes bind MAP2Ks and MAPKs (Homo sapiens) * mutant RAS:GTP:p-RAF:MAP2Ks:MAPKs:scaffold proteins [plasma ... Mutant RAS:p-RAF complexes phosphorylate MAP2Ks (Homo sapiens) * mutant RAS:GTP:p-RAF:MAP2Ks:MAPKs:scaffold proteins [plasma ... mutant RAS:GTP:p-RAF:MAP2Ks:MAPKs:scaffold proteins [plasma membrane] Stable Identifier ... Signaling by RAS mutants (Homo sapiens) * Signaling downstream of RAS mutants (Homo sapiens) * ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-6802667

A Ras GTPase activating protein tumor suppressor (RasGAP), DAB2 interacting protein (DAB2IP), was discovered as an miR-431 ... Overexpression of DAB2IPs rat homolog, but not its mutant defective in Ras GTPase activating protein activity, reverses miR- ... Taken together, miR-431 silences DAB2IP to active Ras/Erk and promote metastasis of PNETs. miR-431 may be targeted to manage ... Herein, we show that miR-431 overexpression activates Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling and promotes ...

https://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/publications/1242236?f2c40bae-76ab-11ed-be45-064cbb69e63c

SHANK proteins limit integrin activation by directly interacting with Rap1 and R-Ras ... SHANK proteins limit integrin activation by directly interacting with Rap1 and R-Ras ... revealed that the SPN domain is an unexpected Ras-association domain with high affinity for GTP-bound Ras and Rap G-proteins. ... SHANK proteins limit integrin activation by directly interacting with Rap1 and R-Ras. Nature Cell Biology, 19 (4). 292 - 305. ...

https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006607/

The structure of Ras protein: a model for a universal molecular switch. scientific article published on October 1, 1991 ... The cytoplasmic protein GAP is implicated as the target for regulation by the ras gene product. ... The structure of Ras protein: a model for a universal molecular switch (English) ... Crystal structures at 2.2 A resolution of the catalytic domains of normal ras protein and an oncogenic mutant complexed with ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36939231

The Raf-MEKK-MAP kinase pathway is triggered by activation of Ras and thought to be important in Ras transformation of rodent ... The pathways downstream of Ras that are required for transformation are an active topic of research. ... These results suggest that c-Raf-1 is not required for Ras transformation in this system. ... were transfected with H-ras and myc(v). The resulting cell line derived from the knock out cells grew slower both in tissue ...

https://www.oncology.ox.ac.uk/publications/131146

Recombinant Human Ras-related protein Rab-5B(RAB5B) ... Recombinant Human Ras-related protein Rab-5B(RAB5B). CSB- ... Relevance: Protein transport. Probably involved in vesicular traffic .. Reference: "Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts ... storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself. Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20℃/-80 ...

https://www.genebiosystems.com/products/recombinant-human-ras-related-protein-rab-5brab5b

Researchers discover alternative mechanism for Ras protein activation The protein Ras plays an important role in cellular ... SUMO1 protein may treat and/or prevent heart failure A promising new drug target for the treatment and prevention of heart ... Researchers have focused on the protein because mutations in its gene are found in more than 30 percent of all cancers, making ... Scientists affiliated with VIB and UGent have discovered a mechanism used by the protein A20 to combat inflammation. This could ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Ubiquitin&page=15

Plasma proteins. Potential drug targets. RAS pathway related proteins. Predicted locationi All transcripts of all genes have ... Protein evidencei Evidence score for genes based on UniProt protein existence (UniProt evidence); a Human Protein Atlas ... Protein classi Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s). ... HUMAN PROTEIN ATLAS INFORMATIONi Summary of RNA expression and protein localization based on data generated within the Human ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000174775-HRAS/single+cell+type

K-Ras must localize to the plasma membrane (PM) for biological activity. We show here that multiple acid sphingomyelinase (ASM ... ras Proteins Grant support * K99 CA188593/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ... Sphingomyelin Metabolism Is a Regulator of K-Ras Function Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Jan 16;38(3):e00373-17. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00373-17 ... K-Ras must localize to the plasma membrane (PM) for biological activity. We show here that multiple acid sphingomyelinase (ASM ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29158292/

Ras-Associated protein Rab7. 3q21. CMT2B. Severe sensory loss, ulcerations. 602298. TRPV4 Transient Receptor Potential ... Peripheral myelin protein 22. 17p11.2. CMT1A. HNPP (deletion). 601097. MPZ Myelin Protein Zero. 1q22. CMT1B, CMT1E. Late onset ... Peripheral Myelin Protein 22. 17p11.2. HNPP. CMT1A (duplication). 162500. aGene highlighted in this review.. ALS11, amyotrophic ... Gap Junction associated protein B1. Xq13.1. CMTX1. More severe phenotype in males (demyelinating). 304040. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/832550

... which moves proteins and other molecules within cells in sac-like structures called vesicles. Learn about this gene and related ... The RAB27A gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in a process called vesicle trafficking, ... ras-related protein Rab-27A. *RB27A_HUMAN. Additional Information & Resources. Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry. * ... of any Rab27a protein or lead to the production of an abnormal or unstable protein that cannot form a complex with the proteins ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/rab27a/

Endomembrane Trafficking of Ras: The CAAX Motif Targets Proteins to the ER and Golgi. ...

https://www.mattek.com/reference-library/endomembrane-trafficking-of-ras-the-caax-motif-targets-proteins-to-the-er-and-golgi/

CURCUMIN INHIBITS CARCINOGEN INDUCED C-HA-RAS AND C-FOS PROTO-ONCOGENES EXPRESSION, AND PROTEIN KINASE C ACTIVITY IN MOUSE SKIN ... c-Ha-ras) proteins in tumorous skin. This was compared with the non-tumorous skin isolated from the same mouse. Dot blot ... The enhanced expression of ras and fos proto-oncogenes in skin tumors in DMBA and TPA-treated animals was decreased by dietary ... Also, it was found that the curcumin inhibited protein kinase C (PKC) activities in mouse epidermal extracts in a dose ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/130623?locale=ar

RAB17 may also be known by the following names: ras-related protein Rab-17. Orthologs of the gene, including human and mouse ... The protein encoded by RAB17 has a predicted amino acid length of 212 and a mass of 23.5 kDa. There are currently 2 reported ... The ELISA kits listed below target RAB17, the symbol for the human gene, RAB17, member RAS oncogene family, and a member of the ...

https://www.biocompare.com/pfu/110627/soids/328592/ELISA_Kit/RAB17

Pertumbuhan Kompensasi Ayam Betina Hasil Persilangan Antara Ayam Kampung Jantan Dengan Ayam Ras Petelur Betina Yang Mendapat ... dietary protein, P3 type with 16,58% dietary protein, and P4 type with 14,79% dietary protein. At 9 weeks of age, each ... There was also no significant difference of the protein and energy consumption among the treatment groups. Protein efficiency ... Pengaruh Level Protein dengan Koreksi Asam Amino Esensial dalam Pakan terhadap Penampilan dan Nitrogen Ekskreta Ayam Kampung. ...

https://journal.ugm.ac.id/buletinpeternakan/article/view/10622

... expression of type I interferon-induced proteins and proteins involved in extracellular matrix repulation in SLE versus RA and ... expression of type I interferon-induced proteins and proteins involved in extracellular matrix repulation in SLE versus RA and ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/871472

RAS GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS PROTEINAS ACTIVADORAS DE RAS GTPASA PROTEÍNAS COM DOMÍNIO T T-BOX DOMAIN PROTEINS PROTEINAS DE ... RAS-GRF1 RAS-GRF1 RAS-GRF1 RECEPTOR DO FATOR DE CRESCIMENTO NEURAL RECEPTOR, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR DE FACTOR DE ... RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN PROTEINA DE ENLACE-GTP RAN PROTEÍNA RHO3 DE LIGAÇÃO A GTP RHOB GTP-BINDING PROTEIN PROTEINA DE ENLACE- ... RAB2 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN PROTEINA DE ENLACE-GTP RAB2 PROTEÍNA RAB3A DE LIGAÇÃO A GTP RAB3A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN PROTEINA DE ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/news2000pie.htm

RA is characterized by the proliferation of synoviocytes in inflamed synovia, as well as by their expression of inflammatory ... RA is characterized by the proliferation of synoviocytes in inflamed synovia, as well as by their expression of inflammatory ... Together, our results thus confirm that kirenol has po-tent therapeutic efficacy in RA owing to its ability to suppress ... In the present study, we found that Kirenol inhibited the migration, invasion, and proinflammatory of IL-6 secretion of RA- ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01304/full

ras GTPase-Activating Proteins. 1. 2015. 99. 0.140. Why? Dysentery, Bacillary. 1. 2015. 82. 0.140. Why? ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/124855/network/researchareas/details

Our neuropathology data reveals a loss of MATR3 S85C protein in the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and motor neurons, suggesting ... RAS-MAPK-MSK1 pathway modulates ataxin 1 protein levels and toxicity in SCA1. Nature 498, 325-331 (2013). ... Many disease-causing proteins have been identified and studied to understand how these proteins render certain neurons more ... ALS associated mutations in Matrin 3 alter protein-protein interactions and impede mRNA nuclear export. Sci. Rep. 7, 14529 ( ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18949-w?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bbab278a-985a-49a0-83ef-ee2e4262a322

Down-regulation of Ras-related Protein Rab 5C-dependent Endocytosis and Glycolysis in Cisplatin-resistant Ovarian Cancer Cell ... A Pipeline for Determining Protein-Protein Interactions and Proximities in the Cellular Milieu*. *Roman I. Subbotin, ... A Novel Immuno-Competitive Capture Mass Spectrometry Strategy for Protein-Protein Interaction Profiling Reveals That LATS ... Determining Protein Complex Structures Based on a Bayesian Model of in Vivo Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Data*. * ...

https://www.mcponline.org/issue/S1535-9476

A ras oncogene-amplified recombinant BHK-21 cell line (ras-rBHK-IgG) has been established, and was shown to hyperproduce the recombinant IgG chimeric human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) AE6F4, which recognizes lung cancer cells. (elsevier.com)
Transfection of primary cells with mutated oncogenic ras plus a cooperating oncogene such as myc results in the acquisition of the transformed cell phenotype. (ox.ac.uk)
Researchers have focused on the protein because mutations in its gene are found in more than 30 percent of all cancers, making it the most prevalent human oncogene. (news-medical.net)
Using the enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting detection system (Amersham), we found a relative increase in the cellular oncogene of FBJ murine osteogenic sarcoma virus (c-fos) and cellular oncogene of Harvey rat sarcoma virus (c-Ha-ras) proteins in tumorous skin. (who.int)
The ELISA kits listed below target RAB17, the symbol for the human gene, RAB17, member RAS oncogene family, and a member of the Small GTPase superfamily, Rab family. (biocompare.com)
Only the ras oncogene (p21) protein was significantly elevated. (cdc.gov)
The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. (bvsalud.org)
The oncogene-derived protein ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). (bvsalud.org)

The protein encoded by this gene is member of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. (nih.gov)
The gene product stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21 but not its oncogenic counterpart. (nih.gov)
Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of RAS, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. (nih.gov)
Identification of the ras GTPase-activating protein GAP1(m) as a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-binding protein in vivo. (nih.gov)
cDNA cloning and chromosomal mapping of a novel human GAP (GAP1M), a GTPase-activating protein of Ras. (nih.gov)
A Ras GTPase activating protein tumor suppressor (RasGAP), DAB2 interacting protein (DAB2IP), was discovered as an miR-431 target. (ox.ac.uk)
Overexpression of DAB2IP's rat homolog, but not its mutant defective in Ras GTPase activating protein activity, reverses miR-431's effect on promoting invasion, Erk phosphorylation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of PNETs. (ox.ac.uk)
We found that the increased Gankyrin present following Ras activation increased the interaction between the RhoA GTPase and its GDP dissociation inhibitor RhoGDI, which resulted in inhibition of the RhoA effector kinase Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK). (jci.org)
PLD1 has also been shown to be associated with the small GTPase RalA, which functions downstream from Ras in a Ras-RalA GTPase cascade that facilitates intracellular signal transduction. (embl.de)
These data implicate Arf in the transduction of intracellular signals activated by v-Src and mediated by the Ras-RalA GTPase cascade. (embl.de)
Ras proteins are of interest because they contain a C-terminal motif that targets the GTPase to the membrane, and relationships between homologs of TOR and Ras-GTPases have been found in other model organisms. (berkeley.edu)

Activation of the Ras homology (Rho)/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated signaling pathway with simultaneously enhanced myofibroblastic differentiation is involved in this mechanism. (eurekaselect.com)
Many of these growth factor receptors engage the Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway as part of their signaling activities. (aacrjournals.org)
Here we demonstrate that stable expression of Ras effector-loop mutants that activate the Ras/MAP kinase pathway is sufficient to reduce the androgen requirement of LNCaP prostate cancer cells for growth, prostate-specific antigen expression, and tumorigenicity. (aacrjournals.org)
The Raf-MEKK-MAP kinase pathway is triggered by activation of Ras and thought to be important in Ras transformation of rodent fibroblasts. (ox.ac.uk)
Our findings suggest that Gankyrin is a key regulator of Ras-mediated activation of Akt through inhibition of the downstream RhoA/ROCK pathway and thus plays an essential role in Ras-induced tumorigenesis. (jci.org)
The SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex is made up of three proteins that regulate the RAS signaling pathway and help cancer cells with RAS mutations survive. (broadinstitute.org)
Scientists have solved the structure of an important complex of RAS-pathway proteins, explaining how known mutations lead to disease and suggesting potential new binding sites for cancer drugs. (broadinstitute.org)
Scientists at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute have determined the molecular structure of a RAS-pathway protein called SHOC2 and two other proteins it binds to. (broadinstitute.org)
This three-protein assembly, called the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C ("SMP") complex, regulates the RAS signaling pathway and helps cancer cells with RAS mutations survive. (broadinstitute.org)
The high-resolution structure of this complex, revealed through X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy, suggests possible ways that drugs can bind to it to inhibit the RAS pathway and block cancer growth. (broadinstitute.org)
However, further analyses revealed the structural details of how SHOC2 brings together and binds to two key proteins, PP1C and MRAS, which are also part of the RAS signaling pathway. (broadinstitute.org)
RAS/ERK pathway transcriptional regulation through ETS/AP-1 binding sites. (iu.edu)
Role of the fungal Ras-protein kinase A pathway in governing epithelial cell interactions during oropharyngeal candidiasis. (bvsalud.org)
Considered part of RASopathies, which are caused by dysregulation of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which also include ☞ Noonans , ☞ Costello , and Legius Syndromes . (mhmedical.com)
FRS2 plays an important role in linking FGF and NGF with the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway, thus relaying information from the cell surface to the nucleus. (novusbio.com)
BRAFTOVI® (encorafenib) is an oral small-molecule BRAF kinase inhibitor that targets a key enzyme in the MAPK signalling pathway (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK). (bjmo.be)
Inappropriate activation of proteins in this pathway has been shown to occur in many cancers, including melanoma, colorectal cancer and others. (bjmo.be)
The most frequently hyperactivated pathways in this form of cancer are the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway . (medscape.com)
RAS-RAF pathway alterations are often seen in cutaneous melanoma, with approximately half harboring oncogenic driver mutations in BRAF , nearly 30% harboring NRAS mutations, and about 15% harboring mutations in NF1 . (medscape.com)

Rab27a interacts with proteins produced from the MLPH and MYO5A genes to form a complex that transports melanosomes to the outer edges of melanocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
The known mutations either prevent the production of any Rab27a protein or lead to the production of an abnormal or unstable protein that cannot form a complex with the proteins produced from the MLPH and MYO5A genes. (medlineplus.gov)
Transgenic ALS models usually contain multiple copies of exogenous disease-linked genes and express high levels of proteins under a constitutively active promoter. (nature.com)
Some of the most infamous drivers of cancer are mutations in RAS genes, which lead to tumor growth in about a quarter of all cancer patients. (broadinstitute.org)
They and their colleagues with Broad's Cancer Dependency Map project were studying essential genes in cancers with mutations in RAS proteins. (broadinstitute.org)
In their 2019 study , the team used CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out genes one-by-one across the entire genome to see which ones might be causing RAS-mutated cancer cells to resist the effects of MEK inhibitors. (broadinstitute.org)
Proteínas monoméricas de unión al GTP codificadas por GENES RAS. (bvsalud.org)
Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). (bvsalud.org)
Polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferase class mu, and tumour protein p53 genes and the risk of developing gallbladder cancer in Japanese. (cdc.gov)
Integrated transcriptome and protein-protein interaction studies revealed an enrichment of genes implicated in RAS signaling and showed that PRMT6 interacted with CRAF on arginine 100, which decreased its RAS binding potential and altered its downstream MEK/ERK signaling. (mdrresearch.nl)

Activating mutations in Ras proteins are present in about 30% of human cancers. (jci.org)
At the time, cancer drugs called MEK inhibitors had been developed to target mutations in RAS proteins, but they were effective in only a fraction of cancer patients. (broadinstitute.org)

Oncogenic ETS proteins mimic activated RAS/MAPK signaling in prostate cells. (iu.edu)

We could demonstrate that the treatment with nicotine resulted in increased surface molecules expression, enhanced hu-imDCs-mediated PBMC proliferation, upregulated release of IL-12 in the supernatant of cocultured DCs-PBMC, and augmented phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6. (hindawi.com)

The productivity of recombinant hMAb from the cells cultured in dishes at high cell densities was higher in protein-free medium than in serum-containing medium.True high density culture of the ras-rBHK-IgG cells was done in protein-free medium using the Tecnomouse, which is a novel hollow fiber bioreactor system. (elsevier.com)
After culture for 30 days in protein-free culture, a total amount of about 14 mg of the recombinant hMAb AE6F4 was obtained, and was shown to be reactive against lung cancer cells in tissues. (elsevier.com)
Recombinant small G-proteins and human platelet extract were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane according to the method given in this datasheet. (cytoskeleton.com)

Researchers at the Tabriz University of Medical Science found pain and sleep affect inflammatory markers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. (yuniquemedical.com)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a slow onset. (yuniquemedical.com)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a tricky disease. (medlineplus.gov)
IJDs include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and other forms of spondyloarthritis (SpA). (bvsalud.org)
MAIN RESULTS: We included two studies with 57 smokers with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (bvsalud.org)
OBJECTIVE: Carotid plaques (CP) are predictive of acute coronary syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), suggesting that atherosclerotic plaques in these patients are vulnerable. (bvsalud.org)

Endothelial Scaffolding Protein ENH (Enigma Homolog Protein) Promotes PHLPP2 (Pleckstrin Homology Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 2)-Mediated Dephosphorylation of AKT1 and eNOS (Endothelial NO Synthase) Promoting Vascular Remodeling. (nih.gov)

Here, we show that SHANK1 and SHANK3 act as integrin activation inhibitors by sequestering active Rap1 and R-Ras via the SPN domain and thus limiting their bioavailability at the plasma membrane. (liverpool.ac.uk)
We show here that multiple acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) inhibitors, including tricyclic antidepressants, mislocalized phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and K-RasG12V from the PM, resulting in abrogation of K-RasG12V signaling and potent, selective growth inhibition of mutant K-Ras-transformed cancer cells. (nih.gov)
ASM inhibitors also inhibited activated LET-60 (a K-Ras ortholog) signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans , as evidenced by suppression of the induced multivulva phenotype. (nih.gov)
Selected compounds, including sphingosine kinase inhibitors, potently inhibited the proliferation of oncogenic K-Ras-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. (nih.gov)
Although once considered undruggable, this blog looks at recent advances in RAS inhibitors and emerging therapies. (cas.org)
The team wondered whether another protein was enabling mutated RAS proteins to bypass these inhibitors. (broadinstitute.org)
In addition, NIAMS researchers are collaborating with investigators outside of NIH to explore whether people with RA who are in remission (no symptoms of the disease) while taking TNF inhibitors are at risk of having symptoms come back if they stop taking the medicine. (medlineplus.gov)

SHANK3, a synaptic scaffold protein and actin regulator, is widely expressed outside of the central nervous system with predominantly unknown function. (liverpool.ac.uk)
infected bisecting proteins re-enter endosomal body chains to promote with the SAMM50 regulator and extracellular plasma metazoans to have with the TIMM22 superpathway. (erik-mill.de)

Because activator protein 1 (AP-1) proteins are likely targets of Ras activation, we have examined the role of AP-1 factors in v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes. (elsevier.com)
Genome-Wide Analysis of RAS/ERK Signaling Targets. (iu.edu)
The RA drug tofacitinib, approved for the treatment of RA in 2012, targets a protein that was discovered in the early 1990s by O'Shea and his colleagues. (medlineplus.gov)

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of Ras homolog C/Rho-associated coiled-protein kinase (Rho/ROCK) signaling pathways intervention on biological characteristics of the human multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI-8226 and U266 cells, and to investigate the expression of RhoC, ROCK1, and ROCK2 in RPMI-8226 and U266 cells. (medscimonit.com)
The pathways downstream of Ras that are required for transformation are an active topic of research. (ox.ac.uk)
Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity. (ox.ac.uk)

Cloning of bovine GAP and its interaction with oncogenic ras p21. (wikidata.org)

These include genotoxicity, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, activation of transcription factors activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and p53 or k-ras gene alterations. (cdc.gov)

Membrane thinning in combination with curvature changes may also lead to the lateral transfer of the small lipid-anchored GTPases Ras1 and H-Ras out of lipid rafts for clustering and signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Through this project, my main aim is to understand more about the potential relationship between TORC2 and Ras-GTPases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by analyzing the role of Ras proteins in the complexs localization. (berkeley.edu)

In v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes, the A-FOS virus reversed the suppression of keratins 1 and 10 transcripts and protein, which is characteristically seen in tumors and v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes. (elsevier.com)
Concordantly, in nude mice, the ASM inhibitor fendiline decreased the rate of growth of oncogenic K-Ras-expressing MiaPaCa-2 tumors but had no effect on the growth of the wild-type K-Ras-expressing BxPC-3 tumors. (nih.gov)
The enhanced expression of ras and fos proto-oncogenes in skin tumors in DMBA and TPA-treated animals was decreased by dietary curcumin. (who.int)
Hypercalcemia secondary to gastrointestinal stromal tumors: parathyroid hormone-related protein independent mechanism? (medscape.com)

In conclusion, these results show that normal SM metabolism is critical for K-Ras function, which may present therapeutic options for the treatment of K-Ras-driven cancers. (nih.gov)
In addition, we found that Gankyrin is highly expressed in human lung cancers that have Ras mutations and that increased Gankyrin expression is required for the constitutive activation of Akt and tumorigenesis in these lung cancers. (jci.org)
It is estimated that one in five human cancers involve RAS mutations. (cas.org)

Prostate cancer ETS rearrangements switch a cell migration gene expression program from RAS/ERK to PI3K/AKT regulation. (iu.edu)

The mRNA and protein expressions of RhoC, ROCK1, and ROCK2 were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. (medscimonit.com)
Pathogenicity in mammalian models was generally correlated with Lys at residue 627 of polymerase basic protein 2. (cdc.gov)

Similarly, initiation of mouse keratinocytes with a retrovirus encoding the v-ras(Ha) gene (v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes) causes characteristic alterations of epidermal gene expression (A. A. Dlugosz et al. (elsevier.com)
Beta-agonist-induced alterations in organ weights and protein content: comparison of racemic clenbuterol and its enantiomers. (msm.edu)

However, increasing evidence has also indicated that the phospholipid bilayer itself by altering various physical parameters serves as a sensor that regulate membrane proteins in a specific manner. (frontiersin.org)
This finding has firmly established the importance of local thinning effects on the functioning of membrane proteins ( Andersen and Koeppe, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)

Guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) interacts with the p21 ras effector binding domain. (wikidata.org)
ETS1 is a genome-wide effector of RAS/ERK signaling in epithelial cells. (iu.edu)

A-FOS replaces endogenous Fos proteins in the formation of heterodimers with Jun family members and thus prevents the AP-1 transcription factor from binding to DNA. (elsevier.com)
We propose that chronic activation of endogenous c-Ras by autocrine and paracrine growth factor stimulation sensitizes the androgen receptor transcriptional complex to subphysiological levels of androgen. (aacrjournals.org)
A family of endogenous regulatory proteins that associate with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN via a specific high-affinity binding domain. (musc.edu)

They used X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy to solve high-resolution structures of SHOC2 and the proteins it interacts with. (broadinstitute.org)
ADP interacts P2Y1 and P2Y12, which have via both the download Финансовый анализ and stress: immune characteristics of the inactive G-protein( Hirsch et al. (erik-mill.de)

Herein, we show that miR-431 overexpression activates Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration/invasion in vitro, and metastasis in both xenograft and spontaneous mouse models of PNET. (ox.ac.uk)
Differential synovial expression of type I interferon-induced proteins and proteins involved in extracellular matrix repulation in SLE versus RA and OA arthritis. (ox.ac.uk)

Despite tremendous progress in the study of Ras oncogenes, many aspects of the molecular mechanisms underlying Ras-induced tumorigenesis remain unknown. (jci.org)
Shi and Nuttall [9] reported loud sound activated expression of adhesion molecular protein and leukocyte migration. (noiseandhealth.org)

It has been shown that FRS2 proteins are tyrosine phos phorylated in response to activation of the RET receptor, a tyrosine kinase that functions as the signal transducing receptor for the GDNF. (novusbio.com)

ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels can be used to identify when antibiotics can safely be discontinued in cases of suspected neonatal septicaemia. (who.int)

K-Ras must localize to the plasma membrane (PM) for biological activity. (nih.gov)

Ras homologues involved in vesicular transport. (embl.de)

These findings indicate that AP-1 proteins are involved in the changes in gene expression that define the v-ras(Ha) phenotype in mouse keratinocytes. (elsevier.com)
microRNAs are small non-protein-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, and have a potential epigenetic role in disease progression and survival of colorectal cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Members of this family of proteins are often found associated with histone-modifying enzymes and protein complexes that regulate gene expression. (musc.edu)
Decrease of interleukin (IL)17a gene expression in leucocytes and in the amount of IL-17a protein in CD4+ T cells in children with Down syndrome. (edu.pl)

Introduction of v-ras(Ha) into keratinocytes up-regulates c-Fos, ΔFos B, and Fra-1 transcripts and protein levels in nuclear extracts. (elsevier.com)
XIII" YMR047C 3 13 3 YMR047C "Nuclear pore complex protein that is member of GLFG repeat-containing family of nucleoporins and is,XIII" YMR049C 3 13 4 YMR049C "Ymr049cp,XIII" YMR051C 3 13 5 YMR051C "TyA Gag protein. (davidson.edu)

An Interaction with Ewing's Sarcoma Breakpoint Protein EWS Defines a Specific Oncogenic Mechanism of ETS Factors Rearranged in Prostate Cancer. (iu.edu)

The ARFs are a family of 21,000 M(r) proteins with biological roles in constitutive secretion and activation of phospholipase D. The structure of ARF-1 complexed to GDP determined from two crystal forms reveals a topology that is similar to that of the protein p21 ras with two differences: an additional amino-terminal helix and an extra beta-strand. (embl.de)
Cow's milk protein allergy requires changes in family habits to maintain children's health. (bvsalud.org)
The diagnosis of allergy to cow's milk protein imposes a series of changes in the family lifestyle2,6,10 related to the prevention of the occurrence of allergic responses10, and to the development of conducts to be performed when these responses occur. (bvsalud.org)
Myers MW, Lazzarini RA, Lee VM, Schlaepfer WW, Nelson DL: The human mid-size neurofilament subunit: a repeated protein sequence and the relationship of its gene to the intermediate filament gene family. (t3db.ca)

Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (musc.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins" by people in Profiles. (musc.edu)

Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statin in effect prevents the synthesis of mevalonic acid, a precursor of nonsteroidal isoprenoids, lipid attachment molecules for small G proteins, such as Ras, Rho, and Rac. (cdc.gov)
FRS functions as a lipid-anchored docking protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated and recruited to FGFR upon FGF stimulation. (novusbio.com)

Transduction of cells with v-ras(Ha) results in increased AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity, which is also simulated by transfection of keratinocytes with either c-Fos or ΔFos B but not Fra-1, suggesting that the up-regulation of c-Fos and ΔFos B contributes to this effect. (elsevier.com)
The cytoplasmic protein GAP is implicated as the target for regulation by the ras gene product. (wikidata.org)

The protein Ras plays an important role in cellular growth control. (news-medical.net)
Autophosphorylation sites located within the catalytic domain are crucial for stimulation of kinase activity, while autophosphorylation sites located in other regions are usually involved in the recruitment of cellular target proteins. (novusbio.com)

Overexpression of wild-type and mutant proteins show similar degrees of phenotypic severity, suggesting that toxicity arises mostly from overexpression rather than from the mutation itself. (nature.com)

To explore the role of AP-1 proteins in regulating keratinocyte markers in v-ras(Ha) keratinocytes, we blocked the binding of AP-1 proteins to DNA by infecting keratinocytes with an adenovirus encoding a dominant-negative Fos mutant (A-FOS). (elsevier.com)
Determining the factors that increase these markers can help limit the severity of RA. (yuniquemedical.com)
Using the celiac assays we are evaluating if there is any correlation between seropositivity for celiac disease and markers for plasma protein abnormalities. (cdc.gov)

Autism-related mutations within the SHANK3 SPN domain (R12C and L68P) disrupt G-protein interaction and fail to counteract integrin activation along the Rap1-RIAM-talin axis in cancer cells and neurons. (liverpool.ac.uk)
We use a wide variety of approaches ranging from biochemistry to genomics to study the interaction of ETS proteins with the genome and to determine the role these mechanisms play in carcinogenesis. (iu.edu)
Interaction with ZMYND11 mediates opposing roles of Ras-responsive transcription factors ETS1 and ETS2. (iu.edu)

Anatomy13

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs72

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes36

Information Science3

Plasma membrane recruitment of RalGDS is critical for Ras-dependent Ral activation. (1/4833)

Ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity opposes other Ras effectors in PC12 cells by inhibiting neurite outgrowth. (2/4833)

Cell growth inhibition by farnesyltransferase inhibitors is mediated by gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB. (3/4833)

Telomerase activity is sufficient to allow transformed cells to escape from crisis. (4/4833)

Signals from the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPases converge on the Pak protein kinase in Rat-1 fibroblasts. (5/4833)

Control of growth and differentiation by Drosophila RasGAP, a homolog of p120 Ras-GTPase-activating protein. (6/4833)

BLNK required for coupling Syk to PLC gamma 2 and Rac1-JNK in B cells. (7/4833)

A2B adenosine and P2Y2 receptors stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase in human embryonic kidney-293 cells. cross-talk between cyclic AMP and protein kinase c pathways. (8/4833)

ras Proteins

Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)

Genes, ras

Oncogene Protein p21(ras)

ras GTPase-Activating Proteins

ras-GRF1

Guanosine Triphosphate

Guanosine Diphosphate

ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors

Protein Prenylation

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf

Farnesol

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases

rap GTP-Binding Proteins

GTPase-Activating Proteins

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

Signal Transduction

GTP-Binding Proteins

ral Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor

Amino Acid Sequence

Fungal Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

GTP Phosphohydrolases

Farnesyltranstransferase

Harvey murine sarcoma virus

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Mutation

3T3 Cells

Guanine Nucleotides

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ral GTP-Binding Proteins

Neurofibromin 1

Lipoylation

Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins

Transfection

SOS1 Protein

Transferases

Enzyme Activation

Son of Sevenless Proteins

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors

Cell Line

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Polyisoprenyl Phosphates

Mevalonic Acid

Cell Membrane

Proteins

Adenylate Cyclase

Oncogenes

Microinjections

Genes, Fungal

Base Sequence

Palmitic Acid

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Protein Binding

Plasmids

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Palmitic Acids

Sarcoma Viruses, Murine

Cell Division

Phosphorylation

Kinetics

Suppression, Genetic

Recombinant Proteins

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1

Membrane Proteins

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Fibroblasts

Cell Line, Transformed

Salicylates

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Cells, Cultured

Lovastatin

Cyclic AMP

NIH 3T3 Cells

Enzyme Inhibitors