A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.
A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids.
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
Below normal weather temperatures that may lead to serious health problems. Extreme cold is a dangerous situation that can bring on health emergencies in susceptible people.
Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.
Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.
A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains cyasterone, ajugasterone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, 8-acetylharpagide (an iridoid glycoside).
Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.
Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.
Plasmids which determine the ability of a bacterium to ferment lactose.
A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae best known for cucumber (CUCUMIS SATIVUS) and cantaloupe (CUCUMIS MELO). Watermelon is a different genus, CITRULLUS. Bitter melon may refer to MOMORDICA or this genus.
Polysaccharides composed of D-fructose units.
Plant tissue that carries nutrients, especially sucrose, by turgor pressure. Movement is bidirectional, in contrast to XYLEM where it is only upward. Phloem originates and grows outwards from meristematic cells (MERISTEM) in the vascular cambium. P-proteins, a type of LECTINS, are characteristically found in phloem.
'Sucrase' is an intestinal brush-border enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the digestive process.
A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides.
A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.
A beverage prepared from SOYBEANS.
An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.
A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.

O-raffinose cross-linking markedly reduces systemic and renal vasoconstrictor effects of unmodified human hemoglobin. (1/310)

The hemodynamic effects of a 20% exchange-transfusion with different solutions of highly purified human hemoglobin A-zero (A0) were evaluated. We compared unmodified hemoglobin with hemoglobin cross-linked with O-raffinose. Unmodified hemoglobin increased systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure more than the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solution (by approximately 45% and approximately 14%, respectively). Unmodified hemoglobin markedly reduced cardiac output (CO) by approximately 21%, whereas CO was unaffected by the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solution. Unmodified and O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solutions increased mean arterial pressure to comparable extents ( approximately 14% and approximately 9%, respectively). Unmodified hemoglobin increased renal vascular resistance 2-fold and reduced the glomerular filtration rate by 58%. In marked contrast, the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin had no deleterious effect on the glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or renal vascular resistance. The extents to which unmodified and O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solutions inactivated nitric oxide also were compared using three separate in vitro assays: platelet nitric oxide release, nitric oxide-stimulated platelet cGMP production, and endothelium-derived relaxing factor-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. Unmodified hemoglobin inactivated or oxidized nitric oxide to a greater extent than the O-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin solutions in all three assays. In summary, O-raffinose cross-linking substantially reduced the systemic vasoconstriction and the decrease in CO induced by unmodified hemoglobin and eliminated the deleterious effects of unmodified hemoglobin on renal hemodynamics and function. We hypothesize that O-raffinose cross-linking reduces the degree of oxidation of nitric oxide and that this contributes to the reduced vasoactivity of this modified hemoglobin.  (+info)

Decreased lactic acidosis and anemia after transfusion of o-raffinose cross-linked and polymerized hemoglobin in severe murine malaria. (2/310)

Severe anemia is a major cause of death in falciparum malaria. Blood transfusion increases survival in humans and in animal models of this disease. Because of logistic constraints and viral contamination of the blood supply, transfusions are frequently not practical in endemic regions. Modified hemoglobin is an effective O2 carrier in hemorrhagic shock. It is free of infectious contamination, may not require refrigeration, and because of its nitric oxide scavenging and small size, may have pharmacologic benefits in malaria. The effects of transfusions of modified hemoglobin in rats with high-grade parasitemia were evaluated. Modified hemoglobin decreased lactic acidosis and corrected anemia as well as transfusions with red blood cells; these findings may correlate with improved survival and suggest a possible proerythropoietic effect. Further study of this novel therapy is warranted.  (+info)

Intravenous glycine improves survival in rat liver transplantation. (3/310)

In situ manipulation by touching, retracting, and moving liver lobes gently during harvest dramatically reduces survival after transplantation (P. Schemmer, R. Schoonhoven, J. A. Swenberg, H. Bunzendahl, and R. G. Thurman. Transplantation 65: 1015-1020, 1998). The development of harvest-dependent graft injury upon reperfusion can be prevented with GdCl3, a rare earth metal and Kupffer cell toxicant, but it cannot be used in clinical liver transplantation because of its potential toxicity. Thus the effect of glycine, which prevents activation of Kupffer cells, was assessed here. Minimal dissection of the liver for 12 min plus 13 min without manipulation had no effect on survival (100%). However, gentle manipulation decreased survival to 46% in the control group. Furthermore, serum transaminases and liver necrosis were elevated 4- to 12-fold 8 h after transplantation. After organ harvest, the rate of entry and exit of fluorescein dextran, a dye confined to the vascular space, was decreased about twofold, indicating disturbances in the hepatic microcirculation. Pimonidazole binding, which detects hypoxia, increased about twofold after organ manipulation, and Kupffer cells isolated from manipulated livers produced threefold more tumor necrosis factor-alpha after lipopolysaccharide than controls. Glycine given intravenously to the donor increased the serum glycine concentration about sevenfold and largely prevented the effect of gentle organ manipulation on all parameters studied. These data indicate for the first time that pretreatment of donors with intravenous glycine minimizes reperfusion injury due to organ manipulation during harvest and after liver transplantation.  (+info)

Evidence for the involvement of the Glc7-Reg1 phosphatase and the Snf1-Snf4 kinase in the regulation of INO1 transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (4/310)

Binding of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) to the promoter is a pivotal step in RNA polymerase II transcription. To identify factors that regulate TBP, we selected for suppressors of a TBP mutant that exhibits promoter-specific defects in activated transcription in vivo and severely reduced affinity for TATA boxes in vitro. Dominant mutations in SNF4 and recessive mutations in REG1, OPI1, and RTF2 were isolated that specifically suppress the inositol auxotrophy of the TBP mutant strains. OPI1 encodes a repressor of INO1 transcription. REG1 and SNF4 encode regulators of the Glc7 phosphatase and Snf1 kinase, respectively, and have well-studied roles in glucose repression. In two-hybrid assays, one SNF4 mutation enhances the interaction between Snf4 and Snf1. Suppression of the TBP mutant by our reg1 and SNF4 mutations appears unrelated to glucose repression, since these mutations do not alleviate repression of SUC2, and glucose levels have little effect on INO1 transcription. Moreover, mutations in TUP1, SSN6, and GLC7, but not HXK2 and MIG1, can cause suppression. Our data suggest that association of TBP with the TATA box may be regulated, directly or indirectly, by a substrate of Snf1. Analysis of INO1 transcription in various mutant strains suggests that this substrate is distinct from Opi1.  (+info)

Hypertonicity stimulates taurine uptake and transporter gene expression in Caco-2 cells. (5/310)

The osmoregulation of taurine transport in intestinal epithelial cells was investigated using human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The activity of taurine transport in the Caco-2 cells was increased by hypertonic conditions. This hypertonicity-induced up-regulation was dependent on both the culturing time and the osmotic pressure. Hypertonicity did not affect the activity of L-leucine, L-lysine, or L-glutamic acid transport, suggesting that osmoregulation was specific to taurine transport. The intracellular taurine content of Caco-2 cells was also increased by culturing in a hypertonic medium. These hypertonicity-induced changes in the intracellular taurine content and transport activity were reversible. A kinetic analysis of taurine transport in the control and hypertonic cells suggested that the up-regulation was associated with an increase in the amount of the taurine transporter. The mRNA level of the taurine transporter in hypertonic cells was markedly higher than that in the control cells, indicating that this osmotic regulation was due to the increased expression of the taurine transporter gene.  (+info)

Organ preservation solutions increase endothelial permeability and promote loss of junctional proteins. (6/310)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of the organ preservation solutions UW and Plegisol on endothelial permeability; occludin and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin content in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC); and junctional localization of these proteins after exposure to these solutions. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Organ preservation for transplantation is limited by several challenges, including loss of tissue function, tissue injury, and tissue edema. Occludin and VE-cadherin are responsible for maintaining and regulating the endothelial solute barrier. Several studies have noted organ edema and dysfunction with preservation, as well as gaps between endothelial cells suggesting that disorganization of junctional proteins (e.g., occludin and VE-cadherin) is responsible for interstitial edema. METHODS: HUVEC monolayers were treated with 4 degrees C UW and Plegisol for 3 and 6 hours and then reperfused with normal buffer. Permeability was examined using FITC-dextran tracer during the reperfusion phase. Occludin and VE-cadherin content at different time points was measured by Western blotting. Treated groups were also examined by immunofluorescence for occludin, VE-cadherin, and F-actin. RESULTS: Compared with untreated controls, cold preservation for 3 and 6 hours increased endothelial permeability after rewarming, which appears to depend on the duration of cold exposure. Monolayers exposed to 3 hours of cold preservation did not have increased permeability in the first hour after rewarming but had significantly increased permeability after the first hour and all subsequent time points. Monolayers exposed to 6 hours of cold preservation had increased permeability after the first hour and at all later time points. Western blotting demonstrated that occludin content was decreased to a similar extent with all solutions after 3 hours of cold preservation. Six hours of cold preservation in Plegisol reduced the occludin content significantly compared with UW and control. VE-cadherin content was unchanged after 3 hours of cold preservation but was dramatically reduced in all groups at 6 hours. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated junctional gap formation and discontinuous staining of occludin and VE-cadherin with all cold preservation protocols; changes in F-actin organization were observed at 3 and 6 hours after cold preservation. CONCLUSION: The changes in occludin, VE-cadherin, and F-actin content and organization and increased permeability associated with cold storage demonstrate that alterations of the tight and adherens junctions may underlie organ edema associated with cold organ preservation. These data also suggest that novel strategies to maintain the content and integrity of endothelial junctional proteins may provide an important therapeutic avenue for organ preservation.  (+info)

Cold preservation of the human colon and ileum with University of Wisconsin solution. (7/310)

The inclusion of the colon in the intestinal graft resulted in worsening patient and graft outcome and increased the incidence of infection and rejection. In this study, we examine the role of ischemia on the barrier function of the epithelium during cold ischemia. Samples were collected from 15 harvested and transplanted human donor grafts (colon, 10; ileum, 6), which were immersed in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. Ischemia (6, 12, 24, and 48 h) and reoxygenation were performed to evaluate the mucosal electrical status using the Ussing chamber technique. The functions of enterocytes and crypt cells were tested by glucose and theophylline challenge. Modified Park's classification was applied to evaluate the severity of mucosal damage under light microscopy. The colon had higher levels of baseline potential difference, short-circuit current, and resistance than the ileum during 6 48 h of ischemia. Colonic epithelial cells responded well to theophylline stimulation at 24 h of ischemia, while there was no ileal response. The colonic mucosa was histopathologically well preserved in UW solution for 48 h, and mucosal damage induced by reoxygenation was less than in the ileum. In conclusion, electrophysiologically and histopathologically, the colon is less susceptible to cold preservation damage than the ileum during storage with UW solution.  (+info)

Regulation of the alpha-galactosidase activity in Streptococcus pneumoniae: characterization of the raffinose utilization system. (8/310)

A 10.2-kb gene region was identified in the Streptococcus pneumoniae genome sequence that contains eight genes involved in regulation and metabolism of raffinose. The genes rafR and rafS are transcribed as one operon, and their gene products regulate the raffinose-dependent stimulation of a divergently transcribed second promoter (P(A)) directing the expression of aga, the structural gene for alpha-galactosidase. Raffinose-mediated transcription from P(A) results in a 500-fold increase in alpha-galactosidase activity in the cell. A third promoter within the cluster is responsible for the transcription of the remaining five genes (rafE, rafF, rafG, gtfA, and rafX), whose gene products might be involved in transport and metabolism of raffinose. The presence of additional internal promoters cannot be excluded. The aga promoter P(A) is negatively regulated by the presence of sucrose in the growth medium. Consistent with catabolite repression (CR), a DNA sequence with high homology to the CRE (cis-active element) was identified upstream of the aga promoter. Sucrose-mediated CR depends on the phosphoenolpyruvate: sucrose phosphotransferase system (PTS) but is unaffected by a mutation in a gene encoding a homolog of the CRE regulatory protein CcpA.  (+info)

Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate, specifically an oligosaccharide, that is composed of three sugars: galactose, fructose, and glucose. It is a non-reducing sugar, which means it does not undergo oxidation reactions like reducing sugars do.

Raffinose is found in various plants, including beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and whole grains. It is a member of the class of carbohydrates known as alpha-galactosides.

In humans, raffinose cannot be digested because we lack the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, which is necessary to break down the bond between galactose and glucose in raffinose. As a result, it passes through the small intestine intact and enters the large intestine, where it is fermented by gut bacteria. This fermentation process can lead to the production of gases such as methane and hydrogen, which can cause digestive discomfort, bloating, and flatulence in some individuals.

It's worth noting that raffinose has been studied for its potential prebiotic properties, as it can promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. However, excessive consumption may lead to digestive issues in sensitive individuals.

Melibiose is a disaccharide composed of two molecules of galactose. It's formed by the hydrolysis of raffinose, another sugar found in some plants. Melibiose is not as common in nature as other disaccharides like sucrose or lactose, but it can be found in small amounts in certain foods such as honey and some legumes.

Melibiose is not easily digestible by humans because the enzyme that breaks down this sugar, melibiase (also known as alpha-galactosidase), is not produced in significant quantities in the human body. As a result, consuming large amounts of melibiose can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence.

In summary, melibiose is a relatively uncommon disaccharide composed of two galactose molecules that requires the enzyme melibiase for digestion, which humans do not produce in significant quantities.

Alpha-galactosidase is an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates, specifically those containing alpha-galactose molecules. This enzyme is found in humans, animals, and microorganisms. In humans, a deficiency of this enzyme can lead to a genetic disorder known as Fabry disease, which is characterized by the accumulation of these complex carbohydrates in various tissues and organs, leading to progressive damage. Alpha-galactosidase is also used as a medication for the treatment of Fabry disease, where it is administered intravenously to help break down the accumulated carbohydrates and alleviate symptoms.

Galactosyltransferases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates, which are complex carbohydrate structures found on the surface of many cell types. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of galactose, a type of sugar, to another molecule, such as another sugar or a lipid, to form a glycosidic bond.

Galactosyltransferases are classified based on the type of donor substrate they use and the type of acceptor substrate they act upon. For example, some galactosyltransferases use UDP-galactose as a donor substrate and transfer galactose to an N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue on a protein or lipid, forming a lactosamine unit. Others may use different donor and acceptor substrates to form different types of glycosidic linkages.

These enzymes are involved in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion. Abnormalities in the activity of galactosyltransferases have been implicated in several diseases, such as congenital disorders of glycosylation, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is important for developing potential therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Sucrose is a type of simple sugar, also known as a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and is often extracted and refined for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.

The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O11, and it has a molecular weight of 342.3 g/mol. In its pure form, sucrose is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a reference compound for determining the sweetness of other substances, with a standard sucrose solution having a sweetness value of 1.0.

Sucrose is absorbed by the body through the small intestine and metabolized into glucose and fructose, which are then used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. While moderate consumption of sucrose is generally considered safe, excessive intake can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.

Extreme cold is a term used to describe abnormally low temperatures that can be harmful or dangerous to human health. According to the National Weather Service, "extreme cold" is defined as temperatures that fall below 0 degrees Fahrenheit (-18 degrees Celsius) or wind chill readings that are lower than -20 degrees Fahrenheit (-29 degrees Celsius).

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold can lead to hypothermia, which occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Symptoms of hypothermia include shivering, exhaustion, confusion, fumbling hands, memory loss, slurred speech, and eventually unconsciousness.

Extreme cold can also cause frostbite, which is the freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. Frostbite typically affects the extremities, such as the fingers, toes, ears, and nose, and can cause numbness, tingling, aching, and blistering of the skin. In severe cases, frostbite can lead to tissue damage and loss of limbs.

To protect against extreme cold, it is important to dress in layers, wear warm clothing, cover exposed skin, stay dry, and avoid prolonged exposure to cold temperatures. It is also recommended to stay indoors during extreme cold weather events and to have a emergency plan in place in case of power outages or other emergencies.

Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate that is made up of two monosaccharide units bonded together. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, or galactose. When two monosaccharides are joined together through a condensation reaction, they form a disaccharide.

The most common disaccharides include:

* Sucrose (table sugar), which is composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.
* Lactose (milk sugar), which is composed of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule.
* Maltose (malt sugar), which is composed of two glucose molecules.

Disaccharides are broken down into their component monosaccharides during digestion by enzymes called disaccharidases, which are located in the brush border of the small intestine. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond that links the two monosaccharides together, releasing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy.

Disorders of disaccharide digestion and absorption can lead to various symptoms, such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. For example, lactose intolerance is a common condition in which individuals lack sufficient levels of the enzyme lactase, leading to an inability to properly digest lactose and resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms.

Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of relatively small numbers (3-10) of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic linkages. They occur naturally in foods such as milk, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. In the body, oligosaccharides play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signaling, and protection against pathogens.

There are several types of oligosaccharides, classified based on their structures and functions. Some common examples include:

1. Disaccharides: These consist of two monosaccharide units, such as sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose).
2. Trisaccharides: These contain three monosaccharide units, like maltotriose (glucose + glucose + glucose) and raffinose (galactose + glucose + fructose).
3. Oligosaccharides found in human milk: Human milk contains unique oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. These oligosaccharides also help protect infants from pathogens by acting as decoy receptors and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to intestinal cells.
4. N-linked and O-linked glycans: These are oligosaccharides attached to proteins in the body, playing crucial roles in protein folding, stability, and function.
5. Plant-derived oligosaccharides: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are examples of plant-derived oligosaccharides that serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

Overall, oligosaccharides have significant impacts on human health and disease, particularly in relation to gastrointestinal function, immunity, and inflammation.

Chicory is a plant species with the scientific name Cichorium intybus. It is a perennial herb that is native to Europe and parts of Asia, but has been naturalized in many other regions of the world, including North America. Chicory is known for its blue or lavender flowers and its long, tapering leaves.

In addition to being used as an ornamental plant, chicory has a number of medicinal uses. The roots and leaves of the plant contain various compounds that have been found to have potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and diuretic properties. Chicory is also sometimes used as a coffee substitute or additive, due to the fact that it contains certain compounds that can mimic the taste of coffee.

It's important to note that while chicory has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, more research is needed to fully understand its potential health benefits and risks. As with any herbal remedy or supplement, it's always a good idea to talk to your doctor before using chicory, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking any medications.

Carbohydrate metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is then used for energy or stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. This process involves several enzymes and chemical reactions that convert carbohydrates from food into glucose, fructose, or galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body.

The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Insulin is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels are high, such as after a meal, and promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released when blood sugar levels are low and signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism can result from genetic defects or acquired conditions that affect the enzymes or hormones involved in this process. Examples include diabetes, hypoglycemia, and galactosemia. Proper management of these disorders typically involves dietary modifications, medication, and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Ajuga" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a genus of plants in the mint family, also known as bugleweed. These plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat various conditions such as anxiety, sleep disorders, and skin irritations. However, it's important to note that the use of herbal remedies should always be discussed with a healthcare provider beforehand, as they can interact with other medications or have unintended side effects.

A trisaccharide is a type of carbohydrate molecule composed of three monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, which serve as the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates.

In a trisaccharide, two monosaccharides are linked through a glycosidic bond to form a disaccharide, and then another monosaccharide is attached to the disaccharide via another glycosidic bond. The formation of these bonds involves the loss of a water molecule (dehydration synthesis) between the hemiacetal or hemiketal group of one monosaccharide and the hydroxyl group of another.

Examples of trisaccharides include raffinose (glucose + fructose + galactose), maltotriose (glucose + glucose + glucose), and melezitose (glucose + fructose + glucose). Trisaccharides can be found naturally in various foods, such as honey, sugar beets, and some fruits and vegetables. They play a role in energy metabolism, serving as an energy source for the body upon digestion into monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells for energy production or storage.

Beta-fructofuranosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of certain sugars, specifically those that have a fructose molecule bound to another sugar at its beta-furanose form. This enzyme is also known as invertase or sucrase, and it plays a crucial role in breaking down sucrose (table sugar) into its component parts, glucose and fructose.

Beta-fructofuranosidase can be found in various organisms, including yeast, fungi, and plants. In yeast, for example, this enzyme is involved in the fermentation of sugars during the production of beer, wine, and bread. In humans, beta-fructofuranosidase is present in the small intestine, where it helps to digest sucrose in the diet.

The medical relevance of beta-fructofuranosidase lies mainly in its role in sugar metabolism and digestion. Deficiencies or mutations in this enzyme can lead to various genetic disorders, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), which is characterized by the inability to digest certain sugars properly. This condition can cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming foods containing sucrose or other affected sugars.

Cryoprotective agents are substances that are used to protect biological material from damage during freezing and thawing. These agents work by reducing the amount of ice that forms in the cells, which can help to prevent the formation of damaging ice crystals. Commonly used cryoprotective agents include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and ethylene glycol.

When biological material, such as cells or tissues, is cooled to very low temperatures for storage or transportation, the water in the cells can freeze and form ice crystals. These ice crystals can damage the cell membranes and other structures within the cell, leading to cell death. Cryoprotective agents help to prevent this by lowering the freezing point of the solution that the cells are stored in, which reduces the amount of ice that forms.

Cryoprotective agents are often used in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to protect sperm, eggs, and embryos during freezing and thawing. They are also used in research settings to preserve cells and tissues for later use. It is important to note that while cryoprotective agents can help to reduce the amount of damage that occurs during freezing and thawing, they cannot completely prevent it. Therefore, it is important to carefully control the freezing and thawing process to minimize any potential harm to the biological material.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "lactose factors" is not a standard term in medicine or nutrition. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and dairy products, and lactose intolerance is a common condition where people have difficulty digesting lactose due to a lack of the enzyme lactase. However, there's no recognized concept called "lactose factors."

If you have any more context or details about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to try and help further!

'Cucumis' is a genus of plants that includes various species of fruits and vegetables, such as cucumbers, melons, and gourds. The most common species in this genus are Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Cucumis melo (melon), and Cucumis metuliferus (horned melon or kiwano). These plants are native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the world, and they are widely cultivated for their edible fruits.

Cucumis species are annual or perennial herbaceous vines that can grow quite large, with some varieties trailing up to 10 feet or more in length. They have large, lobed leaves and produce yellow or white flowers that develop into the characteristic fruit. The fruits of Cucumis plants are typically fleshy and contain numerous seeds enclosed in a thin skin.

Cucumis fruits are popular for their refreshing taste and high water content, making them a staple ingredient in many cuisines around the world. They are also rich in nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, and fiber, and have been used in traditional medicine to treat various health conditions.

In summary, 'Cucumis' is a genus of plants that includes several species of fruits and vegetables, known for their refreshing taste, high water content, and nutritional benefits.

Fructans are a type of carbohydrate known as oligosaccharides, which are made up of chains of fructose molecules. They are found in various plants, including wheat, onions, garlic, and artichokes. Some people may have difficulty digesting fructans due to a lack of the enzyme needed to break them down, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and stomach pain. This condition is known as fructan intolerance or fructose malabsorption. Fructans are also considered a type of FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols), which are short-chain carbohydrates that can be poorly absorbed by the body and may cause digestive symptoms in some individuals.

Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, a sugar, from leaves, where they are produced in photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant such as roots and stems. It also transports amino acids and other substances. Phloem is one of the two types of vascular tissue, the other being xylem; both are found in the vascular bundles of stems and roots. The term "phloem" comes from the Greek word for bark, as it often lies beneath the bark in trees and shrubs.

Sucrase is a digestive enzyme that is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Its primary function is to break down sucrose, also known as table sugar or cane sugar, into its component monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. This process allows for the absorption of these simple sugars into the bloodstream, where they can be used as energy sources by the body's cells.

Sucrase is often deficient in people with certain genetic disorders, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID), which leads to an impaired ability to digest sucrose and results in gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming sugary foods or beverages. In these cases, a sucralose-based diet may be recommended to alleviate the symptoms.

Maltose is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules joined by an alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond. It is commonly found in malted barley and is created during the germination process when amylase breaks down starches into simpler sugars. Maltose is less sweet than sucrose (table sugar) and is broken down into glucose by the enzyme maltase during digestion.

Galactosides are compounds that contain a galactose molecule. Galactose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, that is similar in structure to glucose but has a different chemical formula (C~6~H~10~O~5~). It is found in nature and is a component of lactose, the primary sugar in milk.

Galactosides are formed when a galactose molecule is linked to another molecule through a glycosidic bond. This type of bond is formed between a hydroxyl group (-OH) on the galactose molecule and a functional group on the other molecule. Galactosides can be found in various substances, including some plants and microorganisms, as well as in certain medications and medical supplements.

One common example of a galactoside is lactose, which is a disaccharide consisting of a glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule through a glycosidic bond. Lactose is the primary sugar found in milk and dairy products, and it is broken down into its component monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) by an enzyme called lactase during digestion.

Other examples of galactosides include various glycoproteins, which are proteins that have one or more galactose molecules attached to them. These types of compounds play important roles in the body, including in cell-cell recognition and communication, as well as in the immune response.

Inulin is a soluble fiber that is not digestible by human enzymes. It is a fructan, a type of carbohydrate made up of chains of fructose molecules, and is found in various plants such as chicory root, Jerusalem artichokes, and onions.

Inulin has a number of potential health benefits, including promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut (prebiotic effect), slowing down the absorption of sugar to help regulate blood glucose levels, and increasing feelings of fullness to aid in weight management. It is often used as a functional food ingredient or dietary supplement for these purposes.

Inulin can also be used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing to measure kidney function, as it is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Soy milk is not a medical term, but it is a common term used to describe a plant-based milk alternative made from soybeans. Here's a brief description:

Soy milk is a beverage produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, then filtering the resulting mixture to remove solid particles. It is often consumed as a dairy substitute by individuals who are lactose intolerant or have milk allergies. Soy milk contains protein, carbohydrates, and fat, similar to cow's milk, but its nutritional profile may vary depending on the manufacturing process. Some brands of soy milk are fortified with calcium, vitamins B12, D, and riboflavin (B2) to resemble the nutritional content of cow's milk.

Please note that while soy milk can be a healthy alternative for many people, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with soy allergies or sensitivities. If you have any concerns about incorporating soy milk into your diet, consult a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian.

Galactose is a simple sugar or monosaccharide that is a constituent of lactose, the disaccharide found in milk and dairy products. It's structurally similar to glucose but with a different chemical structure, and it plays a crucial role in various biological processes.

Galactose can be metabolized in the body through the action of enzymes such as galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase. Inherited deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to metabolic disorders like galactosemia, which can cause serious health issues if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

In summary, Galactose is a simple sugar that plays an essential role in lactose metabolism and other biological processes.

Galactosidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of galactose-containing sugars, specifically at the beta-glycosidic bond. There are several types of galactosidases, including:

1. Beta-galactosidase: This is the most well-known type of galactosidase and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose. It has important roles in various biological processes, such as lactose metabolism in animals and cell wall biosynthesis in plants.
2. Alpha-galactosidase: This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-galactosides, which are found in certain plant-derived foods like legumes. A deficiency in this enzyme can lead to a genetic disorder called Fabry disease.
3. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase: This enzyme is also known as hexosaminidase and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine residues from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and other complex carbohydrates.

Galactosidases are widely used in various industrial applications, such as food processing, biotechnology, and biofuel production. They also have potential therapeutic uses, such as in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders like Fabry disease.

... food or drinks additive Raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase Raphanin D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate, Chemical Books ... Either raffinose or sucrose is used as a base substance for sucralose. Raffinose is also used in: skin moisturizers and ... Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL), an enzyme which in the lumen of ... Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts ...
Lehle L, Tanner W (1973). "The function of myo-inositol in the biosynthesis of raffinose Purification and characterization of ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is alpha-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-myo-inositol:raffinose galactosyltransferase. Other names ... In enzymology, a galactinol-raffinose galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.67) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... 1D-myo-inositol and raffinose, whereas its two products are myo-inositol and stachyose. This enzyme participates in galactose ...
... raffinose donor) galactosyltransferase, raffinose:raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase, and raffinose-raffinose alpha- ... a raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.166) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 raffinose ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is raffinose:raffinose alpha-D-galactosyltransferase. Other names in common use ... raffinose, and two products, 1F-alpha-D-galactosylraffinose and sucrose. This enzyme belongs to the family of ...
Raffinose Sulforaphane Sinha, Nirmal K.; Hui, Y. H.; Muhammad Siddiq; Jasim Ahmed (2010). Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable ...
Presence of Raffinose in Barley (1886); Researches on the Gums of the Arabin Group (1884 and 1891); Invertase: a Contribution ...
"Multifunctional fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 247. doi:10.3389/fpls. ...
It contains betaine and the trisaccharide raffinose. These result from the concentration of the original plant material or ...
In carbohydrate and raffinose broths, E. malodoratus forms acid. It does not form endospores thus separating it from bacilli ...
Lehle L, Tanner W, Kandler O (1970). "Myo-inositol, a cofactor in the biosynthesis of raffinose". Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. ... Lehle L, Tanner W (1973). "The function of myo-inositol in the biosynthesis of raffinose Purification and characterization of ... raffinose Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol and sucrose, whereas its two ... products are myo-inositol and raffinose. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the ...
... which use raffinose; and from A. brasiliensis and A phillipinesis, which usw cellulose. A. italicus is also noted to use ...
Oligosaccharides, such as raffinose and stachyose, impair nutrient utilization of grains. In the extrusion process there is a ...
... sucrose or raffinose. With either base sugar, processing replaces three oxygen-hydrogen groups in the sugar molecule with three ...
Oligo-saccharides such as raffinose and stachyose contribute to digestion difficulties. The fermentation in the colon often may ...
In terms of sugars, pea seeds contain 5-6% sucrose and raffinose. Sucrose ranges from 2.2% to 2.6%, whereas oligosaccharides, ... such as stachyose have a range of 1.3-3.2%, verbascose 1.2-4.0%, and raffinose 0.2-1.0% depending on cultivar and environment. ...
This species also ferments inulin, glucose, raffinose, sucrose and lactose into ethanol. K. marxianus is widely used in ...
During desiccation, the levels of the sugars sucrose, raffinose, and galactinol increase; they may have a crucial role in ...
"Induction of sucrose utilization genes from Bifidobacterium lactis by sucrose and raffinose". Applied and Environmental ... experimentation it is known that genes encoding for the sucrose phosphorylase enzyme can be induced by sucrose and raffinose. ...
"Fatty acid ester surfactants derived from raffinose: Synthesis, characterization and structure-property profiles". Journal of ...
The minimum humidity level required for vegetative growth is 88%. This species uses mainly maltose, starch and raffinose as ...
Seven sugars namely raffinose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, glucose and fructose were identified. Fumaric acid, ...
Intermediary cells, which possess many vacuoles and plasmodesmata and synthesize raffinose family oligosaccharides. Albuminous ...
Raffinose synthase EC 2.4.1.82 is the key enzyme that channels sucrose into the raffinose oligosaccharide pathway. Glycoside ... This family also includes raffinose synthase proteins, also known as seed inhibition (Sip1) proteins. Raffinose (O-alpha- D- ... raffinose synthase, partial purification of the enzyme from maturing seeds, and steady-state kinetic analysis of raffinose ... "Nucleotide sequences and operon structure of plasmid-borne genes mediating uptake and utilization of raffinose in Escherichia ...
The yeast can ferment glucose, but not galactose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose or trehalose. It has a positive growth ...
The yeast can ferment glucose, but not sucrose, galactose, maltose, lactose, raffinose or trehalose. The yeast can assimilate ...
Some, such as the raffinose series, occur as storage or transport carbohydrates in plants. Others, such as maltodextrins or ...
The nectar has been found to contain the sugars fructose, sucrose, glucose, and raffinose. The flowers produce an extremely ...
... is a Gram-negative species of bacteria which uses rhamnose, melibiose, and raffinose. Its type strain is ... raffinose-positive strains (formerly calledYersinia enterocolitica orYersinia enterocolitica-like)". Current Microbiology. 4 (4 ...
negative for F7 Melibiose, F8 Lactose, F9 Cellobiose, F11 Raffinose, F12 Inulin, F14 D-xylose. negative delay after 7 days for ...
It can be formed by invertase-mediated hydrolysis of raffinose, which produces melibiose and fructose. Melibiose can be broken ...
Sugars, contained mainly in the fruit, are most significantly d-fructose, d-glucose and raffinose. Among enzymes, Passiflora ...
... food or drinks additive Raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase Raphanin D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate, Chemical Books ... Either raffinose or sucrose is used as a base substance for sucralose. Raffinose is also used in: skin moisturizers and ... Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL), an enzyme which in the lumen of ... Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts ...
Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae can also utilize raffinose and raffinose might lead to flatulence in some ... Raffinose has become a major focus of research interest and recent studies have shown that besides beneficial bifidobacteria ... Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae can also utilize raffinose and raffinose might lead to flatulence in some ... In vitro fermentation of raffinose by the human gut bacteria B. Mao, H. Tang, J. Gu, D. Li, S. Cui, J. Zhao, H. Zhang and W. ...
In this study, we identified the raffinose ATP-binding protein RafK and showed that it was directly involved in raffinose and ... In this study, we identified the raffinose ATP-binding protein RafK and showed that it was directly involved in raffinose and ... In this study, we identified the raffinose ATP-binding protein RafK and showed that it was directly involved in raffinose and ... raffinose substrate binding and permease genes), and both glucose and sucrose inhibited raffinose uptake through inducer ...
changes in the raffinose family oligosaccharides during storage of field bean (Vicia faba var. minor Harz) ... Pridham, J.B.; Walter, M.W.; Worth, H.G.J. 1969: The metabolism of raffinose and sucrose in germinating broad bean d vicia faba ... Pridham, J.B.; Walter, M.W.; Worth, H.G.J. 1969: The metabolism of raffinose and sucrose in germinating broad-bean (Vicia faba ... changes in the raffinose family oligosaccharides during storage of field bean (Vicia faba var. minor Harz) seeds. Zalewski, K ...
There are 2 words starting with RAFFINOSE . Hint: Click one of the words below to view definition. All words highlighted GREEN ... List of words that start with RAFFINOSE. Use the form and buttons below to filter & order results. ...
CPL Business Consultants analysed the business potential for raffinose markets, and made strategic recommendations for entering ... Regulatory Approvals for Raffinose. *Japan, EU, UK, US. Regulatory Contact Reports. Have a look at our PowerPoint Introduction ... CPL aimed to determine potential opportunities in raffinose markets. Focussing on the food and medical industries, the study ... an international ingredient manufacturer engaged CPL Business Consultants to look into the market for raffinose, a rare sugar, ...
Cells were counted and raffinose selection media (yeast nitrogen base without amino acids 6.7 g/l; d-raffinose 20 g/l; and CSM- ... After 16 h incubation under shaking and at 30 °C, cells were resuspended to a concentration of 1 × 107 cells/ml in raffinose ... After an additional incubation of 8 h, cells were resuspended in 150 ml raffinose selection medium at a concentration of 1 × 10 ... Afterwards cells were pelleted and resuspended in raffinose rich medium to a final concentration of 12 × 107 cells/ml. ...
Michaud S, Duperval R, Higgins R. Streptococcus suis meningitis: first case reported in Quebec. Can J Infect Dis. 1996;7:329-31 [cited 2009 Jan 12]. Available from http://www.pulsus.com/journals/journalHome.jsp?HCtype=Physician&jnlKy=3&/home.htm ...
93] The solution, UW cold-storage solution, is based on lactobionate, raffinose, HES, and a host of other ingredients designed ... Raffinose, a naturally occurring trisaccharide of fructose, glucose, and galactose, provides additional osmotic activity, while ...
The Km values of the enzyme towards pNPGal, raffinose and stachyose were 0.36 mM, 40.07 mM and 54.71 mM, respectively. These ...
Reducing of Raffinose and Stachyose by Rhizopus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum at Soybean Fermentation ...
CH: Isomaltose, raffinose and glucose. AA: Asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline and serine. OM: Pipecolic acid, ... CH: Sucrose, fructose, sorbose, raffinose and inositol. AA: Glycine, proline serine, glutamic. acid and threonine OM: Citric ... CH: Fructose, sorbose, galactinol, glucose, glycerol, inositol, raffinose and trehalose. AA: Aspartic acid glutamic acid, ... Nishizawa, A.; Yabuta, Y.; Shigeoka, S. Galactinol and raffinose constitute a novel function to protect plants from oxidative ...
Raffinose. Negative (-ve). Rhamnose. Negative (-ve). Salicin. Variable. Sorbitol. Variable. Sorbose. Negative (-ve). ...
Do black beans have raffinose?. Even though canned black beans have been processed to remove the raffinose compound, it is ... The undigested raffinose can cause intestinal gas and lead to bloating or even constipation. Canned black beans are pressure ... Raw and dry black beans contain a compound called raffinose, which is not digestible and also has a hard texture. ... cooked or boiled to help remove raffinose from the bean so that it is easier for your cat to digest them. ...
The identity and quantity of and effect of processing on raffinose oligosaccharides in raw, mature seeds of lima beans ( ... for raffinose. These results show that the enzyme treatment was more effective in removing the raffinose-family ... Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose content of pigeon peas and African yam beans reduced upon germination (Oboh et al. 2000). ... On the other hand, raffinose decreased from 620 mg 100 g −1 to 131 mg 100 g −1 on the fifth day of germination. Oboh et al. ( ...
RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE IS INFLUENCED BY POSTHARVEST STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND DURATION. - (Proceedings) Haagenson, D.M., Klotz, K.L. ... Raffinose synthase is influenced by postharvest storage temperature and duration [abstract.] Abstracts from ASA, CSSA, and SSSA ... Raffinose synthase is influenced by postharvest storage temperature and duration [Abstract]. Journal of Sugar Beet Research. 42 ... INFLUENCE OF HARVEST DATE AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON SUGARBEET ROOT RAFFINOSE ACCUMULATION - (Abstract Only) ...
Examples: maltodextrins, raffinose Polysaccharides: Polymers containing long chains of monosaccharides connected through ...
They help with digestion.Chickpeas are high in dietary fiber, especially a soluble fiber called raffinose. The good bacteria in ... "Diets supplemented with chickpea or its main oligosaccharide component raffinose modify faecal microbial composition in ...
Substrates:glucose, sucrose, raffinose, lysine, L-sorbose. *Products: ethanol, glycerol, acetaldehyde, acetoin ...
eta raffinose family oligosaccharide (en) Masa molekularra. 666,221858 Da. Erabilera. Rola. primary metabolite (en) ...
Effect of an o-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin product on esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter motor function. ...
ReferenceSacchetti, Arch.Mikrobiol. 3: 473-491, 1932. Lodder & Kreger-van Rij, The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study, Amsterdam 1952, p.142 (neotype). James et al., Yeast 10: 871-881, 1994 (18SrRNA) Kurtzman, Yeast 6: 213-219, 1990 (DNA hybridization ...
... genes could be beneficial in breeding programs to produce soybean lines with high beneficial sucrose and low raffinose family ... and raffinose) contents in two environments (North Carolina and Illinois) over two years (2018 and 2020). A total of 26 QTL ... soybean; RIL; Forrest; Williams 82; linkage map; RFOs; sucrose; raffinose; stachyose; SNP ... and raffinose) contents in two environments (North Carolina and Illinois) over two years (2018 and 2020). A total of 26 QTL ...
Raffinose A simple sugar, important in a test to differentiate ale and lager yeast, as only lager yeast can ferment it ...
If this raffinose phenomenon proves to be widespread across S. pneumoniae strains, blocking their ability to use raffinose may ... It may be a carbohydrate similar in structure to raffinose is activating the raffinose regulator rafR instead. ... Raffinose is mainly found in vegetables, grains and legumes. Its not known whether the human body ever has high enough levels ... In fact, the keen ability of the deadly bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae to use the plant-derived sugar raffinose may explain ...
Raffinose A simple sugar, important in a test to differentiate ale and lager yeast, as only lager yeast can ferment it ...
The agglutination is inhibited by Ga1NAc, GNAc, raffinose, and melibiose at low concentration. It does not agglutinate B- and O ...
Nishizawa, A., Yabuta, Y., Shigeoka, S. (2008). Galactinol and raffinose constitute a novel function to protect plants from ... a novel heat shock factor target gene responsible for heat-induced synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides in ...
  • The raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) are alpha-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose, and the most common are the trisaccharide raffinose, the tetrasaccharide stachyose, and the pentasaccharide verbascose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae strains lacking the enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) show markedly reduced ability to grow on raffinose and stachyose as sole carbon sources. (lu.se)
  • In this study, we identified the raffinose ATP-binding protein RafK and showed that it was directly involved in raffinose and stachyose import. (lu.se)
  • Finally, although not as attenuated as DLDH-negative bacteria, pneumococci lacking RafK were significantly outcompeted by wild-type bacteria in colonization experiments of murine lung and nasopharynx, indicating a role for raffinose and stachyose transport in vivo. (lu.se)
  • The four analysed sugars (sucrose, verbascose, raffinose and stachyose) made up from 60.1 mg of 1 g dry matter of seeds harvested in 1992 to 67 mg of seeds collected in 1986. (eurekamag.com)
  • The K m values of the enzyme towards pNPGal, raffinose and stachyose were 0.36 mM, 40.07 mM and 54.71 mM, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were identified by HPLC in all the legume seeds. (researchgate.net)
  • Germination quantitatively reduced raffinose, stachyose and verbascose while sucrose was increased in all seeds except red lima beans and jackbeans. (researchgate.net)
  • Therefore, the objectives of this study were to use 'Forrest' by 'Williams 82' (F×W82) recombinant inbred line (RIL) soybean population (n=309) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes that control seed sugar (sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose) contents in two environments (North Carolina and Illinois) over two years (2018 and 2020). (preprints.org)
  • raffinose, stachyose, and melibiose. (sagewomanherbs.com)
  • Biochemical properties such as production of alpha-amylase, beta-glucosidase, tannase, antimicrobials (presumptive bacteriocin and H(2)O(2)-production), acidification and fermentation of the indigestible sugars raffinose and stachyose, were evaluated in vitro for selection of potential starter strains. (who.int)
  • Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL), an enzyme which in the lumen of the human digestive tract is only produced by bacteria in the large intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Either raffinose or sucrose is used as a base substance for sucralose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pneumococci lacking RafK showed a 50- to 80-fold reduction in expression of the raf operon genes aga (alpha-galactosidase) and rafEFG (raffinose substrate binding and permease genes), and both glucose and sucrose inhibited raffinose uptake through inducer exclusion. (lu.se)
  • 17. Further functional validation of the identified genes could be beneficial in breeding programs to produce soybean lines with high beneficial sucrose and low raffinose family oligosaccharides. (preprints.org)
  • changes in the raffinose family oligosaccharides during storage of field bean (Vicia faba var. (eurekamag.com)
  • The identity and quantity of and effect of processing on raffinose oligosaccharides in raw, mature seeds of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus), pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), African yam beans (Sphenostylis sternocarpa) and jackbeans (Canavalia ensiformis) were investigated. (researchgate.net)
  • One of the oligosaccharides that is found in beans is raffinose. (acsh.org)
  • Transport and metabolism of raffinose family oligosaccharides in transgenic potato. (mpg.de)
  • The preservation of liposomes by raffinose family oligosaccharides during drying is mediated by effects on fusion and lipid phase transitions. (mpg.de)
  • Research has shown that the differential ability to utilize raffinose by strains of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, impacts their ability to cause disease and the nature of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Raffinose has become a major focus of research interest and recent studies have shown that besides beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, Escherichia coli , Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae can also utilize raffinose and raffinose might lead to flatulence in some hosts. (rsc.org)
  • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the supernatants of the nine species revealed that the bacteria could utilize raffinose in different manners. (rsc.org)
  • Import of these sugars occurs through the previously characterized raffinose ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system, encoded by the raf operon, that lacks the necessary ATP-binding protein. (lu.se)
  • This is because humans can absorb, via the small intestine, only monosaccharides (single sugars) like the galactose, glucose, and fructose that make up raffinose. (acsh.org)
  • Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, no resulting saccharides of raffinose degradation were detected in the supernatants of other seven strains, indicating that they had different raffinose utilization types from Enterococcus avium E5 and Streptococcus salivarius B5. (rsc.org)
  • Gas was produced with raffinose utilization by Escherichia coli , Enterococcus faecium , Streptococcus macedonicus , Streptococcus pasteurianus and Enterococcus avium . (rsc.org)
  • In fact, the keen ability of the deadly bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae to use the plant-derived sugar raffinose may explain how it spreads through the human body . (nationalinterest.org)
  • Impact of storage temperature, storage duration, and harvest date on sugarbeet raffinose metabolism. (usda.gov)
  • We found a difference in the regulating gene rafR which is responsible for raffinose uptake. (nationalinterest.org)
  • The BLASTP search results showed that the homologous proteins of glycosidases related to raffinose utilization are widely distributed in 196 of the 528 gut bacterial strains. (rsc.org)
  • We discovered a difference in a gene between two bacterial strains that regulated their use of raffinose, and this resulted in one being more likely to spread and cause disease. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Remarkably, swapping the rafR gene between the strains switched their ability to use raffinose, and the way the disease progressed in each case reversed too. (nationalinterest.org)
  • If this raffinose phenomenon proves to be widespread across S. pneumoniae strains, blocking their ability to use raffinose may prevent them from surviving in, and thus invading, the lungs. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Chickpeas are high in dietary fiber , especially a soluble fiber called raffinose. (webmd.com)
  • Impact of soluble sugar concentrations on the acquisition of freezing tolerance in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana with contrasting cold adaptation - evidence for a role of raffinose in cold acclimation. (mpg.de)
  • Therefore, it is required to find out the raffinose-metabolizing bacteria in the gut and the bacteria responsible for the flatulence. (rsc.org)
  • Thus, more attention should be paid to the raffinose-utilizing bacteria besides bifidobacteria and further studies are required to reveal the mechanisms of raffinose utilization to clarify the relationship between raffinose and gut bacteria. (rsc.org)
  • This difference allowed the bacteria in the blood sample to use raffinose more efficiently than in the ear sample. (nationalinterest.org)
  • Raffinose is also used in: skin moisturizers and smoothers prebiotics (it promotes growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) food or drinks additive Raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase Raphanin D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate, Chemical Books Kawasaki, T. (wikipedia.org)
  • DLDH also bound directly to RafK both in vitro and in vivo, indicating the possibility that DLDH regulates raffinose transport by a direct interaction with the regulatory domain of the transporter. (lu.se)
  • Raw and dry black beans contain a compound called raffinose, which is not digestible and also has a hard texture. (oxfordpets.com)
  • The raffinose sugar naturally found in broccoli and cauliflower is the root of the pain. (amazines.com)
  • In this case study, an international ingredient manufacturer engaged CPL Business Consultants to look into the market for raffinose, a rare sugar, as part of its diversification and growth strategy. (cplconsult.com)
  • A phase I study of oxidized raffinose cross-linked human hemoglobin // Crit. (medline.ru)
  • The role of raffinose in the cold acclimation response of Arabidopsis thaliana. (mpg.de)
  • CPL aimed to determine potential opportunities in raffinose markets. (cplconsult.com)
  • The undigested raffinose can cause intestinal gas and lead to bloating or even constipation. (oxfordpets.com)
  • The crystal structures of tetrameric Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-galactosidase and its complexes with the substrates melibiose and raffinose have been determined to 1.95, 2.40, and 2.70 A resolution. (nih.gov)
  • Like raffinose and sorbitol, fructose contributes to gas when bacteria in the intestines break it down. (healthline.com)
  • Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Raffinose typically crystallises as a pentahydrate white crystalline powder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Raffinose is also used in: skin moisturizers and smoothers prebiotics (it promotes growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) food or drinks additive Raffinose-raffinose alpha-galactosyltransferase Raphanin D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate, Chemical Books Kawasaki, T. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whole grains such as wheat and oats contain fiber, raffinose, and starch. (healthline.com)
  • Phenol Red Raffinose Broth (DM308) is recommended for raffinose fermentation studies of microorganisms. (micromasterlab.com)
  • Beans contain a lot of raffinose, which is a complex sugar that the body has trouble digesting. (healthline.com)
  • Like beans, these vegetables also contain the complex sugar, raffinose. (healthline.com)
  • Fortunately, you can reduce the gas causing raffinose, a natural sugar in beans, with careful rinsing. (montana.edu)
  • Mushrooms contain large sugar molecule raffinose and the fibre fructan, both of which are potential triggers for gassiness. (herworld.com)
  • Procedures concerning cryopreservation have used raffinose to provide hypertonicity for cell desiccation prior to freezing. (wikipedia.org)
  • 20. Raffinose increases autophagy and reduces cell death in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. (nih.gov)
  • Raffinose, mellibiose and inositol were utilized at very low levels by the black cricket. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The role of raffinose in the cold acclimation response of Arabidopsis thaliana. (mpg.de)