A subdiscipline of genetics that studies RADIATION EFFECTS on the components and processes of biological inheritance.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION or particle radiation (high energy ELEMENTARY PARTICLES) capable of directly or indirectly producing IONS in its passage through matter. The wavelengths of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays.
Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in VERTEBRATES.
The branch of science concerned with the means and consequences of transmission and generation of the components of biological inheritance. (Stedman, 26th ed)
The relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation.
The ability of some cells or tissues to survive lethal doses of IONIZING RADIATION. Tolerance depends on the species, cell type, and physical and chemical variables, including RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENTS and RADIATION-SENSITIZING AGENTS.
Emission or propagation of acoustic waves (SOUND), ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY waves (such as LIGHT; RADIO WAVES; GAMMA RAYS; or X-RAYS), or a stream of subatomic particles (such as ELECTRONS; NEUTRONS; PROTONS; or ALPHA PARTICLES).
Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is the science and practice of protecting people and the environment from harmful ionizing radiation exposure while allowing for the safe medical, industrial, and research uses of such radiation.
The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.
A subspecialty of medical oncology and radiology concerned with the radiotherapy of cancer.
The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.
High-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft.
Experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing RADIATION in CHORDATA animals.
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.
Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment.
The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.
The experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. The scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system.
The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.
The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells.
Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.
A circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed to be of hereditary origin.
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

A mechanism to activate branch migration between homologous DNA molecules in genetic recombination. (1/168)

A mechanism to activate branch migration between homologous DNA molecules is described that leads to synapsis in genetic recombination. The model involves a restriction-like endonucleolytic enzyme that first nicks DNA (to produce single-strand breaks) on strands of opposite polarity at symmetrically arranged nucleotide sequences (located at ends of genes or operons). This is followed by local denaturation of the region, promoted by a single-strand-specific DNA binding protein (i.e., an unwinding protein). Hydrogen-bounding between homologous DNA molecules can then be initiated and this allows for subsequent propagation of hybrid DNA in the pathway to formation of the synapton structure.  (+info)

Mating type and sporulation in yeast. II. Meiosis, recombination, and radiation sensitivity in an alpha-alpha diploid with altered sporulation control. (2/168)

In wild-type S. cerevisiae, diploid cells must be heterozygous at the mating-type locus in order to sporulate. In the preceding paper, we described a number of mutants (CSP mutants), isolated from nonsporulating aa and alpha-alpha parent strains, in which sporulation appeared to be uncoupled from control by mating type. The characterization of one of these mutants (CSP1) is now extended to other processes controlled by mating type. This mutant is indistinguishable from alpha-alpha cells and unlike aalpha cells for mating factor production and response, zygote formation, intragenic mitotic recombination, and for X-ray sensitivity. The mutant apparently undergoes a full round of DNA synthesis in sporulation medium, but with delayed kinetics. Only 20% of the cells complete sporulation. Among spores in completed asci, the frequency of both intra- and intergenic recombination is the same as it is for spores produced by aalpha cells. However, experiments in which cells were shifted from sporulation medium back to minimal growth medium gave a frequency of meiotic recombination between ade2 or leu2 heteroalleles only 25% to 29% as high for CSP1 alpha-alpha diploid or CSP1 aa disomic cells as for aalpha diploid or disomic cells. Because the latter result, indicating recombination defectiveness, measured recombinant production in the entire cell population, whereas the result indicating normal recombination sampled only completed spores, we infer that all meiotic recombination events occuring in the population of CSP1 alpha-alpha cells are concentrated in those few cells which complete sporulation. This high degree of correlation between meiotic recombination and the completion of meiosis and sporulation suggests that recombination may be required for proper meiotic chromosome segregation in yeast just as it appears to be in maize and in Drosophila.  (+info)

Lambda bacteriophage gene produces and X-ray sensitivity of Escherichia coli: comparison of red-dependent and gam-dependent radioresistance. (3/168)

When gene products of lambda bacteriophage are introduced into a cell by transient induction of a lysogen, increased resistance of the cells to X rays results. This phenomenon has been called phage-induced radioresistance. Genetic studies show at least two classes of induced radioresistance. The first type depends on the products of the lambda red genes and is observed in bacteria that are mutated in the recB gene. It is thought that the lambda red products compensate for the missing RecBC nuclease in the repair of X-ray damage. An optimal effect is obtained even when the lambda red products are supplied 1 h after irradiation. The lesions that are affected by the red-dependent process are probably not deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks because the extent of deoxyribonucleic acid strand rejoining is not altered by the red products. The second type of phage-induced radioresistance requires the gam product of lambda and is observed in wild-type and polA strains. The lambda gam+ gene produce must be present immediately after irradiation to exert its full effect. In its presence, DNA breakdown is decreased, and a greater fraction of DNA is converted back to high molecular weight. Strains carrying lex, recA, or certain other combinations of mutations do not show any detectable phage-induced radioresistance.  (+info)

Role of pyrimidine dimer excision in loss of potential streptomycin resistance mutations of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli on phosphate-buffered agar. (4/168)

The frequency of ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutations to streptomycin resistance dropped rapidly when starved Escherichia coli strains WP-2 B/r and B/r T- were incubated on phosphate-buffered agar (PBA), but was reduced only slightly in a WP-2 hcr- mutant. During postirradiation, incubation viability remained approximately constant. Cells given an optimal recovery treatment with photo-reactivating light showed no further recovery if subsequently incubated on PBA. At least 70% of the mutations induced to streptomycin resistance by UV could be repaired. The loss of potential streptomycin-resistant mutants was markedly reduced in strain B/r T- when 5 mug of acriflavin or 700 mug of caffeine per ml was added to PBA. The excision of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers from E. coli tb/r T- was investigated. Dimer excision progressed more slowly when the cells were incubated on PBA containing acriflavin or caffeine. There was no congruity between the kinetics of dimer excision and the kinetics of mutant loss. Our results indicate that removal of potential streptomycin-resistant mutants is considerably faster than the excision of pyrimidine dimers.  (+info)

Transduction of a Proteus vulgaris strain by a Proteus mirabilis bacteriophage. (5/168)

Only Proteus vulgaris strain PV127 out of many P. vulgaris, P. morganii and Providence strains was transduced to kanamycin resistance by high-frequency transducing variants, 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, of phage 5006M, a general transducing phage for P. mirabilis strain PM5006. The phages adsorbed poorly to strain PV127 and did not form plaques. The transduction frequency of PV127 by these phages was 5 x 10(-8)/p.f.u. adsorbed. Phage 5006M increased the transduction frequencies. Abortive transductants were not detected. Transductants segregated kanamycin-sensitive clones at high frequency and this, together with data from the inactivation of transducing activity of lysates by ultraviolet irradiation, indicated that transduction was by lysogenization. The general transducing property of the phages was not expressed in transductions to auxotrophs of PV127. Transductants (type I) resulting from low multiplicities of phage input adsorbed phage to the same extent as PV127. This suggested a defect in the transducing particles (or host) because single phage 5006M infection converted strain PM5006 to non-adsorption of homologous phage. Type I transductants did not liberate phage, suggesting a defective phage maturation function. Transductants (type II) which arose from higher multiplicities of phage input did not adsorb phage, indicating possible heterogeneity among transducing particles. Phage derived from type II transductants adsorbed poorly to PV127 and transduced it to kanamycin resistance at frequencies similar to those of phages 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, ruling out host-controlled modification as a cause of the low transduction frequencies. This phage transduced PM5006 to antibiotic resistance at high frequencies but generalized transduction was again not detected. It was suggested that general transduction could be performed by particles which, due to a different composition and/or mode of chromosomal integration, made material they carried susceptible to host-cell modification.  (+info)

Genetic and physiological characterization of met15 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a selective system for forward and reverse mutations. (6/168)

One hundred and thirty-three spontaneous and induced mutants of the met15 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were characterized with respect to temperature sensitivity, osmotic remediability, interallelic complementation, and suppressibility by amber and ochre suppressors. Forty mutants are osmotic remedial; 17 of these, and no others, are also temperature-sensitive. Seven of 133 mutations are suppressible by an amber suppressor and 11 are suppressible by an ochre suppressor. Seventy percent of the mutants exhibited interallelic complementation, suggesting that the functional gene product of the met15 gene is a multimeric protein. Relative map positions of 30 met15 were estimated from the frequencies of X-ray-induced mitotic reversion of various heteroallelic diploids. All complementing nonsense mutations are located near one end of the gene in contrast to other nonsense mutations which span most of the gene, thus relating the direction of translation of the mRNA with respect to the fine-structure map. Recombination studies indicated that two of 30 mutants contained deletions of the entire met15 locus. -- It was established that a variety of mutational types, including missense, nonsense, and deletions, are recovered with this unique system in which both forward and reverse mutations can be selected on the basis of methyl mercury resistance and methionine requirement of the met15 mutants.  (+info)

Radiation effects on testes. II. incorporation of 65Zn after partial body gamma-irradiation of rats. (7/168)

The decrease in the uptake of 65-Zn by irradiated testes (720 R) was followed by recovery after 30 days. After a dose of 2000 R, uptake of 65-Zn was systemtically reduced over a period of 74 days. Studies following the administration of testosterone and FSH germinal cells of the testes is under the control of pituitary gonadotrophins.  (+info)

A new theory of phylogeny inference through construction of multidimensional vector space. (8/168)

Here, a new theory of molecular phylogeny is developed in a multidimensional vector space (MVS). The molecular evolution is represented as a successive splitting of branch vectors in the MVS. The end points of these vectors are the extant species and indicate the specific directions reflected by their individual histories of evolution in the past. This representation makes it possible to infer the phylogeny (evolutionary histories) from the spatial positions of the end points. Search vectors are introduced to draw out the groups of species distributed around them. These groups are classified according to the nearby order of branches with them. A law of physics is applied to determine the species positions in the MVS. The species are regarded as the particles moving in time according to the equation of motion, finally falling into the lowest-energy state in spite of their randomly distributed initial condition. This falling into the ground state results in the construction of an MVS in which the relative distances between two particles are equal to the substitution distances. The species positions are obtained prior to the phylogeny inference. Therefore, as the number of species increases, the species vectors can be more specific in an MVS of a larger size, such that the vector analysis gives a more stable and reliable topology. The efficacy of the present method was examined by using computer simulations of molecular evolution in which all the branch- and end-point sequences of the trees are known in advance. In the phylogeny inference from the end points with 100 multiple data sets, the present method consistently reconstructed the correct topologies, in contrast to standard methods. In applications to 185 vertebrates in the alpha-hemoglobin, the vector analysis drew out the two lineage groups of birds and mammals. A core member of the mammalian radiation appeared at the base of the mammalian lineage. Squamates were isolated from the bird lineage to compose the outgroup, while the other living reptilians were directly coupled with birds without forming any sister groups. This result is in contrast to the morphological phylogeny and is also different from those of recent molecular analyses.  (+info)

Radiation genetics is a field of study that focuses on the effects of ionizing radiation on genetic material, including DNA and chromosomes. It examines how exposure to radiation can cause mutations in genes and chromosomes, which can then be passed down from one generation to the next. This field of study is important for understanding the potential health risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, such as those experienced by nuclear industry workers, medical professionals who use radiation in their practice, and people living near nuclear power plants or waste disposal sites. It also has applications in cancer treatment, where radiation is used to kill cancer cells but can also cause genetic damage.

Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.

Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that carries enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules, which means it can knock electrons out of their orbits and create ions. These charged particles can cause damage to living tissue and DNA, making ionizing radiation dangerous to human health. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of subatomic particles such as alpha and beta particles. The amount and duration of exposure to ionizing radiation are important factors in determining the potential health effects, which can range from mild skin irritation to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.

Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.

Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.

Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.

Genetics is the scientific study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It involves the analysis of how traits are passed from parents to offspring, the function of genes, and the way genetic information is transmitted and expressed within an organism's biological system. Genetics encompasses various subfields, including molecular genetics, population genetics, quantitative genetics, and genomics, which investigate gene structure, function, distribution, and evolution in different organisms. The knowledge gained from genetics research has significant implications for understanding human health and disease, as well as for developing medical treatments and interventions based on genetic information.

A dose-response relationship in radiation refers to the correlation between the amount of radiation exposure (dose) and the biological response or adverse health effects observed in exposed individuals. As the level of radiation dose increases, the severity and frequency of the adverse health effects also tend to increase. This relationship is crucial in understanding the risks associated with various levels of radiation exposure and helps inform radiation protection standards and guidelines.

The effects of ionizing radiation can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which no effect is observed, and above this threshold, the severity of the effect increases with higher doses. Examples include radiation-induced cataracts or radiation dermatitis. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a clear threshold and are based on probability; as the dose increases, so does the likelihood of the adverse health effect occurring, such as an increased risk of cancer.

Understanding the dose-response relationship in radiation exposure is essential for setting limits on occupational and public exposure to ionizing radiation, optimizing radiation protection practices, and developing effective medical countermeasures in case of radiation emergencies.

Radiation tolerance, in the context of medicine and particularly radiation oncology, refers to the ability of tissues or organs to withstand and recover from exposure to ionizing radiation without experiencing significant damage or loss of function. It is often used to describe the maximum dose of radiation that can be safely delivered to a specific area of the body during radiotherapy treatments.

Radiation tolerance varies depending on the type and location of the tissue or organ. For example, some tissues such as the brain, spinal cord, and lungs have lower radiation tolerance than others like the skin or bone. Factors that can affect radiation tolerance include the total dose of radiation, the fractionation schedule (the number and size of radiation doses), the volume of tissue treated, and the individual patient's overall health and genetic factors.

Assessing radiation tolerance is critical in designing safe and effective radiotherapy plans for cancer patients, as excessive radiation exposure can lead to serious side effects such as radiation-induced injury, fibrosis, or even secondary malignancies.

Medical Definition:

Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization, which can occur naturally (e.g., sunlight) or be produced artificially (e.g., x-rays, radioisotopes). In medicine, radiation is used diagnostically and therapeutically in various forms, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat diseases like cancer. However, excessive exposure to radiation can pose health risks, including radiation sickness and increased risk of cancer.

Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is a field of study and practice that aims to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It involves various measures and techniques used to minimize or eliminate exposure to ionizing radiation, such as:

1. Time: Reducing the amount of time spent near a radiation source.
2. Distance: Increasing the distance between oneself and a radiation source.
3. Shielding: Using materials that can absorb or block radiation to reduce exposure.
4. Containment: Preventing the release of radiation into the environment.
5. Training and education: Providing information and training to individuals who work with radiation sources.
6. Dosimetry and monitoring: Measuring and monitoring radiation doses received by individuals and populations.
7. Emergency planning and response: Developing plans and procedures for responding to radiation emergencies or accidents.

Radiation protection is an important consideration in various fields, including medicine, nuclear energy, research, and manufacturing, where ionizing radiation sources are used or produced.

Radiation monitoring is the systematic and continuous measurement, assessment, and tracking of ionizing radiation levels in the environment or within the body to ensure safety and to take appropriate actions when limits are exceeded. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to detect and quantify different types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, and x-rays. The data collected from radiation monitoring is used to evaluate radiation exposure, contamination levels, and potential health risks for individuals or communities. This process is crucial in various fields, including nuclear energy production, medical imaging and treatment, radiation therapy, and environmental protection.

Radiation oncology is a branch of medicine that uses ionizing radiation in the treatment and management of cancer. The goal of radiation therapy, which is the primary treatment modality in radiation oncology, is to destroy cancer cells or inhibit their growth while minimizing damage to normal tissues. This is achieved through the use of high-energy radiation beams, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, that are directed at the tumor site with precision. Radiation oncologists work in interdisciplinary teams with other healthcare professionals, including medical physicists, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists, to plan and deliver effective radiation treatments for cancer patients.

Population Genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with the genetic composition of populations and how this composition changes over time. It involves the study of the frequency and distribution of genes and genetic variations in populations, as well as the evolutionary forces that contribute to these patterns, such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

Population genetics can provide insights into a wide range of topics, including the history and relationships between populations, the genetic basis of diseases and other traits, and the potential impacts of environmental changes on genetic diversity. This field is important for understanding evolutionary processes at the population level and has applications in areas such as conservation biology, medical genetics, and forensic science.

Cosmic radiation refers to high-energy radiation that originates from space. It is primarily made up of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, and consists of several components including galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, and trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field (the Van Allen belts).

Galactic cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outside our solar system. They consist mainly of protons, with smaller amounts of helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier ions. These particles travel at close to the speed of light and can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, creating a cascade of secondary particles called "cosmic rays" that can be measured at the Earth's surface.

Solar energetic particles are high-energy charged particles, mainly protons and alpha particles, that are released during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun. These events can accelerate particles to extremely high energies, which can pose a radiation hazard for astronauts in space and for electronic systems in satellites.

Trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field is composed of charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field and form two doughnut-shaped regions around the Earth called the Van Allen belts. The inner belt primarily contains high-energy electrons, while the outer belt contains both protons and electrons. These particles can pose a radiation hazard for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) and for astronauts during spacewalks or missions beyond LEO.

Cosmic radiation is an important consideration for human space exploration, as it can cause damage to living tissue and electronic systems. Therefore, understanding the sources, properties, and effects of cosmic radiation is crucial for ensuring the safety and success of future space missions.

'Radiation injuries, experimental' is not a widely recognized medical term. However, in the field of radiation biology and medicine, it may refer to the study and understanding of radiation-induced damage using various experimental models (e.g., cell cultures, animal models) before applying this knowledge to human health situations. These experiments aim to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms' biological processes, tissue responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. The findings from these studies contribute to the development of medical countermeasures, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies for accidental or intentional radiation exposures in humans.

Radiation pneumonitis is a inflammatory reaction in the lung tissue that occurs as a complication of thoracic radiation therapy. It usually develops 1-3 months following the completion of radiation treatment. The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort. In severe cases, it can lead to fibrosis (scarring) of the lung tissue, which can cause permanent lung damage. Radiation pneumonitis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies such as chest X-ray or CT scan, and sometimes through bronchoscopy with lavage. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

Gamma rays are a type of ionizing radiation that is released from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. They are high-energy photons, with wavelengths shorter than 0.01 nanometers and frequencies greater than 3 x 10^19 Hz. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, similar to X-rays, but with higher energy levels and the ability to penetrate matter more deeply. They can cause damage to living tissue and are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment.

Background radiation refers to the ionizing radiation that is present in the natural environment and originates from various sources, both natural and human-made. The term "background" indicates that this radiation exists as a constant presence that is always present, even if at low levels.

The primary sources of natural background radiation include:

1. Cosmic radiation: High-energy particles from space, such as protons and alpha particles, continuously bombard the Earth's atmosphere. When these particles collide with atoms in the atmosphere, they produce secondary particles called muons and neutrinos, which can penetrate through buildings and living tissues, contributing to background radiation exposure.
2. Terrestrial radiation: Radioactive elements present in the Earth's crust, such as uranium, thorium, and potassium-40, emit alpha and gamma radiation. These radioactive elements are found in rocks, soil, and building materials, leading to varying levels of background radiation depending on location.
3. Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium, which is present in trace amounts in rocks and soil. Radon can accumulate in buildings, particularly in basements and crawl spaces, leading to increased exposure for occupants.

Human-made sources of background radiation include medical diagnostic procedures (e.g., X-rays and CT scans), consumer products (e.g., smoke detectors containing americium-241), and residual nuclear fallout from past nuclear weapons testing or accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster.

It is important to note that background radiation levels vary significantly depending on location, altitude, geology, and other factors. While it is not possible to avoid background radiation entirely, understanding its sources and taking appropriate precautions when exposed to higher levels (e.g., limiting time in high radon areas) can help minimize potential health risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure.

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent the growth and spread of cancer. The radiation can be delivered externally using machines or internally via radioactive substances placed in or near the tumor. Radiotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Normal cells are also affected by radiation, but they have a greater ability to repair themselves compared to cancer cells. The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

Behavioral genetics is a subfield of genetics that focuses on the study of the genetic basis of behavior. It seeks to understand how genes and environment interact to influence individual differences in behaviors such as personality traits, cognitive abilities, psychiatric disorders, and addiction. This field integrates knowledge from genetics, psychology, neuroscience, and statistics to investigate the complex relationship between genetic factors and behavioral outcomes. Research in behavioral genetics includes studies of twins, families, and adopted individuals, as well as animal models, to identify specific genes or genetic variations that contribute to the heritability of various behaviors. Understanding these genetic influences can provide insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of behavioral disorders.

Radiometry is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. It quantifies the amount and characteristics of radiant energy in terms of power or intensity, wavelength, direction, and polarization. In medical physics, radiometry is often used to measure therapeutic and diagnostic radiation beams used in various imaging techniques and cancer treatments such as X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet or infrared light. Radiometric measurements are essential for ensuring the safe and effective use of these medical technologies.

Radiotherapy dosage refers to the total amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by tissues or organs, typically measured in units of Gray (Gy), during a course of radiotherapy treatment. It is the product of the dose rate (the amount of radiation delivered per unit time) and the duration of treatment. The prescribed dosage for cancer treatments can range from a few Gray to more than 70 Gy, depending on the type and location of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and other factors. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a sufficient dosage to destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).

UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.

Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.

Radiation effects refer to the damages that occur in living tissues when exposed to ionizing radiation. These effects can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which the effect does not occur, and above which the severity of the effect increases with the dose. Examples include radiation-induced erythema, epilation, and organ damage. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a threshold dose, and the probability of the effect occurring increases with the dose. Examples include genetic mutations and cancer induction. The severity of the effect is not related to the dose in this case.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Radiation-sensitizing agents are drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. These agents work by increasing the ability of radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, which can lead to more effective tumor cell death. This means that lower doses of radiation may be required to achieve the same therapeutic effect, reducing the potential for damage to normal tissues surrounding the tumor.

Radiation-sensitizing agents are often used in conjunction with radiation therapy to improve treatment outcomes for patients with various types of cancer. They can be given either systemically (through the bloodstream) or locally (directly to the tumor site). The choice of agent and the timing of administration depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and the specific radiation therapy protocol being used.

It is important to note that while radiation-sensitizing agents can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy, they may also increase the risk of side effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and management of potential toxicities are essential during treatment.

Radiation-protective agents, also known as radioprotectors, are substances that help in providing protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They can be used to prevent or reduce damage to biological tissues, including DNA, caused by exposure to radiation. These agents work through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular responses to radiation-induced damage, and enhancing DNA repair processes.

Radiation-protective agents can be categorized into two main groups:

1. Radiosensitizers: These are substances that make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy, increasing their susceptibility to damage and potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, radiosensitizers do not provide protection to normal tissues against radiation exposure.

2. Radioprotectors: These agents protect both normal and cancerous cells from radiation-induced damage. They can be further divided into two categories: direct and indirect radioprotectors. Direct radioprotectors interact directly with radiation, absorbing or scattering it away from sensitive tissues. Indirect radioprotectors work by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species generated during radiation exposure, which would otherwise cause damage to cellular structures and DNA.

Examples of radiation-protective agents include antioxidants like vitamins C and E, chemical compounds such as amifostine and cysteamine, and various natural substances found in plants and foods. It is important to note that while some radiation-protective agents have shown promise in preclinical studies, their efficacy and safety in humans require further investigation before they can be widely used in clinical settings.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Melanocytes are specialized cells that produce, store, and transport melanin, the pigment responsible for coloring of the skin, hair, and eyes. They are located in the bottom layer of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) and can also be found in the inner ear and the eye's retina. Melanocytes contain organelles called melanosomes, which produce and store melanin.

Melanin comes in two types: eumelanin (black or brown) and pheomelanin (red or yellow). The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes determine the color of a person's skin, hair, and eyes. Exposure to UV radiation from sunlight increases melanin production as a protective response, leading to skin tanning.

Melanocyte dysfunction or abnormalities can lead to various medical conditions, such as albinism (lack of melanin production), melasma (excessive pigmentation), and melanoma (cancerous growth of melanocytes).

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

I cannot provide a specific medical definition for "Melanoma, Experimental," as it is not a standardized medical term. However, I can give you information about melanoma and experimental treatments related to this disease.

Melanoma is a type of cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It usually occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, such as the eyes or internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, forming malignant tumors.

Experimental treatments for melanoma refer to novel therapeutic strategies that are currently being researched and tested in clinical trials. These experimental treatments may include:

1. Targeted therapies: Drugs that target specific genetic mutations or molecular pathways involved in melanoma growth and progression. Examples include BRAF and MEK inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib.
2. Immunotherapies: Treatments designed to enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. These may include checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab), adoptive cell therapies (e.g., CAR T-cell therapy), and therapeutic vaccines.
3. Oncolytic viruses: Genetically modified viruses that can selectively infect and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is an example of an oncolytic virus approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma.
4. Combination therapies: The use of multiple experimental treatments in combination to improve efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance. For instance, combining targeted therapies with immunotherapies or different types of immunotherapies.
5. Personalized medicine approaches: Using genetic testing and biomarker analysis to identify the most effective treatment for an individual patient based on their specific tumor characteristics.

It is essential to consult with healthcare professionals and refer to clinical trial databases, such as ClinicalTrials.gov, for up-to-date information on experimental treatments for melanoma.

A nevus, also known as a mole, is a benign growth or mark on the skin that is usually brown or black. It can be raised or flat and can appear anywhere on the body. Nevi are made up of cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Most nevi develop in childhood or adolescence, but they can also appear later in life. Some people have many nevi, while others have few or none.

There are several types of nevi, including:

* Common nevi: These are the most common type of mole and are usually small, round, and brown or black. They can be flat or raised and can appear anywhere on the body.
* Atypical nevi: These moles are larger than common nevi and have irregular borders and color. They may be flat or raised and can appear anywhere on the body, but are most commonly found on the trunk and extremities. Atypical nevi are more likely to develop into melanoma, a type of skin cancer, than common nevi.
* Congenital nevi: These moles are present at birth and can vary in size from small to large. They are more likely to develop into melanoma than moles that develop later in life.
* Spitz nevi: These are rare, benign growths that typically appear in children and adolescents. They are usually pink or red and dome-shaped.

It is important to monitor nevi for changes in size, shape, color, and texture, as these can be signs of melanoma. If you notice any changes in a mole, or if you have a new mole that is unusual or bleeding, it is important to see a healthcare provider for further evaluation.

A nevus pigmentosus, also known as a pigmented mole or melanocytic nevus, is a benign proliferation of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin. These lesions typically appear as well-circumscribed, brown to black macules or papules. They can vary in size and shape and may be flat or raised. Most nevi are harmless and do not require treatment; however, some may undergo malignant transformation into melanoma, a potentially life-threatening skin cancer. Regular self-skin examinations and professional skin checks are recommended to monitor for changes in nevi that may indicate malignancy.

Amelanotic melanoma is a type of melanoma, which is the most serious and deadly form of skin cancer. While most melanomas contain dark pigments called melanin, amelanotic melanomas lack melanin, giving them a pink, red, or white color. This absence of color can make amelanotic melanomas harder to detect and diagnose at an early stage compared to other types of melanoma.

Amelanotic melanomas may arise from existing moles or develop on their own in normal skin. They can occur anywhere on the body, but they are more common in sun-exposed areas such as the head, neck, and trunk.

Like other forms of melanoma, amelanotic melanoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body if left untreated. Therefore, it is essential to recognize any changes in the skin and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis. Treatment typically involves surgical excision, with additional therapies such as radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy recommended depending on the stage and specific features of the cancer.

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Causes may include genetics, trauma, infections, tumors, or radiation therapy. Genes that may be involved include GH1, GHRHR, ... especially craniopharyngioma damage to the pituitary from radiation therapy to the head (e.g. for leukemia or brain tumors), ...
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Fredrickson: Knowledge of genetics. He cloned himself to preserve his knowledge in case Kortan found him, but his clone turned ... He is a disfigured due to radiation (he has blue skin). Eva: A woman with the knowledge of how to create and project holograms ... His body suffers from intense radiation poisoning thus turning his immortality into a curse. At first, Quentin refused his ...
"Facilitating genome navigation: survey sequencing and dense radiation-hybrid gene mapping." Nature Reviews Genetics 6.8 (2005 ...
He conducted research in radiation genetics, experimental population genetics, and microevolution. His life was highlighted by ... Timofeev-Resovskij supervised and headed the Laboratory of Radiation Genetics and the Laboratory of Radiation Ecology. There ... The experimental station conducted radiological research on radiation and population genetics. This summer school contributed ... The research conducted in the genetics department, along with the permanent seminar on genetics organized by Timofeev-Resovskij ...
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Ultraviolet radiation. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a critical factor in the development of most melanomas. ... Genetics. Many genes are implicated in the development of melanoma, including CDKN2A (p16), CDK4, RB1, CDKN2A (p19), PTEN/MMAC1 ...
Past radiation therapy. A few women develop uterine sarcoma 5 to 25 years after they had radiation therapy for another pelvic ... Genetics. The same abnormal gene that causes an eye cancer called retinoblastoma also increases the risk for uterine sarcoma. ... If you have had radiation therapy in your pelvic area or have taken tamoxifen for breast cancer, ask your provider how often ... With cancer that has come back, radiation may be used for palliative treatment. Palliative care is meant to relieve symptoms ...
Ionizing radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation has been shown to increase breast cancer risk. The patients age during ... Introduction to breast cancer genetics. Lynch HT, ed. Genetics and Breast Cancer. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1992. 1-13. ... 40] thymic irradiation for enlargement, radiation for mastitis, radiation exposure from nuclear fall-out) should be examined by ... Genetics. Only 5% of all breast cancer patients have true hereditary breast cancer. Families with hereditary breast cancer have ...
... radiation; Biomarkers; Long-term-exposure; Flight-personnel; Flying; Men; Carcinogens; Genetics; Cytology; Biological-effects ... Epidemiological studies with longer follow-up of larger cohorts of pilots with a wide range of radiation exposure levels are ... Airline pilots are exposed to cosmic ionising radiation, but few flight crew studies have examined translocations in relation ... Background: Chromosome translocations are an established biomarker of cumulative exposure to external ionising radiation. ...
ISBN 0-19-963796-2. (Genetics). ... The radiation hybrid technique begins as another way to amplify ... Radiation reduced hybrid is procedure in discovering the location of genetic markers relative to one another. The relative ... That is, if two genetic markers are near each other, they are less likely to be separated by the DNA-breaking radiation. The ... and purify DNA, the first step in any sequencing project; radiation is used to break the DNA into pieces and these pieces are ...
Genetics and Genomics * Enhancing meningococcal genomic surveillance in the meningitis belt using high-resolution culture-free ... The epidemiology of lung cancer following radiation exposure. Zablotska LB, Richardson DB, Golden A, Pasqual E, Smith B, Rage E ...
In Journal of Medical Genetics ... Remove department: Cancerepidemiology and radiation Built with ...
Biomedical science in action! Investigating brain stem cells using mouse genetics, microscopes, and radiation.. ... Gene/genetics - Relating to regions of DNA that produce proteins, which have various functions in biology.. Hypopituitarism - A ... I can then measure the amount of radiation produced by the samples, and infer from that what the level of neurohormones in each ... Radiotherapy - A type of treatment for cancer where radiation is used to kill cancer cells.. Radioimmunoassay - A way of ...
... PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov;4(11):e373. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040373 ... As a case study, we used these tests to explore the evolution of feeding adaptations in two radiations of warblers. In one case ... For instance, we might expect evolutionary change in adaptive radiations to be driven by the availability of ecological niches ... high power to reject data generated under non-Brownian niche-filling models for the evolution of traits in adaptive radiations ...
Molecular Genetics of Recombination - Author: Aguilera, Andrés (#editor) - Price: 380,55€ ... Genetics, Evolution and Radiation. Inge-Vechtomov, Sergey G.. 259,15€. Plant Transposable Elements. Grandbastien, Marie-Angèle ... Keywords: Life Sciences, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, general, Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Plant Genetics & Genomics, ... Molecular Genetics of Recombination. 380,55€. Add to cart. Ebook, PDF with Adobe DRM. ISBN: 9783540710219. DRM Restrictions. ...
Dependovirus / genetics * Endocytosis / radiation effects* * Endosomes / radiation effects* * Gene Expression / radiation ... 1 Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway. [email protected] ...
Empowered Genetics. S1:Ep1 26 mins Superfood Recipes Green Monster Radiation Defense Drink. S1:Ep6 17 mins ...
Targeted sequencing has emerged as a strong tool for estimating species trees in the face of rapid radiations, lineage sorting ... our study contributes to the growing consensus that targeted sequencing data are a powerful tool in resolving rapid radiations. ... Targeted sequencing has emerged as a strong tool for estimating species trees in the face of rapid radiations, lineage sorting ... as data can be repurposed for population genetics and phylogenetics with no return to the lab to sequence just one more locus. ...
Three-dimensional Shear Wave Elastography Using Acoustic Radiation Force and A 2-D Row-Column Addressing (RCA) Array. View ... Acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based shear wave elastography (SWE) is a clinically available ultrasound imaging mode that ... Three-dimensional Shear Wave Elastography Using Acoustic Radiation Force and A 2-D Row-Column Addressing (RCA) Array ... Three-dimensional Shear Wave Elastography Using Acoustic Radiation Force and A 2-D Row-Column Addressing (RCA) Array ...
American Journal of Human Genetics, 71(6), 1259-1272.. Sharma, R. (2002). My two years in the life of Alex: Mediated learning ... Hicks, S. P., DAmato, C. J., & Glover, R. A. (1984). Recovery or malformation after fetal radiation and other injuries. In C. ... American Journal of Medical Genetics, 71(2), 150-155.. Irle, E. (1987). Lesion size and recovery of function: Some new ... Genetics. Like the whole brain organization, plasticity is modulated by genetic factors. We deliberately use the word " ...
1st Radiation Hybrid Maps. High-Resolution Radiation Hybrid Map of Wheat Chromosome 1D. Kalavacharla et al., Genetics. 2006 Jun ... The eighth IWGSC business meeting was held in conjunction with the International Wheat Genetics Symposium at the Brisbane ...
Genetics. *Previous exposure to radiation. Each womans risk involves a combination of different factors. If youre concerned, ... A mammogram is an X-ray with low-dose radiation that lets doctors look for abnormalities in the breast tissue. ... Along with surgery, radiation may be used to kill cancer cells that remain in the area. ... While more studies are needed, some research suggests a link between breast cancer and cumulative exposure to radiation over ...
Radiation for brain cancer can cause a variety of side effects. Some are mild and short term. Others are more severe and may ... minimizing exposure to ionizing radiation at work by wearing protective gear. *taking steps to minimize exposure to conditions ...
It has lower radiation than normal X-Rays.. If your doctor thinks youre at risk for osteoporosis, they may recommend a DEXA ... These include age, gender, and genetics. Diet and lifestyle can also contribute to poor bone health, and increase your chance ... 2015). The genetics of osteoporosis. https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/113/1/73/284596. ...
Genetics: Genetic abnormalities could cause MFH.. *Radiation: Radiation therapy is a major risk factor for all soft tissue ... Chemotherapy and radiation may be used after surgery to make sure all the cancer cells are killed. ... The smaller tumors are usually treated with surgery, but if the tumor is larger than two inches, radiation therapy or ... Treatment for sarcomas such as MFH, usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation or chemotherapy to ...
Genetics 173, 419-434 (2006).. OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text. *18.↵. Nosil, P., Harmon, L. J. & Seehausen, O. Ecological ... Marques, D. A., Meier, J. I. & Seehausen, O. A Combinatorial View on Speciation and Adaptive Radiation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, ... Hybridization and a mixture of small and large-effect loci facilitate adaptive radiation. Rishi De-Kayne, Oliver M. Selz, David ... Gillespie, R. G. et al. Comparing Adaptive Radiations Across Space, Time, and Taxa. J. Hered. 111, 1-20 (2020).. ...
... chair of Genetics; David Piwnica-Worms, M.D., Ph.D., chair of Cancer Systems Imaging; Waun Ki Hong, M.D., professor of Thoracic ... and Neck Medical Oncology; Helen Piwnica-Worms, Ph.D., professor of Experimental Radiation Oncology; Ronald DePinho, M.D., ...
Radiation Oncology Stephen Banks, MD Radiation Oncology Kathleen Mott, APNG Cancer Genetics ...
Cell Biology Climate Change Cosmology COVID-19 Disease DOE Ecology Energy European Space Agency Evolution Exoplanet Genetics ... Earths Magnetosphere: Protecting Our Planet From Harmful Space Radiation Science Ancient DNA From Neolithic Tombs in Britain ...
Protective and regenerative strategies for salivary gland function and radiation therapies.. Alexander R. Paciorkowski, M.D. ... Professor, Biomedical Genetics, Neuroscience. Research Interest:. Identification of different stem and precursor cell pools in ... Professor, Biomedical Genetics. Research Interests:. Discovering new treatments for afflictions that lack satisfactory ... Assistant Professor, Biomedical Genetics. Research Interest:. Role of Circadian Rhythm in in gene regulation and cancer cell ...
Gall wasps (Cynipidae) represent the most spectacular radiation of gall-inducing insects. In addition to true gall formers, ...
Fast-forward genetics by radiation hybrids to saturate the locus regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic compatibility in Triticum ... A radiation hybrid (RH) mapping population of 188 individuals was employed to refine the location of the scsae locus on ... Bassi holds a Ph.D. in plant breeding and genetics from North Dakota State University in the United States, and a masters ... A radiation hybrid map of chromosome 1D reveals synteny conservation at a wheat speciation locus ...
The syndrome has been documented for 50 years, but more recent developments in molecular genetics have dramatically increased ... Radiation. Patients are particularly sensitive to ionizing radiation (radiation therapy; XRT), and reports have described ... Genetics. First elucidated in fruit flies, the protein product of the PTCH1 gene is important in determining segment polarity ... 2004 ASHG Award for Excellence in Human Genetics Education. And the band played on... Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Feb. 76(2):216-8. [ ...
2. Ionizing radiation. 3. Pathogens. 4. Genetics. 5. Some unknown causes. Prevention Methods. 1. Avoid tobacco usage. 2. Eat a ...
  • 156 (9.9%) were identified as human genomics/genetics publications. (cdc.gov)
  • All human genomics/genetics articles were coded according to topic and phase of translational research . (cdc.gov)
  • Genetics, genomics and the patenting of DNA : review of potential implications for health in developing countries. (who.int)
  • The smaller tumors are usually treated with surgery, but if the tumor is larger than two inches, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be used. (naturalpedia.com)
  • Treatment for sarcomas such as MFH, usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation or chemotherapy to kill off any remaining cancer cells. (naturalpedia.com)
  • You'd have surgery to remove a tumor, then chemotherapy or radiation to kill cancer cells. (webmd.com)
  • Tumor genetics can also tell doctors which drugs won't work. (webmd.com)
  • This may be due to radiation treatment, chemotherapy, or a brain tumor or its treatment. (kidshealth.org)
  • Radiation reduced hybrid is procedure in discovering the location of genetic markers relative to one another. (wikipedia.org)
  • That is, if two genetic markers are near each other, they are less likely to be separated by the DNA-breaking radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Understanding the genetic basis of speciation and adaptive radiation without geographic isolation, and determining how and when such diversification is possible, is a key aim of evolutionary biology. (biorxiv.org)
  • Genetics to include, inheritance patterns, mutations and clinical application to practice and oncogenetics. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • A few women develop uterine sarcoma 5 to 25 years after they had radiation therapy for another pelvic cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Depending on the results, you may need radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any cancer cells that remain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With cancer that has come back, radiation may be used for palliative treatment . (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have had radiation therapy in your pelvic area or have taken tamoxifen for breast cancer, ask your provider how often you should be checked for possible problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epidemiological studies with longer follow-up of larger cohorts of pilots with a wide range of radiation exposure levels are needed to clarify the relationship between cosmic radiation exposure and cancer risk. (cdc.gov)
  • One other way that these hormonal problems can arise is as a side-effect of radiotherapy, more specifically, radiation used to prevent the spread of cancer to the brain. (catalyst-magazine.org)
  • Chemotherapy and radiation may be used after surgery to make sure all the cancer cells are killed. (naturalpedia.com)
  • Estimation of organ-specific occupational radiation doses for individual technologists using these data (in progress) will be used in comprehensive retrospective and prospective investigations of radiogenic cancer and other serious disease risks. (bmj.com)
  • The Jackson Laboratory has made fundamental contributions to biomedical research, including cancer genetics and establishing the mouse as the premier research animal model. (jax.org)
  • Eight employees and $50,000, 'For research in cancer and the effects of radiation. (jax.org)
  • Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl accident. (unc.edu)
  • Over half of cancer patients undergo radiation therapy (RT). (nature.com)
  • For instance, we might expect evolutionary change in adaptive radiations to be driven by the availability of ecological niches. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike non- ionizing radiation (such as microwaves and ultraviolet radiation), which has insufficient energy to eject molecular electrons, ionizing radiation deposits sufficient energy to remove electrons from atomic orbits and create molecular ion pairs along particle tracks. (cdc.gov)
  • Eumelanin also protects skin from damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight. (medlineplus.gov)
  • others are sparked by environmental exposures such as ultraviolet radiation, tobacco smoke or chemicals. (columbian.com)
  • Eumelanin also absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation. (leakeyfoundation.org)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • But blasting cancers with chemotherapy or radiation kills healthy cells as well, which can lead to a host of nasty side effects. (webmd.com)
  • Chemotherapy and radiation both work by killing fast-growing cells. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some chemotherapy drugs and/or radiation to the brain may interfere with learning. (kidshealth.org)
  • Chemotherapy, radiation to the brain, and even some antibiotics can lead to high-frequency hearing loss (when a person cannot hear high-pitched sounds), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or dizziness. (kidshealth.org)
  • Short dental roots, delayed teeth, or missing teeth are more common in very young children who've had radiation to the brain and/or chemotherapy with a drug called vincristine. (kidshealth.org)
  • Both chemotherapy and radiation can cause fertility problems . (kidshealth.org)
  • The discussion below largely relates to lower radiation doses and dose rates which can cause non-deterministic effects and which are more relatable to radiation exposure from NPL sites. (cdc.gov)
  • I welcome the agreement by the TACC to recommend to the Board the approval of the Agency's proposed TC programme for 2023, and the TC project "Strengthening Radiation Therapy and Medical Imaging in Ukraine", which is to be implemented under our Rays of Hope Initiative. (iaea.org)
  • We also have an excellent understanding of mouse biology, including their genetics, which means experiments can be performed under well-defined conditions (meaning it is easier to make a link between causes and effects in experiments). (catalyst-magazine.org)
  • this process, called "ionization," is the source of the term "ionizing radiation" (see Chapter 2). (cdc.gov)
  • We applied two tests for the assumption of Brownian motion that generally have high power to reject data generated under non-Brownian niche-filling models for the evolution of traits in adaptive radiations. (nih.gov)
  • Adaptive radiations represent some of the most remarkable explosions of diversification across the tree of life. (biorxiv.org)
  • These results highlight the role of both genome architecture and secondary contact with hybridization in fuelling adaptive radiation. (biorxiv.org)
  • Despite the supposed prevalence of ecological speciation in adaptive radiation, the factors that constrain or facilitate speciation and the mechanisms by which speciation proceeds during the adaptive radiation of lineages are still not well understood 3 , 4 . (biorxiv.org)
  • z-VAD-fmk was injected intracerebroventricularly as a bolus injection (0.2 µg/h for 1 h) into rats prior to exposure to radiation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To whom correspondence should be addressed: St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London (KCL), University of London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. (bioone.org)
  • A mammogram is an X-ray with low-dose radiation that lets doctors look for abnormalities in the breast tissue. (everydayhealth.com)
  • A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Department of Genetics faculty, postdocs, students and collaborators published thirteen papers during April 18 - May 1, 2021. (unc.edu)
  • Direct macromolecule damage by radiation involves partial or complete energy transfer to one or more electrons on the molecule. (cdc.gov)
  • A very large radiation dose received in a short enough period of time to preclude significant repair can cause cellular walls to collapse and disrupt organ systems, producing deterministic effects such as acute radiation syndrome, cataracts, and teratogenesis (mental retardation, IQ reduction, microencephaly, stunted growth). (cdc.gov)
  • Irradiation was conducted at room temperature at a dose of radiation of 4 Gy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Later, more sophisticated techniques such as gamma and neutron radiation were developed at newly established nuclear research centers. (hindawi.com)
  • Airborne contamination at these areas consists of both gamma radiation and Rn-222. (cdc.gov)
  • At the SLAPS, the gamma exposure rate has been measured at 9 to 261 x 10 -6 roentgens per hour (R/hr, a roentgen is a unit of radiation exposure), with an average of 84 x 10 -6 R/hr taken along the northern boundary ( Bechtel, 1987c ). (cdc.gov)
  • In 1988, gamma radiation measurements showed a radiation exposure rate ranging from 17 to 2,229 x 10 -3 R/yr above a bkg average of 73x10 -3 R/yr ( Bechtel, 1989a ). (cdc.gov)
  • Gamma radiation readings at the site during 1988 ranged from 13 to 55 x 10 -6 R/hr with an average exposure rate of 24 x 10 -6 R/hr with the bkg in the St. Louis area of 8 x 10 -6 R/hr. (cdc.gov)
  • Blurred or double vision, glaucoma, or cataracts are more likely in kids who were treated for tumors near the eye or received radiation to the brain. (kidshealth.org)
  • Antony R. Young and Susan L. Walker "UV Radiation, Vitamin D and Human Health: An Unfolding Controversy Introduction," Photochemistry and Photobiology 81(6), 1243-1245, (1 November 2005). (bioone.org)
  • These effects can be caused by acute exposure to sources of high intensity radiation, such as can be found in hospitals, government, and industry. (cdc.gov)
  • Because eumelanin normally protects skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation, a lack of this pigment leaves skin more vulnerable to damage from sun exposure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Healthy male Sprague‑Dawley rats were used in the present study to examine the radioprotective effect of a type of pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, following radiation, to investigate the effects of caspase blockade in a model of the nucleus of the abducens nerve. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Kids who had chest radiation and/or chemo with a class of drugs called anthracycline are at higher risk for heart problems up to 20 years or longer after treatment. (kidshealth.org)
  • Because pheomelanin does not protect skin from UV radiation, people with more pheomelanin have an increased risk of skin damage caused by sun exposure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Skin damage caused by UV radiation from the sun is a major risk factor for developing melanoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies suggest that other variations in the MC1R gene may also increase the risk of developing melanoma in the absence of UV radiation-related skin damage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies on the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell apoptosis following radiation have enriched the number of protective therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced neuronal cell death ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study performed immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and western blot analysis and identified no significant changes in the expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) following radiation (P>0.05). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • As a result, the present study aimed to investigate changes in the expression of X-linked IAP (XIAP) induced by radiation injury, the activity and expression of caspase members following radiation and the effect of caspase blockade. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The syndrome has been documented for 50 years, but more recent developments in molecular genetics have dramatically increased understanding of its pathophysiology and opened up molecular avenues for treatment in the future. (medscape.com)
  • The severity of the problem depends on how much chemo and/or chest radiation they got and the child's age during treatment. (kidshealth.org)
  • For example, doctors may shield the ovaries and testicles during radiation treatment. (kidshealth.org)
  • Family genetics , weight, and cholesterol level also play a role in in getting heart problems. (kidshealth.org)
  • Targeted sequencing has emerged as a strong tool for estimating species trees in the face of rapid radiations, lineage sorting, and introgression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, our study contributes to the growing consensus that targeted sequencing data are a powerful tool in resolving rapid radiations. (frontiersin.org)
  • The research group Genetics of Sex Differences is interested in sexual selection and sexual conflict, the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and sex chromosome evolution. (lu.se)