Radiation Dosage
Samarium
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Radiation, Ionizing
Radiation Injuries
Radiation Tolerance
Radiation
Radiation Protection
Radiation Monitoring
Radiation Oncology
Gene Dosage
Dosage Compensation, Genetic
Cosmic Radiation
Radiation Injuries, Experimental
Radiation Pneumonitis
Gamma Rays
Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced
Background Radiation
Dosage Forms
Radiometry
Ultraviolet Rays
Radiation Effects
Combined Modality Therapy
Radiation-Sensitizing Agents
Radiation-Protective Agents
Acute Radiation Syndrome
Cobalt Radioisotopes
Synthesis and evaluation of [18F]1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid to image brain tumors. (1/3048)
We have developed a new tumor-avid amino acid, 1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (FACBC), labeled with 18F for nuclear medicine imaging. METHODS: [18F]FACBC was prepared with high specific activity (no carrier added [NCA]) and was evaluated for its potential in tumor localization. A comparative study was performed for [18F]FACBC and [18F]2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in which the uptake of each agent in 9L gliosarcoma (implanted intracerebrally in Fisher 344 rats) was measured. In addition, the first human PET study of [18F]FACBC was performed on a patient with residual glioblastoma multiforme. Quantitative brain images of the patient were obtained by using a Siemens 921 47-slice PET imaging system. RESULTS: In the rat brain, the initial level of radioactivity accumulation after injection of [18F]FACBC was low (0.11 percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]) at 5 min and increased slightly to 0.26 %ID/g at 60 min. The tumor uptake exhibited a maximum at 60 min (1.72 %ID/g), resulting in a tumor-to-brain ratio increase of 5.58 at 5 min to 6.61 at 60 min. In the patient, the uptake of [18F]FACBC in the tumor exhibited a maximum concentration of 146 nCi/mL at 35 min after injection. The uptake of radioactivity in the normal brain tissue was low, 21 nCi/mL at 15 min after injection, and gradually increased to 29 nCi/mL at 60 min after injection. The ratio of tumor to normal tissue was 6 at 20 min after injection. The [18F]FACBC PET scan showed intense uptake in the left frontal region of the brain. CONCLUSION: The amino acid FACBC can be radiofluorinated for clinical use. [18F]FACBC is a potential PET tracer for tumor imaging. (+info)MIRD pamphlet no. 16: Techniques for quantitative radiopharmaceutical biodistribution data acquisition and analysis for use in human radiation dose estimates. (2/3048)
This report describes recommended techniques for radiopharmaceutical biodistribution data acquisition and analysis in human subjects to estimate radiation absorbed dose using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema. The document has been prepared in a format to address two audiences: individuals with a primary interest in designing clinical trials who are not experts in dosimetry and individuals with extensive experience with dosimetry-based protocols and calculational methodology. For the first group, the general concepts involved in biodistribution data acquisition are presented, with guidance provided for the number of measurements (data points) required. For those with expertise in dosimetry, highlighted sections, examples and appendices have been included to provide calculational details, as well as references, for the techniques involved. This document is intended also to serve as a guide for the investigator in choosing the appropriate methodologies when acquiring and preparing product data for review by national regulatory agencies. The emphasis is on planar imaging techniques commonly available in most nuclear medicine departments and laboratories. The measurement of the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals is an important aspect in calculating absorbed dose from internally deposited radionuclides. Three phases are presented: data collection, data analysis and data processing. In the first phase, data collection, the identification of source regions, the determination of their appropriate temporal sampling and the acquisition of data are discussed. In the second phase, quantitative measurement techniques involving imaging by planar scintillation camera, SPECT and PET for the calculation of activity in source regions as a function of time are discussed. In addition, nonimaging measurement techniques, including external radiation monitoring, tissue-sample counting (blood and biopsy) and excreta counting are also considered. The third phase, data processing, involves curve-fitting techniques to integrate the source time-activity curves (determining the area under these curves). For some applications, compartmental modeling procedures may be used. Last, appendices are included that provide a table of symbols and definitions, a checklist for study protocol design, example formats for quantitative imaging protocols, temporal sampling error analysis techniques and selected calculational examples. The utilization of the presented approach should aid in the standardization of protocol design for collecting kinetic data and in the calculation of absorbed dose estimates. (+info)The effect of the antiscatter grid on full-field digital mammography phantom images. (3/3048)
Computer Analysis of Mammography Phantom Images (CAMPI) is a method for making quantitative measurements of image quality. This article reports on a recent application of this method to a prototype full-field digital mammography (FFDM) machine. Images of a modified ACR phantom were acquired on the General Electric Diagnostic Molybdenum Rhodium (GE-DMR) FFDM machine at a number of x-ray techniques, both with and without the scatter reduction grid. The techniques were chosen so that one had sets of grid and non-grid images with matched doses (200 mrads) and matched gray-scale values (1500). A third set was acquired at constant 26 kVp and varying mAs for both grid conditions. Analyses of the images yielded signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), contrast and noise corresponding to each target object, and a non-uniformity measure. The results showed that under conditions of equal gray-scale value the grid images were markedly superior, albeit at higher doses than the non-grid images. Under constant dose conditions, the non-grid images were slightly superior in SNR (7%) but markedly less uniform (60%). Overall, the grid images had substantially greater contrast and superior image uniformity. These conclusions applied to the whole kVp range studied for the Mo-Mo target filter combination and 4 cm of breast equivalent material of average composition. These results suggest that use of the non-grid technique in digital mammography with the GE-DMR-FFDM unit, is presently not warranted. With improved uniformity correction procedure, this conclusion would change and one should be able to realize a 14% reduction in patient dose at the same SNR by using a non-grid technique. (+info)Computed radiography dual energy subtraction: performance evaluation when detecting low-contrast lung nodules in an anthropomorphic phantom. (4/3048)
A dedicated chest computed radiography (CR) system has an option of energy subtraction (ES) acquisition. Two imaging plates, rather than one, are separated by a copper filter to give a high-energy and low-energy image. This study compares the diagnostic accuracy of conventional computed radiography to that of ES obtained with two radiographic techniques. One soft tissue only image was obtained at the conventional CR technique (s = 254) and the second was obtained at twice the radiation exposure (s = 131) to reduce noise. An anthropomorphic phantom with superimposed low-contrast lung nodules was imaged 53 times for each radiographic technique. Fifteen images had no nodules; 38 images had a total of 90 nodules placed on the phantom. Three chest radiologists read the three sets of images in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study. Significant differences in Az were only found between (1) the higher exposure energy subtracted images and the conventional dose energy subtracted images (P = .095, 90% confidence), and (2) the conventional CR and the energy subtracted image obtained at the same technique (P = .024, 98% confidence). As a result of this study, energy subtracted images cannot be substituted for conventional CR images when detecting low-contrast nodules, even when twice the exposure is used to obtain them. (+info)3D angiography. Clinical interest. First applications in interventional neuroradiology. (5/3048)
3D angiography is a true technical revolution that allows improvement in the quality and safety of diagnostic and endovascular treatment procedures. 3D angiography images are obtained by reconstruction of a rotational angiography acquisition done on a C-arm (GE Medical Systems) spinning at 40 degrees per second. The carotid or vertebral selective injection of a total of 15 ml of non-ionic contrast media at 3 ml/sec over 5 seconds allows the selection of the "arterial phase". Four hundred sixty 3D angiographic studies were performed from December 1996 to September 1998 on 260 patients and have been analyzed in MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) and SSD (Shaded Surface Display) views. The exploration of intracranial aneurysms is simplified and only requires, for each vascular axis, a biplane PA and Lateral run followed by a single rotational angiography run. The 3D angiography image is available on the workstation's screen (Advantage Workstation 3.1, GE Medical Systems) in less than 10 minutes after the acquisition of the rotational run. It therefore allows one to analyze, during the intervention, the aneurysm's angioarchitecture, in particular the neck, and select the best therapeutic technique. When endovascular treatment is the best indication, 3D angiography allows one to define the optimal angle of view and accurately select the microcoils dimensions. 3D angiography replaces the multiple oblique views that used to be required to analyze the complex aneurysms and therefore allows a reduction of the total contrast medium quantity, the patient X-ray dose and the length of the intervention time which is a safety factor. Also, in particular for complex cases, it brings additional elements complementing the results of standard 2D DSA and rotational angiograms. In the cervical vascular pathology, 3D angiography allows for a better assessment of the stenosis level and of dissection lesions. Our current research activities focus on the matching without stereotactic frame between 3D X-ray angiography and volumetric MR acquisition, which should allow us to improve the treatment of intracerebral arterio-venous malformations (AVMs). (+info)Biodistribution, radiation dosimetry and pharmacokinetics of 111In-antimyosin in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. (6/3048)
In view of the established role of 111In-antimyosin in the detection of heart muscle pathology, radiation dose estimates were made for this substance. Biodistribution and biokinetic data were obtained from our studies, which failed to show abnormal uptake of 111In-antimyosin in localized sites of skeletal muscle involvement in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. METHODS: After intravenous administration of 74 MBq (2 mCi) 111In-antimyosin, gamma camera scintigraphy was performed in 12 adult patients with inflammatory muscle disease and in 2 control patients. Six whole-body scans were performed over 72 h, and uptake of 111In-antimyosin in organs was quantified using an attenuation-corrected conjugate counting method. Residence times in source organs were used with MIRDOSE software to obtain radiation dose estimates. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from serial whole-blood and plasma 111In concentrations. RESULTS: The tracer cleared slowly from the circulation, and highest organ uptakes were found in the marrow and liver; kidneys showed the highest concentrations. Uptake was also evident in spleen, the facial image and male genitalia. CONCLUSION: For a typical administered activity of 74 MBq 111In-antimyosin, the kidneys receive the highest dose (58 mSv), and the effective dose is 11 mSv. Radioactivity was cleared from plasma at an average rate of 136 mL/h, and the mean steady-state distribution was approximately 5 L plasma. (+info)MIRD Pamphlet No. 15: Radionuclide S values in a revised dosimetric model of the adult head and brain. Medical Internal Radiation Dose. (7/3048)
Current dosimetric models of the brain and head lack the anatomic detail needed to provide the physical data necessary for suborgan brain dosimetry. During the last decade, several new radiopharmaceuticals have been introduced for brain imaging. The marked differences of these tracers in tissue specificity within the brain and their increasing use for diagnostic studies support the need for a more anthropomorphic model of the human brain and head for use in estimating regional absorbed dose within the brain and its adjacent structures. METHODS: A new brain model has been developed that includes eight subregions: the caudate nuclei, the cerebellum, the cerebral cortex, the lateral ventricles, the lentiform nuclei, the thalami, the third ventricle and the white matter. This brain model is incorporated within a total revision of the head model presented in MIRD Pamphlet No. 5 Revised. Modifications include the addition of the eyes, the teeth, the mandible, an upper facial region, a neck region and the cerebrospinal fluid within both the cranial and spinal regions. RESULTS: Absorbed fractions of energy for photon and electron sources located in 14 source regions within the new model were calculated using the EGS4 Monte Carlo radiation transport code for particles in the energy range 10 keV-4 MeV. These absorbed fractions were then used along with radionuclide decay data to generate S values for 24 radionuclides that are used in clinical or investigational studies of the brain, 12 radionuclides that localize within the cranium and spinal skeleton and 12 radionuclides that selectively localize in the thyroid gland. CONCLUSION: A substantial revision to the dosimetric model of the adult head and brain originally published in MIRD Pamphlet No. 5 Revised is presented. This revision supports suborgan brain dosimetry for a variety of radiopharmaceuticals used in neuroimaging. Dose calculations for the neuroimaging agent 1231-tropane provide an example of the new model and yield mean brain doses that are consistent with published values. However, the absorbed dose to subregions within the brain such as the caudate and lentiform nuclei may exceed the average brain dose by a factor of up to 5. (+info)Dose-related effects of single focal irradiation in the medial temporal lobe structures in rats--magnetic resonance imaging and histological study. (8/3048)
The dose-related effects of single focal irradiation on the medial temporal lobe in rats were investigated by sequential magnetic resonance imaging and histological examination. Irradiation of 200 Gy as a maximum dose using 4 mm collimators with a gamma unit created an area of necrosis consistently at the target site within 2 weeks after irradiation. Irradiation of 100 Gy caused necrosis within 10 weeks, and 75 Gy caused necrosis within one year. Irradiation of less than 50 Gy did not induce necrosis consistently, although a restricted area of necrosis was created in the medial temporal structures including the intraparenchymal portion of the optic tract. 75 Gy may be the optimum dose for creating necrosis consistently in the medial temporal lobe structures. However, careful dose planning considering both dose-time and dose-volume relationships in necrosis development is necessary to avoid injury to vulnerable neural structures such as the optic tract when applying radiosurgical techniques to treat functional brain disorders in medial temporal lobe structures such as temporal lobe epilepsy. (+info)Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.
Samarium is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Sm and atomic number 62. It is a silvery-white metallic element that belongs to the lanthanide series in the periodic table.
However, samarium-153 (Sm-153) is a radioactive isotope of samarium that has medical applications. It is used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of painful bone metastases, particularly in patients with prostate or breast cancer. Sm-153 is combined with a chelating agent to form a complex that can be injected into the patient's bloodstream. The chelating agent helps to ensure that the samarium is distributed throughout the body and is not taken up by healthy tissues. Once inside the body, Sm-153 emits beta particles, which can destroy cancer cells in the bones and relieve pain.
Therefore, while samarium is not a medical term itself, it does have medical applications as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of bone metastases.
A dose-response relationship in radiation refers to the correlation between the amount of radiation exposure (dose) and the biological response or adverse health effects observed in exposed individuals. As the level of radiation dose increases, the severity and frequency of the adverse health effects also tend to increase. This relationship is crucial in understanding the risks associated with various levels of radiation exposure and helps inform radiation protection standards and guidelines.
The effects of ionizing radiation can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which no effect is observed, and above this threshold, the severity of the effect increases with higher doses. Examples include radiation-induced cataracts or radiation dermatitis. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a clear threshold and are based on probability; as the dose increases, so does the likelihood of the adverse health effect occurring, such as an increased risk of cancer.
Understanding the dose-response relationship in radiation exposure is essential for setting limits on occupational and public exposure to ionizing radiation, optimizing radiation protection practices, and developing effective medical countermeasures in case of radiation emergencies.
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that carries enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules, which means it can knock electrons out of their orbits and create ions. These charged particles can cause damage to living tissue and DNA, making ionizing radiation dangerous to human health. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of subatomic particles such as alpha and beta particles. The amount and duration of exposure to ionizing radiation are important factors in determining the potential health effects, which can range from mild skin irritation to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.
Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.
Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.
Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.
Radiation tolerance, in the context of medicine and particularly radiation oncology, refers to the ability of tissues or organs to withstand and recover from exposure to ionizing radiation without experiencing significant damage or loss of function. It is often used to describe the maximum dose of radiation that can be safely delivered to a specific area of the body during radiotherapy treatments.
Radiation tolerance varies depending on the type and location of the tissue or organ. For example, some tissues such as the brain, spinal cord, and lungs have lower radiation tolerance than others like the skin or bone. Factors that can affect radiation tolerance include the total dose of radiation, the fractionation schedule (the number and size of radiation doses), the volume of tissue treated, and the individual patient's overall health and genetic factors.
Assessing radiation tolerance is critical in designing safe and effective radiotherapy plans for cancer patients, as excessive radiation exposure can lead to serious side effects such as radiation-induced injury, fibrosis, or even secondary malignancies.
Medical Definition:
Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization, which can occur naturally (e.g., sunlight) or be produced artificially (e.g., x-rays, radioisotopes). In medicine, radiation is used diagnostically and therapeutically in various forms, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat diseases like cancer. However, excessive exposure to radiation can pose health risks, including radiation sickness and increased risk of cancer.
Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is a field of study and practice that aims to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It involves various measures and techniques used to minimize or eliminate exposure to ionizing radiation, such as:
1. Time: Reducing the amount of time spent near a radiation source.
2. Distance: Increasing the distance between oneself and a radiation source.
3. Shielding: Using materials that can absorb or block radiation to reduce exposure.
4. Containment: Preventing the release of radiation into the environment.
5. Training and education: Providing information and training to individuals who work with radiation sources.
6. Dosimetry and monitoring: Measuring and monitoring radiation doses received by individuals and populations.
7. Emergency planning and response: Developing plans and procedures for responding to radiation emergencies or accidents.
Radiation protection is an important consideration in various fields, including medicine, nuclear energy, research, and manufacturing, where ionizing radiation sources are used or produced.
Radiation monitoring is the systematic and continuous measurement, assessment, and tracking of ionizing radiation levels in the environment or within the body to ensure safety and to take appropriate actions when limits are exceeded. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to detect and quantify different types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, and x-rays. The data collected from radiation monitoring is used to evaluate radiation exposure, contamination levels, and potential health risks for individuals or communities. This process is crucial in various fields, including nuclear energy production, medical imaging and treatment, radiation therapy, and environmental protection.
Radiation oncology is a branch of medicine that uses ionizing radiation in the treatment and management of cancer. The goal of radiation therapy, which is the primary treatment modality in radiation oncology, is to destroy cancer cells or inhibit their growth while minimizing damage to normal tissues. This is achieved through the use of high-energy radiation beams, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, that are directed at the tumor site with precision. Radiation oncologists work in interdisciplinary teams with other healthcare professionals, including medical physicists, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists, to plan and deliver effective radiation treatments for cancer patients.
Gene dosage, in genetic terms, refers to the number of copies of a particular gene present in an organism's genome. Each gene usually has two copies (alleles) in diploid organisms, one inherited from each parent. An increase or decrease in the number of copies of a specific gene can lead to changes in the amount of protein it encodes, which can subsequently affect various biological processes and phenotypic traits.
For example, gene dosage imbalances have been associated with several genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), where an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the typical two copies, leading to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities. Similarly, in certain cases of cancer, gene amplification (an increase in the number of copies of a particular gene) can result in overexpression of oncogenes, contributing to tumor growth and progression.
Genetic dosage compensation is a process that evens out the effects of genes on an organism's phenotype (observable traits), even when there are differences in the number of copies of those genes present. This is especially important in cases where sex chromosomes are involved, as males and females often have different numbers of sex chromosomes.
In many species, including humans, females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. To compensate for the difference in dosage, one of the female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development, resulting in each cell having only one active X chromosome, regardless of sex. This process ensures that both males and females have similar levels of gene expression from their X chromosomes and helps to prevent an imbalance in gene dosage between the sexes.
Defects in dosage compensation can lead to various genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome (where a female has only one X chromosome) or Klinefelter syndrome (where a male has two or more X chromosomes). These conditions can result in developmental abnormalities and health issues due to the imbalance in gene dosage.
Cosmic radiation refers to high-energy radiation that originates from space. It is primarily made up of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, and consists of several components including galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, and trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field (the Van Allen belts).
Galactic cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outside our solar system. They consist mainly of protons, with smaller amounts of helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier ions. These particles travel at close to the speed of light and can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, creating a cascade of secondary particles called "cosmic rays" that can be measured at the Earth's surface.
Solar energetic particles are high-energy charged particles, mainly protons and alpha particles, that are released during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun. These events can accelerate particles to extremely high energies, which can pose a radiation hazard for astronauts in space and for electronic systems in satellites.
Trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field is composed of charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field and form two doughnut-shaped regions around the Earth called the Van Allen belts. The inner belt primarily contains high-energy electrons, while the outer belt contains both protons and electrons. These particles can pose a radiation hazard for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) and for astronauts during spacewalks or missions beyond LEO.
Cosmic radiation is an important consideration for human space exploration, as it can cause damage to living tissue and electronic systems. Therefore, understanding the sources, properties, and effects of cosmic radiation is crucial for ensuring the safety and success of future space missions.
'Radiation injuries, experimental' is not a widely recognized medical term. However, in the field of radiation biology and medicine, it may refer to the study and understanding of radiation-induced damage using various experimental models (e.g., cell cultures, animal models) before applying this knowledge to human health situations. These experiments aim to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms' biological processes, tissue responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. The findings from these studies contribute to the development of medical countermeasures, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies for accidental or intentional radiation exposures in humans.
Radiation pneumonitis is a inflammatory reaction in the lung tissue that occurs as a complication of thoracic radiation therapy. It usually develops 1-3 months following the completion of radiation treatment. The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort. In severe cases, it can lead to fibrosis (scarring) of the lung tissue, which can cause permanent lung damage. Radiation pneumonitis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies such as chest X-ray or CT scan, and sometimes through bronchoscopy with lavage. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and supportive care to manage symptoms.
Gamma rays are a type of ionizing radiation that is released from the nucleus of an atom during radioactive decay. They are high-energy photons, with wavelengths shorter than 0.01 nanometers and frequencies greater than 3 x 10^19 Hz. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, similar to X-rays, but with higher energy levels and the ability to penetrate matter more deeply. They can cause damage to living tissue and are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment.
Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.
Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.
Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.
Background radiation refers to the ionizing radiation that is present in the natural environment and originates from various sources, both natural and human-made. The term "background" indicates that this radiation exists as a constant presence that is always present, even if at low levels.
The primary sources of natural background radiation include:
1. Cosmic radiation: High-energy particles from space, such as protons and alpha particles, continuously bombard the Earth's atmosphere. When these particles collide with atoms in the atmosphere, they produce secondary particles called muons and neutrinos, which can penetrate through buildings and living tissues, contributing to background radiation exposure.
2. Terrestrial radiation: Radioactive elements present in the Earth's crust, such as uranium, thorium, and potassium-40, emit alpha and gamma radiation. These radioactive elements are found in rocks, soil, and building materials, leading to varying levels of background radiation depending on location.
3. Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the decay of radium, which is present in trace amounts in rocks and soil. Radon can accumulate in buildings, particularly in basements and crawl spaces, leading to increased exposure for occupants.
Human-made sources of background radiation include medical diagnostic procedures (e.g., X-rays and CT scans), consumer products (e.g., smoke detectors containing americium-241), and residual nuclear fallout from past nuclear weapons testing or accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster.
It is important to note that background radiation levels vary significantly depending on location, altitude, geology, and other factors. While it is not possible to avoid background radiation entirely, understanding its sources and taking appropriate precautions when exposed to higher levels (e.g., limiting time in high radon areas) can help minimize potential health risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure.
Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent the growth and spread of cancer. The radiation can be delivered externally using machines or internally via radioactive substances placed in or near the tumor. Radiotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Normal cells are also affected by radiation, but they have a greater ability to repair themselves compared to cancer cells. The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.
A dosage form refers to the physical or pharmaceutical preparation of a drug that determines how it is administered and taken by the patient. The dosage form influences the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body, which ultimately affects the drug's therapeutic effectiveness and safety profile.
There are various types of dosage forms available, including:
1. Solid dosage forms: These include tablets, capsules, caplets, and powders that are intended to be swallowed or chewed. They may contain a single active ingredient or multiple ingredients in a fixed-dose combination.
2. Liquid dosage forms: These include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and syrups that are intended to be taken orally or administered parenterally (e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously).
3. Semi-solid dosage forms: These include creams, ointments, gels, pastes, and suppositories that are intended to be applied topically or administered rectally.
4. Inhalation dosage forms: These include metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), and nebulizers that are used to deliver drugs directly to the lungs.
5. Transdermal dosage forms: These include patches, films, and sprays that are applied to the skin to deliver drugs through the skin into the systemic circulation.
6. Implantable dosage forms: These include surgically implanted devices or pellets that release drugs slowly over an extended period.
The choice of dosage form depends on various factors, such as the drug's physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic indication, patient population, and route of administration. The goal is to optimize the drug's efficacy and safety while ensuring patient compliance and convenience.
Radiotherapy dosage refers to the total amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by tissues or organs, typically measured in units of Gray (Gy), during a course of radiotherapy treatment. It is the product of the dose rate (the amount of radiation delivered per unit time) and the duration of treatment. The prescribed dosage for cancer treatments can range from a few Gray to more than 70 Gy, depending on the type and location of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and other factors. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a sufficient dosage to destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
Radiometry is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. It quantifies the amount and characteristics of radiant energy in terms of power or intensity, wavelength, direction, and polarization. In medical physics, radiometry is often used to measure therapeutic and diagnostic radiation beams used in various imaging techniques and cancer treatments such as X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet or infrared light. Radiometric measurements are essential for ensuring the safe and effective use of these medical technologies.
According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).
UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.
Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.
Radiation effects refer to the damages that occur in living tissues when exposed to ionizing radiation. These effects can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which the effect does not occur, and above which the severity of the effect increases with the dose. Examples include radiation-induced erythema, epilation, and organ damage. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a threshold dose, and the probability of the effect occurring increases with the dose. Examples include genetic mutations and cancer induction. The severity of the effect is not related to the dose in this case.
Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).
The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.
For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.
It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.
Radiation-sensitizing agents are drugs that make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. These agents work by increasing the ability of radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, which can lead to more effective tumor cell death. This means that lower doses of radiation may be required to achieve the same therapeutic effect, reducing the potential for damage to normal tissues surrounding the tumor.
Radiation-sensitizing agents are often used in conjunction with radiation therapy to improve treatment outcomes for patients with various types of cancer. They can be given either systemically (through the bloodstream) or locally (directly to the tumor site). The choice of agent and the timing of administration depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and the specific radiation therapy protocol being used.
It is important to note that while radiation-sensitizing agents can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy, they may also increase the risk of side effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and management of potential toxicities are essential during treatment.
Radiation-protective agents, also known as radioprotectors, are substances that help in providing protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They can be used to prevent or reduce damage to biological tissues, including DNA, caused by exposure to radiation. These agents work through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular responses to radiation-induced damage, and enhancing DNA repair processes.
Radiation-protective agents can be categorized into two main groups:
1. Radiosensitizers: These are substances that make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy, increasing their susceptibility to damage and potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, radiosensitizers do not provide protection to normal tissues against radiation exposure.
2. Radioprotectors: These agents protect both normal and cancerous cells from radiation-induced damage. They can be further divided into two categories: direct and indirect radioprotectors. Direct radioprotectors interact directly with radiation, absorbing or scattering it away from sensitive tissues. Indirect radioprotectors work by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species generated during radiation exposure, which would otherwise cause damage to cellular structures and DNA.
Examples of radiation-protective agents include antioxidants like vitamins C and E, chemical compounds such as amifostine and cysteamine, and various natural substances found in plants and foods. It is important to note that while some radiation-protective agents have shown promise in preclinical studies, their efficacy and safety in humans require further investigation before they can be widely used in clinical settings.
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is a set of symptoms that occur within 24 hours after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. The severity of the syndrome depends on the dose of radiation received and the duration of exposure. It can be caused by accidental exposure or intentional use in nuclear warfare or terrorist activities.
ARS is typically divided into three categories based on the symptoms and affected organs: hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular.
1. Hematopoietic ARS: This type of ARS affects the bone marrow and results in a decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, fever, infection, and bleeding.
2. Gastrointestinal ARS: This type of ARS affects the gastrointestinal tract and results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
3. Neurovascular ARS: This is the most severe form of ARS and affects the central nervous system. Symptoms include confusion, disorientation, seizures, coma, and death.
Treatment for ARS includes supportive care such as fluid replacement, blood transfusions, antibiotics, and medications to manage symptoms. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary. Prevention measures include limiting exposure to ionizing radiation and using appropriate protective equipment when working with radioactive materials.
Cobalt radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element cobalt, which are used in various medical applications. The most commonly used cobalt radioisotope is Cobalt-60 (Co-60), which has a half-life of 5.27 years.
Co-60 emits gamma rays and beta particles, making it useful for radiation therapy to treat cancer, as well as for sterilizing medical equipment and food irradiation. In radiation therapy, Co-60 is used in teletherapy machines to deliver a focused beam of radiation to tumors, helping to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
It's important to note that handling and disposal of cobalt radioisotopes require strict safety measures due to their radioactive nature, as they can pose risks to human health and the environment if not managed properly.
A "Radioactive Hazard Release" is defined in medical and environmental health terms as an uncontrolled or accidental release of radioactive material into the environment, which can pose significant risks to human health and the ecosystem. This can occur due to various reasons such as nuclear accidents, improper handling or disposal of radioactive sources, or failure of radiation-generating equipment.
The released radioactive materials can contaminate air, water, and soil, leading to both external and internal exposure pathways. External exposure occurs through direct contact with the skin or by inhaling radioactive particles, while internal exposure happens when radioactive substances are ingested or inhaled and become deposited within the body.
The health effects of radioactive hazard release depend on several factors, including the type and amount of radiation released, the duration and intensity of exposure, and the sensitivity of the exposed individuals. Potential health impacts range from mild radiation sickness to severe diseases such as cancer and genetic mutations, depending on the level and length of exposure.
Prompt identification, assessment, and management of radioactive hazard releases are crucial to minimize potential health risks and protect public health.
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Radiotherapy3
- Drs. Anna Kirby and Frederick Bartlett created an easy and inexpensive technique for shielding breast cancer patients' hearts from radiation during radiotherapy. (jove.com)
- Radiation-induced angiosarcomas occur in the absence of chronic lymphedema after radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix , ovary , endometrium , or breast and Hodgkin lymphoma . (medscape.com)
- In 1917, the first case was reported of the development of radiation enteritis following the use of radiotherapy to treat malignancy. (medscape.com)
Chemotherapy10
- Methoxsalen with UV radiation should be used only by physicians who have special competence in the diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo and who have special training and experience in photo chemotherapy . (rxlist.com)
- Intensified chemotherapy using HDC and IT-MTX might allow for a reduced prophylactic radiation dose in patients with MB with metastases. (nih.gov)
- Sometimes, radiation takes place before surgery or chemotherapy is given to make the tumor small enough to remove, and other times, radiation takes place without the need for surgery. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Unlike chemotherapy , radiation does not cause cell damage throughout the body. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- If the cancer does not respond to surgery or radiation, and has spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be used. (medlineplus.gov)
- The first oral dose of ondansetron is usually taken 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy, 1 to 2 hours before the start of radiation therapy, or 1 hour before surgery. (rxwiki.com)
- They also found that it could be safe and effective even when conventional radiation therapy is difficult to provide with chemotherapy. (healthline.com)
- Chemotherapy (or "chemo") and radiation therapy are the two most common types of cancer treatment. (kidshealth.org)
- Tiredness (fatigue) is the most common side effect of both chemotherapy and radiation. (kidshealth.org)
- Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery can cause pain. (mdanderson.org)
Irradiation1
- The lesion arises in the area of previous radiation, with an interval between irradiation and the development of the new tumor of approximately 10 years. (medscape.com)
Therapy35
- Psoralen and ultraviolet radiation therapy should be under constant supervision of such a physician. (rxlist.com)
- Photochemotherapy (methoxsalen with long wave UVA radiation) is indicated for the symptomatic control of severe, recalcitrant, disabling psoriasis not adequately responsive to other forms of therapy and when the diagnosis has been supported by biopsy. (rxlist.com)
- We aimed to assess whether stereotactic radiosurgery provided any therapeutic benefit in a randomised multi-institutional trial directed by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). (nih.gov)
- Patients with one to three newly diagnosed brain metastases were randomly allocated either whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) or WBRT followed by stereotactic radiosurgery boost. (nih.gov)
- The complications seen in patients treated with combined therapy have been essentially the same as those patients who undergo radical surgery without pre‐operative radiation. (mssm.edu)
- The important controversy which exists in the‐ combined method of therapy concerns the question of using low dosage pre‐operative radiation in the order of 1,000 to 3,000 rads or high dosages of radiation. (mssm.edu)
- Radiation therapy is the use of high energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation therapy is used to target tumors in specific locations. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation therapy works by destroying or damaging rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Is Radiation Therapy Safe? (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- In that time, many advances have been made to ensure that radiation therapy is safe and effective. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Before your child begins receiving radiation therapy, your radiation oncology team will carefully tailor their plan to make sure he or she receives safe and accurate treatment. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation therapy will not make your child radioactive after treatment. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways, externally and internally. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- During external beam radiation therapy, radiation beams come out of a machine called a linear accelerator. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation oncologists are the doctors who will oversee your child's radiation therapy treatments. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- In addition to working with all the members of the radiation therapy team, your child's radiation oncologist works very closely with the other doctors taking care of your child. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- You may work with a number of other healthcare professionals while undergoing radiation therapy. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- If radiation therapy is part of your child's treatment plan, you will first meet with a radiation oncologist. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- To be most effective, radiation therapy must be aimed precisely at the same spot every time treatment is given. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation therapy may be done with or without surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
- Awareness of risk (such as previous radiation therapy to the neck) can allow earlier diagnosis and treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
- Proton therapy is a type of radiation therapy that uses protons instead of X-rays. (healthline.com)
- Surgery and radiation therapy can have a high risk of damaging these organs . (healthline.com)
- And it may be equally as effective as traditional radiation therapy. (healthline.com)
- Proton therapy is a type of radiation therapy that's under investigation for treating esophageal cancer. (healthline.com)
- Traditional radiation therapy uses X-rays to destroy cancer cells. (healthline.com)
- Proton therapy can potentially expose healthy tissue to less radiation while effectively treating the cancer. (healthline.com)
- Traditional radiation therapy causes high complication rates when used to treat esophageal cancer. (healthline.com)
- The main benefit of proton therapy is that it exposes your healthy cells, especially those in your heart and lungs, to less radiation while potentially offering the same effectiveness. (healthline.com)
- Despite the higher cost, relatively little research is available examining the survival rates of people who have received proton therapy compared with people who have received traditional radiation therapy. (healthline.com)
- Doctors use radiation therapy to treat almost all stages of esophageal cancer. (healthline.com)
- Proton therapy may make a good alternative to traditional radiation therapy for people who can afford and access the procedure. (healthline.com)
- Radiation therapy (RT) is a mainstay in the treatment of both primary and recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) and pelvic malignancies. (medscape.com)
- The following key facts stem from a recent Survey of Radiologic Technologist Salary and Wages , published by the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT), the leading professional association for the diagnostic medical imaging and radiation therapy community. (cleveland.edu)
Dose8
- Principles and application of collective dose in radiation protection : recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (who.int)
- Use of personal monitors to estimate effective dose equivalent and effective dose to workers for external exposure to low-let radiation : recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (who.int)
- This prospective registry study evaluated Japanese patients to determine whether a reduced radiation dose was feasible. (nih.gov)
- 3 A further significant factor to be considered, we believe, is the effect of high dose pre‐operative radiation on the incidence of cervical recurrence. (mssm.edu)
- Adjust AZEDRA therapeutic doses based on radiation dose estimates results from dosimetry, if needed. (drugs.com)
- But they do still depend on the dose of radiation given, the location on the body, and whether the radiation was internal or external. (kidshealth.org)
- The radiation absorbed dose from 185MBq (5mCi) dose is 5.92mSv. (renalandurologynews.com)
- An unprotected human passenger riding aboard Voyager 1 during its Jupiter encounter would have received a radiation dose equal to one thousand times the lethal level. (nasa.gov)
Chemo and radiation4
- What Are Common Side Effects of Chemo and Radiation? (kidshealth.org)
- Chemo and radiation cause similar side effects. (kidshealth.org)
- Both chemo and radiation (specifically to the head and neck) can lead to mouth sores, sensitive gums, an irritated throat, and an increased risk of tooth decay. (kidshealth.org)
- T2N1M0 - still waiting on pathology but my surgeon told me one of the reasons he was recommending TORS and neck dissection versus chemo and radiation was there may be a chance if just completing this with the surgery. (cancer.org)
Oncologists5
- PURPOSE: To assess the patterns of practice among Canadian radiation oncologists who treat esophageal cancers, using a trans-Canada survey, completed at the end of 1996. (bepress.com)
- METHODS AND MATERIALS: One of 3 case presentations of different stages of cervical esophageal cancer was randomly assigned and sent to participating radiation oncologists by mail. (bepress.com)
- Radiation oncologists from 26 of 27 (96%) of all Canadian centers participated. (bepress.com)
- The majority (83%) of the radiation oncologists used at least two phases of treatment. (bepress.com)
- The additional reality was also dropped on me by one of the radiation oncologists who informed me that "of course, you know that everything we are going to be doing to you. (cancer.org)
Oncology4
- Radiation Treatment for Cervical Esophagus: Patterns of Practice Study in Canada, 1996" International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics Vol. 47 Iss. (bepress.com)
- Radiation oncology nurses work with the radiation oncologist and all other members of the treatment team taking care of your child. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology. (lu.se)
- Physics and imaging in radiation oncology. (lu.se)
Warnings1
- Handle CERIANNA with appropriate safety measures to minimize radiation exposure during administration [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. (globalrph.com)
Dosimetry1
- The development of improved dosimetry techniques, as well as patient selection and positioning during delivery of RT, were crucial to decrease the harmful effects of radiation on the intestines. (medscape.com)
Minimize radiation exposure1
- Should only be used by trained and experienced physicians in the safe use and handling of radioactive materials to minimize radiation exposure. (renalandurologynews.com)
Exposure4
- The use of 8 cm Pb decreases the radiation transmission (i.e., exposure) by a factor of about 10,000. (globalrph.com)
- Risk of radiation exposure. (renalandurologynews.com)
- Detriment was estimated by multiplying E by the probability coefficient for stochastic effects after exposure to low doses of radiation: 5.7 x 10-2 Sv-1. (bvsalud.org)
- Recommendations for CBCT and the choice of protocol must be carefully justified so that the benefits of patient exposure outweigh the potential radiation detriment. (bvsalud.org)
Medical physicists1
- Medical physicists and dosimetrists are responsible for developing radiation plans according to what your child's doctor prescribes. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Radium2
- The recommended dosage of radium Ra 223 is 50 kBq or 1.35 microcurie per kg body weight, administered intravenously every 4 weeks for a total of 6 injections. (hdkino.org)
- Therefore, they must have been continually exposed to alpha and beta particles as well as to the intense penetrating gamma radiation emitted by radium and its daughter products, including radon. (cdc.gov)
Child's4
- If your child needs to receive radiation, the radiation field (area) will be measured precisely and marked on your child's body. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- You will meet many people during your child's course of radiation treatments. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Simulation is the process of measuring your child's body and marking the skin to help direct the beams of radiation safely and exactly to the intended locations. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Chemo's side effects depend on the type of drug used, the dosage, and a child's overall health. (kidshealth.org)
Pediatric1
- The majority of pediatric cancers are treated with external radiation. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Adverse effects1
- One of the major and debilitating adverse effects of RT is the development of radiation enteritis and proctitis. (medscape.com)
Syringe1
- Use waterproof gloves and effective radiation shielding, including syringe shields, when preparing and handling CERIANNA. (globalrph.com)
Malignant2
- Angiosarcoma of soft tissue is the first diagnosis in soft tissue sarcomas arising within the field of radiation, followed by malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). (medscape.com)
- In 1930, researchers reported the development of factitial proctitis in a group of patients who received pelvic radiation to treat malignant disease. (medscape.com)
Treatments3
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust researchers published a technique in JoVE that has resulted in thousands of cancer patients reducing their radiation dosages during treatments. (jove.com)
- Do not wash off the markings until after the radiation treatments are finished. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- The total peptide dosage is about 2.2 μg/kg or, if scaled for the human body, about 140 μg per injection with 10 treatments per day. (proteinexplorer.org)
Ultraviolet2
Tumor's1
- By delivering radiation to the tumor's exact location, doctors hope to shrink its size. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Thyroid1
- Radiation increases the risk of developing thyroid cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Organ1
- Organ damage becomes more likely at higher dosages of radiation. (healthline.com)
Pelvis3
- Postoperative adhesions that fix small-bowel loops within the pelvis make these loops susceptible to radiation injury. (medscape.com)
- The goal of this procedure is to keep the highly radiation-sensitive small intestine out of the pelvis. (medscape.com)
- Gastrointestinal symptoms related to radiation tend not to be as severe as those from by chemo, except in children who get radiation to the pelvis or abdomen. (kidshealth.org)
Therapeutic1
- Other use of electronically produced radiation to deliver therapeutic radiation dosage. (virginia.gov)
Patients1
- Radiation has been used successfully to treat patients for more than 100 years. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
Tissue2
- Although the benefits of treatment with radiation are well established, damage to the healthy, nonneoplastic tissue may be severe. (medscape.com)
- It depends on the extent of your cancer, and its location and it can be in areas where it is grown into other tissue areas so radiation is a cleanup. (cancer.org)
Lungs1
- I'm honestly confused as well I'm some cases much much later after the radiation it metastasized to the lungs. (cancer.org)
Complications1
- Because RT is increasingly used to treat pelvic malignancies, the surgical prevention and treatment of the complications of radiation enteritis and proctitis continue to evolve. (medscape.com)
Chronic2
- Chronic radiation enteritis is an indolent but relentlessly progressive disease. (medscape.com)
- Chronic intestinal radiation injury is a result of transmural bowel damage with associated obliterative endarteritis. (medscape.com)
Responses1
- Compendium of neutron spectra and detector responses for radiation protection purposes / R. V. Griffith, J. Palfalvi, U. Madhvanath. (who.int)
Effects3
- You will meet the radiation oncologist at the initial visit, and she/he will also see your child throughout the course of treatment to monitor and take care of any side effects. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Thus, any resulting health effects cannot be attributed to a specific cause but were probably the consequence of a combination of all the radiation insults to that individual. (cdc.gov)
- The direct effects of radiation on the bowel mucosa lead to acute radiation enteritis. (medscape.com)
Procedure1
- Radiological values used as guides to indicate whether the radiation dosage or amount of radiopharmaceutical being given to a patient is unusually high or unusually low for the specific medical imaging procedure. (bvsalud.org)
Prevention1
- The history of surgical prevention of small-bowel radiation injury is based on the principle of abdominopelvic partitioning. (medscape.com)
Surgery3
- High dosage pre‐operative radiation and surgery for carcinoma of the larynx and laryngopharynx - a 14‐year program. (mssm.edu)
- A carefully planned clinical program of combined pre‐operative radiation and surgery has been conducted by the Department of Otolaryngology at The Mount Sinai Hospital for the past 14 years in an effort to improve the survival rates for advanced cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx. (mssm.edu)
- My understanding is that even if you get surgery and radiation that this thing can come back. (cancer.org)
Patient1
- virtually every patient has some manifestation of acute radiation-induced injury of the GI tract in the form of abdominal cramping, tenesmus, urgency, bleeding, diarrhea, and incontinence. (medscape.com)
Cancer cells2
- The in vitro tritiated thymidine studies demonstrated that active DNA synthesis was observed in cancer cells in an appreciable number following dosages of 3,500 and also 5,500 rads. (mssm.edu)
- Well, Stickman, Generally there is a follow-up with radiation and maybe a little chemo, but mostly radiation to get any errant cancer cells. (cancer.org)
Risk1
- The risk of postradiotherapy sarcomas appears to augment with increasing dosage. (medscape.com)
Weeks1
- The second stage involved a rest period of three to six weeks to allow for proper healing of radiation reactions. (mssm.edu)
Treatment4
- CONCLUSION: There was a variety of radiation treatment techniques in this trans-Canada survey. (bepress.com)
- Radiation therapists are the people who actually give the daily radiation treatment. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Your radiation oncologist will discuss the role radiation has in treatment and answer your questions. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
- Radiation alone can cause similar symptoms, along with blisters, peeling, and swelling in the treatment area. (kidshealth.org)