Quinolones
4-Quinolones
Anti-Infective Agents
Ofloxacin
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Norfloxacin
Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
DNA Gyrase
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.
DNA Topoisomerase IV
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Topoisomerase IV binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting 2 parC and 2 parE subunits. Topoisomerase IV is a decatenating enzyme that resolves interlinked daughter chromosomes following DNA replication.
Enoxacin
Nalidixic Acid
Drug Resistance, Microbial
DNA Topoisomerases, Type II
Pefloxacin
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Fleroxacin
DNA, Superhelical
Oxolinic Acid
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Staphylococcus aureus
Dermatitis, Phototoxic
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
Macrolides
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Novobiocin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mutation
Bartonella bacilliformis
Evodia
Mycobacterium fortuitum
Structure-Activity Relationship
Drug Resistance, Multiple
Tetracyclines
Ornidazole
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
beta-Lactams
Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination
Quinazolinones
Plasmids
Chloramphenicol
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Bronchitis, Chronic
Lactams
Bacteroides fragilis
Enterobacteriaceae
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
SOS Response (Genetics)
An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a concept reputedly derived from the SOS of the international distress signal) are involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis, in cell division inhibition, in recovery of normal physiological conditions after DNA repair, and possibly in cell death when DNA damage is extensive.
Mycobacterium avium Complex
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
Ureaplasma
Imipenem
Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Colony Count, Microbial
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Drug Utilization
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Mycobacterium
Spiro Compounds
Viridans Streptococci
A large heterogeneous group of mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci. They colonize the respiratory tract at birth and generally have a low degree of pathogenicity. This group of species includes STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS; STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS; STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SOBRINUS; and the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. The latter are often beta-hemolytic and commonly produce invasive pyogenic infections including brain and abdominal abscesses.
Enterobacter cloacae
Erythromycin
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
Urinary Tract Infections
Rifampin
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
beta-Lactamases
Salmonella paratyphi A
Citrobacter
Cilastatin
A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, IMIPENEM, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4.
Mutation of a conserved serine residue in a quinolone-resistant type II topoisomerase alters the enzyme-DNA and drug interactions. (1/2071)
A Ser740 --> Trp mutation in yeast topoisomerase II (top2) and of the equivalent Ser83 in gyrase results in resistance to quinolones and confers hypersensitivity to etoposide (VP-16). We characterized the cleavage complexes induced by the top2(S740W) in the human c-myc gene. In addition to resistance to the fluoroquinolone CP-115,953, top2(S740W) induced novel DNA cleavage sites in the presence of VP-16, azatoxin, amsacrine, and mitoxantrone. Analysis of the VP-16 sites indicated that the changes in the cleavage pattern were reflected by alterations in base preference. C at position -2 and G at position +6 were observed for the top2(S740W) in addition to the previously reported C-1 and G+5 for the wild-type top2. The VP-16-induced top2(S740W) cleavage complexes were also more stable. The most stable sites had strong preference for C-1, whereas the most reversible sites showed no base preference at positions -1 or -2. Different patterns of DNA cleavage were also observed in the absence of drug and in the presence of calcium. These results indicate that the Ser740 --> Trp mutation alters the DNA recognition of top2, enhances its DNA binding, and markedly affects its interactions with inhibitors. Thus, residue 740 of top2 appears critical for both DNA and drug interactions. (+info)Vasopressin V2 receptor enhances gain of baroreflex in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. (2/2071)
The aim of the present study was to determine the receptor subtype involved in arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced modulation of baroreflex function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats using novel nonpeptide AVP V1- and V2-receptor antagonists. Baroreceptor heart rate (HR) reflex was investigated in both SHR and WKY rats which were intravenously administered the selective V1- and V2-receptor antagonists OPC-21268 and OPC-31260, respectively. Baroreflex function was assessed by obtaining alternate pressor and depressor responses to phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, to construct baroreflex curves. In both SHR and WKY rats baroreflex activity was tested before and after intravenous administration of vehicle (20% DMSO), OPC-21268 (10 mg/kg), and OPC-31260 (1 and 10 mg/kg). Vehicle did not significantly alter basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR values or baroreflex function in SHR or WKY rats. The V1-receptor antagonist had no significant effect on resting MAP or HR values or on baroreflex parameters in both groups of rats, although this dose was shown to significantly inhibit the pressor response to AVP (5 ng iv; ANOVA, P < 0.05). In SHR but not WKY rats the V2-receptor antagonist significantly attenuated the gain (or slope) of the baroreflex curve (to 73 +/- 3 and 79 +/- 7% of control for 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively), although AVP-induced pressor responses were also attenuated with the higher dose of the V2-receptor antagonist. These findings suggest that AVP tonically enhances baroreflex function through a V2 receptor in the SHR. (+info)Carrier-mediated lung distribution of HSR-903, a new quinolone antibacterial agent. (3/2071)
HSR-903 [(S)-(-)-5-amino-7-(7-amino-5-azaspiro[2. 4]hept-5-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-8-methyl-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid methanesulfonate] is a newly synthesized quinolone with a potent antibacterial activity and a low toxicity. The lung concentration of unchanged HSR-903 was about nine times higher than that in plasma after oral administration (5 mg/kg) in rats. In comparative studies, HSR-903 was accumulated more efficiently than levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and lomefloxacin in rat lung. To clarify the mechanism of the specific distribution of HSR-903 into the lung, the uptake of [14C]HSR-903 was studied using isolated rat lung cells and an isolated rat lung perfusion technique. Initial uptake of HSR-903 by isolated lung cells was temperature dependent, saturable, stereospecific, and Na+ and Cl- dependent. The Hill coefficients (1. 90 for Na+ and 1.13 for Cl-) suggest that two Na+ and one Cl- are associated with the transport of one HSR-903 molecule. The uptake of HSR-903 was inhibited by other quinolone antibacterial agents, grepafloxacin, and sparfloxacin. The extraction ratio of HSR-903 in isolated lung perfusion was temperature dependent and saturable. These findings suggest that HSR-903 is taken up by the lung cells via a carrier-mediated transport mechanism, resulting in a concentrative distribution into the lung. (+info)Activation of a cGMP-stimulated cAMP phosphodiesterase by protein kinase C in a liver Golgi-endosomal fraction. (4/2071)
The ability of Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C, PKC) to stimulate cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in a liver Golgi-endosomal (GE) fraction was examined in vivo and in a cell-free system. Injection into rats of 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a known activator of PKC, caused a rapid and marked increase in PKC activity (+325% at 10 min) in the GE fraction, along with an increase in the abundance of the PKC alpha-isoform as seen on Western immunoblots. Concurrently, 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment caused a time-dependent increase in cAMP PDE activity in the GE fraction (96% at 30 min). Addition of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) to GE fractions from control and 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated rats led to a comparable increase (130-150%) in PDE activity, suggesting that PKA is probably not involved in the in-vivo effect of 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. In contrast, addition of purified PKC increased (twofold) PDE activity in GE fractions from control rats but affected only slightly the activity in GE fractions from 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated rats. About 50% of the Triton-X-100-solubilized cAMP PDE activity in the GE fraction was immunoprecipitated with an anti-PDE3 antibody. On DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, three peaks of PDE were sequentially eluted: one early peak, which was stimulated by cGMP and inhibited by erythro-9 (2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA); a selective inhibitor of type 2 PDEs; and two retarded peaks of activity, which were potently inhibited by cGMP and cilostamide, an inhibitor of type 3 PDEs. Further characterization of peak I by HPLC resolved a major peak which was activated (threefold) by 5 microM cGMP and inhibited (87%) by 25 microM EHNA, and a minor peak which was insensitive to EHNA and cilostamide. 4 beta-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment caused a selective increase (2.5-fold) in the activity associated with DEAE-Sephacel peak I, without changing the K(m) value. These results suggest that PKC selectively activates a PDE2, cGMP-stimulated isoform in the GE fraction. (+info)A mutation in QRDR in the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV was responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. (5/2071)
Forty-one strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated at Seoul National University Children's Hospital from 1991 to 1997. Isolates were divided into six groups based on MICs of three quinolones, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin. Sequencing showed that the isolates which were intermediately resistant to three quinolones or resistant to at least one kind of quinolone had one missense mutation, Lys137-->Asn(AAG-->AAT) substitution in the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV without additional mutation in QRDR of the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase. In conclusion, the ParC subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV is the primary target site for fluoroquinolone in S. pneumoniae and Lys137-->Asn substitution renders the quinolone resistance in S. pneumoniae. (+info)Inflammatory pseudotumor in a cat with cutaneous mycobacteriosis. (6/2071)
A 5-year-old, castrated male, domestic Shorthair Cat had an ulcerated mass with fistulous tracts on the left hind paw. Homogeneous tan tissue diffusely infiltrated the dermis and subcutis of the paw and extended proximally so that, short of amputation, complete excision was not feasible. Biopsy specimens consisted of granulation tissue with marked proliferation of spindle cells. Neutrophils and histiocytic cells were scattered among the spindle cells. The histiocytic cells had abundant foamy or vacuolated cytoplasm, but features of granulomatous inflammation, such as epithelioid macrophages or granuloma formation, were not observed. The initial impression was inflammatory granulation tissue, but the degree of fibroplasia prompted inclusion of fibrosarcoma in the differential diagnosis. Cutaneous mycobacteriosis was diagnosed when numerous acid-fast bacteria were identified with Kinyoun's stain; Mycobacterium avium was subsequently cultured. The cat was euthanatized because of lack of response to enrofloxacin therapy. At necropsy, lesions were localized to the hind limb. Not only is mycobacteriosis an uncommon cause of cutaneous masses in cats, but this case was unusual because of the lack of granuloma formation and the similarity of the mass to a spindle cell tumor. (+info)Indomethacin-induced gastric antral damage in hamsters: are neutrophils involved? (7/2071)
BACKGROUND: A direct role for neutrophils in the pathophysiology of indomethacin-induced gastric damage is controversial. Therefore, such damage was evaluated in hamsters. METHODS: Gastric antral damage was evaluated 4 h after the oro-gastric administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg). Prior to indomethacin, hamsters were treated with various pharmacological agents: rebamipide, methotrexate or anti-neutrophil serum (ANS). The number of circulating neutrophils was determined from Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured as a marker of gastric antral neutrophil infiltration. RESULTS: Indomethacin caused primarily gastric antral damage. By histology, this damage did not penetrate the muscularis mucosa. A significant increase in gastric antral MPO activity was also found in indomethacin-treated hamsters. Rebamipide decreased macroscopic gastric antral damage in a dose-related fashion. Methotrexate treatment reduced the circulating blood neutrophil number by 38-44%, but did not affect gastric damage. ANS treatment resulted in near complete neutropenia, and also in a substantial reduction (84%) in gastric antral MPO activity. However, gastric antral damage was not significantly altered by ANS. CONCLUSIONS: Neutrophils are not directly involved in the pathophysiology of indomethacin-induced damage to the hamster gastric antrum. (+info)Pharmacodynamic effects of subinhibitory concentrations of rufloxacin on bacterial virulence factors. (8/2071)
It has been reported that subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of some fluoroquinolones are still capable of affecting the topological characteristics of DNA (inhibition DNA-gyrase) and that this leads to a reduction in some of the factors responsible for bacterial virulence (by means of the disruption of protein synthesis and alterations in phenotype expression), even though the microorganisms themselves are not killed. The present study investigated the ability of sub-MICs of rufloxacin, an orally absorbed monofluorinated quinolone with a long half-life (28 to 30 h), to interfere with the bacterial virulence parameters of adhesiveness, hemagglutination, hydrophobicity, motility, and filamentation, as well as their interactions with host neutrophilic defenses such as phagocytosis, killing, and oxidative bursts. It was observed that Escherichia coli adhesiveness was significantly reduced at rufloxacin concentrations of 1/32 MIC, hemagglutination and hydrophobicity were significantly reduced at concentrations of, respectively, 1/4 MIC and 1/8 MIC, and motility was significantly reduced at concentrations of 1/16 MIC; filamentation was still present at concentrations of 1/4 MIC. Phagocytosis was not affected, but killing significantly increased from 1/2 MIC to 1/8 MIC; oxidative bursts measured by means of chemiluminescence were not affected. The fact that sub-MICs are still effective in interfering with the parameters of bacterial virulence is useful information that needs to be correlated with pharmacokinetic data in order to extend our knowledge of the most effective concentrations that can be used to optimize treatment schedules, for example, single administrations, particularly in noncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. (+info)
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Andriole, VT The Quinolones. Academic Press, 1989. *^ Andersson MI, MacGowan AP (2003). "Development of the quinolones". ... Although not formally a quinolone, nalidixic acid is considered the first quinolone drug. It was introduced in 1962 for ... A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bactericides that share a bicyclic core structure related ... Quinolones are contraindicated if a patient has epilepsy, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome,[41] QT prolongation, pre-existing CNS lesions ...
Quinolone antibiotic
Andriole, VT The Quinolones. Academic Press, 1989. *^ Andersson MI, MacGowan AP (2003). "Development of the quinolones". ... Quinolone antibiotic at Curlie (based on DMOZ). *Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs)- Quinolones and the Clinical ... Norris, S; Mandell, GL (1988). "The quinolones: history and overview". The quinolones: history and overview. San Diego: ... Although not formally a quinolone, nalidixic acid is considered the first quinolone drug. It was introduced in 1962 for ...
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... is a quinolone antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. When taken by mouth or ... quinolones for community-acquired pneumonia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19 (4): ... Drlica K, Zhao X (1 September 1997). "DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 61 (3): 377- ... Research and Development of Quinolones in Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Page accessed ...
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Recently new quinolones were added. Outpatient treatment has become possible even at the onset of the disease, and now we can ...
Balofloxacin
Quinolones Alksne L (February 2003). "Balofloxacin Choongwae". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 4 (2): 224-9. PMID ...
Topoisomerase inhibitor
Despite quinolones ability to target TopII, they can also inhibit TopIV based on the organisms and type of quinolone. ... 1989) model of quinolone inhibitor binding proposed that, in each DNAgyrase-DNA complex, four quinolone molecules associate ... In particular, smaller quinolones have shown to bind with high affinity in the multi-drug efflux pump in Escherichia coli and ... Quinolones are amongst the most commonly used antibiotics for bacterial infections in humans, and are used to treat illness ...
Enterobacter
Quinolones can be an effective alternative. A recent study has shown that the presence of Enterobacter cloacae B29 in the gut ...
Norfloxacin
Some quinolones exert an inhibitory effect on the cytochrome P-450 system, thereby reducing theophylline clearance and ... Quinolones, including norfloxacin, may enhance the effects of oral anticoagulants, including warfarin or its derivatives or ... The toxicity of drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system is enhanced by concomitant use of some quinolones. ... quinolones for community-acquired pneumonia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19 (4): ...
Conrad-Limpach synthesis
1992). "Cytotoxicity of quinolones toward eukaryotic cells. Identification of topoisomerase II as the primary cellular target ... Although the reaction product is often shown as a hydroxyquinoline (the enol form), it is believed that the quinolone (keto ... The synthesis of 4-hydroxyquinolines and 4-quinolones is of great importance to a variety of fields, but most notably to the ... there is some discrepancy on whether a substituted 4-hydroxyquinoline or a substituted 4-quinolone is the final product of the ...
Lomefloxacin
Rubinstein E (2001). "History of quinolones and their side effects". Chemotherapy. 47 (Suppl 3): 3-8, discussion 44-8. doi: ...
Fleroxacin
As quinolones are known to induce arthropathy in juvenile animals, administration of the drug to breast-feeding women cannot be ... Fleroxacin is a quinolone antibiotic. It is sold under the brand names Quinodis and Megalocin. Fleroxacin is a bactericidal ... Like other quinolones and fluoroquinolones the compound eradicates bacteria by interfering with DNA replication (bacterial DNA ... Yoshida H, Nakamura M, Bogaki M, Ito H, Kojima T, Hattori H, Nakamura S (April 1993). "Mechanism of action of quinolones ...
Production of antibiotics
However a recent investigation into the origin of quinolones have discovered that a description for quinolones happened in 1949 ... These include the quinolone class, of which nalidixic acid is often credited as the first to be discovered. Like other ... Emmerson, A. M.; Jones, A. M. (2003-05-01). "The quinolones: decades of development and use". Journal of Antimicrobial ... Bisacchi, Gregory S. (2015-06-25). "Origins of the Quinolone Class of Antibacterials: An Expanded "Discovery Story"". Journal ...
Enoxacin
The quinolone is also active against Gram-negative bacteria After oral administration enoxacin is rapidly and well absorbed ... Yoshida H, Nakamura M, Bogaki M, Ito H, Kojima T, Hattori H, Nakamura S (April 1993). "Mechanism of action of quinolones ... De Sarro A, Zappalá M, Chimirri A, Grasso S, De Sarro GB (July 1993). "Quinolones potentiate cefazolin-induced seizures in DBA/ ... Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs, eradicating bacteria by interfering with DNA replication. Like other ...
Rufloxacin
Quinolones Rafalsky V, Andreeva I, Rjabkova E (July 2006). "Quinolones for uncomplicated acute cystitis in women". The Cochrane ... Rufloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic. It is sold under the brand names, Ruflox, Monos, Qari, Tebraxin, Uroflox, Uroclar. ...
Clinafloxacin
Appelbaum PC (1999). "Quinolone activity against anaerobes". Drugs. 58 Suppl 2: 60-4. doi:10.2165/00003495-199958002-00012. ... Rubinstein E (2001). "History of quinolones and their side effects". Chemotherapy. 47 Suppl 3 (3): 3-8, discussion 44-8. doi: ... Nord CE (1999). "Use of newer quinolones for the treatment of intraabdominal infections: focus on clinafloxacin". Infection. 27 ...
Temafloxacin
Quinolones "Recalling the Omniflox (Temafloxacin) Tablets" (pdf). Food and Drug Administration. 1992-06-05. Retrieved 2014-10- ... Gentry LO (December 1991). "Review of quinolones in the treatment of infections of the skin and skin structure". J. Antimicrob ... Rubinstein, E. "History of quinolones and their side effects". Chemotherapy. 47 Suppl 3: 3-8, discussion 44-8. doi:10.1159/ ...
Heterophyes heterophyes
Praziquantel, a quinolone derivative. The effect of praziquantel on H. heterophyes causes deep lesions on their teguments, and ...
Isosorbide mononitrate
The following adverse effects have been reported in studies with isosorbide mononitrate: Very common: Headache predominates (up to 30%) necessitating withdrawal of 2 to 3% of patients, but the incidence reduces rapidly as treatment continues.[7] Common: Tiredness, sleep disturbances (6%) and gastrointestinal disturbances (6%) have been reported during clinical trials with isosorbide mononitrate modified-release tablets, but at a frequency no greater than for placebo. Hypotension (4 to 5%), poor appetite (2.5%), nausea (1%)[7] Adverse effects associated with the clinical use of the drug are as expected with all nitrate preparations. They occur mainly in the early stages of treatment.[7] Hypotension (4%) with symptoms such as dizziness and nausea (1%) have been reported. In general, these symptoms disappear during long-term treatment.[7] Other reactions that have been reported with isosorbide mononitrate-modified release tablets include tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhoea, vertigo, and heartburn.[7] ...
Isosorbide dinitrate
... (ISDN) is a medication used for heart failure, esophageal spasms, and to treat and prevent chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart.[1] It has been found to be particularly useful in heart failure due to systolic dysfunction together with hydralazine.[2][1] It is taken by mouth or under the tongue.[1] Common side effects include headache, lightheadedness with standing, and blurred vision.[1] Severe side effects include low blood pressure.[1] It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby.[1] It should not be used together with medications within the sildenafil family.[1] ISDN is in the nitrate family of medications and works by dilating blood vessels.[1] Isosorbide dinitrate was first written about in 1939.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[4] ISDN is available as a generic medication.[1] A long-acting form exists.[1] ...
Nalidixic acid
Synthetic quinolone antibiotics were discovered by George Lesher and coworkers as a byproduct of chloroquine manufacture in the ... In a technical sense, it is a naphthyridone, not a quinolone: its ring structure is a 1,8-naphthyridine nucleus that contains ... Nalidixic acid (tradenames Nevigramon, Neggram, Wintomylon and WIN 18,320) is the first of the synthetic quinolone antibiotics ... "Disabling and potentially permanent side effects lead to suspension or restrictions of quinolone and fluoroquinolone ...
Chemotherapy
Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer. However, in general, for every five people who are ... The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such as quinolones or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ...
Category:Quinolones - Wikimedia Commons
quinolone any chemical compound having 2-quinolone or 4-quinolone skeleton in its structure ... Quinolone (en-ca); Chinoloni (it); quinolone (fr); Kinoloonid (et); Kinolon (sv); 喹诺酮 (zh-hans); quinolona (pt); Hinolon (sr-el ... any chemical compound having 2-quinolone or 4-quinolone skeleton in its structure (en); chem. Verbindung(en) (de); Famile d ... quinolones (en); chinolony (pl); Kinoloner (nb); Quinolone, Quinolon, Quinolonen, Chinolonen (nl) ...
Quinolone
The quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics. The term quinolone(s) refers to potent synthetic ... Quinolones in comparison to other antibiotic classes have the highest risk of causing colonization with MRSA and Clostridium ... The first generation of the quinolones begins with the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 for treatment of urinary tract ... The majority of quinolones in clinical use belong to the subset of fluoroquinolones, which have a fluorine atom attached to the ...
Quinolone antibiotic - Wikipedia
Andriole, VT The Quinolones. Academic Press, 1989. *^ Andersson MI, MacGowan AP (2003). "Development of the quinolones". ... Although not formally a quinolone, nalidixic acid is considered the first quinolone drug. It was introduced in 1962 for ... A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bactericides that share a bicyclic core structure related ... Quinolones are contraindicated if a patient has epilepsy, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome,[41] QT prolongation, pre-existing CNS lesions ...
Quinolone antibiotic - Wikipedia
Andriole, VT The Quinolones. Academic Press, 1989. *^ Andersson MI, MacGowan AP (2003). "Development of the quinolones". ... Quinolone antibiotic at Curlie (based on DMOZ). *Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs)- Quinolones and the Clinical ... Norris, S; Mandell, GL (1988). "The quinolones: history and overview". The quinolones: history and overview. San Diego: ... Although not formally a quinolone, nalidixic acid is considered the first quinolone drug. It was introduced in 1962 for ...
Resultat #1550819 - GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF QUINOLONE
RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM POULTRY AND HUMANS IN...
Quinolone resistance despite low antimicrobial usage - mechanisms and possible preventive measures Anne Margrete Urdahl + 10 ... GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF QUINOLONE RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM POULTRY AND HUMANS IN NORWAY ... GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF QUINOLONE RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM POULTRY AND HUMANS IN NORWAY ...
Quinolones and the Clinical Laboratory
| HAI | CDC
What are quinolones? Quinolones are antimicrobial agents effective in the treatment of selected community-acquired and ... How does resistance to quinolones develop? Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e., ... What organisms can be resistant to quinolones? Resistance to quinolones has been reported in a variety of important bacterial ... Resistance to quinolones limits drug selection for treatment of many infections.. *Organisms resistant to quinolones often are ...
Quinolone - Wikipedia
4-Quinolone - Wikipedia
It and 2-quinolone are the two most important parent (meaning simplified) quinolones. 4-Quinolone exists in equilibrium with a ... The hydroxyquinolines tautomerize to the quinolones. Andriole, VT The Quinolones. Academic Press, 1989. Shi, Pengfei; Wang, ... the 4-quinolone antibiotics represent a large class of important drugs. The chemical synthesis of quinolones often involves ... 4-Quinolone is an organic compound derived from quinoline. ... 4-Quinolone is of little intrinsic value but its derivatives, ...
Interactions between Insulin Regular Human Injection and antidiabetic-agents-selected-quinolones
... provides information about interactions between Insulin Regular Human Injection and antidiabetic-agents-selected-quinolones. ... Antidiabetic Agents/Selected Quinolones. This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. Consult ... Using some quinolone antibiotics with your diabetes medicine may make your blood sugar too low. ...
Structural development, haematological immunological and pharmacological effects of quinolones. - PubMed - NCBI
The constant need for new anti microbials has produced a variety of newer quinolones termed as I, II, III, and IV generation. ... The interest of the medical community in quinolones has not decreased despite more than ten years of continuous and growing use ... Structural development, haematological immunological and pharmacological effects of quinolones.. Chide OE1, Orisakwe OE. ... These attributes, coupled with their expanded spectrum and the immune enhancing phenomena of quinolones with a cyclopropyl ...
Interactions between Glyburide-Metformin Oral and selected-antidiabetic-agents-selected-quinolones
... provides information about interactions between Glyburide-Metformin Oral and selected-antidiabetic-agents-selected-quinolones. ... Using some quinolone antibiotics with your diabetes medicine may make your blood sugar too low. ... Selected Antidiabetic Agents/Selected Quinolones Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as specific ...
Topoisomerase IV is a target of quinolones in Escherichia coli | PNAS
Topoisomerase IV is a target of quinolones in Escherichia coli. A B Khodursky, E L Zechiedrich, and N R Cozzarelli ... We suggest that this and a slightly higher intrinsic resistance of topo IV make it secondary to gyrase as a quinolone target. ... Our results imply that the quinolone binding pockets of gyrase and topo IV are similar and that substantial levels of drug ... Mutant forms of topo IV provided an additional 10-fold resistance to quinolones and prevented drug-induced catenane ...
Male Urethritis Medication: Antibiotics, Antibiotic, Quinolone
Antibiotic, Quinolone. Class Summary. The quinolone class antibiotics are no longer considered effective against GCU due to ... 45] Quinolone-resistant GCU is also more prevalent in men who have sex with men. Because of increasing resistance, quinolones ( ... Quinolone resistance has increase worldwide, now approximately 21%, [43] and is common in Asia, the Pacific, Europe, and the ... 54, 55, 56] although there is concern for emerging quinolone resistance [5, 18, 15, 16] ). Other choices could include 7 days ...
quinolones | mBio
Quinolones: A Comprehensive Review - American Family Physician
Quinolones have few adverse effects, most notably nausea, headache, dizziness, and confusion. Less common but more serious ... Most quinolones have excellent oral bioavailability, with serum drug concentrations equivalent to intravenous administration. ... Comparison of Quinolone Generations. Quinolone generations. Microbiologic activity. Administration and characteristics. ... Comparison of Quinolone Generations. Quinolone generations. Microbiologic activity. Administration and characteristics. ...
Quinolones | Spectrum Chemical
Endochin-like quinolones are highly efficacious against acute and latent experimental toxoplasmosis | PNAS
Recent 4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives, endochin-like quinolones (ELQ), exhibit an in vitro IC50 against Plasmodium falciparum as ... Endochin-like quinolones against Toxoplasma. J. Stone Doggett, Aaron Nilsen, Isaac Forquer, Keith W. Wegmann, Lorraine Jones- ... Endochin-like quinolones against Toxoplasma. J. Stone Doggett, Aaron Nilsen, Isaac Forquer, Keith W. Wegmann, Lorraine Jones- ... quinolone-3-diarylethers was made to improve these properties. Of the 4(1H)-quinolone-3-diarylethers synthesized in our ...
The Quinolones, Book by Vincent T. Andriole (Hardcover) | chapters.indigo.ca
Buy the Hardcover Book The Quinolones by Vincent T. Andriole at Indigo.ca, Canadas largest bookstore. + Get Free Shipping on ... Use of the Quinolones in Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Treatment of Respiratory Infections with Quinolones. Use of Quinolones ... Use of the Quinolones in Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis. Use of the Quinolones in Immunocompromised Patients. Use of the ... The Quinolones: History and Overview. Chemistry and Mechanism of Action of the Quinolone Antibacterials. Comparative In-Vitro ...
Quinolones: Another Cautionary Tale | Emergency Physicians Monthly
QUINOLONES: REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGIC ADVERSE REACTIONS Tome, A.M., et al, Drug Safety 34(6):465, June 2011. ... One study found the odds ratio for Achilles tendon rupture to be 4.3 with current use of a quinolone, 2.4 with exposure within ... So now the concern is that prescribers are at risk since there are multiple alternatives to the quinolones and they are "black ... In July of 2008 a "black box" warning was put in the package insert of the quinolones. This side-effect, like the ...
Antibiotics | Free Full-Text | Our Evolving Understanding of the Mechanism of Quinolones
In this review, we present hallmark investigations describing the mode of action of quinolones, one of the antibacterial ... the necessity to look beyond primary drug-target interactions towards thoroughly understanding the mechanism of quinolones at ... Keywords: antibiotics; quinolones; topoisomerases; DNA replication; DNA supercoiling antibiotics; quinolones; topoisomerases; ... Gutierrez, A.; Stokes, J.M.; Matic, I. Our Evolving Understanding of the Mechanism of Quinolones. Antibiotics 2018, 7, 32. ...
Quinolone-Containing Therapies in the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori
... Seng-Kee Chuah,1 Wei-Chen Tai,1 Chen-Hsiang Lee,2 ... W. L. Chang, C. Y. Kao, C. T. Wu et al., "Gemifloxacin can partially overcome quinolone resistance of H. pylori with gyrA ... A. Robicsek, G. A. Jacoby, and D. C. Hooper, "The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance," The Lancet ... M. Berning, S. Krasz, and S. Miehlke, "Review: should quinolones come first in Helicobacter pylori therapy?" Therapeutic ...
Overview of Quinolones (Example) - MindMeister
Overview of Quinolones, General information, Mechanism of action, Pharmacokinetics, Classification, Therapeutic use, Adverse ... Overview of Quinolones. by Mohammed Haneef 1. General information. 1.1. Synthetic antimicrobial agents. 1.2. First quinolone ... treated by quinolones. 5.4. Respiratory tract infections. 5.4.1. treated by respiratory fluroquinolones. 5.4.1.1. gemifloxacin ...
The Quinolones | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
The New Fluorinated Quinolones for Infection Prevention in Acute Leukemia Annals of Internal Medicine; 106 (1): 144-146 ... Oral Quinolone Treatment for Osteomyelitis Annals of Internal Medicine; 115 (10): 832 ... Quinolone-Based Antibacterial Chemoprophylaxis in Neutropenic Patients: Effect of Augmented Gram-Positive Activity on ... Development and bioanalytical method validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous quantitation of 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones ...
What is the role of quinolones and TMP-SMZ in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?
encoded search term (What is the role of quinolones and TMP-SMZ in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?) and What is the ... What is the role of quinolones and TMP-SMZ in the treatment of Enterobacter infections?. Updated: Jun 18, 2019 ... role of quinolones and TMP-SMZ in the treatment of Enterobacter infections? What to Read Next on Medscape. Related Conditions ...
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Quinolones: Mechanism, Lethality and Their Contributions to Antibiotic Resistance
We also discuss quinolone resistance and how quinolone treatment can lead to resistance to non-quinolone antibiotics. ... We also discuss quinolone resistance and how quinolone treatment can lead to resistance to non-quinolone antibiotics. View Full ... Quinolones: Mechanism, Lethality and Their Contributions to Antibiotic Resistance by Natassja G. Bush ... Bush, N.G.; Diez-Santos, I.; Abbott, L.R.; Maxwell, A. Quinolones: Mechanism, Lethality and Their Contributions to Antibiotic ...
RCSB PDB - 3UDL: 3-heterocyclyl quinolone bound to HCV NS5B
Reduction of the fitness burden of quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. - PubMed - NCBI
Reduction of the fitness burden of quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. Kugelberg E1, Löfmark S, Wretlind B, ... Quinolone resistance in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly caused by mutations that alter the target ... We have analysed the effect of quinolone resistance caused by DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV mutations on bacterial fitness. ... Our results show that no cost and compensatory mutations are common in quinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa. ...
Type II Topoisomerases as Targets for Quinolone Antibacterials Tu...: Ingenta Connect
Quinolones are a very important family of antibacterial agents that are widely prescribed for the treatment of infections in ... These antineoplastic quinolones represent a potentially important source of new anticancer agents and provide an opportunity to ... Keywords: Amscrine; Antineoplastic Quinolones; E. Coli DNA Gyrase; Etoposide; Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II; Human Topoisomerase ... In contrast to most other anti-infective drugs, quinolones do not kill bacteria by inhibiting a critical cellular process. ...
Quinolones, including Fluoroquinolones - Pharmacology - Merck Veterinary Manual
Learn about the veterinary topic of Quinolones, including Fluoroquinolones. Find specific details on this topic and related ... Examples of the quinolone carboxylic acids and species in which they are approved are presented in Quinolones and Species ... Most quinolones also cross the placental barrier. The apparent volume of distribution of most quinolones is large. The degree ... Known generically as quinolones or 4-quinolones, these drugs are derived from several closely related ring structures that have ...
Quinolone - wikidoc
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs, actively killing bacteria. Quinolones inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase ... The quinolones are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The parent of the group is nalidixic acid. The majority of ... Quinolones can enter cells easily and therefore are often used to treat intracellular pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila ... Resistance to quinolones can develop rapidly, even during a course of treatment. Numerous pathogens, including Staphylococcus ...
AntibioticsFluoroquinolonesNalidixic acidAntibioticTopoisomeraseEscherichiaPseudomonasMutationsIsolatesSalmonellaGenesBacteriaPMQRBactericidalSynthesisInfectionsInhibitDerivativesTopoisomerasesMutated to quinolone resistanceCarboxylic acidColiMechanismsResistant to the quinoloneSynthetic quinolone antibacterialCompoundsNewerField of quinoloneEffects of quinolonesAntibacterial agentsSafety of quinolonePatients receivingDetermination of quinolonesFluoroquinoloneAntimicrobial activityOfloxacinVarious quinolonesPlasmidOrganismsVitro activityBacterial speciesRespiratoryEnzymesAdverse
Antibiotics45
- The quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics . (princeton.edu)
- Nearly all quinolone antibiotics in use are fluoroquinolones , which contain a fluorine atom in their chemical structure and are effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Quinolone may refer to: 2-Quinolone 4-Quinolone Quinolone antibiotics This set index page lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
- Aside from pedagogical interest, 4-Quinolone is of little intrinsic value but its derivatives, the 4-quinolone antibiotics represent a large class of important drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- Using some quinolone antibiotics with your diabetes medicine may make your blood sugar too low. (webmd.com)
- We also discuss quinolone resistance and how quinolone treatment can lead to resistance to non-quinolone antibiotics. (mdpi.com)
- Quinolone antibiotics were once considered relatively safe, but several side-effects have become evident with experience. (wikidoc.org)
- New developments in non-quinolone-based antibiotics for the inhibiton of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (bioportfolio.com)
- Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been used for decades in treating bacterial infections in humans and animals, and subsequently bacterial resistance to these agents has increased. (bioportfolio.com)
- Quinolone Antibiotics: Are They Safe and Effective? (ahefv.com)
- What are Quinolone Antibiotics? (ahefv.com)
- Quinolones are synthetic bactericidal antibiotics that can affect a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (ahefv.com)
- However, in severe acute cases of bacterial prostatitis or pyelonephritis, quinolone antibiotics are recommended as first-line therapy. (ahefv.com)
- Most of quinolone antibiotics are fluoroquinolones that have a chemical structure with a fluorine atom, which is effective against different bacteria, including gram-negative and gram-positive. (ahefv.com)
- The quinolone group of antibiotics was discovered in the 1960s, which caused a significant interest right away. (ahefv.com)
- The modern quinolone antibiotics are believed to be safe and to have a low risk of side effects. (ahefv.com)
- But still, the use of these medications causes a range of doubts and questions because it is hard not to pay attention to a range of side effects caused during the use of quinolone antibiotics. (ahefv.com)
- Also, the FDA regularly publishes new safety warnings regarding the use of quinolone antibiotics. (ahefv.com)
- For instance, in the UK, the use of quinolone antibiotics by children is strictly restricted. (ahefv.com)
- A range of studies was conducted in order to determine the safety of quinolone antibiotics if compared to other similar treatments. (ahefv.com)
- The use of quinolone antibiotics may be recommended in case of the infection caused by highly antibiotic resistant bacteria, or if oral therapy or parenteral administration is preferred. (ahefv.com)
- Quinolones are the commonly used class of antibiotics in the world that are able to treat a wide range of various bacterial infections, and that is why they have been prescribed quite often, which naturally led to the occurrence of quinolone-resistant bacteria. (ahefv.com)
- We also showed evidence for the existence of supercoiling activity in A. thaliana and that the plant is sensitive to quinolone and aminocoumarin antibiotics, compounds that target DNA gyrase in bacteria. (nih.gov)
- However, it was not possible at that time to show whether the A. thaliana genes encoded an active gyrase enzyme, nor whether that enzyme is indeed the target for the quinolone and aminocoumarin antibiotics. (nih.gov)
- In conclusion, the effective hepatic uptake of quinolone antibiotics are via carrier-mediated active transport, which is distinct from that involved in the transport of bile acids, organic anions, organic cations or neutral steroids. (aspetjournals.org)
- Chemical structures of quinolone antibiotics. (aspetjournals.org)
- Quinolone antibiotics may be associated with an increased risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection and should only be used after careful benefit-risk assessment and consideration of other therapeutic options in patients at risk, the MHRA has advised. (mims.co.uk)
- The MHRA's advice follows a recent recommendation from the European Medicines Agency that the use of quinolone antibiotics be restricted owing to disabling and potentially long-lasting adverse effects associated with their use. (mims.co.uk)
- Twenty compounds belonged to three classes of widely used veterinary antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones) were investigated. (springer.com)
- By contrast, quinolones were the least abundant antibiotics in swine feces and exhibited a higher removal by anaerobic digestion in winter than in summer. (springer.com)
- The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended that the use of quinolone antibiotics be restricted owing to disabling and potentially long-lasting adverse effects reported with their use. (mims.co.uk)
- Quinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. (mims.co.uk)
- The EMA's Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) made its recommendations following a review of serious adverse effects reported with the use of quinolone antibiotics given orally, parenterally or by inhalation. (mims.co.uk)
- Quinolone antibiotics available to prescribe in the UK are all of the fluoroquinolone type and include ciprofloxacin , levofloxacin , moxifloxacin and ofloxacin . (mims.co.uk)
- The PRAC recommends that medicines containing the non-fluorinated first-generation quinolone antibiotics (cinoxacin, nalidixic acid or pipemidic acid) should be removed from the market because they are authorised only for infections that should no longer be treated with this class of drug. (mims.co.uk)
- Few drugs fit that category better than quinolone antibiotics. (regenexx.com)
- Another study last year compared the rate of aortic rupture or aneurysm in those taking quinolone antibiotics to those taking amoxicillin (a penicillin antibiotic). (regenexx.com)
- Aortic ruptures and aneurysms, of course, adds to a list of problems associated with quinolone antibiotics, many of which I've covered here on this blog. (regenexx.com)
- There is a great deal of research, dating back a decade or more, that strongly links quinolone antibiotics to ruptures of the Achilles tendon . (regenexx.com)
- Avoid quinolone antibiotics if you're able. (regenexx.com)
- Quinolones, and the fluoroquinolones subgroup, are a class of antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of a wide variety of infections. (springer.com)
- A multirun analytical method has been developed and validated for trace determination of 24 antibiotics including 7 sulfonamides, 3 macrolides, 7 quinolones, 6 tetracyclines, and trimethoprim in chlorine-disinfected drinking water using a single solid-phase extraction method coupled to liquid chromatography with positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection. (usgs.gov)
- A preliminary occurrence study using this method revealed the presence of some antibiotics in drinking waters, including sulfamethoxazole (3.0−3.4 ng/L), macrolides (1.4−4.9 ng/L), and quinolones (1.2−4.0 ng/L). (usgs.gov)
- Quinolones are a group of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics with a wide variety of applications in medicine and veterinary sciences. (sielc.com)
- OBJECTIVES: In the present study, some potential virulence genes of APECs isolated from Northeast of Iran and their resistance to the quinolones antibiotics were studied. (sid.ir)
Fluoroquinolones6
- These attributes, coupled with their expanded spectrum and the immune enhancing phenomena of quinolones with a cyclopropyl moiety at position 1 of the quinolone ring suggest that the newer fluoroquinolones are so far the most ideal agents for the empirical treatment of many common infections. (nih.gov)
- Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs, actively killing bacteria. (wikidoc.org)
- Quinolones, and especially fluoroquinolones, are one of the largest classes of antibacterial agents used worldwide. (bl.uk)
- However, in recent years, this type of quinolone resistance was more frequently observed in animals to which more quinolones and fluoroquinolones were administered (broiler chickens and veal calves). (wur.nl)
- The association between fluoroquinolones and arthropathy was primarily described in immature animals, and only rarely in humans, yet it has led to the restricted use of quinolones during pregnancy. (springer.com)
- Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones has been increasingly reported among human and veterinary isolates during the last three decades related to their wide clinical use. (eurekaselect.com)
Nalidixic acid9
- The first generation of the quinolones begins with the introduction of nalidixic acid in 1962 for treatment of urinary tract infections in humans. (princeton.edu)
- Early quinolones, such as nalidixic acid, had poor systemic distribution and limited activity and were used primarily for Gram-negative urinary tract infections. (cdc.gov)
- Nalidixic acid and other early quinolones had limited use due to poor pharmacokinetics, relatively narrow antimicrobial spectrum of activity, and frequent adverse effects. (nih.gov)
- The first quinolone, nalidixic acid (NegGram), was introduced in 1962. (aafp.org)
- Nalidixic acid, considered a first-generation drug, is the earliest of the quinolones. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Nalidixic acid was the first quinolone, and today many derivatives exist on the market. (ahefv.com)
- The first quinolone is nalidixic acid that was introduced in 1962 and is considered to be the predecessor of all members of the quinolone family. (dovepress.com)
- Nalidixic acid was the less active quinolone. (eurekamag.com)
- Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence and susceptibility to quinolones, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, were evaluated. (k-state.edu)
Antibiotic7
- Quinolones in comparison to other antibiotic classes have the highest risk of causing colonization with MRSA and Clostridium difficile . (princeton.edu)
- A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bactericides that share a bicyclic core structure related to the compound 4-quinolone . (wikipedia.org)
- When used in combination with agents from other antibiotic classes, such as beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, the quinolones are not predictably synergistic. (aafp.org)
- By chronologically analyzing data gathered on the mode of action of this imperative antibiotic class, we highlight the necessity to look beyond primary drug-target interactions towards thoroughly understanding the mechanism of quinolones at the level of the cell. (mdpi.com)
- Fluoroquinolone is one of the quinolones, which are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs. (dovepress.com)
- Now, it seems quinolone antibiotic use can be added to the risk list for aortic rupture and aneurysm. (regenexx.com)
- Quinolones are a huge family of antibiotic drugs that can be identified by -floxacin at the end of the generic drug name: ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), and many, many more. (regenexx.com)
Topoisomerase31
- The targets of quinolone activity are the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription. (cdc.gov)
- We have demonstrated that, in Escherichia coli, quinolone antimicrobial agents target topoisomerase IV (topo IV). (pnas.org)
- Quinolones rapidly inhibit DNA synthesis by promoting cleavage of bacterial DNA in the DNA-enzyme complexes of DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase, resulting in rapid bacterial death. (aafp.org)
- Quinolone resistance in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly caused by mutations that alter the target molecules DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV, or cause activation of various efflux systems. (nih.gov)
- We have analysed the effect of quinolone resistance caused by DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV mutations on bacterial fitness. (nih.gov)
- Depending upon the bacterial species and quinolone employed, either DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV serves as the primary cytotoxic target of drug action. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Because of the clinical importance of quinolones, this review will discuss the mechanistic basis for drug efficacy and interactions between these compounds and their topoisomerase targets. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The quinolones inhibit bacterial enzyme topoisomerases, including topoisomerase II (otherwise known as DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Quinolones inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. (wikidoc.org)
- Finally, mutations at key sites in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV can decrease their binding affinity to quinolones, decreasing the drug effectiveness. (wikidoc.org)
- Imidazopyrazinones (IPYs): non-quinolone bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors showing partial cross-resistance with quinolones. (bioportfolio.com)
- Quinolones are able to convert their targets, topoisomerase IV, and gyrase into toxic enzymes to fragment the chromosome of bacteria. (ahefv.com)
- Quinolones resistance is a cause of mutations in topoisomerase IV and gyrase, which does not allow quinolones and enzymes to interact properly. (ahefv.com)
- The intracellular targets of the quinolones are two DNA topoisomerases: gyrase and topoisomerase IV. (asm.org)
- Gyrase tends to be the primary target in gram-negative bacteria, while topoisomerase IV is preferentially inhibited by most quinolones in gram-positive organisms ( 28 ). (asm.org)
- In the present minireview we consider cell death through a two-part "poison" hypothesis in which the quinolones form reversible drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes that subsequently lead to several types of irreversible (lethal) damage. (asm.org)
- Other consequences of quinolone treatment, such as depletion of gyrase and topoisomerase IV activity, are probably less immediate ( 42 ). (asm.org)
- To provide a framework for considering quinolone lethality, we begin by briefly describing the drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes. (asm.org)
- DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. (asm.org)
- Moreover, topoisomerase IV is a target of the 4-quinolones, antibacterial agents that had previously been thought to target only gyrase. (asm.org)
- The key event in quinolone action is reversible trapping of gyrase-DNA and topoisomerase IV-DNA complexes. (asm.org)
- In many gram-negative bacteria, resistance to moderate levels of quinolone arises from mutation of the gyrase A protein and resistance to high levels of quinolone arises from mutation of a second gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV site. (asm.org)
- Thus, quinolone-topoisomerase biology is providing a model for understanding aspects of host-parasite interactions and providing ways to investigate manipulation of the bacterial chromosome by topoisomerases. (asm.org)
- DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV are named as the primary and secondary targets for quinolones [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Qnr proteins are protecting target enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV of quinolone inhibition [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In order to examine the inhibitory activities of quinolones against topoisomerase IV, both subunits of this enzyme, ParC and ParE, were purified from Escherichia coli. (nih.gov)
- Although topoisomerase IV was less sensitive to quinolones than DNA gyrase, the 50% inhibitory concentrations for decatenation were significantly lower than those for type I topoisomerases. (nih.gov)
- These results imply that topoisomerase IV could be a target for the quinolones in intact bacteria and that quinolones could inhibit not only supercoiling of DNA gyrase but also decatenation of topoisomerase IV when high concentrations of drug exist in bacterial cells. (nih.gov)
- Fluoroquinolone resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae family, of which Shigella is a member, has been proved to be mainly caused by point mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, such as gyr A, gyr B, and par C genes in quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs). (dovepress.com)
- Until recently, the mechanisms of resistance to quinolones in Enterobacteriaceae were believed to be only chromosome-encoded, i.e. related to modifications of the molecular targets (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV), decreased outer-membrane permeability (porin defect) and overexpression of naturally-occurring efflux. (eurekaselect.com)
- The Qnr proteins protect DNA gyrase and type IV topoisomerase from quinolone inhibition. (eurekaselect.com)
Escherichia6
- CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification confirms the cause-effect relationship between gyrA mutation and quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. (bioportfolio.com)
- The quinolone antibacterials have previously been shown to "poison" DNA gyrase of Escherichia coli, resulting in rapid bacterial cell death by a pathway which has been a subject of controversy. (bl.uk)
- Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA , gyrB , parC , and parE were studied in 30 fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. (asm.org)
- The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of mutations in regions that code for quinolone resistance in the chromosomal genes gyrA , gyrB , parC , and parE in ESBL-producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli . (asm.org)
- Existence of a novel qepA variant in quinolone resistant Escherichia coli from aquatic habitats of Bangladesh. (tufts.edu)
- Abstract: Of 19 environmental Escherichia coli (n = 12) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7) tested for quinolone resistance-related genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrS and qepA, four each of E. coli and K. pneumoniae possessed qnrS, and another E. coli isolate possessed a new variant of qepA. (tufts.edu)
Pseudomonas7
- Reduction of the fitness burden of quinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (nih.gov)
- The third P. aeruginosa intercellular signal is a quinolone compound that was identified as 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (the Pseudomonas quinolone signal [PQS]) ( 37 ). (asm.org)
- The largest set of pleiotropic mutations blocked the production of the extracellular Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), a molecule required for the synthesis of secondary metabolites and extracellular enzymes. (asm.org)
- Recently, a third signaling system based on 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone, designated the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), has been shown to be a part of the quorum-sensing regulatory network in P. aeruginosa ( 27 ). (asm.org)
- Biotic inactivation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolone signal molecule. (abcam.com)
- Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (abcam.com)
- The antagonistic effects of physiological levels of Ca++ and Mg++ on the in-vitro activity of aminoglycosides and quinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied at both pH 7.4 and 5.5. (uzh.ch)
Mutations16
- Reporting susceptibilities to various quinolones provides the information necessary to choose an appropriate therapy that will minimize the selection of mutations leading to resistance. (cdc.gov)
- Resistance to quinolones occurs through chromosomal mutations in the genes encoding these enzymes and by porin and efflux mutations. (cdc.gov)
- Many resistant organisms have multiple enzyme target site, porin, and efflux mutations, producing high-level resistance to quinolones. (cdc.gov)
- Our results imply that the quinolone binding pockets of gyrase and topo IV are similar and that substantial levels of drug resistance require mutations in both enzymes. (pnas.org)
- Our results show that 'no cost' and compensatory mutations are common in quinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa. (nih.gov)
- Pertinent information on the bacterial topoisomerases and DNA gyrases, quinolone binding, DNA/RNA synthesis inhibition, cell death in the absence of protein synthesis, specific mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region, and mutations that lead to altered access to target enzymes (efflux systems) is also highlighted. (cdc.gov)
- Following on from this, clinical isolates were screened by DNA sequencing and amino acid mutations in the "quinolone resistance determining region" (QRDR) of gyrA identified. (bl.uk)
- Mutations in gyrA such as serine-83 to leucine, serine-83 to phenylalanine, aspartate-87 to tyrosine, aspartate-87 to asparagine and aspartate-87 to glycine were found to have arisen in the QRDR of gyrA in common with other quinolone resistance mutations previously found. (bl.uk)
- To identify mutations in the gyrA and parC genes of the gonococcal mutants, the quinolone resistance determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and the PCR products were directly sequenced. (bmj.com)
- Isolates with double mutations in gyrA codons 83 and 87 are the major type of quinolone-resistant Salmonella isolated from swine in Taiwan. (scribd.com)
- While studies indicated the relationship between gyrA mutations and bacterial resistance to quinolones, CRISPR/Cas9 was used in this study to investigate causal role of gyrA mutation in the quinolone resistance. (bioportfolio.com)
- coli isolates were analyzed for gyrA mutations and their resistance to quinolones. (bioportfolio.com)
- The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to generate gyrA mutations in quinolone-susceptible E. coli ATCC 25922, and quinolone-resistant clinical E. coli. (bioportfolio.com)
- The gyrA mutations were identified in nucleotide positions 248, 255, 259, 260, 261, 273 and 300, and mutations at positions 248 and 259 resulting in amino acid changes at positions 83 and 87 were associated with quinolone resistance. (bioportfolio.com)
- Double-site amino acid mutations increase resistance to quinolones. (bioportfolio.com)
- The gyrA mutations causing changes at amino acids 83 and 87 reversed the features of quinolone resistance in ATCC and clinical strains, verifying the causal role of gyrA mutation in the quinolone resistance of E. coli. (bioportfolio.com)
Isolates9
- This proposed study aims to document the risk factors for quinolone resistance in bloodstream isolates of E. coli. (bioportfolio.com)
- For plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, all the 47 isolates carried the aac(6')-ib-cr gene, and amongst them18 were qnrS positive. (diva-portal.org)
- Analysis of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in vitro. (bmj.com)
- We generated gonococcal mutants resistant to norfloxacin in vitro from norfloxacin sensitive isolates and analysed the contribution of three known mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (bmj.com)
- The mechanism of Nal resistance in most of the isolates (94%) was a mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining chromosomal region of gyrA that led to the amino acid substitution Ser83Phe. (asm.org)
- The sequence obtained for each of the genes in each of the 30 isolates was compared with the nucleotide sequence of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the reference strain E. coli K-12. (asm.org)
- Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance has recently been identified in isolates of S. enterica in a number of countries at low prevalence. (gla.ac.uk)
- Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and ciprofloxacin resistance in pediatric bloodstream isolates of Enterobacteriaceae over a 9-year period. (medworm.com)
- We compared kill curves of ocular isolates with vancomycin and third generation quinolones. (arvojournals.org)
Salmonella6
- Provides information on a study that monitored resistance to the drug quinolones in Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis from human infections. (ebscohost.com)
- The acquisition of quinolone-resistance in E. coli and Salmonella has also been investigated. (bl.uk)
- In his research, Veldman describes the first Salmonella and E. coli bacteria with transferable quinolone resistance in farm animals and humans in the Netherlands. (wur.nl)
- The purpose of the research described in this dissertation was to determine the prevalence and quinolone susceptibility of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from feedlot cattle and to determine whether these outcomes were associated with fluoroquinolone use. (k-state.edu)
- A second, experimental study assessed prevalence and quinolone susceptibilities of Salmonella and Campylobacter in feces of feedlot cattle administered enrofloxacin for the control of BRD (metaphylaxis). (k-state.edu)
- However, there was no evidence that enrofloxacin metaphylaxis impacted the prevalence of Salmonella or Campylobacter, nor did it significantly affect their susceptibility to human quinolones. (k-state.edu)
Genes8
- In gram-negative bacteria, plasmid-mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to DNA gyrase, protecting it from the action of quinolones. (wikidoc.org)
- The opportunistic human pathogen secretes 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (PQS), a quorum sensing (QS) signal that regulates the expression of numerous virulence genes. (bioportfolio.com)
- The emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) is a global challenge in the treatment of clinical disease in both humans and animals and is exacerbated by the presence of different PMQR genes existing in the same bacterial strain. (dovepress.com)
- This study proposed to investigate the frequency of quinolone-resistance plasmid genes and the O-antigen serogroup among UPEC isolated from KTPs and non-KTP with UTI. (hindawi.com)
- The extent of quinolone-resistant genes in gram-negative bacteria like UPEC is a big concern for KTPs [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Genes related to quinolone resistance were amplified by PCR. (dovepress.com)
- This study aimed to determine the genes coding for ESBLs, plasmid mediated quinolone resistance and virulence markers in commensal E. coli isolated from healthy school children. (diva-portal.org)
- Five plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for ciprofloxacin were tested for all the strains. (medworm.com)
Bacteria9
- Quinolones constitute a large class of synthetic antimicrobial agents that are highly effective in the treatment of many types of infectious diseases, particularly those caused by bacteria. (indigo.ca)
- In this review, we present hallmark investigations describing the mode of action of quinolones, one of the antibacterial classes targeting the function of topoisomerases in bacteria. (mdpi.com)
- In contrast to most other anti-infective drugs, quinolones do not kill bacteria by inhibiting a critical cellular process. (ingentaconnect.com)
- A second unique aspect of quinolones is their differential ability to target these two enzymes in different bacteria. (ingentaconnect.com)
- While this unusual feature initially stymied development of quinolones with high activity against Gram-positive bacteria, it ultimately opened new vistas for the clinical use of this drug class. (ingentaconnect.com)
- One of the attractive features of the quinolones is their ability to kill bacteria rapidly, an ability that differs widely among the various derivatives. (asm.org)
- Moreover we show that, as in bacteria, the quinolone-sensitive (wild-type) allele is dominant to the resistant gene. (nih.gov)
- Taking quinolones may deplete good bacteria. (stlukes-stl.com)
- T-3811" is a synthetic quinolone antibacterial agent developed by FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd. and demonstrates antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria such as multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. (fujifilm.com)
PMQR4
- Veldman studied a specific type of resistance known as 'Plasmid Mediated Quinolone Resistance' (PMQR). (wur.nl)
- Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) was also increasingly identified in UPEC. (hindawi.com)
- Quinolone resistance ( qnr ) is caused by several mechanisms which plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) is one of the most important of them. (hindawi.com)
- However, emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) has been reported since 1998. (eurekaselect.com)
Bactericidal2
Synthesis5
- Quinolones inhibit two enzymes that are required for bacterial DNA synthesis, i.e. (cdc.gov)
- The chemical synthesis of quinolones often involves ring-closing reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, quinolones differ in rate and extent of killing, in the need for aerobic metabolism to kill cells, and in the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on quinolone lethality. (asm.org)
- The Vilsmeier approach had limited applicability in quinolone synthesis. (bl.uk)
- Arayne MS, Sultana N, Ali SN (2013) Spectrophotometric Determination of Quinolones by Charge Transfer Complexation with Chloranilic Acid: Synthesis and Characterization. (omicsonline.org)
Infections9
- Quinolones are antimicrobial agents effective in the treatment of selected community-acquired and nosocomial infections. (cdc.gov)
- Resistance to quinolones limits drug selection for treatment of many infections. (cdc.gov)
- What is the role of quinolones and TMP-SMZ in the treatment of Enterobacter infections? (medscape.com)
- Quinolones are a very important family of antibacterial agents that are widely prescribed for the treatment of infections in humans. (ingentaconnect.com)
- His letter to the editor emphasizing the paramount importance of a well-established safety profile and documented clinical efficacy in severe infections before a "wholesale change" to the newer quinolones is an appropriate response to Michael Scheld's essay on maintaining quinolone class efficacy in which a "correct spectrum" strategy of using the most potent quinolone to treat the presumed or confirmed pathogen was described and advocated ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- With respect to efficacy, Frothingham writes that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have been studied in patient populations with more severe illness, and trials of the newer quinolones have enrolled patients with predominantly mild or moderate community-acquired infections and low overall death rates in comparison. (cdc.gov)
- Their broad spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties make the quinolone agents ideal for treating a variety of infections. (cdc.gov)
- Tokyo, July 25, 2019 ― FUJIFILM Corporation (President: Kenji Sukeno) announces the receipt *1 of an imported drug license for the oral synthetic quinolone antibacterial agent "T-3811" (generic name: garenoxacin mesilate hydrate) from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China with respiratory infections such as pneumonia. (fujifilm.com)
- Les molécules utilisées dans le traitement des infections dues à cette bactérie, appartiennent à deux familles principalement : β-lactamines et quinolones. (ajol.info)
Inhibit1
- Herein we describe our discovery of quinolone derivatives, novel small-molecules that inhibit NS5b polymerase, a key enzyme of the viral life-cycle. (rcsb.org)
Derivatives4
- Quinolone carboxylic acid derivatives are synthetic antimicrobial agents. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Reversibility can be used to distinguish among quinolone derivatives and assign functions to particular aspects of drug structure. (asm.org)
- Gasser T.C., Larsen E.H., Dørflinger T., Madsen P.O. (1992) The Influence of Various Body Fluids and pH on E. Coli MIC of Quinolone Derivatives. (springer.com)
- Instead of the desired target quinolone product, we identified two bis-fluoroinated derivatives, N,N'-bis-(4-fluoro- 3-nitrophenyl) oxalamide and N,N'-bis-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) malonamide in solution phase. (bl.uk)
Topoisomerases4
- Type II Topoisomerases as Targets for Quinolone Antibacterials Tu. (ingentaconnect.com)
- In addition to the antibacterial quinolones, specific members of this drug family display high activity against eukaryotic type II topoisomerases, as well as cultured mammalian cells and in vivo tumor models. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Resistance studies revealed partial cross-resistance with fluoro-quinolones (FQs) suggesting that IPYs bind to the same region of bacterial topoisomerases as FQs and interact with at least some of the keys residues involved in FQ binding. (bioportfolio.com)
- In a sense, quinolones trap the bacterial type II topoisomerases on DNA ( 17 , 23 , 73 , 75 ) (Fig. 1 , step b 2 ). (asm.org)
Mutated to quinolone resistance1
- The inhibition of topo IV becomes apparent only when gyrase is mutated to quinolone resistance. (pnas.org)
Carboxylic acid2
- For example, the quinolone nucleus contains a carboxylic acid group at position 3 and an exocyclic oxygen at position 4 (hence the term 4-quinolones), which are believed to be the active DNA-gyrase binding sites. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The 7-bromoquinolone analogue, 7-bromo-6-(N-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-3- quinolone carboxylic acid 91 showed the high potency as antibacterial inhibitor in addition to a significant effect on vitiligo phototherapy treatment. (bl.uk)
Coli2
Mechanisms2
- Edited by one of the world's foremost authorities on the subject, the third edition of this highly successful title will serve as a valuable tool for primary care physicians and researchers interested in a comprehensive, up-to-date reference on the chemistry, mechanisms of action, development of resistance, and clinical efficacy of both currently available and newer quinolone compounds under investigation. (indigo.ca)
- Mechanisms and Spectrum of Activity and Resistance, the first major section, explores the basic biology of the quinolone class. (cdc.gov)
Resistant to the quinolone1
- Here we show that an A. thaliana mutant resistant to the quinolone drug ciprofloxacin has a point mutation in ATGYRA. (nih.gov)
Synthetic quinolone antibacterial2
- The present invention is directed to a lyophilized preparation which contains a synthetic quinolone antibacterial compound and, as a solo additive, a pH-adjusting agent, and which exhibits an excellent reconstituting property. (patents.com)
- The invention provides a method for producing a lyophilized preparation containing a synthetic quinolone antibacterial compound as an active ingredient, characterized by including, sequentially, cooling an aqueous solution containing a synthetic quinolone antibacterial compound and a pH-adjusting agent to yield a frozen product, elevating the temperature of the frozen product, and re-cooling the resultant to prepare the lyophilized preparation. (patents.com)
Compounds3
- We show that the endochin-like quinolone (ELQ) class of compounds contains extremely potent inhibitors of T. gondii growth in vitro and is effective against acute and latent toxoplasmosis in mice. (pnas.org)
- As the result, the new quinolone compounds obtained from Gosyuyu extracts were found to be a mixture of two quinolone alkaloids, 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-8-tridecenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone and 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-7-tridecenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone (MW: 339), reported previously. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Two different pH values were used for the extraction of compounds (pH 3 for acidic quinolones and β-lactams and pH 8 for amphoteric quinolones). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Newer6
- The constant need for new anti microbials has produced a variety of newer quinolones termed as I, II, III, and IV generation. (nih.gov)
- Although generally well tolerated, the quinolones can cause some serious adverse effects and the adverse effect profiles of these newer quinolones are not identical. (ovid.com)
- All of the newer quinolones are effective against a wide range of organisms and will need to be used with care in an attempt to minimise the emergence of resistance to these agents. (ovid.com)
- Activity of the newer quinolones against Chlamydia trachomatis. (bmj.com)
- Most cephalosporins, except for Rocephin, need to be administered every eight hours, while the newer quinolones are administered once daily. (managedcaremag.com)
- It has also been shown that the newer more potent quinolone drugs such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin have an additional effect on the bacterial cells in that the chromosome is broken down into fragments of DNA, some of which are estimated to be as small as 4kb in length. (bl.uk)
Field of quinolone1
- In the next section, Pharmacology, the intricate field of quinolone pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) is evaluated. (cdc.gov)
Effects of quinolones3
- Structural development, haematological immunological and pharmacological effects of quinolones. (nih.gov)
- The thrust of this review is on the structural development, pharmacological, haematological and immunological effects of quinolones. (nih.gov)
- Effects of Quinolones on the Immune System, p 467-473. (asmscience.org)
Antibacterial agents1
- Synergic effect of quinolone antibacterial agents and proton pump inhibitors on Helicobacter pylori ," Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1039-1040, 2002. (hindawi.com)
Safety of quinolone1
- A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the safety of quinolone exposure during any time of pregnancy, and during first trimester alone, was performed. (springer.com)
Patients receiving1
- Tendon damage: "Ruptures of the shoulder, hand, Achilles tendon, or other tendons that require surgical repair or resulted in prolonged disability have been reported in patients receiving quinolones. (wikidoc.org)
Determination of quinolones1
- Multiclass method for the determination of quinolones and β-lactams, in raw cow milk using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Fluoroquinolone1
- These were characterised using the genotypic methods of Plasmid Profile Analysis and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis and levels of resistance were determined for quinolone and fluoroquinolone antimicrobials by the agar dilution method. (gla.ac.uk)
Antimicrobial activity3
- Extensive pharmacologic and clinical development of quinolone antimicrobial agents has resulted in improved antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic features, toxicity, and drug-drug interaction profiles. (nih.gov)
- Within the diversity of their various ring structures, the quinolones have a number of common functional groups essential for their antimicrobial activity. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The interrelationships between structure, antimicrobial activity, and side effects associated with various side chain positions of the quinolone are discussed here. (cdc.gov)
Ofloxacin2
- Because of increasing resistance, quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO single dose, levofloxacin 250 mg PO single dose, or ofloxacin 400 mg PO single dose) are not currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for routine or alternative regimens. (medscape.com)
- These agents have extended spectra of antibacterial activity compared with the earlier quinolones such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. (ovid.com)
Various quinolones1
- Liquid formulations of various quinolones for PO or parenteral administration usually contain freely soluble salts in stable aqueous solutions. (merckvetmanual.com)
Plasmid2
- This is one of the conclusions of a thesis entitled 'Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae' by Kees Veldman, a researcher at CVI. (wur.nl)
- Vincent Cattoir and Patrice Nordmann, " Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacterial Species: An Update", Current Medicinal Chemistry (2009) 16: 1028. (eurekaselect.com)
Organisms1
- Organisms resistant to quinolones often are resistant to other classes of antimicrobials. (cdc.gov)
Vitro activity2
- Evaluates the in vitro activity of seven quinolones against non-glucose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens of cancer patients. (ebscohost.com)
- The in vitro activity of eight antimicrobial agents, including four quinolones, against 108 strains of enteropathogens was determined. (eurekamag.com)
Bacterial species1
- New quinolones are continually being developed as bacterial species develop resistance to existing quinolones. (indigo.ca)
Respiratory2
Enzymes3
- Both enzymes use a double-strand DNA passage mechanism, and it is likely that quinolone biochemistry is similar for both. (asm.org)
- However, physiological differences between the enzymes exist, some of which may bear on quinolone lethality. (asm.org)
- Quinolones have been known to have damaging effects on collagen and other structural components of the extracellular matrix by inducing matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms. (mims.co.uk)
Adverse4
- In his article, Frothingham reminds us that serious adverse drug effects in patients led to the withdrawal or restriction of 4 quinolones in the last decade and that safety may differ substantially among the quinolones discussed in Scheld's review (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Adverse effects in general were similar between macrolides and quinolones. (ersjournals.com)
- Administration of A/C was associated with more adverse effects (mainly diarrhoea) than quinolones (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01-1.85). (ersjournals.com)
- Quinolones are associated with better microbiological success and fewer recurrences of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis than macrolides, while amoxicillin/clavulanate is associated with more adverse effects than both comparators. (ersjournals.com)