Any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997)
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
It is the study of social phenomena which characterize the learned, shared, and transmitted social activities of particular ethnic groups with focus on the causes, consequences, and complexities of human social and cultural variability.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A method of data collection and a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)
A social science dealing with group relationships, patterns of collective behavior, and social organization.
Research carried out by nurses, generally in clinical settings, in the areas of clinical practice, evaluation, nursing education, nursing administration, and methodology.
Those individuals engaged in research.
The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic.
Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology.
Published materials which provide an examination of recent or current literature. Review articles can cover a wide range of subject matter at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature that may include research findings. The review may reflect the state of the art. It also includes reviews as a literary form.
Interaction between research personnel and research subjects.
The collection, writing, and editing of current interest material on topics related to biomedicine for presentation through the mass media, including newspapers, magazines, radio, or television, usually for a public audience such as health care consumers.
Professionals who plan, organize and direct health education programs for the individual, groups and the community.
Research carried out by nurses concerning techniques and methods to implement projects and to document information, including methods of interviewing patients, collecting data, and forming inferences. The concept includes exploration of methodological issues such as human subjectivity and human experience.
The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct. Also, the field of study dealing with the principles of morality.
The study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982, p674)
A quantitative measure of the frequency on average with which articles in a journal have been cited in a given period of time.
Copies of a work or document distributed to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p181)
The sum total of nursing activities which includes assessment (identifying needs), intervention (ministering to needs), and evaluation (validating the effectiveness of the help given).
The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.
A course or method of action selected to guide and determine present and future decisions.
The state or quality of being kind, charitable, or beneficial. (from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed). The ethical principle of BENEFICENCE requires producing net benefit over harm. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
'Catalogs, Library' are systematic listings or databases of an organized collection of library resources, such as books, periodicals, multimedia materials, and digital assets, that provide comprehensive descriptions, locations, and access information to facilitate efficient retrieval and usage.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Voluntary authorization, by a patient or research subject, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures, and for medical and surgical treatment.
Financial support of research activities.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
The act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. In the context of MEDICINE or ETHICS, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
"The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, FACTUAL which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.
The use of humans as investigational subjects.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.
An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.
Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.
Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures.
The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.
Activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.
Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received.
Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine.
Interactions between health personnel and patients.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Individuals responsible for the development of policy and supervision of the execution of plans and functional operations.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons.
The interactions between physician and patient.
The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.
Studies in which a number of subjects are selected from all subjects in a defined population. Conclusions based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
The reciprocal interaction of two or more professional individuals.
The application of discoveries generated by laboratory research and preclinical studies to the development of clinical trials and studies in humans. A second area of translational research concerns enhancing the adoption of best practices.
Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.
A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Research into the cause, transmission, amelioration, elimination, or enhancement of inherited disorders and traits.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.
An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)
Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.
Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
Design of patient care wherein institutional resources and personnel are organized around patients rather than around specialized departments. (From Hospitals 1993 Feb 5;67(3):14)
Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.
The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.
Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
Research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. Other professional staff may also participate in the research.
Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.
The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.
A person's view of himself.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
The educational process of instructing.
Female parents, human or animal.
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
Collaborative process of research involving researchers and community representatives.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Research that involves the application of the behavioral and social sciences to the study of the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli. (from American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed)
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.
Country located in EUROPE. It is bordered by the NORTH SEA, BELGIUM, and GERMANY. Constituent areas are Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten, formerly included in the NETHERLANDS ANTILLES.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.
The study, based on direct observation, use of statistical records, interviews, or experimental methods, of actual practices or the actual impact of practices or policies.
Experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian conceptus during the prenatal stage of development that is characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. In humans, this includes the period from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week after fertilization.
An operating division of the US Department of Health and Human Services. It is concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to health and medical research. Until 1995, it was an agency of the United States PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE.
The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)
Detailed account or statement or formal record of data resulting from empirical inquiry.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
Experimentation on STEM CELLS and on the use of stem cells.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
A group of techniques developed to apply scientific methods and tools to solve the problems of DECISION MAKING in complex organizations and systems. Operations research searches for optimal solutions in situations of conflicting GOALS and makes use of mathematical models from which solutions for actual problems may be derived. (From Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)
An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE established in 1990 to "provide indexing, abstracting, translating, publishing, and other services leading to a more effective and timely dissemination of information on research, demonstration projects, and evaluations with respect to health care to public and private entities and individuals engaged in the improvement of health care delivery..." It supersedes the National Center for Health Services Research. The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) under the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999.
The circulation or wide dispersal of information.
The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Facilities that collect, store, and distribute tissues, e.g., cell lines, microorganisms, blood, sperm, milk, breast tissue, for use by others. Other uses may include transplantation and comparison of diseased tissues in the identification of cancer.
The use of animals as investigational subjects.
Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.
The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.
Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.
Human experimentation that is not intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed. Phase I drug studies (CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I AS TOPIC) and research involving healthy volunteers are examples of nontherapeutic human experimentation.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

Ethnicity, bioethics, and prenatal diagnosis: the amniocentesis decisions of Mexican-origin women and their partners. (1/4025)

Bioethical standards and counseling techniques that regulate prenatal diagnosis in the United States were developed at a time when the principal constituency for fetal testing was a self-selected group of White, well-informed, middle-class women. The routine use of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing, which has become widespread since the mid-1980s, introduced new constituencies to prenatal diagnosis. These new constituencies include ethnic minority women, who, with the exception of women from certain Asian groups, refuse amniocentesis at significantly higher rates than others. This study examines the considerations taken into account by a group of Mexican-origin women who had screened positive for AFP and were deciding whether to undergo amniocentesis. We reviewed 379 charts and interviewed 147 women and 120 partners to test a number of factors that might explain why some women accept amniocentesis and some refuse. A woman's attitudes toward doctors, medicine, and prenatal care and her assessment of the risk and uncertainty associated with the procedure were found to be most significant. Case summaries demonstrate the indeterminacy of the decision-making process. We concluded that established bioethical principles and counseling techniques need to be more sensitive to the way ethnic minority clients make their amniocentesis choices.  (+info)

Would you like to know what is wrong with you? On telling the truth to patients with dementia. (2/4025)

OBJECTIVES: To discover what dementia sufferers feel is wrong with them; what they have been told and by whom, and what they wish to know about their illness. BACKGROUND: Ethical guidelines regarding telling truth appear to be equivocal. Declarations of cognitively intact subjects, attitudes of family members and current psychiatric practice all vary, but no previous research has been published concerning what patients with dementia would in fact like to know about their diagnosis and prognosis. DESIGN: Questionnaire study of the patients' opinions. SETTING: Old Age Psychiatry Service in Worcester. PARTICIPANTS: 30 consecutive patients with dementia. RESULTS: The quality of information received has been poor and many patients have no opportunity to discuss their illness with anybody. Despite that almost half of the participants in this study had adequate insight and a majority declared that they would like to know more about their predicament. CONCLUSIONS: Although many patients would like to know the truth, the rights of those who do not want to know should also be respected. Therefore the diagnosis of dementia should not be routinely disclosed but (just as in other disorders) health care professionals should seek to understand their patients' preferences and act appropriately according to their choice.  (+info)

Talking about cases in bioethics: the effect of an intensive course on health care professionals. (3/4025)

Educational efforts in bioethics are prevalent, but little is known about their efficacy. Although previous work indicates that courses in bioethics have a demonstrable effect on medical students, it has not examined their effect on health care professionals. In this report, we describe a study designed to investigate the effect of bioethics education on health care professionals. At the Intensive Bioethics Course, a six-day course held annually at Georgetown University, we administered a questionnaire requiring open-ended responses to vignettes both before and after the course. Following the course, respondents defended their responses more carefully and articulated their thoughts more clearly. In addition, after the course respondents seemed to have a more subtle understanding of the relevant issues in the cases and applied theory to these cases more frequently. These findings help to formulate an understanding of the effect of bioethics education on health care professionals.  (+info)

Priority setting for new technologies in medicine: qualitative case study. (4/4025)

OBJECTIVE: To describe priority setting for new technologies in medicine. DESIGN: Qualitative study using case studies and grounded theory. SETTING: Two committees advising on priorities for new technologies in cancer and cardiac care in Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: The two committees and their 26 members. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Accounts of priority setting decision making gathered by reviewing documents, interviewing members, and observing meetings. RESULTS: Six interrelated domains were identified for priority setting for new technologies in medicine: the institutions in which the decision are made, the people who make the decisions, the factors they consider, the reasons for the decisions, the process of decision making, and the appeals mechanism for challenging the decisions. CONCLUSION: These domains constitute a model of priority setting for new technologies in medicine. The next step will be to harmonise this description of how priority setting decisions are made with ethical accounts of how they should be made.  (+info)

Collusion in doctor-patient communication about imminent death: an ethnographic study. (5/4025)

OBJECTIVE: To discover and explore the factors that result in "false optimism about recovery" observed in patients with small cell lung cancer. DESIGN: A qualitative observational (ethnographic) study in two stages over four years. SETTING: Lung diseases ward and outpatient clinic in university hospital in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: 35 patients with small cell lung cancer. RESULTS: "False optimism about recovery" usually developed during the (first) course of chemotherapy and was most prevalent when the cancer could no longer be seen in the x ray pictures. This optimism tended to vanish when the tumour recurred, but it could develop again, though to a lesser extent, during further courses of chemotherapy. Patients gradually found out the facts about their poor prognosis, partly because of physical deterioration and partly through contact with fellow patients who were in a more advanced stage of the illness and were dying. "False optimism about recovery" was the result an association between doctors' activism and patients' adherence to the treatment calendar and to the "recovery plot," which allowed them not to acknowledge explicitly what they should and could know. The doctor did and did not want to pronounce a "death sentence" and the patient did and did not want to hear it. CONCLUSION: Solutions to the problem of collusion between doctor and patient require an active, patient oriented approach from the doctor. Perhaps solutions have to be found outside the doctor-patient relationship itself - for example, by involving "treatment brokers."  (+info)

The potential for research-based information in public health: identifying unrecognised information needs. (6/4025)

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether there is a potential for greater use of research-based information in public health practice in a local setting. Secondly, if research-based information is relevant, to explore the extent to which this generates questioning behaviour. DESIGN: Qualitative study using focus group discussions, observation and interviews. SETTING: Public health practices in Norway. PARTICIPANTS: 52 public health practitioners. RESULTS: In general, the public health practitioners had a positive attitude towards research-based information, but believed that they had few cases requiring this type of information. They did say, however, that there might be a potential for greater use. During five focus groups and six observation days we identified 28 questions/cases where it would have been appropriate to seek out research evidence according to our definition. Three of the public health practitioners identified three of these 28 cases as questions for which research-based information could have been relevant. This gap is interpreted as representing unrecognised information needs. CONCLUSIONS: There is an unrealised potential in public health practice for more frequent and extensive use of research-based information. The practitioners did not appear to reflect on the need for scientific information when faced with new cases and few questions of this type were generated.  (+info)

Guidelines as rationing tools: a qualitative analysis of psychosocial patient selection criteria for cardiac procedures. (7/4025)

BACKGROUND: Cardiac procedure guidelines often include psychosocial criteria for selecting patients that potentially introduce social value judgements into clinical decisions and decisions about the rationing of care. The aim of this study was to investigate the terms and justifications for and the meanings of psychosocial patient characteristics used in cardiac procedure guidelines. METHODS: We selected English-language guidelines published since 1990 and chapters in textbooks published since 1989. These guidelines amalgamated multiple sources of evidence and expertise and made recommendations regarding patient selection for specific procedures. A multidisciplinary team of physicians and social scientists extracted passages regarding psychosocial criteria and developed categories and conceptual relationships to describe and interpret their content. RESULTS: Sixty-five papers met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Forty-five (69%) mentioned psychosocial criteria as procedure indications or contraindications. The latter fell into several categories, including behavioural and psychological issues, relationships with significant others, financial resources, social roles and environmental circumstances. INTERPRETATION: Psychosocial characteristics are portrayed as having 2 roles in patient selection: as risk factors intrinsic to the candidate or as indicators of need for special intervention. Guidelines typically simply list psychosocial contraindications without clarifying their specific nature or providing any justification for their use. Psychosocial considerations can help in the evaluation of patients for cardiac procedures, but they become ethically controversial when used to restrict access. The use of psychosocial indications and contraindications could be improved by more precise descriptions of the psychosocial problem at issue, explanations regarding why the criterion matters and justification of the characteristic using a biological rationale or research evidence.  (+info)

Collusion in doctor-patient communication about imminent death: an ethnographic study. (8/4025)

OBJECTIVE: To discover and explore the factors that result in the "false optimism about recovery" observed in patients with small cell lung cancer. DESIGN: A qualitative observational (ethnographic) study in 2 stages over 4 years. SETTING: Lung diseases ward and outpatient clinic in a university hospital in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: 35 patients with small cell lung cancer. RESULTS: False optimism about recovery usually developed during the first course of chemotherapy and was most prevalent when the cancer could no longer be seen on x-ray films. This optimism tended to vanish when the tumor recurred, but it could develop again, though to a lesser extent, during further courses of chemotherapy. Patients gradually found out the facts about their poor prognosis, partly by their physical deterioration and partly through contact with fellow patients in a more advanced stage of the illness who were dying. False optimism about recovery was the result of an association between physicians' activism and patients' adherence to the treatment calendar and to the "recovery plot," which allowed them to avoid acknowledging explicitly what they should and could know. The physician did and did not want to pronounce a "death sentence," and the patient did and did not want to hear it. CONCLUSION: Solutions to the problem of collusion between physician and patient require an active, patient-oriented approach by the physician. Perhaps solutions have to be found outside the physician-patient relationship itself--for example, by involving "treatment brokers."  (+info)

Qualitative research is a methodological approach in social sciences and healthcare research that focuses on understanding the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups within a specific context. It aims to gather detailed, rich data through various techniques such as interviews, focus groups, observations, and content analysis. The findings from qualitative research are typically descriptive and exploratory, providing insights into processes, perceptions, and experiences that may not be captured through quantitative methods.

In medical research, qualitative research can be used to explore patients' experiences of illness, healthcare providers' perspectives on patient care, or the cultural and social factors that influence health behaviors. It is often used in combination with quantitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex health issues.

Research, in the context of medicine, is a systematic and rigorous process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding, develop new knowledge, or evaluate current practices and interventions. It can involve various methodologies such as observational studies, experiments, surveys, or literature reviews. The goal of medical research is to advance health care by identifying new treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing prevention strategies. Medical research is typically conducted by teams of researchers including clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. It is subject to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure that it is conducted responsibly and with the best interests of patients in mind.

Cultural anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of human culture, society, and behavior. It seeks to understand the ways in which different cultural groups organize and structure their social lives, as well as the meanings and symbols that shape their beliefs, practices, and institutions. Cultural anthropologists conduct ethnographic research, which involves immersing themselves in a particular cultural setting and observing and participating in the daily lives of its members. They generate detailed descriptions and analyses of cultural phenomena, with the aim of providing insights into both the specificity of individual cultures and the broader patterns of human social and cultural life. Cultural anthropology has important applications in fields such as international development, public health, education, and business, where an understanding of cultural differences is essential for effective communication, collaboration, and problem-solving.

A research design in medical or healthcare research is a systematic plan that guides the execution and reporting of research to address a specific research question or objective. It outlines the overall strategy for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. The design includes details about the type of study (e.g., experimental, observational), sampling methods, data collection techniques, data analysis approaches, and any potential sources of bias or confounding that need to be controlled for. A well-defined research design helps ensure that the results are reliable, generalizable, and relevant to the research question, ultimately contributing to evidence-based practice in medicine and healthcare.

Health services research (HSR) is a multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to healthcare, the quality and cost of care, and ultimately, our health and well-being. The goal of HSR is to inform policy and practice, improve system performance, and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It involves the use of various research methods, including epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, sociology, management science, political science, and psychology, to answer questions about the healthcare system and how it can be improved.

Examples of HSR topics include:

* Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and technologies
* Studying patient-centered care and patient experiences with the healthcare system
* Examining healthcare workforce issues, such as shortages of primary care providers or the impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
* Investigating the impact of health insurance design and financing systems on access to care and health disparities
* Analyzing the organization and delivery of healthcare services in different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities
* Identifying best practices for improving healthcare quality and safety, reducing medical errors, and eliminating wasteful or unnecessary care.

"Focus groups" is a term from the field of social science research, rather than medicine. It does not have a specific medical definition. However, focus groups are sometimes used in medical research to gather data and insights from a small group of people on a specific topic or product. This can include gathering feedback on patient experiences, testing prototypes of medical devices or treatments, or exploring attitudes and perceptions related to health issues. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives and needs of the target population through facilitated group discussion.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "philosophy" is not a medical term. It is a branch of study that deals with fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, and reality. In contrast, medical terms typically refer to concepts within the field of medicine, such as diseases, treatments, or anatomical structures. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sociology" is not a term that has a medical definition. Sociology is a social science that focuses on the study of human behavior and interactions in society, including the development, structure, and functioning of human societies. It is distinct from medical disciplines which focus on the diagnosis and treatment of health conditions.

Nursing research is a scientific investigation that systematically studies nursing phenomena and related outcomes to establish best practices, improve patient care, and advance the profession of nursing. It utilizes various research methods and theories to address questions and problems relevant to nursing practice, education, administration, and policy-making. The ultimate goal of nursing research is to generate evidence-based knowledge that informs nursing interventions, enhances patient outcomes, and contributes to the development of nursing science.

Research personnel, in the context of medical and scientific research, refers to individuals who are involved in the design, conduct, or reporting of research studies. This can include, but is not limited to, principal investigators, co-investigators, research assistants, research coordinators, data managers, biostatisticians, and laboratory technicians. These individuals may have various levels of education, training, and expertise, and their roles and responsibilities will depend on the specific research study and their individual qualifications. It is important for research personnel to adhere to ethical guidelines and regulations in order to ensure the integrity and validity of research findings.

Research ethics refers to the principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of research involving human participants or animals. The overarching goal of research ethics is to ensure that research is conducted in a way that respects the autonomy, dignity, and well-being of all those involved. Research ethics are designed to prevent harm, promote fairness, and maintain trust between researchers and study participants.

Some key principles of research ethics include:

1. Respect for Persons: This means treating all individuals with respect and dignity, and recognizing their autonomy and right to make informed decisions about participating in research.
2. Beneficence: Researchers have a duty to maximize the benefits of research while minimizing potential harms.
3. Justice: Research should be conducted fairly, without discrimination or bias, and should benefit all those who are affected by it.
4. Confidentiality: Researchers must protect the privacy and confidentiality of study participants, including their personal information and data.
5. Informed Consent: Participants must give their voluntary and informed consent to participate in research, after being fully informed about the nature of the study, its risks and benefits, and their rights as a participant.

Research ethics are typically overseen by institutional review boards (IRBs) or research ethics committees (RECs), which review research proposals and monitor ongoing studies to ensure that they comply with ethical guidelines. Researchers who violate these guidelines may face sanctions, including loss of funding, suspension or revocation of their research privileges, or legal action.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Social Sciences" is a broad term that refers to academic disciplines that study human society and social relationships. It includes fields such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. These subjects are considered part of the liberal arts and humanities, not medical sciences.

However, aspects of social sciences can intersect with medical studies in areas like medical anthropology, health psychology, sociology of health and illness, and psychiatry. For instance, medical anthropologists might study how cultural factors influence healthcare practices, while health psychologists examine the role of behavior and mental processes in health and illness.

If you're looking for a definition related to medical sciences, perhaps there was some confusion with the term. Could you please clarify or provide more context?

"Review literature" is a term used to describe a type of scientific or academic writing that summarizes and synthesizes existing research on a particular topic. A review literature article, also known as a literature review, provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on a subject, highlighting the most important studies, methods, findings, and controversies.

A well-conducted review literature article is based on a thorough and systematic search of the relevant scientific or academic databases, journals, and other sources of information. The selection of studies for inclusion in the review is typically based on specific criteria, such as the quality of the research design, the relevance of the findings to the topic, and the publication date.

The purpose of a review literature article is to provide a critical analysis of the existing research, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and suggest directions for future research. It can also serve as a guide for researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and other stakeholders who are interested in staying up-to-date with the latest developments in their field.

In medical contexts, review literature articles are often used to inform evidence-based practice, clinical guidelines, and health policy decisions. They can also help to identify research priorities and guide funding agencies in allocating resources for future studies.

"Researcher-Subject Relations" generally refers to the interactions and relationship between researchers (including scientists, clinicians, and social scientists) and the individuals who participate in research studies as subjects or participants. This relationship is governed by ethical principles that aim to protect the rights and welfare of research subjects, while also allowing for the production of valid and reliable research findings.

The Belmont Report, a foundational document in the ethics of human subjects research in the United States, outlines three key ethical principles that should guide researcher-subject relations: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. These principles require researchers to obtain informed consent from potential research subjects, to minimize risks and maximize benefits, and to ensure fairness in the selection and treatment of research subjects.

Researcher-subject relations can take many forms, depending on the nature of the research and the characteristics of the research subjects. In some cases, research subjects may be patients who are receiving medical care, while in other cases they may be healthy volunteers who are participating in a study for compensation or other incentives. Researchers must be transparent about the purposes of the research, the potential risks and benefits, and the rights and responsibilities of research subjects, and must ensure that these issues are communicated in a clear and understandable manner.

Effective researcher-subject relations require trust, respect, and communication, as well as an understanding of the ethical principles and regulations that govern human subjects research. By building strong relationships with research subjects, researchers can help to ensure that their studies are conducted ethically and responsibly, while also producing valuable insights and knowledge that can benefit society as a whole.

Medical journalism is a branch of journalism that focuses on reporting and disseminating news and information related to the medical field, including healthcare policy, public health, medical research, clinical trials, pharmaceuticals, medical technology, and medical education. It involves writing for both professional and lay audiences in various formats, such as newspapers, magazines, websites, and broadcast media. Medical journalists are expected to have a strong understanding of medical concepts and terminology, as well as the ethical considerations involved in reporting on medical issues. They must also be able to critically evaluate scientific studies and communicate their findings accurately and clearly to the public.

Health educators are professionals who design, implement, and evaluate programs to promote and improve individual and community health. They use evidence-based approaches to communicate effective health behaviors and preventive measures to individuals and groups, taking into account cultural sensitivities, socioeconomic factors, and other relevant determinants of health. Health educators may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, public health departments, non-profit organizations, and educational institutions. Their primary goal is to empower individuals and communities to make informed decisions about their health and well-being. According to the American Association for Health Education (AAHE), health education is defined as "the process of helping people to understand basic health information, skills, and concepts so that they can make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health."

Nursing methodology research is a type of scientific inquiry that focuses on the development, evaluation, and refinement of nursing interventions used in clinical practice. This research aims to determine the most effective and efficient methods for promoting health, preventing illness, and managing symptoms or conditions in patients receiving nursing care. Nursing methodology research can involve various study designs, including experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative approaches. The ultimate goal of this research is to contribute to evidence-based practice in nursing, which involves making clinical decisions based on the best available research evidence, patient preferences, and clinical expertise.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. In the medical field, ethics refers to the principles that guide doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals in making decisions about patient care. These principles often include respect for autonomy (the right of patients to make their own decisions), non-maleficence (doing no harm), beneficence (acting in the best interests of the patient), and justice (fairness in the distribution of resources). Medical ethics may also involve considerations of confidentiality, informed consent, and end-of-life decision making.

Dental research is a scientific discipline that focuses on the study of teeth, oral health, and related diseases. It involves various aspects of dental sciences such as oral biology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, epidemiology, biomaterials, and biotechnology. The main aim of dental research is to improve oral health care, develop new diagnostic tools, prevent dental diseases, and create better treatment options for various dental conditions. Dental researchers may study topics such as tooth development, oral cancer, periodontal disease, dental caries (cavities), saliva composition, and the effects of nutrition on oral health. The findings from dental research can help improve dental care practices, inform public health policies, and advance our understanding of overall human health.

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years. For example, if a journal has an Impact Factor of 3 in 2020, that means articles published in 2018 and 2019 were cited 3 times on average in 2020. It is used to gauge the importance or rank of a journal by comparing the times it's articles are cited relative to other journals in the field. However, it has been criticized for various limitations such as being manipulated by editors and not reflecting the quality of individual articles.

In the context of medicine, "publications" typically refers to the dissemination of research findings or other medical information through various forms of media. This can include:

1. Peer-reviewed journals: These are scientific or medical publications that undergo a rigorous review process by experts in the field before they are accepted for publication. They represent some of the most reliable sources of medical information.

2. Conference proceedings: Medical conferences often publish abstracts, presentations, or posters from the event. These can provide early insights into ongoing research and new developments in the field.

3. Books and book chapters: Medical texts and reference books are a common form of publication, offering comprehensive overviews of specific topics or conditions.

4. Online platforms: Websites, blogs, and social media platforms have become increasingly popular ways to share medical information. While these can be valuable resources, it's important to critically evaluate the quality and reliability of the information presented.

5. News articles and press releases: Media outlets may report on new medical research or developments, although these should also be approached with caution as they may not always accurately represent the findings or context of the original research.

It's worth noting that all publications should be evaluated based on their source, methodology, and relevance to the specific question or issue at hand.

The Nursing Process is a systematic and organized method used by nurses to provide holistic, individualized, and patient-centered care. It consists of five interrelated steps that are carried out in a continuous and dynamic cycle: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. This framework enables nurses to identify actual or potential health needs, set goals, establish nursing care plans, implement interventions, and evaluate outcomes to ensure the best possible patient outcomes and quality of care. The Nursing Process is grounded in evidence-based practice, critical thinking, and decision-making and is widely accepted as a standard of practice in the nursing profession.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Science" is a broad field that refers to a systematic and logical process used to discover how things in the universe work. It's not typically used as a medical term. However, within the context of medicine, "science" often refers to evidence-based practices, which are treatments and preventions that have been scientifically researched and proven to be effective. This could include areas like pharmacology (the study of drugs), pathophysiology (the study of changes in the body due to disease), or clinical trials (studies used to test new treatments). If you're looking for a specific medical term, could you please provide more context?

In the context of healthcare, "policy" refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or government to guide and determine its decisions, actions, and responses to issues related to the provision, financing, and regulation of health and healthcare services. Health policies are formulated to address various aspects such as access to care, quality of care, cost containment, medical research, public health, and patient safety. They can be established through legislation, regulations, guidelines, protocols, or organizational rules and may be aimed at various stakeholders, including healthcare providers, payers, patients, and the general public.

Beneficence is a principle in medical ethics that means to act in the best interest of the patient. It involves providing benefits and balancing benefits against risks and harms. Healthcare providers are expected to promote well-being, prevent harm, and remove harmful conditions for their patients. Beneficence also includes considerations such as respecting autonomy, being honest and transparent, and ensuring fairness and justice in the provision of healthcare.

A library catalog is a comprehensive listing of all the resources and materials available in a library. It provides detailed information about each item, such as title, author, publication date, subject headings, and location in the library. The purpose of a library catalog is to help users locate specific items within the library's collection quickly and efficiently.

Traditionally, library catalogs were available in printed form, but with the advent of technology, most libraries now use online public access catalogs (OPACs) that allow users to search the catalog from anywhere with an internet connection. These digital catalogs often include additional features such as the ability to place holds on items, renew checked-out materials, and create personal lists of favorite titles or authors.

In addition to books, library catalogs may also include other types of materials such as audiovisual items (e.g., DVDs, CDs), periodicals (e.g., newspapers, magazines), electronic resources (e.g., e-books, databases), and special collections (e.g., rare books, manuscripts). By providing a detailed and accessible catalog of its holdings, a library can better serve the needs of its users and promote the discovery and use of its resources.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

Informed consent is a process in medical care where patients are provided with all relevant information about their health status, proposed treatments, potential risks and benefits, and alternative options. This allows patients to make informed decisions regarding their healthcare and understand the consequences of their choices. The process includes ensuring that the patient has adequate mental capacity to make such decisions, is fully aware of the implications, and gives their voluntary agreement for the proposed treatment or procedure. It's a fundamental principle in medical ethics and is required by law in many jurisdictions to protect patients' rights.

"Research Support as Topic" is not a specific medical term or diagnosis. However, in the context of medical literature and research, "research support" refers to the resources, funding, and infrastructure that enable and facilitate the conduct of scientific research. This can include financial support from various sources such as government agencies, private organizations, or institutions; access to laboratory facilities, equipment, and databases; and technical assistance in study design, data collection and analysis, and manuscript preparation.

When "research support" is designated as a topic in medical literature, it typically refers to articles that discuss the various aspects of research funding, ethics, and management, including best practices for grant writing, financial conflict of interest disclosures, and responsible conduct of research. It may also include studies that examine the impact of research support on the quality, quantity, and outcomes of scientific research.

An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.

A positive attitude to health typically includes:

1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.

On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:

1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.

Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.

In the context of medicine, "narration" typically refers to the description or telling of a patient's history, symptoms, and course of illness. It is the process of recounting the important medical events and experiences related to a patient's health status. This information is usually gathered through interviews, physical examinations, and review of medical records. The resulting narrative can help healthcare providers understand the patient's condition, make informed decisions about diagnosis and treatment, and provide appropriate care. However, it's important to note that "narration" itself is not a medical term, but rather a general term used in many fields including medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "publishing" is not a term that has a medical definition. Publishing typically refers to the process of preparing and disseminating information, such as books, journals, or articles, to the public or a specific audience. It could involve both print and digital media. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

A bibliographic database is a type of database that contains records of publications, such as books, articles, and conference proceedings. These records typically include bibliographic information, such as the title, author, publication date, and source of the publication. Some bibliographic databases also include abstracts or summaries of the publications, and many provide links to the full text of the publications if they are available online.

Bibliographic databases are used in a variety of fields, including academia, medicine, and industry, to locate relevant publications on a particular topic. They can be searched using keywords, author names, and other criteria. Some bibliographic databases are general, covering a wide range of topics, while others are specialized and focus on a specific subject area.

In the medical field, bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed are widely used to search for articles related to biomedical research, clinical practice, and public health. These databases contain records of articles from thousands of biomedical journals and can be searched using keywords, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms, and other criteria.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

'Guidelines' in the medical context are systematically developed statements or sets of recommendations designed to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available evidence, including scientific studies, expert opinions, and patient values. Guidelines may cover a wide range of topics, such as diagnosis, treatment, prevention, screening, and management of various diseases and conditions. They aim to standardize care, improve patient outcomes, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote efficient use of healthcare resources.

Human experimentation is a branch of medical research that involves conducting experiments on human subjects. According to the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki, which sets ethical standards for medical research involving human subjects, human experimentation is defined as "systematic study designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge."

Human experimentation can take many forms, including clinical trials of new drugs or medical devices, observational studies, and interventional studies. In all cases, the principles of informed consent, risk minimization, and respect for the autonomy and dignity of the research subjects must be strictly adhered to.

Human experimentation has a controversial history, with many instances of unethical practices and abuse, such as the notorious Tuskegee syphilis study in which African American men were deliberately left untreated for syphilis without their informed consent. As a result, there are strict regulations and guidelines governing human experimentation to ensure that it is conducted ethically and with the utmost respect for the rights and welfare of research subjects.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

In the context of medical science, culture refers to the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, under controlled conditions in a laboratory setting. This process is used to identify and study the characteristics of these microorganisms, including their growth patterns, metabolic activities, and sensitivity to various antibiotics or other treatments.

The culture medium, which provides nutrients for the microorganisms to grow, can be modified to mimic the environment in which the organism is typically found. This helps researchers to better understand how the organism behaves in its natural habitat.

In addition to its use in diagnosis and research, culture is also an important tool in monitoring the effectiveness of treatments and tracking the spread of infectious diseases.

In the context of medical terminology, "attitude" generally refers to the position or posture of a patient's body or a part of it. It can also refer to the mental set or disposition that a person has towards their health, illness, or healthcare providers. However, it is not a term that has a specific medical definition like other medical terminologies do.

For example, in orthopedics, "attitude" may be used to describe the position of a limb or joint during an examination or surgical procedure. In psychology, "attitude" may refer to a person's feelings, beliefs, and behaviors towards a particular object, issue, or idea related to their health.

Therefore, the meaning of "attitude" in medical terminology can vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Epidemiology is the study of how often and why diseases occur in different groups of people and places. It is a key discipline in public health and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practices by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists use various study designs, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to collect and analyze data on the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. They seek to understand the causes of health outcomes and develop strategies to control or prevent adverse health events. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to improve population health and eliminate health disparities.

In medical terms, a patient is an individual who receives medical attention, treatment, or care from a healthcare professional or provider. This could be in the context of seeking help for a specific health concern, receiving ongoing management for a chronic condition, or being under observation as part of preventative healthcare. The term "patient" implies a level of trust and vulnerability, where the individual places their health and well-being in the hands of a medical expert. It's important to note that patients have rights and responsibilities too, including informed consent, confidentiality, and active participation in their own care.

Confidentiality is a legal and ethical principle in medicine that refers to the obligation of healthcare professionals to protect the personal and sensitive information of their patients. This information, which can include medical history, diagnosis, treatment plans, and other private details, is shared between the patient and the healthcare provider with the expectation that it will be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties without the patient's consent.

Confidentiality is a fundamental component of the trust relationship between patients and healthcare providers, as it helps to ensure that patients feel safe and comfortable sharing sensitive information with their doctors, nurses, and other members of their healthcare team. It also helps to protect patients' privacy rights and uphold their autonomy in making informed decisions about their healthcare.

There are some limited circumstances in which confidentiality may be breached, such as when there is a legal obligation to report certain types of information (e.g., suspected child abuse or neglect), or when the disclosure is necessary to protect the health and safety of the patient or others. However, these exceptions are typically narrowly defined and subject to strict guidelines and safeguards to ensure that confidentiality is protected as much as possible.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Decision-making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. In a medical context, decision-making refers to the process by which healthcare professionals and patients make choices about medical tests, treatments, or management options based on a thorough evaluation of available information, including the patient's preferences, values, and circumstances.

The decision-making process in medicine typically involves several steps:

1. Identifying the problem or issue that requires a decision.
2. Gathering relevant information about the patient's medical history, current condition, diagnostic test results, treatment options, and potential outcomes.
3. Considering the benefits, risks, and uncertainties associated with each option.
4. Evaluating the patient's preferences, values, and goals.
5. Selecting the most appropriate course of action based on a careful weighing of the available evidence and the patient's individual needs and circumstances.
6. Communicating the decision to the patient and ensuring that they understand the rationale behind it, as well as any potential risks or benefits.
7. Monitoring the outcomes of the decision and adjusting the course of action as needed based on ongoing evaluation and feedback.

Effective decision-making in medicine requires a thorough understanding of medical evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences. It also involves careful consideration of ethical principles, such as respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ultimately, the goal of decision-making in healthcare is to promote the best possible outcomes for patients while minimizing harm and respecting their individual needs and values.

Quality Assurance in the context of healthcare refers to a systematic approach and set of activities designed to ensure that health care services and products consistently meet predetermined standards of quality and safety. It includes all the policies, procedures, and processes that are put in place to monitor, assess, and improve the quality of healthcare delivery.

The goal of quality assurance is to minimize variability in clinical practice, reduce medical errors, and ensure that patients receive evidence-based care that is safe, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Quality assurance activities may include:

1. Establishing standards of care based on best practices and clinical guidelines.
2. Developing and implementing policies and procedures to ensure compliance with these standards.
3. Providing education and training to healthcare professionals to improve their knowledge and skills.
4. Conducting audits, reviews, and evaluations of healthcare services and processes to identify areas for improvement.
5. Implementing corrective actions to address identified issues and prevent their recurrence.
6. Monitoring and measuring outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of quality improvement initiatives.

Quality assurance is an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation and improvement to ensure that healthcare delivery remains safe, effective, and patient-centered.

Consumer satisfaction in a medical context refers to the degree to which a patient or their family is content with the healthcare services, products, or experiences they have received. It is a measure of how well the healthcare delivery aligns with the patient's expectations, needs, and preferences. Factors that contribute to consumer satisfaction may include the quality of care, communication and interpersonal skills of healthcare providers, accessibility and convenience, affordability, and outcomes. High consumer satisfaction is associated with better adherence to treatment plans, improved health outcomes, and higher patient loyalty.

Biomedical research is a branch of scientific research that involves the study of biological processes and diseases in order to develop new treatments and therapies. This type of research often involves the use of laboratory techniques, such as cell culture and genetic engineering, as well as clinical trials in humans. The goal of biomedical research is to advance our understanding of how living organisms function and to find ways to prevent and treat various medical conditions. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, immunology, pharmacology, and neuroscience, among others. Ultimately, the aim of biomedical research is to improve human health and well-being.

Professional-patient relations, also known as physician-patient relationships or doctor-patient relationships, refer to the interactions and communications between healthcare professionals and their patients. It is a critical aspect of healthcare delivery that involves trust, respect, understanding, and collaboration. The American Medical Association (AMA) defines it as "a ethical relationship in which a physician, by virtue of knowledge and skills, provides medical services to a patient in need."

Professional-patient relations encompass various elements, including:

1. Informed Consent: Healthcare professionals must provide patients with adequate information about their medical condition, treatment options, benefits, risks, and alternatives to enable them to make informed decisions about their healthcare.
2. Confidentiality: Healthcare professionals must respect patients' privacy and maintain the confidentiality of their medical information, except in specific circumstances where disclosure is required by law or necessary for patient safety.
3. Communication: Healthcare professionals must communicate effectively with patients, listening to their concerns, answering their questions, and providing clear and concise explanations about their medical condition and treatment plan.
4. Empathy and Compassion: Healthcare professionals must demonstrate empathy and compassion towards their patients, recognizing their emotional and psychological needs and providing support and comfort when necessary.
5. Cultural Competence: Healthcare professionals must be aware of and respect cultural differences among their patients, adapting their communication style and treatment approach to meet the unique needs of each patient.
6. Shared Decision-Making: Healthcare professionals and patients should work together to make medical decisions based on the best available evidence, the patient's values and preferences, and the healthcare professional's expertise.
7. Continuity of Care: Healthcare professionals must ensure continuity of care for their patients, coordinating with other healthcare providers and ensuring that patients receive appropriate follow-up care.

Professional-patient relations are essential to achieving positive health outcomes, improving patient satisfaction, and reducing medical errors and adverse events. Healthcare professionals must maintain ethical and professional standards in their interactions with patients, recognizing the power imbalance in the relationship and striving to promote trust, respect, and collaboration.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Administrative personnel in a medical context typically refer to individuals who work in healthcare facilities or organizations, but do not provide direct patient care. Their roles involve supporting the management and operations of the healthcare system through various administrative tasks. These responsibilities may include managing schedules, coordinating appointments, handling billing and insurance matters, maintaining medical records, communicating with patients and other staff members, and performing various clerical duties.

Examples of administrative personnel in a medical setting might include medical office assistants, medical receptionists, medical billers, medical coders, medical transcriptionists, and healthcare administrators. While they do not provide direct patient care, their work is essential to ensuring the smooth functioning of healthcare services and the overall quality of patient care.

Interpersonal relations, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refer to the interactions and relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as among healthcare professionals themselves. These relationships are crucial in the delivery of care and can significantly impact patient outcomes. Positive interpersonal relations can lead to improved communication, increased trust, greater patient satisfaction, and better adherence to treatment plans. On the other hand, negative or strained interpersonal relations can result in poor communication, mistrust, dissatisfaction, and non-adherence.

Healthcare professionals are trained to develop effective interpersonal skills, including active listening, empathy, respect, and cultural sensitivity, to build positive relationships with their patients. Effective interpersonal relations also involve clear and concise communication, setting appropriate boundaries, and managing conflicts in a constructive manner. In addition, positive interpersonal relations among healthcare professionals can promote collaboration, teamwork, and knowledge sharing, leading to improved patient care and safety.

Physician-patient relations, also known as doctor-patient relationships, refer to the interaction and communication between healthcare professionals and their patients. This relationship is founded on trust, respect, and understanding, with the physician providing medical care and treatment based on the patient's needs and best interests. Effective physician-patient relations involve clear communication, informed consent, shared decision-making, and confidentiality. A positive and collaborative relationship can lead to better health outcomes, improved patient satisfaction, and increased adherence to treatment plans.

The "delivery of health care" refers to the process of providing medical services, treatments, and interventions to individuals in order to maintain, restore, or improve their health. This encompasses a wide range of activities, including:

1. Preventive care: Routine check-ups, screenings, immunizations, and counseling aimed at preventing illnesses or identifying them at an early stage.
2. Diagnostic services: Tests and procedures used to identify and understand medical conditions, such as laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.
3. Treatment interventions: Medical, surgical, or therapeutic treatments provided to manage acute or chronic health issues, including medications, surgeries, physical therapy, and psychotherapy.
4. Acute care services: Short-term medical interventions focused on addressing immediate health concerns, such as hospitalizations for infections, injuries, or complications from medical conditions.
5. Chronic care management: Long-term care and support provided to individuals with ongoing medical needs, such as those living with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, or cancer.
6. Rehabilitation services: Programs designed to help patients recover from illnesses, injuries, or surgeries, focusing on restoring physical, cognitive, and emotional function.
7. End-of-life care: Palliative and hospice care provided to individuals facing terminal illnesses, with an emphasis on comfort, dignity, and quality of life.
8. Public health initiatives: Population-level interventions aimed at improving community health, such as disease prevention programs, health education campaigns, and environmental modifications.

The delivery of health care involves a complex network of healthcare professionals, institutions, and systems working together to ensure that patients receive the best possible care. This includes primary care physicians, specialists, nurses, allied health professionals, hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and public health organizations. Effective communication, coordination, and collaboration among these stakeholders are essential for high-quality, patient-centered care.

"Sampling studies" is not a specific medical term, but rather a general term that refers to research studies in which a sample of individuals or data is collected and analyzed to make inferences about a larger population. In medical research, sampling studies can be used to estimate the prevalence of diseases or risk factors within a certain population, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions, or to study the relationships between various health-related variables.

The sample for a sampling study may be selected using various methods, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, or convenience sampling. The choice of sampling method depends on the research question, the characteristics of the population of interest, and practical considerations related to cost, time, and feasibility.

It is important to note that sampling studies have limitations and potential sources of bias, just like any other research design. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the study methods and limitations when interpreting the results of sampling studies in medical research.

Patient acceptance of health care refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to follow and engage in a recommended treatment plan or healthcare regimen. This involves understanding the proposed medical interventions, considering their potential benefits and risks, and making an informed decision to proceed with the recommended course of action.

The factors that influence patient acceptance can include:

1. Patient's understanding of their condition and treatment options
2. Trust in their healthcare provider
3. Personal beliefs and values related to health and illness
4. Cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic barriers
5. Emotional responses to the diagnosis or proposed treatment
6. Practical considerations, such as cost, time commitment, or potential side effects

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in facilitating patient acceptance by clearly communicating information, addressing concerns and questions, and providing support throughout the decision-making process. Encouraging shared decision-making and tailoring care plans to individual patient needs and preferences can also enhance patient acceptance of health care.

Interprofessional relations, in the context of healthcare, refers to the interactions and collaborative practices between different healthcare professionals (such as physicians, nurses, pharmacists, therapists, social workers, etc.) when providing care for patients. It involves developing and maintaining positive and effective communication, respect, trust, and collaboration among various healthcare disciplines to ensure coordinated, safe, and high-quality patient care. The goal of interprofessional relations is to enhance collaborative practice, improve patient outcomes, and promote a supportive work environment.

Translational medical research, also known as "translational research," refers to the process of turning basic scientific discoveries into clinical interventions that improve human health and well-being. This type of research aims to "translate" findings from laboratory, animal, or cellular studies into practical applications for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.

Translational medical research typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together researchers from various fields such as biology, chemistry, engineering, genetics, and medicine to work collaboratively on solving complex health problems. The process often includes several stages, including:

1. Identifying basic scientific discoveries that have the potential to be translated into clinical applications.
2. Developing and optimizing new diagnostic tools, drugs, or therapies based on these discoveries.
3. Conducting preclinical studies in the laboratory or with animal models to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these interventions.
4. Designing and implementing clinical trials to test the effectiveness and safety of the new interventions in human patients.
5. Disseminating research findings to the scientific community, healthcare providers, and the public to facilitate the adoption of new practices or treatments.

Translational medical research is essential for bridging the gap between basic scientific discoveries and clinical applications, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.

Patient selection, in the context of medical treatment or clinical research, refers to the process of identifying and choosing appropriate individuals who are most likely to benefit from a particular medical intervention or who meet specific criteria to participate in a study. This decision is based on various factors such as the patient's diagnosis, stage of disease, overall health status, potential risks, and expected benefits. The goal of patient selection is to ensure that the selected individuals will receive the most effective and safe care possible while also contributing to meaningful research outcomes.

A meta-analysis is a statistical method used to combine and summarize the results of multiple independent studies, with the aim of increasing statistical power, improving estimates of effect size, and identifying sources of heterogeneity. It involves systematically searching for and selecting relevant studies, assessing their quality and risk of bias, extracting and analyzing data using appropriate statistical models, and interpreting the findings in the context of the existing literature. Meta-analyses can provide more reliable evidence than individual studies, especially when the results are inconsistent or inconclusive, and can inform clinical guidelines, public health policies, and future research directions.

"Health personnel" is a broad term that refers to individuals who are involved in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health of populations or individuals. This can include a wide range of professionals such as:

1. Healthcare providers: These are medical doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, allied health professionals (like physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, etc.), and other healthcare workers who provide direct patient care.

2. Public health professionals: These are individuals who work in public health agencies, non-governmental organizations, or academia to promote health, prevent diseases, and protect populations from health hazards. They include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health educators, environmental health specialists, and health services researchers.

3. Health managers and administrators: These are professionals who oversee the operations, finances, and strategic planning of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, or public health departments. They may include hospital CEOs, medical directors, practice managers, and healthcare consultants.

4. Health support staff: This group includes various personnel who provide essential services to healthcare organizations, such as medical records technicians, billing specialists, receptionists, and maintenance workers.

5. Health researchers and academics: These are professionals involved in conducting research, teaching, and disseminating knowledge related to health sciences, medicine, public health, or healthcare management in universities, research institutions, or think tanks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "health worker" as "a person who contributes to the promotion, protection, or improvement of health through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, health promotion, and health education." This definition encompasses a wide range of professionals working in various capacities to improve health outcomes.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior change to include social and environmental interventions that can positively influence the health of individuals, communities, and populations. Health promotion involves engaging in a wide range of activities, such as advocacy, policy development, community organization, and education that aim to create supportive environments and personal skills that foster good health. It is based on principles of empowerment, participation, and social justice.

Psychological adaptation refers to the process by which individuals adjust and cope with stressors, challenges, or changes in their environment or circumstances. It involves modifying thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and copabilities to reduce the negative impact of these stressors and promote well-being. Psychological adaptation can occur at different levels, including intrapersonal (within the individual), interpersonal (between individuals), and cultural (within a group or society).

Examples of psychological adaptation include:

* Cognitive restructuring: changing negative thoughts and beliefs to more positive or adaptive ones
* Emotion regulation: managing and reducing intense or distressing emotions
* Problem-solving: finding solutions to practical challenges or obstacles
* Seeking social support: reaching out to others for help, advice, or comfort
* Developing coping strategies: using effective ways to deal with stressors or difficulties
* Cultivating resilience: bouncing back from adversity and learning from negative experiences.

Psychological adaptation is an important aspect of mental health and well-being, as it helps individuals adapt to new situations, overcome challenges, and maintain a sense of control and optimism in the face of stressors or changes.

Genetic research is a branch of biomedical science that involves the study of genes, their functions, and heredity. It aims to understand how genetic variations contribute to human health and disease by using various scientific approaches such as genetics, genomics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and bioinformatics.

Genetic research can be conducted on humans, animals, or plants, and it can focus on a variety of areas including:

1. Identifying genes associated with specific diseases or traits
2. Understanding how genes are regulated and expressed
3. Investigating the role of genetic mutations in disease development
4. Developing new diagnostic tests and treatments based on genetic information
5. Exploring evolutionary relationships between species
6. Examining ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic research.

Genetic research has led to significant advances in our understanding of many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. It also holds great promise for personalized medicine, which tailors treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.

Health services accessibility refers to the degree to which individuals and populations are able to obtain needed health services in a timely manner. It includes factors such as physical access (e.g., distance, transportation), affordability (e.g., cost of services, insurance coverage), availability (e.g., supply of providers, hours of operation), and acceptability (e.g., cultural competence, language concordance).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accessibility is one of the key components of health system performance, along with responsiveness and fair financing. Improving accessibility to health services is essential for achieving universal health coverage and ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Factors that affect health services accessibility can vary widely between and within countries, and addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community engagement.

In the medical context, communication refers to the process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings between two or more individuals in order to facilitate understanding, cooperation, and decision-making. Effective communication is critical in healthcare settings to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnoses, treatment plans, and follow-up care. It involves not only verbal and written communication but also nonverbal cues such as body language and facial expressions.

Healthcare providers must communicate clearly and empathetically with their patients to build trust, address concerns, and ensure that they understand their medical condition and treatment options. Similarly, healthcare teams must communicate effectively with each other to coordinate care, avoid errors, and provide the best possible outcomes for their patients. Communication skills are essential for all healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses, therapists, and social workers.

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is a medical approach that combines the best available scientific evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. It emphasizes the use of systematic research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, to guide clinical decision making. EBM aims to provide the most effective and efficient care while minimizing variations in practice, reducing errors, and improving patient outcomes.

Cultural characteristics refer to the beliefs, customs, values, and behaviors that are shared by a group of people and are passed down from one generation to the next. These characteristics help define and distinguish one cultural group from another. In healthcare, understanding a patient's cultural characteristics is important for providing culturally competent care, which takes into account the patient's cultural background, beliefs, and values in the delivery of care. This can help improve communication, build trust, and ensure that the patient receives care that is respectful and responsive to their needs and preferences.

Health services needs refer to the population's requirement for healthcare services based on their health status, disease prevalence, and clinical guidelines. These needs can be categorized into normative needs (based on expert opinions or clinical guidelines) and expressed needs (based on individuals' perceptions of their own healthcare needs).

On the other hand, health services demand refers to the quantity of healthcare services that consumers are willing and able to pay for, given their preferences, values, and financial resources. Demand is influenced by various factors such as price, income, education level, and cultural beliefs.

It's important to note that while needs represent a population's requirement for healthcare services, demand reflects the actual utilization of these services. Understanding both health services needs and demand is crucial in planning and delivering effective healthcare services that meet the population's requirements while ensuring efficient resource allocation.

A caregiver is an individual who provides assistance and support to another person who is unable to meet their own needs for activities of daily living due to illness, disability, frailty, or other reasons. Caregiving can take many forms, including providing physical care, emotional support, managing medications, assisting with mobility, and helping with household tasks and errands. Caregivers may be family members, friends, or professional providers, and the level of care they provide can range from a few hours a week to round-the-clock assistance. In medical contexts, caregivers are often referred to as informal or family caregivers when they are unpaid relatives or friends, and professional or paid caregivers when they are hired to provide care.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Patient-centered care is a healthcare approach that places the patient at the center of the care experience and considers their preferences, values, and needs in making clinical decisions. It is based on partnership between the patient and healthcare provider, with open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making. Patient-centered care aims to improve the quality of care, increase patient satisfaction, and lead to better health outcomes by addressing not only the medical needs but also the emotional, social, and cultural factors that affect a patient's health.

In the context of healthcare and medical psychology, motivation refers to the driving force behind an individual's goal-oriented behavior. It is the internal or external stimuli that initiate, direct, and sustain a person's actions towards achieving their desired outcomes. Motivation can be influenced by various factors such as biological needs, personal values, emotional states, and social contexts.

In clinical settings, healthcare professionals often assess patients' motivation to engage in treatment plans, adhere to medical recommendations, or make lifestyle changes necessary for improving their health status. Enhancing a patient's motivation can significantly impact their ability to manage chronic conditions, recover from illnesses, and maintain overall well-being. Various motivational interviewing techniques and interventions are employed by healthcare providers to foster intrinsic motivation and support patients in achieving their health goals.

In the context of medicine and psychology, perception refers to the neurophysiological processes, cognitive abilities, and psychological experiences that enable an individual to interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment. It involves the integration of various stimuli such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell to form a coherent understanding of one's surroundings, objects, events, or ideas.

Perception is a complex and active process that includes attention, pattern recognition, interpretation, and organization of sensory information. It can be influenced by various factors, including prior experiences, expectations, cultural background, emotional states, and cognitive biases. Alterations in perception may occur due to neurological disorders, psychiatric conditions, sensory deprivation or overload, drugs, or other external factors.

In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often assess patients' perceptions of their symptoms, illnesses, or treatments to develop individualized care plans and improve communication and adherence to treatment recommendations.

Health policy refers to a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a population. It is formulated by governmental and non-governmental organizations with the objective of providing guidance and direction for the management and delivery of healthcare services. Health policies address various aspects of healthcare, including access, financing, quality, and equity. They can be designed to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment and rehabilitation services to individuals who are sick or injured. Effective health policies require careful consideration of scientific evidence, ethical principles, and societal values to ensure that they meet the needs of the population while being fiscally responsible.

Statistical data interpretation involves analyzing and interpreting numerical data in order to identify trends, patterns, and relationships. This process often involves the use of statistical methods and tools to organize, summarize, and draw conclusions from the data. The goal is to extract meaningful insights that can inform decision-making, hypothesis testing, or further research.

In medical contexts, statistical data interpretation is used to analyze and make sense of large sets of clinical data, such as patient outcomes, treatment effectiveness, or disease prevalence. This information can help healthcare professionals and researchers better understand the relationships between various factors that impact health outcomes, develop more effective treatments, and identify areas for further study.

Some common statistical methods used in data interpretation include descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median, mode), inferential statistics (e.g., hypothesis testing, confidence intervals), and regression analysis (e.g., linear, logistic). These methods can help medical professionals identify patterns and trends in the data, assess the significance of their findings, and make evidence-based recommendations for patient care or public health policy.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Program Development" is not a medical term. It is a general term that refers to the process of creating, planning, and implementing a new program or project, typically in a business, education, or community setting. In a healthcare context, it might refer to the development of a new healthcare service, treatment program, or educational initiative.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to try and help!

Health behavior can be defined as a series of actions and decisions that individuals take to protect, maintain or promote their health and well-being. These behaviors can include activities such as engaging in regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, getting sufficient sleep, practicing safe sex, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress.

Health behaviors are influenced by various factors, including knowledge and attitudes towards health, beliefs and values, cultural norms, social support networks, environmental factors, and individual genetic predispositions. Understanding health behaviors is essential for developing effective public health interventions and promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases and improve overall quality of life.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Clinical nursing research is a branch of scientific inquiry that focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of studies aimed at improving patient care and outcomes through the development of evidence-based practices within the nursing profession. This type of research is conducted in clinical settings such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, and often involves collaboration between nurses, other healthcare professionals, and researchers from various disciplines.

The goals of clinical nursing research include:

1. Identifying patient care needs and priorities
2. Developing and testing innovative interventions to improve patient outcomes
3. Evaluating the effectiveness of current practices and treatments
4. Disseminating research findings to inform evidence-based practice
5. Advancing nursing knowledge and theory

Clinical nursing research can encompass a wide range of topics, including symptom management, patient safety, quality improvement, health promotion, and end-of-life care. The ultimate aim of this research is to improve the quality of care delivered to patients and their families, as well as to enhance the professional practice of nursing.

'Information Storage and Retrieval' in the context of medical informatics refers to the processes and systems used for the recording, storing, organizing, protecting, and retrieving electronic health information (e.g., patient records, clinical data, medical images) for various purposes such as diagnosis, treatment planning, research, and education. This may involve the use of electronic health record (EHR) systems, databases, data warehouses, and other digital technologies that enable healthcare providers to access and share accurate, up-to-date, and relevant information about a patient's health status, medical history, and care plan. The goal is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and coordination of healthcare delivery by providing timely and evidence-based information to support clinical decision-making and patient engagement.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

"Family Physicians" are medical doctors who provide comprehensive primary care to individuals and families of all ages. They are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions, from minor illnesses to complex diseases. In addition to providing acute care, family physicians also focus on preventive medicine, helping their patients maintain their overall health and well-being through regular checkups, screenings, and immunizations. They often serve as the patient's main point of contact within the healthcare system, coordinating care with specialists and other healthcare professionals as needed. Family physicians may work in private practices, community health centers, hospitals, or other healthcare settings.

Clinical competence is the ability of a healthcare professional to provide safe and effective patient care, demonstrating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the job. It involves the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills, judgment, and decision-making abilities in real-world clinical situations. Clinical competence is typically evaluated through various methods such as direct observation, case studies, simulations, and feedback from peers and supervisors.

A clinically competent healthcare professional should be able to:

1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the relevant medical knowledge and its application in clinical practice.
2. Perform essential clinical skills proficiently and safely.
3. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
4. Make informed decisions based on critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
5. Exhibit professionalism, ethical behavior, and cultural sensitivity in patient care.
6. Continuously evaluate and improve their performance through self-reflection and ongoing learning.

Maintaining clinical competence is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients and stay current with advances in medical science and technology.

Patient compliance, also known as medication adherence or patient adherence, refers to the degree to which a patient's behavior matches the agreed-upon recommendations from their healthcare provider. This includes taking medications as prescribed (including the correct dosage, frequency, and duration), following dietary restrictions, making lifestyle changes, and attending follow-up appointments. Poor patient compliance can negatively impact treatment outcomes and lead to worsening of symptoms, increased healthcare costs, and development of drug-resistant strains in the case of antibiotics. It is a significant challenge in healthcare and efforts are being made to improve patient education, communication, and support to enhance compliance.

Social support in a medical context refers to the resources and assistance provided by an individual's social network, including family, friends, peers, and community groups. These resources can include emotional, informational, and instrumental support, which help individuals cope with stress, manage health conditions, and maintain their overall well-being.

Emotional support involves providing empathy, care, and encouragement to help an individual feel valued, understood, and cared for. Informational support refers to the provision of advice, guidance, and knowledge that can help an individual make informed decisions about their health or other aspects of their life. Instrumental support includes practical assistance such as help with daily tasks, financial aid, or access to resources.

Social support has been shown to have a positive impact on physical and mental health outcomes, including reduced stress levels, improved immune function, better coping skills, and increased resilience. It can also play a critical role in promoting healthy behaviors, such as adherence to medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.

Mental health services refer to the various professional health services designed to treat and support individuals with mental health conditions. These services are typically provided by trained and licensed mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors, and marriage and family therapists. The services may include:

1. Assessment and diagnosis of mental health disorders
2. Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" to help individuals understand and manage their symptoms
3. Medication management for mental health conditions
4. Case management and care coordination to connect individuals with community resources and support
5. Psychoeducation to help individuals and families better understand mental health conditions and how to manage them
6. Crisis intervention and stabilization services
7. Inpatient and residential treatment for severe or chronic mental illness
8. Prevention and early intervention services to identify and address mental health concerns before they become more serious
9. Rehabilitation and recovery services to help individuals with mental illness achieve their full potential and live fulfilling lives in the community.

I apologize, but "Canada" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in North America, known for its vast wilderness, multicultural cities, and significant natural resources. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help answer those!

Choice behavior refers to the selection or decision-making process in which an individual consciously or unconsciously chooses one option over others based on their preferences, values, experiences, and motivations. In a medical context, choice behavior may relate to patients' decisions about their healthcare, such as selecting a treatment option, choosing a healthcare provider, or adhering to a prescribed medication regimen. Understanding choice behavior is essential in shaping health policies, developing patient-centered care models, and improving overall health outcomes.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Australia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the world's largest island and smallest continent, located in the Southern Hemisphere, surrounded by the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is composed of many diverse ecosystems, including deserts, rainforests, and coastal areas, and is home to a wide variety of unique plant and animal species.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!

I am not a medical doctor, but I can provide you with some information on this topic. Self-concept is more commonly discussed in psychology than in medicine, but it still has relevance to understanding individual experiences and behaviors in health and illness.

Self-concept refers to an individual's perception, beliefs, and attitudes about themselves, encompassing various dimensions such as:

1. Physical self (how one perceives their physical appearance, abilities, and health)
2. Social self (how one perceives their relationships with others, social roles, and status)
3. Psychological or personal self (how one perceives their personality traits, values, and beliefs)

Self-concept can influence how people view their own health, cope with illness, and engage in health behaviors. For example, a positive self-concept may contribute to better adherence to treatment plans and healthier lifestyle choices, while negative self-concepts might lead to poorer health outcomes due to decreased motivation or self-efficacy.

Understanding an individual's self-concept can help healthcare professionals tailor their communication style, recommendations, and interventions to better meet the patient's needs and preferences.

Patient education, as defined by the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), is "the teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. It includes the patient's understanding of his or her condition and the necessary procedures for self, assisted, or professional care." This encompasses a wide range of activities and interventions aimed at helping patients and their families understand their medical conditions, treatment options, self-care skills, and overall health management. Effective patient education can lead to improved health outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and better use of healthcare resources.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "teaching" is a general term that refers to the act of imparting knowledge or skills to others and is not a medical term. However, in the context of medical education, teaching refers to the instruction and training of medical students, residents, fellows, and other healthcare professionals to develop their knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for providing high-quality patient care. This can take place in various settings such as classrooms, clinical wards, simulation centers, or online platforms, and can involve a range of teaching methods including lectures, small group discussions, bedside teaching, case-based learning, and hands-on training.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Mothers" is a term that refers to individuals who have given birth to and raised children. It is not a medical term with a specific definition. If you are referring to a different word or term, please clarify so I can provide a more accurate response.

The term "family" in a medical context often refers to a group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who consider themselves to be a single household. This can include spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and other extended family members. In some cases, the term may also be used more broadly to refer to any close-knit group of people who provide emotional and social support for one another, regardless of their biological or legal relationship.

In healthcare settings, understanding a patient's family dynamics can be important for providing effective care. Family members may be involved in decision-making about medical treatments, providing care and support at home, and communicating with healthcare providers. Additionally, cultural beliefs and values within families can influence health behaviors and attitudes towards medical care, making it essential for healthcare professionals to take a culturally sensitive approach when working with patients and their families.

Family practice, also known as family medicine, is a medical specialty that provides comprehensive and continuous care to patients of all ages, genders, and stages of life. Family physicians are trained to provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, management of complex medical conditions, and providing health education and counseling.

Family practice emphasizes the importance of building long-term relationships with patients and their families, and takes into account the physical, emotional, social, and psychological factors that influence a person's health. Family physicians often serve as the primary point of contact for patients within the healthcare system, coordinating care with other specialists and healthcare providers as needed.

Family practice is a broad and diverse field, encompassing various areas such as pediatrics, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, and behavioral health. The goal of family practice is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the unique needs and preferences of each individual patient and their family.

Quality of health care is a term that refers to the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. It encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Clinical effectiveness: The use of best available evidence to make decisions about prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care. This includes considering the benefits and harms of different options and making sure that the most effective interventions are used.
2. Safety: Preventing harm to patients and minimizing risks associated with healthcare. This involves identifying potential hazards, implementing measures to reduce errors, and learning from adverse events to improve systems and processes.
3. Patient-centeredness: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. This includes ensuring that patients are fully informed about their condition and treatment options, involving them in decision-making, and providing emotional support throughout the care process.
4. Timeliness: Ensuring that healthcare services are delivered promptly and efficiently, without unnecessary delays. This includes coordinating care across different providers and settings to ensure continuity and avoid gaps in service.
5. Efficiency: Using resources wisely and avoiding waste, while still providing high-quality care. This involves considering the costs and benefits of different interventions, as well as ensuring that healthcare services are equitably distributed.
6. Equitability: Ensuring that all individuals have access to quality healthcare services, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, age, or other factors. This includes addressing disparities in health outcomes and promoting fairness and justice in healthcare.

Overall, the quality of health care is a multidimensional concept that requires ongoing evaluation and improvement to ensure that patients receive the best possible care.

Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is a collaborative research approach that involves community members, organizational representatives, and researchers in all aspects of the research process. It is a partnership between researchers and communities that equitably involves all parties in the research to address and respond to community-identified issues. CBPR aims to combine knowledge and action for social change to improve community health and wellbeing. This approach recognizes the strengths and expertise of both community members and researchers, and it integrates scientific research methods with community knowledge and experiential wisdom. CBPR is guided by specific principles, including co-learning, capacity building, and reciprocal sharing of power and resources, to ensure that the research is relevant, accessible, and beneficial to the community.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

Behavioral research is a branch of scientific study that focuses on observing and analyzing the behaviors of humans and animals in various situations. This type of research aims to understand the underlying factors that influence, shape, and motivate behavior, including cognitive processes, emotional responses, and environmental influences. In medical terms, behavioral research can be used to investigate how certain behaviors or lifestyle factors may contribute to the development, prevention, or management of health conditions. This may include studying patterns of substance use, dietary habits, physical activity levels, adherence to medical treatments, and other health-related behaviors. The goal of behavioral research in a medical context is often to develop interventions or strategies that can help promote positive health behaviors and improve overall health outcomes.

Practice guidelines, also known as clinical practice guidelines, are systematically developed statements that aim to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence, consensus of expert opinion, and consideration of patient preferences. Practice guidelines can cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, management, prevention, and treatment options for various medical conditions. They are intended to improve the quality and consistency of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote evidence-based medicine. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized patient care.

Physician's practice patterns refer to the individual habits and preferences of healthcare providers when it comes to making clinical decisions and managing patient care. These patterns can encompass various aspects, such as:

1. Diagnostic testing: The types and frequency of diagnostic tests ordered for patients with similar conditions.
2. Treatment modalities: The choice of treatment options, including medications, procedures, or referrals to specialists.
3. Patient communication: The way physicians communicate with their patients, including the amount and type of information shared, as well as the level of patient involvement in decision-making.
4. Follow-up care: The frequency and duration of follow-up appointments, as well as the monitoring of treatment effectiveness and potential side effects.
5. Resource utilization: The use of healthcare resources, such as hospitalizations, imaging studies, or specialist consultations, and the associated costs.

Physician practice patterns can be influenced by various factors, including medical training, clinical experience, personal beliefs, guidelines, and local availability of resources. Understanding these patterns is essential for evaluating the quality of care, identifying potential variations in care, and implementing strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Netherlands" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Western Europe, known for its artistic heritage, elaborate canal system, and legalized marijuana and prostitution. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

African Americans are defined as individuals who have ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa. This term is often used to describe people living in the United States who have total or partial descent from enslaved African peoples. The term does not refer to a single ethnicity but is a broad term that includes various ethnic groups with diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. It's important to note that some individuals may prefer to identify as Black or of African descent rather than African American, depending on their personal identity and background.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

Health care surveys are research tools used to systematically collect information from a population or sample regarding their experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of health services, health outcomes, and various other health-related topics. These surveys typically consist of standardized questionnaires that cover specific aspects of healthcare, such as access to care, quality of care, patient satisfaction, health disparities, and healthcare costs. The data gathered from health care surveys are used to inform policy decisions, improve healthcare delivery, identify best practices, allocate resources, and monitor the health status of populations. Health care surveys can be conducted through various modes, including in-person interviews, telephone interviews, mail-in questionnaires, or online platforms.

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

"Academies and Institutes" in a medical context typically refer to organizations that are dedicated to advancing knowledge, research, and education in a specific field of medicine or healthcare. These organizations often bring together experts and leaders in the field to share knowledge, conduct research, and develop guidelines or policies. They may also provide training and certification for healthcare professionals.

Examples of medical academies and institutes include:

* The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in the United States, which provides independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation on medical and health issues.
* The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) in the United Kingdom, which is a professional body dedicated to improving the practice of medicine, with a particular focus on physicians.
* The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC), which are two leading organizations focused on cardiovascular disease and healthcare.
* The World Health Organization (WHO) is an international organization that coordinates and directs global health activities, including research, policy-making, and service delivery.

These institutions play a crucial role in shaping medical practice and policy by providing evidence-based recommendations and guidelines, as well as training and certification for healthcare professionals.

Empirical research is a type of scientific investigation that involves the collection and analysis of observable and measurable data to draw conclusions about patterns or relationships in reality. It is based on empirical evidence, which means evidence obtained through direct observation or experience, rather than theoretical reasoning or deduction. In medical research, empirical studies often involve the use of controlled experiments, surveys, or observational studies to test hypotheses and generate new knowledge about health, disease, and treatment outcomes. The results of empirical research can help inform clinical decision-making, public health policy, and future research directions.

Embryo research refers to the scientific study and experimentation that involves human embryos. This research is conducted in order to gain a better understanding of human development during the earliest stages of life, as well as to investigate potential treatments for various diseases and conditions.

Human embryos used in research are typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, in which sperm and eggs are combined in a laboratory dish to form an embryo. These embryos may be donated by individuals or couples who have undergone IVF treatments and have excess embryos that they do not plan to use for reproduction.

Embryo research can involve a variety of techniques, including stem cell research, genetic testing, and cloning. The goal of this research is to advance our knowledge of human development and disease, as well as to develop new treatments and therapies for a wide range of medical conditions. However, embryo research is a controversial topic, and there are ethical concerns surrounding the use of human embryos in scientific research.

Cooperative behavior, in a medical or healthcare context, refers to the actions and attitudes displayed by individuals or groups working together to achieve a common goal related to health and well-being. This may involve patients following their healthcare providers' advice, healthcare professionals collaborating to diagnose and treat medical conditions, or communities coming together to promote healthy behaviors and environments. Cooperative behavior is essential for positive health outcomes, as it fosters trust, communication, and shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers, and helps to ensure that everyone involved in the care process is working towards the same goal.

A "Research Report" in the medical context is a comprehensive and systematic documentation of the entire process, findings, and conclusions of a scientific research study. It typically includes an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The report may also contain information about the funding sources, potential conflicts of interest, and ethical considerations related to the research. The purpose of a research report is to allow other researchers to critically evaluate the study, replicate its findings, and build upon its knowledge. It should adhere to strict standards of scientific reporting and be written in a clear, concise, and objective manner.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

Stem cell research is a branch of medical science that focuses on the study and application of stem cells, which are undifferentiated or unspecialized cells with the ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types in the body. These cells have the potential to regenerate and repair damaged tissues and organs, making them a promising area of research for the development of new treatments for a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, heart disease, and more.

Stem cell research involves several key areas, such as:

1. Isolation and culture: Scientists isolate stem cells from various sources, such as embryos, umbilical cord blood, or adult tissues, and grow them in a lab to study their properties and behaviors.
2. Differentiation: Researchers induce stem cells to differentiate into specific cell types, such as heart cells, brain cells, or pancreatic cells, by exposing them to various growth factors and other chemical signals.
3. Genetic modification: Scientists may modify the genes of stem cells to enhance their therapeutic potential or to study the effects of genetic mutations on cell behavior and development.
4. Transplantation: In some cases, researchers transplant stem cells into animal models or human patients to investigate their ability to repair damaged tissues and organs.
5. Ethical considerations: Stem cell research raises several ethical concerns related to the use of embryonic stem cells, which are derived from human embryos. These concerns have led to ongoing debates about the limits and regulations surrounding this area of research.

Overall, stem cell research holds great promise for the development of new medical treatments and therapies, but it also requires careful consideration of ethical issues and rigorous scientific investigation to ensure its safety and effectiveness.

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.

Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.

Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Operations Research" is not a medical term. It is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions and solve complex problems in various fields, including business, industry, and government. In a broader sense, Operations Research can be used in healthcare management and policy to optimize resource allocation, improve patient outcomes, and streamline operational processes. However, it is not a medical concept or procedure.

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services. AHRQ's mission is to produce evidence to make healthcare safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable, and affordable, and to work within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and with other partners to make sure that the evidence is understood and used.

AHRQ's research helps people make more informed decisions and improve the quality of healthcare services. The agency's work includes conducting and supporting research, developing and disseminating evidence-based information, and encouraging the use of evidence that improves the quality of healthcare and outcomes for patients. AHRQ's research covers a wide range of topics, including patient safety, clinical effectiveness, health IT, and healthcare disparities.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "information dissemination" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine. It refers to the process of spreading or distributing information to a specific audience or the public.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, information dissemination often relates to sharing clinical guidelines, research findings, public health messages, or patient education materials with healthcare professionals, patients, or the general public. This can occur through various channels, such as scientific conferences, peer-reviewed journals, newsletters, websites, social media platforms, and other communication methods.

The goal of information dissemination in medicine is to ensure that accurate, evidence-based, and up-to-date information reaches the intended audience, ultimately improving healthcare quality, patient outcomes, and decision-making processes.

Bibliometrics is the use of statistical methods to analyze books, articles, and other publications. In the field of information science, bibliometrics is often used to measure the impact of scholarly works or authors by counting the number of times that a work has been cited in other publications. This can help researchers identify trends and patterns in research output and collaboration, as well as assess the influence of individual researchers or institutions.

Bibliometric analyses may involve a variety of statistical measures, such as citation counts, author productivity, journal impact factors, and collaborative networks. These measures can be used to evaluate the performance of individual researchers, departments, or institutions, as well as to identify areas of research strength or weakness.

It is important to note that while bibliometrics can provide useful insights into research trends and impact, they should not be the sole basis for evaluating the quality or significance of scholarly work. Other factors, such as the rigor of the research design, the clarity of the writing, and the relevance of the findings to the field, are also important considerations.

A "periodical" in the context of medicine typically refers to a type of publication that is issued regularly, such as on a monthly or quarterly basis. These publications include peer-reviewed journals, magazines, and newsletters that focus on medical research, education, and practice. They may contain original research articles, review articles, case reports, editorials, letters to the editor, and other types of content related to medical science and clinical practice.

As a "Topic," periodicals in medicine encompass various aspects such as their role in disseminating new knowledge, their impact on clinical decision-making, their quality control measures, and their ethical considerations. Medical periodicals serve as a crucial resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and other stakeholders to stay updated on the latest developments in their field and to share their findings with others.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

A Biological Specimen Bank, also known as a biobank or tissue bank, is a type of medical facility that collects, stores, and distributes biological samples for research purposes. These samples can include tissues, cells, DNA, blood, and other bodily fluids, and are often collected during medical procedures or from donors who have given their informed consent. The samples are then cataloged and stored in specialized conditions to preserve their quality and integrity.

Biobanks play a critical role in advancing medical research by providing researchers with access to large numbers of well-characterized biological samples. This allows them to study the underlying causes of diseases, develop new diagnostic tests and treatments, and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs and other therapies. Biobanks may be established for specific research projects or as part of larger, more comprehensive efforts to build biomedical research infrastructure.

It is important to note that the use of biological specimens in research is subject to strict ethical guidelines and regulations, which are designed to protect the privacy and interests of donors and ensure that the samples are used responsibly and for legitimate scientific purposes.

Animal experimentation, also known as animal testing, refers to the use of non-human animals in scientific research and testing to understand the effects of various substances, treatments, or procedures on living organisms. This practice is performed with the goal of advancing medical and veterinary knowledge, developing new medications, treatments, and surgical techniques, as well as studying basic biological processes and diseases.

In animal experimentation, researchers expose animals to specific conditions, treatments, or substances and then analyze their responses, behaviors, physiological changes, or other outcomes. The selection of animal species for these experiments depends on the research question and the similarities between the animal model and the human or target species under investigation. Commonly used animals include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, primates, and dogs.

Animal experimentation has been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs and medical advancements throughout history. However, it remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding the treatment and welfare of animals used in research. Many organizations advocate for the reduction, refinement, or replacement (3Rs) of animal testing, aiming to minimize animal suffering and find alternative methods whenever possible.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "universities" is a term that refers to institutions of higher education and research, and it is not a medical term. A university typically offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs leading to the award of degrees such as bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "International Cooperation" is not a medical term. It refers to the collaboration and exchange of resources and information between countries or international organizations in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, environment, and security, among others. In the context of healthcare and medicine, international cooperation can involve joint research projects, sharing of data and clinical trial results, collaborative efforts to combat global health issues (such as infectious diseases or chronic conditions), capacity building in low-resource settings, and standardizing medical practices and guidelines across countries.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. "History" is a subject that refers to events, ideas, and developments of the past. It's not something that has a medical definition. However, if you're referring to the "21st century" in a historical context, it relates to the period from 2001 to the present. It's an era marked by significant advancements in technology, medicine, and society at large. But again, it doesn't have a medical definition. If you meant something else, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Nontherapeutic human experimentation refers to medical research studies in which the primary goal is not to directly benefit the participants, but rather to advance scientific knowledge or develop new medical technologies. These studies often involve some level of risk or discomfort for the participants, and may include the administration of experimental treatments, procedures, or interventions.

Nontherapeutic human experimentation can take many forms, including clinical trials, observational studies, and other types of research involving human subjects. In these studies, researchers must carefully weigh the potential benefits of the research against the risks to the participants, and ensure that all participants are fully informed of the nature of the study, its purposes, and any potential risks or benefits before providing their consent to participate.

It's important to note that nontherapeutic human experimentation is subject to strict ethical guidelines and regulations, designed to protect the rights and welfare of research participants. These guidelines and regulations are intended to ensure that all research involving human subjects is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner, with the goal of advancing scientific knowledge while minimizing harm to participants.

Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.

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... , Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research". www.qualitative- ... Qualitative research in criminology consists of research in the criminology field that employs qualitative methods. There are ... There are also some academics who consider qualitative research to be the superior method of research in criminology, yet this ... The characteristics of the research itself are equal to those in qualitative methods overall. However, the characteristics as ...
The Forum: Qualitative Social Research (German: Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung) is a triannual peer-reviewed online academic ... and application of qualitative research. The editor-in-chief has been Katja Mruck (Free University of Berlin) since the ... Qualitative research journals, Open access journals, Multilingual journals, Triannual journals, Academic journals established ... in 1999, Free University of Berlin, Social research). ...
... is a peer-reviewed annual academic journal sponsored by the Eastern Communication ... The journal publishes brief qualitative and critical research essays of 2,500 words or less on a wide range of topics extending ... Qualitative research journals, Academic journals established in 1999, English-language journals, Communication journals, All ... Research essays relating to human communication covering studies of intercultural, media, political, organizations, rhetorical ...
Methods Research Analysis Software Qualitative economics Qualitative marketing research Qualitative psychological research ... Computer-assisted (or aided) qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) offers tools that assist with qualitative research ... St John, W; Johnson, P (2000). "The pros and cons of data analysis software for qualitative research". Journal of Nursing ... "Updates". ATLAS.ti - The Qualitative Data Analysis & Research Software. Retrieved 2022-07-20. "Coding Analysis Toolkit". "ELAN ...
... is an academic journal dealing with sociology. It publishes research papers on the qualitative ... Qualitative research journals, Academic journals established in 1997, Springer Science+Business Media academic journals, ... "Qualitative Sociology". 2016 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2017. Publisher ... Qualitative Sociology is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation ...
Lu, Chi-Jung (2008). "Rigor and Flexibility in Computer-based Qualitative Research: Introducing the Coding Analysis Toolkit". ... The Qualitative Data Analysis Program (QDAP) was founded in 2005 at the University of Pittsburgh in the University Center for ... QDAP is a fee-for-service research laboratory that develops software and methods to support multi-coder annotation projects. In ... The International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches. 2: 105-117. doi:10.5172/mra.455.2.1.105. S2CID 14590146. QDAP-UMass ...
Ultimately, these factors of qualitative geographic lead some critics to argue that qualitative research lacks the rigor and ... The data often rely on the research participants' unique circumstances and experiences, making qualitative research studies ... Historical GIS Methodological dualism Online qualitative research Participatory GIS Qualitative psychological research ... The findings of qualitative geography research are often based on small sample sizes, specific cases, or small-scale phenomena ...
... is primarily aimed at those interested in qualitative research and evaluation and in qualitative ... Qualitative research journals, All stub articles, Social work stubs, Social science journal stubs). ... the potential of social constructionist and narrative approaches to research and practice. Qualitative Social Work is ... Qualitative Social Work is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers six times a year in the field of social work ...
... is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers methodological issues raised by qualitative research in the ... Qualitative research journals, All stub articles, Sociology journal stubs). ... Qualitative Inquiry is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal ...
Categorical variable Level of measurement Qualitative research Quantitative research Statistical data type "qualitative ... Some engineering and scientific properties are qualitative. A test method can result in qualitative data about something. This ... Qualitative properties are properties that are observed and can generally not be measured with a numerical result. They are ... Some important qualitative properties that concern businesses are: Human factors, 'human work capital' is probably one of the ...
Qualitative Research. 11(5), 469-486. doi:10.1177/1468794111413223 with Ali, M. M. and Pattison, S. 2013. Understanding Muslim ... From 1994 until 1997 she was a research fellow in the department of sociology at the University of Warwick, and in 1998 at the ...
Denzin, N. K. (2001). "The reflexive interview and a performative social science" (PDF). Qualitative Research. 1 (1): 23-46. ...
In cultural geography, there is a tradition of employing qualitative research techniques, also used in anthropology and ... of South Africa 52 (6): 119-139 Vibha, Pathak; Bijayini, Jena; Sanjay, Kaira (2013). "Qualitative research". Perspect Clin Res ... Suchan, Trudy; Brewer, Cynthia (2000). "Qualitative Methods for Research on Mapmaking and Map Use". The Professional Geographer ... Diriwächter, R. & Valsiner, J. (January 2006) Qualitative Developmental Research Methods in Their Historical and ...
Bjørnholt and Farstad argue that the couple interview should be seen as a distinct form of the qualitative research interview, ... Polak, L.; Green, J. (2015). "Using Joint Interviews to Add Analytic Value" (PDF). Qualitative Health Research. 26 (12): 1638- ... v t e (Use Oxford spelling from August 2020, Qualitative research, All stub articles, Sociology stubs). ... is a method of qualitative research used in the social sciences, where two spouses are interviewed together. Such an interview ...
ISBN 9781409421580 (hbk) £65.00". Qualitative Research. 15 (1): 125-126. doi:10.1177/1468794114520889. S2CID 147646929. Magee, ... ISBN 978-1-85973-076-8. Anthropological research has exerted considerable influence on other disciplines such as sociology, ... the subject maintains closer connections to history and is simply conceived of as archaeology with a distinct research focus ...
Qualitative Social Research. 6 (2). doi:10.17169/fqs-6.2.467. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative ... Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (Qualitative ... Axial coding is the breaking down of core themes during qualitative data analysis. Axial coding in grounded theory is the ... Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage. Gatrell, A.C. ( ...
Qualitative Research. 11 (3): 261-276. doi:10.1177/1468794111399835. ISSN 1468-7941. S2CID 144833201. Nolas, S-M., and ... Qualitative research, Articles needing additional categories from September 2023). ... It has been a fundamental part of anthropological research and fieldwork from the early days of the discipline. Anthropologists ... Multimodal anthropology is an emerging subfield of social cultural anthropology that encompasses anthropological research and ...
Qualitative Research; The Journal of Workplace Learning, and Historical Social Research. He is one of three members of the ... He is currently co-editor of Sociological Research Online member of the editorial board of Historical Social Research, and has ... "SRO Editorial Board". Sociological Research Online, Sociological Research Online. "GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social ... "SAGE Internet Research Methods , SAGE Publications Ltd". uk.sagepub.com. Retrieved 19 October 2015. "Contemporary Approaches to ...
Qualitative Research. 19 (3): 241-246. doi:10.1177/1468794119844103. Research Profile: Prof. Karen Henwood, Cardiff School of ... She was editor-in-chief of Qualitative Research from 2016 to 2019. She holds a BSc in psychology and a PhD in social psychology ... Her most cited work, "Qualitative research and psychological theorizing," was cited over 1100 times as of 2019. According to ... Her research in recent years includes the ESRC project "Timescapes" on relationships and identities through the life course, ...
Qualitative Research. 17 (1): 3-19. doi:10.1177/1468794116652450. S2CID 148163559. Chtouris, Sotiris (January 2017). "Refugee ... Flows and Volunteers in the Current Humanitarian Crisis in Greece". Journal of Applied Security Research. 12: 61-77. doi: ...
Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum Qualitative Social Research. 8: 3. Lane, Jeffrey (2016). "The Digital Street: An ... Internet Communication and Qualitative Research: A Handbook for Researching Online, London: Sage Publications, ISBN 978-0-7619- ... This focus on participation and immersion makes these approaches quite distinct from qualitative internet research methods like ... Dicks, Bella; Mason, Bruce; Coffey, Amanda; Atkinson, Paul (2005), Qualitative Research and Hypermedia: Ethnography for the ...
Williams, Matthew (2001-12-01). "Book Review: Life Online: Researching Real Experience in Virtual Space". Qualitative Research ... for researching digital contexts in textbooks and handbooks on qualitative research practice. Markham maintains a blog about a ... innovative qualitative methods for social research, and Internet research ethics. Markham has authored more than 50 articles ... Lichtman, Marilyn V. (2012-01-20). Qualitative Research in Education: A User's Guide (3 ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications ...
Walby, Kevin (29 June 2016). "On the Social Relations of Research". Qualitative Inquiry. 13 (7): 1008-1030. doi:10.1177/ ... ISBN 978-1-55553-794-4. Trenerry, Ruth (2011). "A Portfolio of Research Career-work: An Institutional Ethnography exploring ... Hicks, Stephen (31 December 2009). "Sexuality and the 'Relations of Ruling': Using Institutional Ethnography to Research ... and writer with research interests in a variety of disciplines. These include women's studies, feminist theory, psychology, and ...
... s are widely used in qualitative research; for example in household research, such as couple ... It helps them draw an objective comparison from the interviewees, which is helpful for either qualitative research study or job ... to the qualitative research. And they could more easily give the reasons for their answers during the interviews. Plus, the ... Qualitative Research. 14 (1): 3-19. doi:10.1177/1468794112459671. S2CID 146748322. "Index", Fear of Small Numbers, Duke ...
Qualitative Inquiry Qualitative Research The Qualitative Report Society portal Psychology portal Computer-assisted qualitative ... Compared to qualitative research, experimental research and certain types of nonexperimental research (e.g., prospective ... 1994 Beginning Qualitative Research. Falmer Press. Pernecky, T. (2016). Epistemology and Metaphysics for Qualitative Research. ... the inadequacy of qualitative research for testing cause-effect hypotheses, and the Baconian character of qualitative research ...
Qualitative Research Group is an interdisciplinary team of methodologists comprising social scientists, experts by experience, ... The Qualitative Research Group hosts the Qualitative Applied Health Research Centre (QUAHRC) at Kings College London (KCL), ... services user research, qualitative research on sensitive issues. *The application of innovative research methods e.g. digital ... The Qualitative Research Group provides expert advice on the design and conduct of qualitative research through the RSS, ...
Focus groups as qualitative research. London: Sage, 1988.. Kreuger R. Focus groups: a practical guide for applied research. ... Qualitative Research: Introducing focus groups BMJ 1995; 311 :299 doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7000.299 ... Structured eavesdropping.Research Intelligence (Journal of the British Educational Research Foundation)1988;28:10-2. ... More than the sum of the parts: research methods in group interviewing.British Educational Research Journal1987;13:25-34. ...
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Questions and Hypothesis Yasmine Swindle Revised Problem Statement- Quantitative Study ... Quantitative and Qualitative Research Questions and Hypothesis Yasmine Swindle Revised Problem Statement- Quantitative Study ... Revised Purpose Statement- Qualitative Study The purpose of this qualitative case study is to identify the technological ... using case studies and both qualitative and quantitative methods of research (including questionnaires, interviews and follow- ...
Foundational characteristics of qualitative research include flexibility, variation in application, critique, and innovation ... they have designed a qualitative research minor for doctoral students. Both are members of QSIG, the qualitative research ... Intersections in qualitative research Elizabeth Graue and Anne Karabon Chapter 3: Action Research Randy Stoecker and Mary ... Reviewing Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences Edited By Audrey A. Trainor, Elizabeth Graue Copyright 2013 ...
Online Research , Qualitative Inquiry , Qualitative Research in Education , Qualitative Research in Education , Qualitative ... Intermediate/Advanced Qualitative Research , Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods , ... Doing Qualitative Research in a Digital World *Trena M. Paulus - East Tennessee State University ... The new SAGE book Doing Qualitative Research in a Digital World (Paulus & Lester, 2022) should be a useful resource in adapting ...
Choice Book Award Winner Arts-Based Educational Research and Qualitative Inquiry introduces novice ... Theatre & Performance Studies Communication Research Methods Research Methods in Education Media & Film Studies Qualitative ... Her research is in the areas of urban schools, creative pedagogies and school leadership within qualitative research. ... Arts-Based Educational Research and Qualitative Inquiry introduces novice qualitative researchers, within education and related ...
The Experience Analytics Platform captures qualitative data, structures it and allows users to run analytics on it. ... The worlds leading job site for research and insight. Spalding Goobey Associates. Senior Research Executive/Research Manager ... The Research Buyers Guide. Find your next agency. Powered by the Research Buyers Guide ... RESEARCH LIVE * Media evaluation firm Comscore has increased its revenue in the second quarter but has made a net loss of $44.9 ...
... this edited book explores demonstrates qualitative research with an applied approach. U… ... Public Involvement in Qualitative Research;Delia Muir. 17. Disseminating Qualitative Research: From Clarity of Writing to ... SECTION 1: INTRODUCING APPLIED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY. 1. Applying Qualitative Research in Psychology;Joanna Brooks ... 2. Approaches to Qualitative Psychology;Joanna Brooks and Nigel King. 3. Carrying Out an Applied Qualitative Research Project; ...
Doing Social Research: working with qualitative data (L3079). 15 credits, Level 5 ... In this part you will focus on qualitative approaches. You will be introduced to debates in the social sciences related to ... We regularly review our modules to incorporate student feedback, staff expertise, as well as the latest research and teaching ... You will be introduced to thinking about how to conduct sociological research using different methods. ...
... PLoS Med. 2007 Jul 24;4(7):e238. doi: ... 1 South African Cochrane Centre, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa. [email protected] ... The aim of this systematic review of qualitative studies was to understand the factors considered important by patients, ... The synthesis offers an overview of qualitative evidence derived from these multiple international studies. We identified eight ...
BMJ Opens Qualitative research topic collection brings together the latest and most up-to-date research and reviews in this ... protocol for a mixed-methods qualitative research study. Lily R Mundy, Bryanna Stukes, Moreen Njoroge, Laura Jane Fish, Amanda ... Qualitative study of the views of people living with cardiovascular disease, and healthcare professionals, towards the use of a ... Qualitative examination of collaboration in team-based primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rachelle Ashcroft, Catherine ...
VLS Qualitative Report 2018 VLS Client Perceptions of Program Services and Ability to Reintegrate: A Qualitative Analysis of ... Academic and Research Partners Backback to Main menu *School of Criminology and Criminal Justice ... NCJR recently completed a qualitative report based on interviews of participants of VLS reentry programs. The report gives a ... College of Public Affairs and Community Service Nebraska Center for Justice Research ...
So, the purpose of this article is to share some basic ideas and best practices for the use of qualitative research as a ... sometimes we overlook the importance of the softer side of research-the qualitative techniques. ... While many quantitative methods are utilized in package design research, ... What is Qualitative, Anyway?. The line between qualitative research and quantitative research is blurry. The two methods share ...
1. Qualitative research, 2. Quantitative research. 3. Advanced research. 4. B2B research *Qualitative ResearchOur team of ... 1. Qualitative research, 2. Quantitative research. 3. Advanced research. 4. B2B research *. Qualitative Research ... B2B Market Research Brand Research Consumer Research Food & Drink Research Concept & Product Research Social Market Research ... Contact Us About Us Research Pricing & Costs Jobs / Careers Latest News Research Articles Research Case Studies Terms and ...
Qualitative Research Cafe. Food for thought on interpretive and critical research approaches. Menu. Skip to content *Home ... Prezis on methodologies and research topics. Humanities Research: Voice of the Shuttle. A guide to critical theory. Philosophy ... The Tag Cloud approach to being able to see most commonly used words is a feature of some qualitative software (e.g. NVivo 9 ... making sense of metaphors Guest blog: The Thrill of Becoming a Qualitative Researcher → ...
Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research: Vol. 6 No. 2 (2005): Qualitative Inquiry: Research, ... Glossaries and Dictionaries on Qualitative Research , Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research: ... qualitative research methods, teaching qualitative research, reflexive turn, textual turn, interdisciplinary work, Germany, ... 2000-2023 Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research (ISSN 1438-5627) Institut für Qualitative ...
Qualitative research uses non-numerical data to explain what, why, and how something happened. It provides a contextual ... Qualitative research should discuss why the studys design and methodology were chosen. Below are some common approaches, with ... Generalizability: The need for generalizability in qualitative research is debated amongst experts. It focuses on how well ... This concept is contested since qualitative research may not always aim to be generalizable but rather descriptive about a ...
Members say qualitative data-based research is more accessible and can be more more easily implemented by community leaders. ... "The purpose of qualitative research isnt simply just to translate, but it is to communicate very difficult and complex ... Jude Mikal, whose research is examining the relationship between quantitative and qualitative data, poses for a portrait in his ... School of Public Health group pushes for more qualitative research. Named "Quali-tea," the group hopes to inspire a more ...
Qualitative research clarifies quantitative findings. To use qualitative research to build out the story, you will want to ... According to the Qualitative Research Consultants Association, qualitative research helps identify customer needs, clarify ... Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work. As you consider conducting this kind of research, keep in mind that the key to ... Qualitative research provides the means to go beyond facts and weave in the voice of these key stakeholders. In todays data-to ...
Transforming qualitative research by automating speech to text-to-text analytics. by Satish Jha, Jayesh Muley, Matt Docherty, ... Therefore, the solution greatly augments the work of our current ZS qualitative research team by making the process more ... At ZS Associates, we do a significant amount of qualitative market research. The work involves interviewing relevant subjects ( ... The traditional method of performing qualitative market research requires human intervention and interpretation, which is ...
Improving the Measurement of Fertility Regulation Practices: Findings from Qualitative Research in Ghana. ...
Computer Assisted Qualitative Research Analysis Software (CAQDAS) CAQDAS Software has been around for quite some time now (see ... Computer assisted qualitative research analysis software. The educational technology and digital learning wiki ... Christine A. Barry (1998) Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Atlas/ti and Nudist Compared Sociological Research ... Fielding, Nigel (1993). Analysing qualitative data by computer, Social Research Update, Department of Sociology, University of ...
Like water wings for the qualitative research beginner, Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners ... for undergraduates and postgraduates taking a course in qualitative research or using qualitative approaches in a research ... Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners is an accessible, practical textbook. It sidesteps detailed ... This book will be an essential read for anyone contemplating a qualitative research project. Guy Faulkner. University of ...
The course introduces key principles and provide individuals with an understanding of Qualitative Market Research (QLMR) and ... 1. Define Qualitative Market Research [QLMR] and its differences to Quantitative Market Research [QMR] ... and qualitative research (QLMR) and are looking to explore the qualitative path ... Qualitative Market Research (QLMR) formally began in the 1930s with focus groups for Proctor & Gamble. The role of QLMR has ...
I recommend the following ideas for further research:. 1. Conduct a mixed design of both qualitative and quantitative research ... 2. Conduct qualitative research in home schools for students who are 12 years and older.. 3. Conduct longevity studies to ... Much more qualitative, in-depth research needs to be directed toward understanding the nature of teaching happening in ... 1992). Qualitative research for education. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.. Chomsky, Carol. (1972). Stages in language development and ...
Using Secondary Analysis to Maintain a Critically Reflexive Approach to Qualitative Research. by Sarah Wilson. University of ... MASON, J (2007) Re-using qualitative data: on the merits of an investigative epistemology, Sociological Research Online Vol. ... MASON, J and Davies, K (2010) Coming to our senses? A critical approach to sensory methodology, Qualitative Research Vol. 9, ... IRWIN, S and Winterton, M (2012) Qualitative secondary analysis and social explanation, Sociological Research Online Vol. 17 ...
Jill Fisher and Corey Kalbaugh describe their findings from a qualitative research study evaluating the motivations of private- ... sector physicians conducting contract research for the pharmaceutical industry. ... PLOS Medicine publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or ...
Qualitative Research Data Collection Methods. Qualitative Research Data Collection Methods. Asynchronous, synchronous, IDIs, ... Asynchronous Online Research Methods. There are also online qualitative research methods where participants are asked to log on ... Synchronous Online Research Methods. When we say "synchronous" in referring to online qualitative research, we mean that ... It is common for qualitative research initiatives to leverage a hybrid approach of both qualitative and quantitative or several ...
This Guide facilitates effective teaching and learning of Qualitative Interviewing (QI) by demonstrating good examples and ... What is Qualitative Research?. The word "qualitative" in "qualitative research" refers qualities in the data that may relate to ... Quantitative Research. Qualitative Research. Form of Data. Numerical: frequencies, averages, distributions and other statistics ... qualitative research methods involve interpretive analysis and proceed from a different logic than quantitative research ...
  • The Qualitative Research Group is home to an interdisciplinary team of methodologists comprising social scientists, experts by experience, and health practitioners who are passionate about using qualitative methods to understand and improve the experiences of services users and staff. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Its purpose is to connect qualitative researchers and stimulate debate around qualitative theory, methods and practice, to consolidate and expand the rigorous application of qualitative methods within the health field. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • In order to embrace the challenges and controversies that accompany this goal, the editors have solicited experts representing multiple disciplines and methods of qualitative inquiry. (routledge.com)
  • While some qualitative methods texts touch upon online communities as a potential data source, show how to conduct interviews and focus groups online, or select recording devices and analysis software, no book to date has guided readers in the creation of a comprehensive digital workflow for their research. (sagepub.com)
  • She has authored three books on qualitative research methods. (routledge.com)
  • Using not only theory but real world setting, readers are introduced to the function and relevance of qualitative methods in psychological research. (bloomsbury.com)
  • Exemplified through the contributions of various experts from across the different sub-disciplines of psychology, this text takes a versatile approach to explaining methods in research and covers a broad range of methods in a variety of settings. (bloomsbury.com)
  • This book will appeal to those with an interest in qualitative methods across the spectrum of psychology and beyond. (bloomsbury.com)
  • Offering an introduction to applied qualitative research in psychology with a distinctively applied approach, this title is apt for undergraduate psychology students taking modules in research methods, executing research-based projects or those undertaking Masters and taught doctoral level programs in psychology. (bloomsbury.com)
  • You will be introduced to thinking about how to conduct sociological research using different methods. (sussex.ac.uk)
  • You will be introduced to debates in the social sciences related to research design, epistemology and studying sensitive and ethical issues, and will get practical experience in key methods for gathering and analysing qualitative data including interviewing, participant observation and textual analysis. (sussex.ac.uk)
  • While many quantitative methods are utilized in package design research, sometimes we overlook the importance of the softer side of research-the qualitative techniques. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • Systematicity means the use of data collection and analytic methods follow widely accepted research processes and qualitative research guidelines . (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Some methods to address validity include utilizing description to provide behavioral meaning and context, triangulating (by utilizing multiple research methods, sources, or researchers), and negative case analysis by reviewing contradicting data to the study's findings. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • A study is reliable when stable and consistent results are produced when the research methods are replicated. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Qualitative research provides one of the best analytical methods to inform and create this connection with customers. (business2community.com)
  • It highlighted how unexamined and unnuanced assumptions of difference in relation to 'ordinary' or 'vulnerable' samples, and the often different disciplinary location of research with each, may affect the data produced in terms of methods chosen, questions (not) asked and interpretations made, potentially reinforcing the contemporary pathologisation of more vulnerable groups. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • There are many types of qualitative research methods offering researchers and stakeholders different environments to hold discussions and observe participants. (itracks.com)
  • There are several online qualitative research methods where there is a specific scheduled time that participants engage in the research. (itracks.com)
  • There are also online qualitative research methods where participants are asked to log on at their convenience and share posts over the course of a couple days, weeks or months - these are asynchronous. (itracks.com)
  • Although counting may play a part, qualitative research methods involve interpretive analysis and proceed from a different logic than quantitative research methods. (utoronto.ca)
  • However, involving children with autism in research is not always simple, and there is scant literature on qualitative methods for addressing challenges related to involving children with unique characteristics such as autism. (mdpi.com)
  • The thematic analysis and semi-structured interviews outlined as the qualitative methods of the study were much appropriate in answering the research question. (essaywriter.org)
  • H. Russell Bernard's Research Methods in Anthropology, Sixth Edition, is the standard for learning about the range of methods for collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data about human thought and human behavior. (rowman.com)
  • His books include this text on Research Methods in Anthropology , as well as Social Research Methods (2d edition, Sage Publications 2012), Analyzing Qualitative Data: Systematic Approaches , with Gery Ryan and Amber Wutich (2d edition, Sage Publications 2016), and Native Ethnography , with Jesús Salinas Pedraza (Sage Publications 1989). (rowman.com)
  • Handbook of Research Methods on Gender and Management. (open.ac.uk)
  • You will attain a sound grounding in applying appropriate qualitative research methods. (edu.au)
  • Theoretical content covers: qualitative methodologies, qualitative research methods, and presenting qualitative results. (edu.au)
  • Course workshops promote critical thinking and provide opportunities to practice using qualitative research methods. (edu.au)
  • Why use qualitative methods? (google.co.in)
  • What kinds of questions can qualitative methods help you answer? (google.co.in)
  • She was one of the originators of the qualitative analytic tool, Framework, and teaches and writes about qualitative methods. (google.co.in)
  • A more extensive use of qualitative research methods built for the purpose of exploring context, emotions, and social interaction will contribute to this sensitization. (springer.com)
  • Critical arguments against qualitative studies often target their low number of informants and more limited potential for generalization compared to quantitative and experimental methods. (springer.com)
  • ABSTRACT Currently, it is easy to find health professionals who not only attach importance to qualitative methods, but also recognize their help to better understand their patients' lives. (bvsalud.org)
  • This course is designed to provide PhD students with the opportunity to deepen their knowledge of qualitative research methods in social sciences and to make use of it. (lu.se)
  • It is focused on three main techniques of data gathering in qualitative research (participant observation/ethnography, in-depth interviewing and focus groups) in addition to discuss three key topics in design and analysis of social research with qualitative methods (sampling and verification issues, qualitative discourse analysis and participatory action-research). (lu.se)
  • Introduction to qualitative research methods : the search for meanings / Steven J. Taylor, Robert Bogdan. (who.int)
  • The volume includes 30 chapters, each focusing on a specific technique including chapters on traditional methods, analysis techniques, intervention methods and the latest developments in research methods. (lu.se)
  • Elleen Yancey herald the arrival of a community-based research issues and question--what is a pneumococ- "new paradigm" in which community methods, but a concluding section that cus? (cdc.gov)
  • Data were analyzed with qualitative methods. (cdc.gov)
  • In this regard, Pernecky proposed an alternative way to implementing philosophical concerns in qualitative inquiry so that researchers are able to maintain the needed intellectual mobility and elasticity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Qualitative researchers have also been influenced by the sociology of knowledge and the work of Alfred Schütz, Peter L. Berger, Thomas Luckmann, and Harold Garfinkel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Qualitative researchers use different sources of data to understand the topic they are studying. (wikipedia.org)
  • The case study method exemplifies qualitative researchers' preference for depth, detail, and context. (wikipedia.org)
  • The QUARHC at King's draws together researchers from different disciplines with wide ranging expertise in applied qualitative health research that seeks to improve health and social care and population health, creating a network of qualitative researchers across King's College London. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • We aim to support junior researchers and build research capacity through providing advice, training, and opportunities for networking. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The NIHR King's College London (Mental Health & Neuroscience) RSS is a national centre of excellence for research methodology in psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience (MH&N). The Qualitative Research Group provides expert advice on the design and conduct of qualitative research through the RSS, supporting researchers in seeking funding to conduct mental health research, supporting skill development and advancing research methodology. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The mission of this book is to provide a useful guide for researchers, reviewers, and consumers who are charged with judging the quality of qualitative studies. (routledge.com)
  • The authors include vignettes -narratives written by qualitative researchers describing cutting-edge use of digital tools and spaces-and also give examples of published studies, which together provide practical illustration of the content. (sagepub.com)
  • The book invites readers to engage in a critical appraisal of the role of technology in qualitative research through reflection, conversation, and engagement with the larger community of researchers. (sagepub.com)
  • This is a great resource for all researchers to start to understand the use of digital tools in research, and to gain broader sense of how to engage with data. (sagepub.com)
  • Arts-Based Educational Research and Qualitative Inquiry introduces novice qualitative researchers, within education and related fields, to arts-based educational research (ABER). (routledge.com)
  • This book will help qualitative researchers to expand their methodologies to include arts-based approaches to their projects and by doing so reshape their identities as qualitative researchers. (routledge.com)
  • Our team of exceptional qualitative researchers offer online groups, depths in the UK and across the globe. (visionone.co.uk)
  • A group of University of Minnesota researchers are creating a group to promote the use of qualitative data in scientific papers. (mndaily.com)
  • This research style can give researchers a better look inside particular instances or patterns, especially within specific communities, Mikal said. (mndaily.com)
  • According to the researchers involved, qualitative data also has the added benefit of offering action-based plans to tackle certain issues. (mndaily.com)
  • Qualitative data collection can offer researchers the chance to support the communities they study, often through empowering voices to speak up and encouraging engagement with these issues, said Rebekah Pratt, a member of the group. (mndaily.com)
  • Researchers should provide a theoretical or conceptual framework that motivates their study's research questions, data gathering, and interpretation of results. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • 2.1 Much initial concern in relation to qualitative secondary analysis, and the requirement placed on all ESRC-funded UK researchers to archive their data [2] , focused on subsequent analysts' epistemological 'distance' from the original context in which data are produced. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • Internet- or web-based research is rapidly increasing, offering multiple benefits for researchers. (jmir.org)
  • Based on these experiences, we provide guidance and future directions for journals and researchers in collecting qualitative data on the web. (jmir.org)
  • Written by a team of leading researchers associated with NatCen Social Research (the National Centre for Social Research) this textbook leads students and researchers through the entire process of qualitative research from beginning to end - moving through design, sampling, data collection, analysis and reporting. (google.co.in)
  • In this fully revised second edition you will find: A practical account of how to carry out qualitative research which recognises a range of current approaches and applications A brand new chapter on ethics A brand new chapter on observational research Updated advice on using software when analysing your qualitative data New case studies which illustrate issues you may encounter and how problems have been tackled by other researchers. (google.co.in)
  • This book is an ideal guide for students, practitioners and researchers faced with the challenges of doing qualitative research in both applied and academic settings in messy real-life contexts. (google.co.in)
  • Carol is passionate about the power of qualitative research to explore difficult but important social issues in a way that puts at the heart of the research those who have been affected by these issues, and also about the role researchers have to ensure their research informs real social and political change. (google.co.in)
  • Rather than examine a specific terrorist attack or presidential election, qualitative researchers might analyze public responses to terrorist attacks or voters' perceptions of presidential candidates. (ottovonschirach.com)
  • Research translation mentoring for emerging clinician researchers in rural and regional health settings: a qualitative study. (bvsalud.org)
  • The study sought to address the following research questions 1) What context-specific types of support do research translation mentors provide to emerging researchers ? (bvsalud.org)
  • 2) How does the mentoring element of a rural research translational training program influence research translation capacity and capability development in rural emerging researchers and mentors , if at all? (bvsalud.org)
  • The capabilities were developed through mentors ' deepened understanding of the rural and regional healthcare contexts in which their emerging researchers worked, the broadening and strengthening of rural and regional research networks, and building and sharing research translation knowledge and skills. (bvsalud.org)
  • While the term moderator is most closely associated with focus groups, in this paper the term will be used as a generic descriptor for the person conducting a qualitative research project, whether it be focus groups, depth interviews, or ethnography. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • Ethnography refers to observational research. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • For packaging research, depth interviews and ethnography are the recommended qualitative techniques. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • Ethnography (or observation research) is likewise free of bias and contamination. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • There's a vast range of methodologies within each type, so in some cases that is true, but when each is done correctly, quantitative can actually be significantly faster and cheaper than qualitative for many types of research objectives. (quirks.com)
  • More recent philosophical contributions to qualitative inquiry (Pernecky, 2016) have covered topics such as scepticism, idea-ism, idealism, hermeneutics, empiricism and rationalism, and introduced the qualitative community to a variety of realist approaches that are available within the wide philosophical spectrum of qualitative thought. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2016) conducted a qualitative study aimed at exploring the views of GPs, people with dementia and their caregivers on assistive technology. (essaywriter.org)
  • Use of theory to inform research questions, design, and interpretation of findings. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Qualitative research clarifies quantitative findings. (business2community.com)
  • Finally, the researcher will discuss the findings of the study, and make recommendations for practice and future research. (nheri.org)
  • argue that 'the particulars of the initial research engagement are inaccessible to subsequent users, and this in itself delimits the possibilities for valid substantive findings' ( Mauthner 1998 ). (socresonline.org.uk)
  • Communicate qualitative health research findings within their professional roles. (edu.au)
  • A series of academic papers published in the Implementation Science journal this week provides a scientific tool for assessing how much confidence to place in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses. (who.int)
  • In light of increasing need for such syntheses to inform decisions about health and social policies, it was important to develop methodological concepts and tools to guide the level of confidence that can be put in the findings of qualitative syntheses. (who.int)
  • For example, Miles and Huberman (1994) describe qualitative analysis as an interactive process of "data reduction (extracting its essence), data display (organizing its meaning) and drawing conclusions (explaining the findings)" (cited in Suter, 2012). (cdc.gov)
  • Promoting adoption of fall prevention measures among Latino work ers and residential contractors: formative research findings. (cdc.gov)
  • Findings were triangulated with findings from the concept-mapping research component of the project to inform the development of a community health survey focused on work characteristics and experiences. (cdc.gov)
  • We regularly review our modules to incorporate student feedback, staff expertise, as well as the latest research and teaching methodology. (sussex.ac.uk)
  • Qualitative research should discuss why the study's design and methodology were chosen. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Thus, the purpose of this study was to review the literature on the characteristics and peculiarities of the qualitative methodology, demonstrating their techniques of collecting, recording and analyzing data. (bvsalud.org)
  • For this, we performed a descriptive literature, from a survey in the "LILACS", "BBO" and "PUBMED" databases, by keywords related to the theme, selecting only the papers that mentioned the "importance" of qualitative research, the "characteristics and fundamentals," and the "techniques of collecting, recording and data analysis" involving this methodology. (bvsalud.org)
  • Students looking for an introductory level unit should take FMHU5003 Introduction to Qualitative Research in Health. (edu.au)
  • Introduction to qualitative research (7th ed. (edu.au)
  • and Ethical and safety considerations in qualitative research practice. (edu.au)
  • Lives and Legacies: A Guide to Qualitative Interviewing by Ping-Chun Hsiung is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License , August 2010. (utoronto.ca)
  • Is There a Future For "Real" Qualitative Market Research Interviewing in the Digital Age? (warc.com)
  • Qualitative market research interviewing (qMRi) used to be about exploring respondents' innermost feelings in the framework of Freudian psychology. (warc.com)
  • The research world is full of coverage and discussion about the usage and value of the New Digital Media, including Social Networking sites, for research, and no less in the arena of Qualitative interviewing than in quantitative research. (warc.com)
  • This paper examines the possibilities for qualitative Market Research interviewing (qMRi) and poses the question of whether real qMRi is possible using the new digital media and Computer Mediated interviewing (Cmi). (warc.com)
  • The value of conducting a qualitative study is in being able to understand how customers experience the problem, how it makes them feel, how the problem impacts their life, what it might feel like if they could solve it, and how they would feel about someone (a company) who can help them solve it. (business2community.com)
  • Several philosophical and psychological traditions have influenced investigators' approaches to qualitative research, including phenomenology, social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, and positivism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approaches to qualitative research based on constructionism, such as grounded theory, pay attention to how the subjectivity of both the researcher and the study participants can affect the theory that develops out of the research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Traditional positivist approaches to qualitative research seek a more objective understanding of the social world. (wikipedia.org)
  • The remaining chapters review the principal approaches to qualitative research with care taken not to standardize, rigidly define, or oversimplify any approach. (routledge.com)
  • The aim of this systematic review of qualitative studies was to understand the factors considered important by patients, caregivers and health care providers in contributing to TB medication adherence. (nih.gov)
  • A qualitative study's design should be both transparent and systematic . (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Based on a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative studies on men's subjective perspectives on depression, we aim at a comprehensive understanding of men's subjective views on depression with a specific focus on masculinity constructions. (karger.com)
  • CERQual is a new addition to GRADE, which is a systematic and explicit mechanism for making judgments about the quality of research evidence and assessing the strength of its recommendations. (who.int)
  • We sought to understand, through participatory research strategies, how work is experienced at the community level and to identify community interventions to establish a culture of healthy work. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, those who review and consume qualitative research often have important and difficult-to-answer questions about the project's design, strategies/tools, and analysis, with few guidelines for gauging the merit of the work. (routledge.com)
  • Uniquely, the authors provide a "patterns framework" to qualitative data analysis in this book, also known as "thematic analysis. (sagepub.com)
  • The KWALON Experiment: Discussions on Qualitative Data Analysis Software by Developers and Users , FQS Vol 12, No 1 (2011). (unige.ch)
  • CAT , a free service of the Qualitative Data Analysis Program (QDAP). (unige.ch)
  • Christine A. Barry (1998) 'Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Atlas/ti and Nudist Compared' Sociological Research Online, vol. 3, no. 3, HTML . (unige.ch)
  • This paper argues that secondary analysis of others' data - as opposed to a reliance on 'tidied' research reports and journal articles - provides one fruitful, if demanding, tool to subject one's own research practice to such examination. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • 1.2 The paper reflects on the author's qualitative secondary analysis (QSA) of data from the qualitative, longitudinal Timescapes 'Siblings and Families' ('SAF') study, [1] which includes three waves of interviews with young people from mixed, but predominantly 'ordinary', backgrounds across Britain. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • Apply specific theories in practical application of qualitative data analysis, using a range of tools or software and reflect on strengths and weaknesses of those tools. (edu.au)
  • Explaining ethnic disparities in patient safety: a qualitative analysis. (ahrq.gov)
  • This is done empirically through a qualitative analysis of data collected from six group interviews on care robots with health care service users, informal caregivers (relatives), and professional caregivers (healthcare workers). (springer.com)
  • The end product of qualitative analysis is a generalization on the method's own terms, in addition to the illumination of the particulars of human experience in the context of the given phenomenon [ 9 ]. (springer.com)
  • Qualitative analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • varying levels of analysis typically occur throughout the qualitative research process. (cdc.gov)
  • In the study, the literature search was thorough, and the author significantly cited qualitative and quantitative studies relevant to the focus of the research. (essaywriter.org)
  • However, this process forced the author to think carefully about her own research practice. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • She ran the national support agency for evidence-informed practice Research in Practice and is now centrally involved in the development of UK implementation science and practice as a Director of the Colebrooke Centre for Evidence and Implementation. (google.co.in)
  • One of the editors of the textbook Qualitative Research Practice, Dr Carol McNaughton Nicholls is a Senior Research Director at NatCen Social Research Crime and Justice Research Team. (google.co.in)
  • She specialises in research on sexual abuse, violence and exploitation with victims, perpetrators and professionals, and has previously researched homelessness, drug use, mental ill health and related policy and practice issues. (google.co.in)
  • Throughout the course students will practice fundamental skills of post-graduate level reading, writing, summarising, collecting and analysing data, and presenting arguments based on research. (lu.se)
  • Building clinician and organisation-level research translation capacity and capability is fundamental for increasing the implementation of research into health practice and policy and improving health outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Autoethnography, the study of self, is a qualitative research method in which the researcher uses his or her personal experience to understand an issue. (wikipedia.org)
  • When group dynamics work well the participants work alongside the researcher, taking the research in new and often unexpected directions. (bmj.com)
  • A high-quality qualitative study should also address validity, reliability, researcher reflexivity, and generalizability. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Research concepts gradually emerge from the data as the researcher becomes immersed in the setting or interviews. (utoronto.ca)
  • Critical theory has also influenced a call for greater equality between the researcher and research participants , a perspective initially particularly emphasised in feminist research. (google.co.in)
  • Qualitative Research in Psychology , 16(1) pp. 136-155. (open.ac.uk)
  • John CROMBY (http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/beirat/cromby-e.htm) is a lecturer in Psychology in the Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University England. (qualitative-research.net)
  • Grounded theory is an inductive type of research, based on ("grounded" in) a very close look at the empirical observations a study yields. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Research Questions and Hypothesis Yasmine Swindle Revised Problem Statement- Quantitative Study Jung (2007) found that general education teacher's attitudes toward the integration of students with disabilities reflect a lack of confidence both in their own instructional skills and in the quality of support personnel currently provides. (bartleby.com)
  • This study will use a qualitative method and case study similar to Hartas' (2008) study of the effects of parental involvement on students with Autism. (bartleby.com)
  • Revised Purpose Statement- Qualitative Study The purpose of this qualitative case study is to identify the technological resources that are most effective in encouraging parents of special education students to be involved in the student's education. (bartleby.com)
  • There are ongoing conversations in the scientific community about what a "good" qualitative study entails. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Maintaining study quality through transparency and systematicity of the research process, which includes establishing reflexivity, validity, reliability, and generalizability of the research. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • A qualitative study should also explicitly discuss its sampling strategy, especially if convenience sampling is taking place since it can result in selection bias and sampling error. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • As you consider conducting this kind of research, keep in mind that the key to success, especially for a qualitative study, depends on asking the right questions in the right format to the right people. (business2community.com)
  • These are handy for groups where you want to include a lot of participants in a short period of time, anonymity or extra-candid responses are desired, or for live event research where the participants are watching a live-streamed event and providing comments (like this case study which involved a major sports league). (itracks.com)
  • The following are the key research questions in this study. (essaywriter.org)
  • This means that the research study is aimed at finding out how implementation and knowledge about assistive technologies have helped in ensuring positive outcomes for dementia patients. (essaywriter.org)
  • More research is needed to study the dimensions and role of alternative masculinities in the context of depression. (karger.com)
  • That topic is important in every phase of research, even in the beginning phase of choosing a problem to study, and is covered throughout the book. (rowman.com)
  • Developing a hospital-wide quality and safety dashboard: a qualitative research study. (ahrq.gov)
  • Weggelaar-Jansen AMJWM, Broekharst DSE, de Bruijne M. Developing a hospital-wide quality and safety dashboard: a qualitative research study. (ahrq.gov)
  • Role of relatives of ethnic minority patients in patient safety in hospital care: a qualitative study. (ahrq.gov)
  • Is researching adverse events in hospital deaths a good way to describe patient safety in hospitals: a retrospective patient record review study. (ahrq.gov)
  • Implementation of crew resource management: a qualitative study in 3 intensive care units. (ahrq.gov)
  • Our study shows that more qualitative knowledge on the social aspect of human-robot interaction is needed to support future robot development and use in the health and care field and advocates for the crucial importance of strengthening the position of user-centered qualitative research in the field of social robotics. (springer.com)
  • Yet, the classic statistical generalization to the population is not an ideal within qualitative research, which instead aims to provide a rich, contextualized understanding of human experience through the intensive study of particular cases [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • Each chapter reviews how the method has been used in organizational research, shows the advantages and disadvantages of using the method, and presents a case study example of the method in use. (lu.se)
  • As is the case for analyses of qualitative data, the general process for analyzing cognitive interview data involves synthesis and reduction-beginning with a large amount of textual data and ending with conclusions that are meaningful and serve the ultimate purpose of the study. (cdc.gov)
  • Building theories from case study research. (lu.se)
  • We conducted a qualitative descriptive study. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study was conducted as part of a larger qualitative community health assessment in a county in rural southeastern Georgia (12). (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of qualitative research isn't simply just to translate, but it is to communicate very difficult and complex materials in ways that resonate with community members. (mndaily.com)
  • We found many different techniques to gather, record and analyze qualitative data applied to the dentistry field. (bvsalud.org)
  • The importance of qualitative data is increasingly recognized when producing recommendations in public health, as these recommendations must reflect far more than the balance of benefits and harms of an intervention as measured quantitatively. (who.int)
  • It was found that all studies have highlighted the importance of qualitative research to the construction of new knowledge that cannot be achieved by quantitative data. (bvsalud.org)
  • It sidesteps detailed theoretical discussion in favor of providing a comprehensive overview of strategic tips and skills for starting and completing successful qualitative research. (sagepub.com)
  • 1.3 The first two sections of this paper will examine the need for such self-scrutiny, first in theoretical terms and then in relation to the author's own research history. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • Research translation mentorships were established as part of the Supporting Translation Research in Rural and Regional settings (STaRR) program developed and delivered in Victoria , Australia from 2020 to 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • Beyond neopositivists, romantics, and localists: a reflexive approach to interviews in organizational research. (lu.se)
  • Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners is an accessible, practical textbook. (sagepub.com)
  • This textbook will be an essential textbook for undergraduates and postgraduates taking a course in qualitative research or using qualitative approaches in a research project. (sagepub.com)
  • In this chapter I will discuss how and why autoethnography is a suitable method for those interested in academic research where gender studies overlaps with management. (open.ac.uk)
  • I discuss the main features of autoethnography as a qualitative method and discuss recent academic work in gender and management studies that have used autoethnographic method. (open.ac.uk)
  • I conclude with suggestions for how autoethnography may develop further as a method suited to gender and management research. (open.ac.uk)
  • The symbolic interactionist approach to qualitative research examines how individuals and groups develop an understanding of the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • With a highly pragmatic, yet rigorous and pragmatically driven approach, this edited book explores demonstrates qualitative research with an applied approach. (bloomsbury.com)
  • The Tag Cloud approach to being able to see most commonly used words is a feature of some qualitative software (e.g. (ubc.ca)
  • This paper questions whether older adult human end-users are sufficiently included in robot development and empirically demonstrates the usefulness of a qualitative user-centered approach to this question. (springer.com)
  • It is hoped that with CERQual approach, use of qualitative evidence will be encouraged further in national and global health decision-making processes. (who.int)
  • The CERQual approach has been vital in helping us to use qualitative evidence appropriately," said Dr Susan L Norris, Secretary of the WHO Guidelines Review Committee, on the occasion of publishing the series of academic papers on the tool. (who.int)
  • The skills developed in the course are intended to support the methodological planning of their PhD thesis in case they use a qualitative approach - otherwise, they should be able to identify and evaluate this approach in other academic works. (lu.se)
  • While the scholars who design qualitative research projects envision these qualities as strengths, such a breadth of practices and the assumptions that undergird them may present challenges during the peer review process. (routledge.com)
  • So, the purpose of this article is to share some basic ideas and best practices for the use of qualitative research as a component in the package-design research plan. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • To add to the literature on best practices for web-based qualitative data collection, we present 4 case studies in which each research team experienced challenges unique to web-based qualitative research and had to modify their research approaches to preserve data quality or integrity. (jmir.org)
  • Regardless of whether one is simply aiming to use digital tools alongside research processes or wishes to research in digital spaces, this text anchors the reader in relevant, critical discourse of qualitative digital tools and spaces. (sagepub.com)
  • If you come blindly at a particular phenomenon and just start asking questions, you by virtue of even asking a question are making a qualitative assessment. (mndaily.com)
  • These issues are similarly important for research design: early assessment will il ustrate elevated patterns of distress across the population, which is likely to diminish over time for the vast majority. (who.int)
  • The QUAHRC at King's is open to all who are currently conducting or wish to learn how to conduct rigorous qualitative research, or explore new, innovative approaches to research. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • How do you actually do rigorous and reflective qualitative research in the real world? (google.co.in)
  • Consequently, there is tremendous opportunity to improve disaster mental health risk reduction through rigorous research and informed policy. (who.int)
  • Focus groups are a form of group interview that capitalises on communication between research participants in order to generate data. (bmj.com)
  • Group discussion is particularly appropriate when the interviewer has a series of open ended questions and wishes to encourage research participants to explore the issues of importance to them, in their own vocabulary, generating their own questions and pursuing their own priorities. (bmj.com)
  • NCJR recently completed a qualitative report based on interviews of participants of VLS reentry programs. (unomaha.edu)
  • The aim was to interrogate sedimented assumptions built up over the course of her previous research work with participants from predominantly 'vulnerable' backgrounds, while developing a new project concerned with belonging and space with a similarly vulnerable sample. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • In asynchronous online research, the posts may be private and viewable only by the moderator, or viewable by other participants who can then engage, allowing a threaded discussion to evolve. (itracks.com)
  • While necessary during the pandemic, the use of the internet for research also has multiple benefits, including increasing the diversity of research participants and reducing the time and expense of travel. (jmir.org)
  • Together with their colleagues and co-members of the Qualitative Research Committee in the School of Education, they have designed a qualitative research minor for doctoral students. (routledge.com)
  • Qualitative research has been informed by several strands of philosophical thought and examines aspects of human life, including culture, expression, beliefs, morality, life stress, and imagination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Research that examines how upstream levels of the ecological theory, including superstructural factors such as racism and poverty, may contribute to disparities in rural risk for overweight and obesity is scarce. (cdc.gov)
  • The synthesis offers an overview of qualitative evidence derived from these multiple international studies. (nih.gov)
  • However, it is argued that close examination of rawer data than those presented in research reports from carefully chosen studies combining similar foci and epistemological approaches but with differently situated samples, can help. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • To date, a substantial number of qualitative studies on men's views on depression has been conducted in the last few decades. (karger.com)
  • However, making decisions in health care also requires attention to other aspects of service delivery and context of care, which are better captured in qualitative research studies. (who.int)
  • Well-conducted individual qualitative studies provide some answers to these questions, but they are often bound to limited settings (e.g. perceptions of mothers and midwives in one hospital about a new model of care). (who.int)
  • The traditional method of performing qualitative market research requires human intervention and interpretation, which is highly subjective in nature. (amazon.com)
  • Ecological theory, which is increasingly used to inform public health research and intervention (8,9), can be applied to complex community contexts and to the exploration of links between social structures, individual behaviors, and health. (cdc.gov)
  • Qualitative research uses non-numerical data to explain what, why, and how something happened. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Counts: If you need percentages, tallies or any numerical data at all, you need quantitative research. (quirks.com)
  • Ethnographic research involves observation of people and culture, allowing for description of what individuals do in their natural environments instead of controlled settings. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The book provides a deep exploration of the relationship between theories of technology, substantive theories, and methodological theory, and shows how together these inform the development of a quality research design. (sagepub.com)
  • Research questions should add to existing theory, and sometimes also generate new theory. (theincidentaleconomist.com)
  • Another important measure for generalization within qualitative research is theory-development, often known as conceptual generalization [ 8 ]. (springer.com)
  • She founded the Qualitative Research Unit at NatCen Social Research in 1985 and was the Unit's Director until 1998. (google.co.in)
  • Jane Lewis was Director of the Qualitative Research Unit at NatCen Social Research from 1998-2007, and then Director of Research and Evaluation at the National Children's Bureau. (google.co.in)
  • When a new package is to be designed, or an old one redesigned, the process should begin with qualitative research, so that the package design work is informed by a better understanding of consumer motivations, knowledge levels, and perceptions. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • Group dynamics, group pressures, and group biases undermine the value of focus groups for most package-design research. (decisionanalyst.com)
  • A Students should have an understanding of qualitative research as this unit does not cover research design or data collection. (edu.au)
  • This best selling book is t he definitive guide to the full qualitative research process, from design to dissemination, this is everything you need to understand how good quality research is produced, and how to use and enrich your own work with it. (edu.au)
  • In the first section of the book, students learn the elements of research design, including how to choose a research topic, how to develop research questions and hypotheses, and how to choose an appropriate sample for their research. (rowman.com)
  • Social and humanistic research on the robotization of care argues that it is important to prioritize user needs in technology design and implementation. (springer.com)
  • Foundational characteristics of qualitative research include flexibility, variation in application, critique, and innovation all of which derive from its subjective roots in interpretivism and constructivism. (routledge.com)
  • The introductory chapter explains the need for such a book and underscores the foundational strengths of qualitative research: flexibility, variation, critique, and innovation. (routledge.com)
  • Graduates of this Professional Certificate will have specialised knowledge in Qualitative Health Research. (edu.au)
  • Mason emphasises that an 'investigative epistemology' ( 2007 ) is required in relation to the identification and interpretation of any qualitative data. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • The research is being conducted between November 2017 and June 2018 and comprises of three main strands. (le.ac.uk)
  • Cairo, 25 January 2018 - As a result of collaborative work between the World Health Organization (WHO) and several academic institutions, an important tool has been developed to streamline use of qualitative research evidence in public health decision-making. (who.int)
  • Understanding the research setting from the perspective of its members by interpreting meanings, themes and motifs that arise in interviews and other interaction. (utoronto.ca)
  • 12 This makes focus groups a data collection technique particularly sensitive to cultural variables-which is why it is so often used in cross cultural research and work with ethnic minorities. (bmj.com)
  • However, various challenges in web-based data collection have been illustrated in prior research, particularly since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. (jmir.org)
  • We need to improve the involvement of children in social research. (mdpi.com)
  • Qualitative data, usually focused on traits and characteristics, has often been used to help scientists generate hypotheses. (mndaily.com)
  • Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is an interdisciplinary research field looking at the interactions between humans and robots. (springer.com)
  • Reading and writing processes are the very elements of educational growth, and yet thus far, home school research has given minimal attention to these areas. (nheri.org)
  • Here, this process highlighted assumptions underlying the habitual disciplinary locations and constructions of so-called 'vulnerable' as opposed to 'ordinary' samples, leading the author to scrutinise aspects of her previous research work in this light and providing important insights for the development of further projects. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • The course introduces key principles and an understanding of the types of Qualitative Market Research (QLMR) as well as its applications. (rivainc.com)
  • Literacy acquisition through parental teaching represents a new, important dimension of home school research. (nheri.org)
  • It was concluded that qualitative research represents a new path to be followed by dentistry, so that we are able to plan actions in ethical and humane public health dentistry, bringing better results to the population, because of the depth of knowledge that your date can. (bvsalud.org)
  • Maintaining a 'critical reflexivity' ( Heaphy 2008 ) or 'investigative epistemology' ( Mason 2007 ) in relation to the sedimented assumptions built up over the course of one's own research history and embedded in common research boundaries, is difficult. (socresonline.org.uk)
  • His research interests include social constructionist and critical psychologies, their application in applied settings, and possible overlaps between constructionism and current developments in neuroscience. (qualitative-research.net)
  • What are the differences between journalistic and academic research? (ottovonschirach.com)
  • Academic research is supposed to be considered, comprehensive as well as both revised and reviewed. (ottovonschirach.com)
  • There are many books written on the subject of home schooling, but there is still a dearth of literature in some areas of home school research. (nheri.org)
  • Given its place research as a mechanism for address- literature incomplete. (cdc.gov)