Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.
Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.
Polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. These compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials.
A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids.
Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.
A group of ALKALOIDS, characterized by a nitrogen-containing necine, occurring mainly in plants of the BORAGINACEAE; COMPOSITAE; and LEGUMINOSAE plant families. They can be activated in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester and desaturation of the necine base to reactive electrophilic pyrrolic CYTOTOXINS.
Benzaldehydes are aromatic organic compounds consisting of a benzene ring connected to a formyl group (-CHO), which is the simplest and most representative compound being benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO).
A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.
A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.
6-carbon straight-chain or branched ketones.
Imines are organic compounds containing a functional group with a carbon-nitrogen double bond (=NH or =NR), classified as azomethines, which can be produced from aldehydes or ketones through condensation with ammonia or amines.
Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.
Compounds with a 5-membered ring of four carbons and an oxygen. They are aromatic heterocycles. The reduced form is tetrahydrofuran.
Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.
The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
Linear TETRAPYRROLES that give a characteristic color to BILE including: BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; and bilicyanin.
A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
A genus of large, brightly colored SPONGES in the family Agelasidae, possessing a skeleton of spongin fibers with a core of large spicules (megascleres).
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl-4,5-dicarboxyethyl-2,8-divinylbilenone. Biosynthesized from hemoglobin as a precursor of bilirubin. Occurs in the bile of AMPHIBIANS and of birds, but not in normal human bile or serum.
'Ketones' are organic compounds with a specific structure, characterized by a carbonyl group (a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom) and two carbon atoms, formed as byproducts when the body breaks down fats for energy due to lack of glucose, often seen in diabetes and starvation states.
The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.
An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.
Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
Inorganic salts of the hypothetical acid, H3Fe(CN)6.
Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.
Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.
Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
Vinyl compounds, in the context of medical materials, refer to synthetic polymers made from vinyl chloride or vinyl acetate monomers, which are used in the production of various medical devices and supplies such as blood bags, intravenous (IV) bags, tubing, and gloves due to their flexibility, transparency, and resistance to chemicals and heat.
The theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (E) which vary in size and are defined by the equation E=hv in which h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.
A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.
The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

Prior exposure to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism. (1/4084)

MAG is a potent inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Here, inhibition by MAG, and myelin in general, is blocked if neurons are exposed to neurotrophins before encountering the inhibitor; priming cerebellar neurons with BDNF or GDNF, but not NGF, or priming DRG neurons with any of these neurotrophins blocks inhibition by MAG/myelin. Dibutyryl cAMP also overcomes inhibition by MAG/myelin, and cAMP is elevated by neurotrophins. A PKA inhibitor present during priming abrogates the block of inhibition. Finally, if neurons are exposed to MAG/myelin and neurotrophins simultaneously, but with the Gi protein inhibitor, inhibition is blocked. We suggest that priming neurons with particular neurotrophins elevates cAMP and activates PKA, which blocks subsequent inhibition of regeneration and that priming is required because MAG/myelin activates a Gi protein, which blocks increases in cAMP. This is important for encouraging axons to regrow in vivo.  (+info)

Increased lipophilicity and subsequent cell partitioning decrease passive transcellular diffusion of novel, highly lipophilic antioxidants. (2/4084)

Oxidative stress is considered a cause or propagator of acute and chronic disorders of the central nervous system. Novel 2, 4-diamino-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are potent inhibitors of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, are cytoprotective in cell culture models of oxidative injury, and are neuroprotective in brain injury and ischemia models. The selection of lead candidates from this series required that they reach target cells deep within brain tissue in efficacious amounts after oral dosing. A homologous series of 26 highly lipophilic pyrrolopyrimidines was examined using cultured cell monolayers to understand the structure-permeability relationship and to use this information to predict brain penetration and residence time. Pyrrolopyrimidines were shown to be a more permeable structural class of membrane-interactive antioxidants where transepithelial permeability was inversely related to lipophilicity or to cell partitioning. Pyrrole substitutions influence cell partitioning where bulky hydrophobic groups increased partitioning and decreased permeability and smaller hydrophobic groups and more hydrophilic groups, especially those capable of weak hydrogen bonding, decreased partitioning, and increased permeability. Transmonolayer diffusion for these membrane-interactive antioxidants was limited mostly by desorption from the receiver-side membrane into the buffer. Thus, in this case, these in vitro cell monolayer models do not adequately mimic the in vivo situation by underestimating in vivo bioavailability of highly lipophilic compounds unless acceptors, such as serum proteins, are added to the receiving buffer.  (+info)

Involvement of phosphodiesterase-cGMP-PKG pathway in intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in pituitary GH3 cells. (3/4084)

The present study investigates the potential role of the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent type I phosphodiesterase (PDE)-cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway in spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in GH3 cells using fura-2 single cell videoimaging. Vinpocetine (2.5-50 microM), a selective inhibitor of type I PDE, induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in these pituitary cells, and at the same time produced an increase of the intracellular cGMP content. The cell permeable cGMP analog N2,2'-O-dibutyryl-cGMP (dB-cGMP) (1 mM) caused a progressive reduction of the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations when added to the medium. KT5823 (400 nM), a selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), produced an increase of baseline [Ca2+]i and the disappearance of spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations. When KT5823 was added before vinpocetine, the PKG inhibitor counteracted the [Ca2+]i lowering effect of the cGMP catabolism inhibitor. Finally, the removal of extracellular Ca2+ or the blockade of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) by nimodipine produced a decrease of cytosolic cGMP levels. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in GH3 cells may be regulated by the activity of type I PDE-cGMP-PKG pathway.  (+info)

Characterization of a novel, non-peptidyl antagonist of the human glucagon receptor. (4/4084)

We have identified a series of potent, orally bioavailable, non-peptidyl, triarylimidazole and triarylpyrrole glucagon receptor antagonists. 2-(4-Pyridyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(5-bromo-2-propyloxyphenyl)p yrr ole (L-168,049), a prototypical member of this series, inhibits binding of labeled glucagon to the human glucagon receptor with an IC50 = 3. 7 +/- 3.4 nM (n = 7) but does not inhibit binding of labeled glucagon-like peptide to the highly homologous human glucagon-like peptide receptor at concentrations up to 10 microM. The binding affinity of L-168,049 for the human glucagon receptor is decreased 24-fold by the inclusion of divalent cations (5 mM). L-168,049 increases the apparent EC50 for glucagon stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human glucagon receptor and decreases the maximal glucagon stimulation observed, with a Kb (concentration of antagonist that shifts the agonist dose-response 2-fold) of 25 nM. These data suggest that L-168,049 is a noncompetitive antagonist of glucagon action. Inclusion of L-168, 049 increases the rate of dissociation of labeled glucagon from the receptor 4-fold, confirming that the compound is a noncompetitive glucagon antagonist. In addition, we have identified two putative transmembrane domain residues, phenylalanine 184 in transmembrane domain 2 and tyrosine 239 in transmembrane domain 3, for which substitution by alanine reduces the affinity of L-168,049 46- and 4. 5-fold, respectively. These mutations do not alter the binding of labeled glucagon, suggesting that the binding sites for glucagon and L-168,049 are distinct.  (+info)

Characterization of the pyoluteorin biosynthetic gene cluster of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. (5/4084)

Ten genes (plt) required for the biosynthesis of pyoluteorin, an antifungal compound composed of a bichlorinated pyrrole linked to a resorcinol moiety, were identified within a 24-kb genomic region of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. The deduced amino acid sequences of eight plt genes were similar to the amino acid sequences of genes with known biosynthetic functions, including type I polyketide synthases (pltB, pltC), an acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) dehydrogenase (pltE), an acyl-CoA synthetase (pltF), a thioesterase (pltG), and three halogenases (pltA, pltD, and pltM). Insertions of the transposon Tn5 or Tn3-nice or a kanamycin resistance gene in each of these genes abolished pyoluteorin production by Pf-5. The presumed functions of the eight plt products are consistent with biochemical transformations involved in pyoluteorin biosynthesis from proline and acetate precursors. Isotope labeling studies demonstrated that proline is the primary precursor to the dichloropyrrole moiety of pyoluteorin. The deduced amino acid sequence of the product of another plt gene, pltR, is similar to those of members of the LysR family of transcriptional activators. pltR and pltM are transcribed divergently from the pltLABCDEFG gene cluster, and a sequence with the characteristics of a LysR binding site was identified within the 486-bp intergenic region separating pltRM from pltLABCDEFG. Transcription of the pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes pltB, pltE, and pltF, assessed with transcriptional fusions to an ice nucleation reporter gene, was significantly greater in Pf-5 than in a pltR mutant of Pf-5. Therefore, PltR is proposed to be a transcriptional activator of linked pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes.  (+info)

Promotion of antibiotic production by high ethanol, high NaCl concentration, or heat shock in Pseudomonas fluorescens S272. (6/4084)

A stress imposed by a continuous feed of high ethanol, high NaCl concentration, or a high temperature shock increased antibiotic production by several times in Pseudomonas fluorescens S272. A tentative bioassay showed that the stress caused about 40-fold elevation in the autoinducer activity. Addition of synthetic autoinducers, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone at a concentration of more than 100 micrograms/l to a non-stressed culture also increased the antibiotic production by several times. These results suggested that the antibiotic production in P. fluorescens S272 was regulated by N-acyl-homoserine lactone and the promotive effect by stress occurred through any function that increased the autoinducer production.  (+info)

Peripheral urocortin delays gastric emptying: role of CRF receptor 2. (7/4084)

Urocortin, a new mammalian member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family has been proposed to be the endogenous ligand for CRF receptor 2 (CRF-R2). We studied the influence of intravenous urocortin on gastric emptying and the role of CRF-R2 in peptide action and postoperative gastric ileus in conscious rats. The intravenous doses of rat CRF and rat urocortin producing 50% inhibition of gastric emptying were 2.5 and 1.1 microgram/kg, respectively. At these intravenous doses, CRF and urocortin have their actions fully reversed by the CRF-R1/CRF-R2 antagonist astressin at antagonist/agonist ratios of 5:1 and 67:1, respectively. Astressin (12 microgram/kg iv) completely prevented abdominal surgery-induced 54% inhibition of gastric emptying 3 h after surgery while having no effect on basal gastric emptying. The selective nonpeptide CRF-R1 antagonists antalarmin (20 mg/kg ip) and NBI-27914 (400 microgram/kg iv) did not influence intravenous CRF-, urocortin- or surgery-induced gastric stasis. These results as well as earlier ones showing that alpha-helical CRF9-41 (a CRF-R2 more selective antagonist) partly prevented postoperative ileus indicate that peripheral CRF-R2 may be primarily involved in intravenous urocortin-, CRF-, and abdominal surgery-induced gastric stasis.  (+info)

Inhibition of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer and its metastases by cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238. (8/4084)

We evaluated whether AN-238, the cytotoxic analogue of somatostatin (SST) consisting of the radical 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked covalently to the SST octapeptide carrier RC-121 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2), could be used for targeting human primary and metastatic prostate carcinomas that express SST receptors (SSTRs). The antitumor activity and toxicity of AN-238 and its components were first characterized in nude mice bearing s.c. xenografts of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer. In experiment 1, AN-238 was injected once i.v. at 200 nmol/kg when the mean volume of s.c. tumors was about 30 mm3. Administration of AN-238 inhibited tumor growth, as shown by a 74% decrease in tumor volume and by a 71% reduction in tumor weight after 7 weeks as compared with the control group. AN-201 at an equimolar dose did not show any antitumor activity. The mortality was 14.3% (one of seven mice) in the AN-238-treated group and 47% (three of seven mice) in mice that received AN-201. In experiment 2, two i.v. injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg were given 10 days apart when the tumors measured 65-70 mm3. A significant inhibition of tumor volume (62.3%; P < 0.001) and tumor weight (61.1%; P < 0.01) was observed after 4 weeks of treatment. AN-201, given alone at the same dose or coadministered with RC-121, had no significant effect on PC-3 tumors. The suppression of tumor growth induced by AN-238 was accompanied by a significant enhancement of apoptosis (P < 0.01). There were similar side effects in all treated groups, which included a transient loss of body weight and leukopenia. The effectiveness of AN-238 in a metastatic model was then investigated in animals implanted orthotopically with 2 x 10(6) PC-3 cells. Two i.v. injections of AN-238 or AN-201 at 150 nmol/kg were administered 10 days apart at 10 weeks after intraprostatic inoculation of PC-3 cells. After 4 weeks of treatment, the mean weight of primary tumors in animals receiving AN-238 was 77% lower (P < 0.01) than that in controls. This reduction was also significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that in animals given AN-201, which showed only a 34% inhibition (nonsignificant versus controls). All control animals and four of six (67%) mice treated with AN-201 developed metastases in the lymph nodes; however, no lymphatic spread of cancer was found in the AN-238-treated group. Using reverse transcription-PCR analysis, we demonstrated the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in intraprostatic tumors and their metastases in lymph nodes as well as in s.c. tumors. The present study demonstrates the high efficacy of SSTR-targeted chemotherapy in a model of advanced human androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma, as shown by the inhibition of primary tumors and their metastases by the cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238.  (+info)

"Pyrroles" is not a medical term in and of itself, but "pyrrole" is an organic compound that contains one nitrogen atom and four carbon atoms in a ring structure. In the context of human health, "pyrroles" often refers to a group of compounds called pyrrol derivatives or pyrrole metabolites.

In clinical settings, "pyrroles" is sometimes used to refer to a urinary metabolite called "pyrrole-protein conjugate," which contains a pyrrole ring and is excreted in the urine. Elevated levels of this compound have been associated with certain psychiatric and behavioral disorders, such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. However, the relationship between pyrroles and these conditions is not well understood, and more research is needed to establish a clear medical definition or diagnostic criteria for "pyrrole disorder" or "pyroluria."

Calixarenes are a type of macrocyclic compound, which are formed by the condensation of certain phenolic compounds. The name "calixarene" comes from the Latin word "calyx," meaning "cup-shaped structure," and "arene," referring to the aromatic components of the molecule.

Calixarenes have a cup-like shape, with a hydrophobic cavity that can bind to various guest molecules through non-covalent interactions such as van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking. The size and functionality of the cavity can be modified by changing the number and type of aromatic rings and substituents, making calixarenes useful in a variety of applications, including molecular recognition, catalysis, and drug delivery.

In medical contexts, calixarenes have been explored for their potential as drug delivery vehicles, due to their ability to encapsulate drugs within their hydrophobic cavities and release them in response to specific stimuli. They have also been studied for their potential use in diagnostic imaging, as they can be functionalized with radioactive isotopes or other contrast agents. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using calixarenes in medical applications.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Nylons" is a common term for a type of synthetic fiber often used in clothing, hosiery, and other textile applications. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to try and help clarify!

Porphyrins are complex organic compounds that contain four pyrrole rings joined together by methine bridges (=CH-). They play a crucial role in the biochemistry of many organisms, as they form the core structure of various heme proteins and other metalloproteins. Some examples of these proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and catalases, which are involved in essential processes such as oxygen transport, electron transfer, and oxidative metabolism.

In the human body, porphyrins are synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the heme biosynthesis pathway. Disruptions in this pathway can lead to an accumulation of porphyrins or their precursors, resulting in various medical conditions called porphyrias. These disorders can manifest as neurological symptoms, skin lesions, and gastrointestinal issues, depending on the specific type of porphyria and the site of enzyme deficiency.

It is important to note that while porphyrins are essential for life, their accumulation in excessive amounts or at inappropriate locations can result in pathological conditions. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of porphyrin metabolism is crucial for diagnosing and managing porphyrias and other related disorders.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Distamycin is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial drug that belongs to a class of medications called antibiotics. It is a polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces distallicus, which has the ability to bind to DNA and inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible microorganisms. Distamycin is primarily used to treat infections caused by parasites such as amoebae and giardia. It works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, preventing them from multiplying and causing further harm.

Distamycin is not commonly used in clinical practice due to its narrow spectrum of activity and the availability of other more effective antimicrobial agents. However, it has been studied in combination with other drugs for the treatment of certain types of cancer, as it can also inhibit the growth of cancer cells by interfering with their DNA synthesis.

It is important to note that distamycin should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and its use may be associated with side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and skin rashes. Additionally, it may interact with other medications, so it is essential to inform your doctor of all medications you are taking before starting distamycin therapy.

Heptanes are a group of hydrocarbons that are composed of straight-chain or branched arrangements of six carbon atoms and are commonly found in gasoline. They are colorless liquids at room temperature with a characteristic odor. In a medical context, exposure to heptanes can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including neurological damage and cancer. Proper handling and use of heptanes, as well as adequate ventilation, are important to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, particularly in the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. These compounds have a pyrrolizidine ring structure and can be toxic or carcinogenic to humans and animals. They can contaminate food and feed sources, leading to poisoning and health issues. Chronic exposure to PAs has been linked to liver damage, veno-occlusive disease, and cancer. It is important to avoid consumption of plants containing high levels of PAs and to monitor food and feed sources for PA contamination.

Benzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHO. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde, and it consists of a benzene ring attached to a formyl group. Benzaldehyde is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor.

Benzaldehyde occurs naturally in various plants, including bitter almonds, cherries, peaches, and apricots. It is used in many industrial applications, such as in the production of perfumes, flavorings, and dyes. In addition, benzaldehyde has been used in medical research for its potential therapeutic effects, such as its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

However, it is important to note that benzaldehyde can be toxic in high concentrations and may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used in accordance with appropriate safety guidelines.

Monocrotaline is not a medical condition but a toxic compound that is found in certain plants, including the Crotalaria species (also known as "rattlebox" or "crowtoe"). It has been used in research to create laboratory models of pulmonary hypertension. Ingestion or inhalation of monocrotaline can lead to serious health effects, including lung damage and death.

Therefore, there is no medical definition for 'Monocrotaline' as it is not a disease or condition.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Palladium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. It's used in various applications, including jewelry, dental work, electronics, and chemical reactions. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Hexanone is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a class of organic compounds known as ketones, which contain a carbonyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O) and six carbon atoms (hence "hexa-").

In the context of medical toxicology, hexanone exposure can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Hexanones are found in some industrial solvents, cleaning agents, and glues. Exposure to high levels of hexanones can cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, neurological damage.

However, it's important to note that specific medical conditions or diseases are not associated with 'hexanones'. If you have any concerns about exposure to this chemical or any other potential toxins, please consult a healthcare professional for advice.

In the field of organic chemistry, imines are a class of compounds that contain a functional group with the general structure =CR-NR', where C=R and R' can be either alkyl or aryl groups. Imines are also commonly referred to as Schiff bases. They are formed by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a primary amine, resulting in the loss of a molecule of water.

It is important to note that imines do not have a direct medical application, but they can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. Additionally, some imines have been found to exhibit biological activity, such as antimicrobial or anticancer properties. However, these are areas of ongoing research and development.

Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds that contain at least one atom within the ring structure, other than carbon, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus. These compounds make up a large class of naturally occurring and synthetic materials, including many drugs, pigments, vitamins, and antibiotics. The presence of the heteroatom in the ring can have significant effects on the physical and chemical properties of the compound, such as its reactivity, stability, and bonding characteristics. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include pyridine, pyrimidine, and furan.

Cyclization is a chemical process that involves forming a cyclic structure or ring-shaped molecule from a linear or open-chain compound. In the context of medicinal chemistry and drug design, cyclization reactions are often used to synthesize complex molecules, including drugs, by creating rings or fused ring systems within the molecule's structure.

Cyclization can occur through various mechanisms, such as intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, or radical reactions. The resulting cyclized compounds may exhibit different chemical and biological properties compared to their linear precursors, making them valuable targets for drug discovery and development.

In some cases, the cyclization process can lead to the formation of stereocenters within the molecule, which can impact its three-dimensional shape and how it interacts with biological targets. Therefore, controlling the stereochemistry during cyclization reactions is crucial in medicinal chemistry to optimize the desired biological activity.

Overall, cyclization plays a significant role in the design and synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, enabling the creation of complex structures that can interact specifically with biological targets for therapeutic purposes.

Pyrrolnitrin is an antifungal agent that is produced naturally by certain types of bacteria. Its chemical formula is C12H13ClN2O2. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, including certain species that can cause infections in humans. Pyrrolnitrin is not widely used in medicine, but it has been studied as a potential treatment for fungal infections of the skin and nails. It is also used in agriculture as a fungicide to control fungal diseases in crops.

Furans are not a medical term, but a class of organic compounds that contain a four-membered ring with four atoms, usually carbon and oxygen. They can be found in some foods and have been used in the production of certain industrial chemicals. Some furan derivatives have been identified as potentially toxic or carcinogenic, but the effects of exposure to these substances depend on various factors such as the level and duration of exposure.

In a medical context, furans may be mentioned in relation to environmental exposures, food safety, or occupational health. For example, some studies have suggested that high levels of exposure to certain furan compounds may increase the risk of liver damage or cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health effects of these substances.

It's worth noting that furans are not a specific medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a class of chemical compounds with potential health implications. If you have concerns about exposure to furans or other environmental chemicals, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and recommendations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhodium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is found in small quantities in platinum or nickel ores along with some other rare metals.

It's primarily used in industrial applications, such as being a key component in catalytic converters in automobiles, which helps to reduce harmful emissions. It's also used in jewelry, electronics, and scientific instruments due to its properties of resistance to corrosion and heat.

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!

Netropsin is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a pharmacological substance. It is a small molecule that can bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner, and it has been used in research as a tool to study the structure and function of DNA. In a medical context, netropsin has been investigated for its potential therapeutic use in the treatment of various conditions, including cancer and viral infections. However, it is not currently approved for clinical use in humans.

Alkylation, in the context of medical chemistry and toxicology, refers to the process of introducing an alkyl group (a chemical moiety made up of a carbon atom bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms) into a molecule, typically a biomolecule such as a protein or DNA. This process can occur through various mechanisms, including chemical reactions with alkylating agents.

In the context of cancer therapy, alkylation is used to describe a class of chemotherapeutic drugs known as alkylating agents, which work by introducing alkyl groups onto DNA molecules in rapidly dividing cells. This can lead to cross-linking of DNA strands and other forms of DNA damage, ultimately inhibiting cell division and leading to the death of cancer cells. However, these agents can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and increased risk of infection.

It's worth noting that alkylation can also occur through non-chemical means, such as in certain types of radiation therapy where high-energy particles can transfer energy to electrons in biological molecules, leading to the formation of reactive radicals that can react with and alkylate DNA.

Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst, which remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thereby allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently. This can be particularly important in biological systems, where enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions that are essential for life.

Bile pigments are the yellow-brown colored end products of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. When these cells are broken down, heme (the non-protein part of hemoglobin) is converted into biliverdin, which is then converted into bilirubin. Bilirubin is further metabolized and excreted by the liver as a component of bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.

Under normal conditions, the liver effectively removes and excretes bilirubin from the body through the bile ducts into the small intestine. However, when there is an overproduction of bilirubin or a problem with its elimination, it can accumulate in the blood, leading to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) and other symptoms associated with liver dysfunction.

In summary, bile pigments are the waste products formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin, primarily consisting of bilirubin, which is eliminated from the body via the liver and bile ducts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Palau" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in the Western Pacific Ocean, consisting of around 340 islands. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please let me know and I would be happy to help.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

"Agelas" is a genus of demosponges, also known as marine sponges, that belong to the family Agelasidae. These sponges are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. They are known for their distinctive skeletal structures, which are made up of fused spicules (small, needle-like structures) that form a rigid framework. Some species of Agelas contain compounds with potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents. However, there is no specific medical definition or use of the term "Agelas."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "microwaves" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; they are commonly used in communication devices and home appliances such as microwave ovens. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

Phosphines are a class of organic compounds characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to three organic groups and a hydrogen atom, with the general formula of PRR'R''H. They are important in various chemical reactions as reducing agents and catalysts. In medicine, phosphines have no direct medical application. However, certain phosphine compounds have been studied for their potential use as pharmaceuticals, such as phosphinic acids which have shown promise as protease inhibitors used in the treatment of diseases like HIV and HCV. It is important to note that some phosphines are highly toxic and should be handled with care.

Biliverdine is a greenish pigment that is a byproduct of the breakdown of heme, which is a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is formed when bilirubin, another byproduct of heme degradation, is reduced in the liver. Biliverdine is then converted back to bilirubin and excreted from the body as part of bile.

Elevated levels of biliverdine in the blood can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions that affect the breakdown of heme. It may also be present in high concentrations in certain types of hemolytic anemia, where there is excessive destruction of red blood cells and subsequent release of large amounts of heme into the circulation.

Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms and a central carbon atom bonded to two additional carbon groups through single bonds. In the context of human physiology, ketones are primarily produced as byproducts when the body breaks down fat for energy in a process called ketosis.

Specifically, under conditions of low carbohydrate availability or prolonged fasting, the liver converts fatty acids into ketone bodies, which can then be used as an alternative fuel source for the brain and other organs. The three main types of ketones produced in the human body are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

Elevated levels of ketones in the blood, known as ketonemia, can occur in various medical conditions such as diabetes, starvation, alcoholism, and high-fat/low-carbohydrate diets. While moderate levels of ketosis are generally considered safe, severe ketosis can lead to a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with diabetes.

Molecular conformation, also known as spatial arrangement or configuration, refers to the specific three-dimensional shape and orientation of atoms that make up a molecule. It describes the precise manner in which bonds between atoms are arranged around a molecular framework, taking into account factors such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles.

Conformational isomers, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of the same molecule that can interconvert without breaking chemical bonds. These isomers may have varying energies, stability, and reactivity, which can significantly impact a molecule's biological activity and function. Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in fields such as drug design, where small changes in conformation can lead to substantial differences in how a drug interacts with its target.

Alkynes are a type of hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The simplest and shortest alkyne is ethyne, also known as acetylene, which has two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms (C2H2). Ethyne is a gas at room temperature and pressure, and it is commonly used as a fuel in welding torches.

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, meaning that they have the potential to undergo chemical reactions that add atoms or groups of atoms to the molecule. In particular, alkynes can be converted into alkenes (hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond) through a process called partial reduction, or they can be fully reduced to alkanes (hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms) through a process called complete reduction.

Alkynes are important intermediates in the chemical industry and are used to produce a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and pharmaceuticals. They can be synthesized from other hydrocarbons through various chemical reactions, such as dehydrogenation, oxidative coupling, or metathesis.

In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

An anion is an ion that has a negative electrical charge because it has more electrons than protons. The term "anion" is derived from the Greek word "anion," which means "to go up" or "to move upward." This name reflects the fact that anions are attracted to positively charged electrodes, or anodes, and will move toward them during electrolysis.

Anions can be formed when a neutral atom or molecule gains one or more extra electrons. For example, if a chlorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a chloride anion (Cl-). Anions are important in many chemical reactions and processes, including the conduction of electricity through solutions and the formation of salts.

In medicine, anions may be relevant in certain physiological processes, such as acid-base balance. For example, the concentration of anions such as bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (Cl-) in the blood can affect the pH of the body fluids and help maintain normal acid-base balance. Abnormal levels of anions may indicate the presence of certain medical conditions, such as metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peplomycin" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It appears that it might be a term related to a specific type of antibiotic drug called "Pleuromutilin." Pleuromutilins are a class of antibiotics derived from certain types of fungi. Peplomycin could potentially be a specific formulation, brand name, or experimental version of a pleuromutilin antibiotic, but without more context, it is difficult to provide a precise definition. I would recommend consulting the original source or seeking additional information for clarification.

Indole is not strictly a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that can be found in the human body and has relevance to medical and biological research. Indoles are organic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring.

In the context of medicine, indoles are particularly relevant due to their presence in certain hormones and other biologically active molecules. For example, the neurotransmitter serotonin contains an indole ring, as does the hormone melatonin. Indoles can also be found in various plant-based foods, such as cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, kale), and have been studied for their potential health benefits.

Some indoles, like indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane, are found in these vegetables and can have anti-cancer properties by modulating estrogen metabolism, reducing inflammation, and promoting cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells. However, it is essential to note that further research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits and risks associated with indoles.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The double bond in alkenes can undergo various reactions, such as addition reactions, where different types of molecules can add across the double bond to form new compounds. The relative position of the double bond in the carbon chain and the presence of substituents on the carbon atoms can affect the physical and chemical properties of alkenes.

Alkenes are important industrial chemicals and are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and other chemicals. They are also found in nature, occurring in some plants and animals, and can be produced by certain types of bacteria through fermentation processes.

Ferricyanides are a class of chemical compounds that contain the ferricyanide ion (Fe(CN)6−3). The ferricyanide ion is composed of a central iron atom in the +3 oxidation state, surrounded by six cyanide ligands. Ferricyanides are strong oxidizing agents and are used in various chemical reactions, including analytical chemistry and as reagents in organic synthesis.

It's important to note that while ferricyanides themselves are not highly toxic, they can release cyanide ions if they are decomposed or reduced under certain conditions. Therefore, they should be handled with care and used in well-ventilated areas.

Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a double bonded oxygen atom, also known as a formyl or aldehyde group. The general chemical structure of an aldehyde is R-CHO, where R represents a hydrocarbon chain.

Aldehydes are important in biochemistry and medicine as they are involved in various metabolic processes and are found in many biological molecules. For example, glucose is converted to pyruvate through a series of reactions that involve aldehyde intermediates. Additionally, some aldehydes have been identified as toxicants or environmental pollutants, such as formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen and respiratory irritant.

Formaldehyde is also commonly used in medical and laboratory settings for its disinfectant properties and as a fixative for tissue samples. However, exposure to high levels of formaldehyde can be harmful to human health, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling aldehydes in medical and laboratory settings.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

Heme is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in the field of medicine and biology. Heme is a prosthetic group found in hemoproteins, which are proteins that contain a heme iron complex. This complex plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport (in hemoglobin), electron transfer (in cytochromes), and chemical catalysis (in peroxidases and catalases).

The heme group consists of an organic component called a porphyrin ring, which binds to a central iron atom. The iron atom can bind or release electrons, making it essential for redox reactions in the body. Heme is also vital for the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin, proteins responsible for oxygen transport and storage in the blood and muscles, respectively.

In summary, heme is a complex organic-inorganic structure that plays a critical role in several biological processes, particularly in electron transfer and oxygen transport.

Etomidate is a intravenous anesthetic medication used for the induction of general anesthesia. It provides a rapid and smooth induction with minimal cardiovascular effects, making it a popular choice in patients with hemodynamic instability. Etomidate also has antiseizure properties. However, its use is associated with adrenal suppression, which can lead to complications such as hypotension and impaired stress response. Therefore, its use is generally avoided in critically ill or septic patients.

The medical definition of 'Etomidate' is:

A carboxylated imidazole derivative that is used as an intravenous anesthetic for the induction of general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and minimal cardiovascular effects, making it useful in patients with hemodynamic instability. Etomidate also has antiseizure properties. However, its use is associated with adrenal suppression, which can lead to complications such as hypotension and impaired stress response. Therefore, its use is generally avoided in critically ill or septic patients.

Protoporphyrins are organic compounds that are the immediate precursors to heme in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. They are composed of a porphyrin ring, which is a large, complex ring made up of four pyrrole rings joined together, with an acetate and a propionate side chain at each pyrrole. Protoporphyrins are commonly found in nature and are important components of many biological systems, including hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

There are several different types of protoporphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX, which is the most common form found in humans and other animals. Protoporphyrins can be measured in the blood or other tissues as a way to diagnose or monitor certain medical conditions, such as lead poisoning or porphyrias, which are rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme. Elevated levels of protoporphyrins in the blood or tissues can indicate the presence of these conditions and may require further evaluation and treatment.

"Vinyl compounds" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term used in chemistry and materials science to refer to a group of chemicals that contain carbon-based molecules with a vinyl group, which is a functional group consisting of a double bond between two carbon atoms, with one of the carbons also being bonded to a hydrogen atom (-CH2=CH-).

Vinyl compounds are used in various industrial and consumer products, including plastics, resins, adhesives, and coatings. Some vinyl compounds, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), have been used in medical devices and supplies, such as intravenous (IV) bags, tubing, and blood vessel catheters. However, the use of PVC and other vinyl compounds in medical applications has raised concerns about potential health risks due to the release of toxic chemicals, such as phthalates and dioxins, during manufacturing, use, and disposal. Therefore, alternative materials are being developed and used in medical devices and supplies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Quantum Theory" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a branch of physics that deals with phenomena on a very small scale, such as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles like electrons and photons (which are particles of light).

Quantum theory introduces the concept of wave-particle duality, where particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. It also includes principles like superposition, which suggests that a physical system—such as an electron in an atom—can exist in multiple states or places at the same time until it is measured.

While quantum mechanics has had profound implications for our understanding of the physical world, its concepts are not directly applicable to medical definitions or human health. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Amines are organic compounds that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. The nomenclature of amines follows the substitutive type, where the parent compound is named as an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, and the functional group "amine" is designated as a suffix or prefix.

Amines are classified into three types based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom:

1. Primary (1°) amines: One alkyl or aryl group is attached to the nitrogen atom.
2. Secondary (2°) amines: Two alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.
3. Tertiary (3°) amines: Three alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.

Quaternary ammonium salts have four organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom and a positive charge, with anions balancing the charge.

Amines have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, and solvents. They also play a significant role in biological systems as neurotransmitters, hormones, and cell membrane components.

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. It involves the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move, resulting in the transfer of electrical charge, and the reverse processes by which electrical energy can be used to drive chemical reactions. This field encompasses various phenomena such as the generation of electricity from chemical sources (as in batteries), the electrolysis of substances, and corrosion. Electrochemical reactions are fundamental to many technologies, including energy storage and conversion, environmental protection, and medical diagnostics.

Porifera, also known as sponges, is a phylum of multicellular aquatic organisms characterized by having pores in their bodies. These pores allow water to circulate through the body, bringing in food and oxygen while expelling waste products. Sponges do not have true tissues or organs; instead, they are composed of specialized cells that perform specific functions. They are generally sessile (non-mobile) and live attached to rocks, coral reefs, or other underwater structures. Some species can be quite large, while others are microscopic in size. Sponges have a long fossil record dating back over 500 million years and play important roles in marine ecosystems as filter feeders and habitat providers for many other marine organisms.

Imidazoles are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a double-bonded nitrogen atom and two additional nitrogen atoms in the ring. They have the chemical formula C3H4N2. In a medical context, imidazoles are commonly used as antifungal agents. Some examples of imidazole-derived antifungals include clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. These medications work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and death of the fungal cells. Imidazoles may also have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Hydrogen bonding is not a medical term per se, but it is a fundamental concept in chemistry and biology that is relevant to the field of medicine. Here's a general definition:

Hydrogen bonding is a type of attractive force between molecules or within a molecule, which occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and is then attracted to another electronegative atom. This attraction results in the formation of a partially covalent bond known as a "hydrogen bond."

In biological systems, hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the structure and function of many biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. For example, the double helix structure of DNA is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine). Similarly, the three-dimensional structure of proteins is maintained by a network of hydrogen bonds that help to determine their function.

In medical contexts, hydrogen bonding can be relevant in understanding drug-receptor interactions, where hydrogen bonds between a drug molecule and its target protein can enhance the binding affinity and specificity of the interaction, leading to more effective therapeutic outcomes.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

Spectrum analysis in the context of Raman spectroscopy refers to the measurement and interpretation of the Raman scattering spectrum of a material or sample. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that uses the inelastic scattering of light to examine the vibrational modes of molecules.

When a monochromatic light source, typically a laser, illuminates a sample, a small fraction of the scattered light undergoes a shift in frequency due to interactions with the molecular vibrations of the sample. This shift in frequency is known as the Raman shift and is unique to each chemical bond or functional group within a molecule.

In a Raman spectrum, the intensity of the scattered light is plotted against the Raman shift, which is expressed in wavenumbers (cm-1). The resulting spectrum provides a "fingerprint" of the sample's molecular structure and composition, allowing for the identification and characterization of various chemical components within the sample.

Spectrum analysis in Raman spectroscopy can reveal valuable information about the sample's crystallinity, phase transitions, polymorphism, molecular orientation, and other properties. This technique is widely used across various fields, including materials science, chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and forensics, to analyze a diverse range of samples, from simple liquids and solids to complex biological tissues and nanomaterials.

An amide is a functional group or a compound that contains a carbonyl group (a double-bonded carbon atom) and a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom is connected to the carbonyl carbon atom by a single bond, and it also has a lone pair of electrons. Amides are commonly found in proteins and peptides, where they form amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) between individual amino acids.

The general structure of an amide is R-CO-NHR', where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl groups. Amides can be classified into several types based on the nature of R and R' substituents:

* Primary amides: R-CO-NH2
* Secondary amides: R-CO-NHR'
* Tertiary amides: R-CO-NR''R'''

Amides have several important chemical properties. They are generally stable and resistant to hydrolysis under neutral or basic conditions, but they can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions or with strong bases. Amides also exhibit a characteristic infrared absorption band around 1650 cm-1 due to the carbonyl stretching vibration.

In addition to their prevalence in proteins and peptides, amides are also found in many natural and synthetic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and polymers. They have a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science.

X-ray crystallography is a technique used in structural biology to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. In this method, a beam of X-rays is directed at a crystal and diffracts, or spreads out, into a pattern of spots called reflections. The intensity and angle of each reflection are measured and used to create an electron density map, which reveals the position and type of atoms in the crystal. This information can be used to determine the molecular structure of a compound, including its shape, size, and chemical bonds. X-ray crystallography is a powerful tool for understanding the structure and function of biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.

An electrode is a medical device that can conduct electrical currents and is used to transmit or receive electrical signals, often in the context of medical procedures or treatments. In a medical setting, electrodes may be used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Recording electrical activity in the body: Electrodes can be attached to the skin or inserted into body tissues to measure electrical signals produced by the heart, brain, muscles, or nerves. This information can be used to diagnose medical conditions, monitor the effectiveness of treatments, or guide medical procedures.
2. Stimulating nerve or muscle activity: Electrodes can be used to deliver electrical impulses to nerves or muscles, which can help to restore function or alleviate symptoms in people with certain medical conditions. For example, electrodes may be used to stimulate the nerves that control bladder function in people with spinal cord injuries, or to stimulate muscles in people with muscle weakness or paralysis.
3. Administering treatments: Electrodes can also be used to deliver therapeutic treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression or deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. In these procedures, electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a device that generates electrical impulses, which can help to regulate abnormal brain activity and improve symptoms.

Overall, electrodes play an important role in many medical procedures and treatments, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions that affect the body's electrical systems.

Indicators and reagents are terms commonly used in the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Here are their definitions:

1. Indicator: An indicator is a substance that changes its color or other physical properties in response to a chemical change, such as a change in pH, oxidation-reduction potential, or the presence of a particular ion or molecule. Indicators are often used in laboratory tests to monitor or signal the progress of a reaction or to indicate the end point of a titration. A familiar example is the use of phenolphthalein as a pH indicator in acid-base titrations, which turns pink in basic solutions and colorless in acidic solutions.

2. Reagent: A reagent is a substance that is added to a system (such as a sample or a reaction mixture) to bring about a chemical reaction, test for the presence or absence of a particular component, or measure the concentration of a specific analyte. Reagents are typically chemicals with well-defined and consistent properties, allowing them to be used reliably in analytical procedures. Examples of reagents include enzymes, antibodies, dyes, metal ions, and organic compounds. In laboratory settings, reagents are often prepared and standardized according to strict protocols to ensure their quality and performance in diagnostic tests and research applications.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.

Spectrophotometry is a technical analytical method used in the field of medicine and science to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance at specific wavelengths. This technique involves the use of a spectrophotometer, an instrument that measures the intensity of light as it passes through a sample.

In medical applications, spectrophotometry is often used in laboratory settings to analyze various biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissues. For example, it can be used to measure the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds in a sample by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted at specific wavelengths.

In addition, spectrophotometry can also be used to assess the properties of biological tissues, such as their optical density and thickness. This information can be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, including skin disorders, eye diseases, and cancer.

Overall, spectrophotometry is a valuable tool for medical professionals and researchers seeking to understand the composition and properties of various biological samples and tissues.

G-Quadruplexes are higher-order DNA or RNA structures that can form in guanine-rich sequences through the stacking of multiple G-tetrads, which are planar arrangements of four guanine bases held together by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. These structures are stabilized by monovalent cations, such as potassium, and can play a role in various cellular processes, including transcription, translation, and genome stability. They have been studied as potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies in cancer and other diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thermodynamics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. However, the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to biological systems, including those in the human body, such as in the study of metabolism or muscle function. But in a medical context, "thermodynamics" would not be a term used independently as a diagnosis, treatment, or any medical condition.

Calorimetry is the measurement and study of heat transfer, typically using a device called a calorimeter. In the context of medicine and physiology, calorimetry can be used to measure heat production or dissipation in the body, which can provide insight into various bodily functions and metabolic processes.

There are different types of calorimeters used for medical research and clinical applications, including direct and indirect calorimeters. Direct calorimetry measures the heat produced directly by the body, while indirect calorimetry estimates heat production based on oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates. Indirect calorimetry is more commonly used in clinical settings to assess energy expenditure and metabolic rate in patients with various medical conditions or during specific treatments, such as critical illness, surgery, or weight management programs.

In summary, calorimetry in a medical context refers to the measurement of heat exchange within the body or between the body and its environment, which can offer valuable information for understanding metabolic processes and developing personalized treatment plans.

Isomerism is a term used in chemistry and biochemistry, including the field of medicine, to describe the existence of molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. This means that although these isomers contain the same number and type of atoms, they differ in the arrangement of these atoms in space.

There are several types of isomerism, including constitutional isomerism (also known as structural isomerism) and stereoisomerism. Constitutional isomers have different arrangements of atoms, while stereoisomers have the same arrangement of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms in three-dimensional space.

Stereoisomerism can be further divided into subcategories such as enantiomers (mirror-image stereoisomers), diastereomers (non-mirror-image stereoisomers), and conformational isomers (stereoisomers that can interconvert by rotating around single bonds).

In the context of medicine, isomerism can be important because different isomers of a drug may have different pharmacological properties. For example, some drugs may exist as pairs of enantiomers, and one enantiomer may be responsible for the desired therapeutic effect while the other enantiomer may be inactive or even harmful. In such cases, it may be important to develop methods for producing pure enantiomers of the drug in order to maximize its efficacy and minimize its side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.

In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.

A chemical model is a simplified representation or description of a chemical system, based on the laws of chemistry and physics. It is used to explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions. Chemical models can take many forms, including mathematical equations, diagrams, and computer simulations. They are often used in research, education, and industry to understand complex chemical processes and develop new products and technologies.

For example, a chemical model might be used to describe the way that atoms and molecules interact in a particular reaction, or to predict the properties of a new material. Chemical models can also be used to study the behavior of chemicals at the molecular level, such as how they bind to each other or how they are affected by changes in temperature or pressure.

It is important to note that chemical models are simplifications of reality and may not always accurately represent every aspect of a chemical system. They should be used with caution and validated against experimental data whenever possible.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.

However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spectrum analysis" is not a commonly used medical term. Spectrum analysis is a term that is more frequently used in the fields of physics, mathematics, and engineering to describe the process of breaking down a signal or a wave into its different frequencies and amplitudes, creating a visual representation called a spectrum.

If you have any concerns about a medical issue, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for accurate information and guidance.

Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.

The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electric charge. Cations are positively charged ions, which have lost electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions, which have gained electrons. Ions can play a significant role in various physiological processes within the human body, including enzyme function, nerve impulse transmission, and maintenance of acid-base balance. They also contribute to the formation of salts and buffer systems that help regulate fluid composition and pH levels in different bodily fluids.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

In the context of medicine, "chemistry" often refers to the field of study concerned with the properties, composition, and structure of elements and compounds, as well as their reactions with one another. It is a fundamental science that underlies much of modern medicine, including pharmacology (the study of drugs), toxicology (the study of poisons), and biochemistry (the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms).

In addition to its role as a basic science, chemistry is also used in medical testing and diagnosis. For example, clinical chemistry involves the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine to detect and measure various substances, such as glucose, cholesterol, and electrolytes, that can provide important information about a person's health status.

Overall, chemistry plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms of diseases, developing new treatments, and improving diagnostic tests and techniques.

... aus Azinen" [Synthesis of pyrrole derivatives: pyrrole from diethyl succinyl succinate, pyrrole from azines]. Berichte ... In contrast, substituted pyrroles (including protected pyrroles) have been used in a broad range of transformations. Pyrroles ... Pyrrole aldehydes can be formed by a Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. N-Acylation of simple pyrrole does not occur.[citation needed] ... 1990). Pyrroles. Part I. The Synthesis and the Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Pyrrole Ring. p. 351. doi:10.1002/recl. ...
... (PIPs) are a class of polyamides have the ability to bind to minor grooves found in the DNA helix ... Wu, Chunlei; Wang, Wei; Fang, Lijing; Su, Wu (July 2018). "Programmable pyrrole-imidazole polyamides: A potent tool for DNA ... Kawamoto, Yusuke; Bando, Toshikazu; Sugiyama, Hiroshi (May 2018). "Sequence-specific DNA binding Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides ...
3-dicarbonylated pyrroles can be synthesized by a version of the Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis. These pyrroles are particularly ... Alternative methods for synthesizing pyrroles exist, such as the Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis and Paal-Knorr Synthesis. Below is one ... Pyrroles are found in a variety of natural products with biological activity, so the synthesis of substituted pyrroles has ... The Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis, named for Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch, is the chemical reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or ...
The Knorr pyrrole synthesis is a widely used chemical reaction that synthesizes substituted pyrroles (3). The method involves ... Paine, John B.; Dolphin, David (1985). "Pyrrole chemistry. An improved synthesis of ethyl pyrrole-2-carboxylate esters from ... Knorr's pyrrole can be derivatized in a number of useful manners. One equivalent of sodium hydroxide will saponify the 2-ester ... Dissolving Knorr's pyrrole in concentrated sulfuric acid, and then pouring the resulting solution into water will hydrolyze the ...
... pyrrole + CO2 (2) pyrrole-2-carboxylate + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } pyrrole + HCO3− The enzyme catalyses both ... Pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.93) is an enzyme with systematic name pyrrole-2-carboxylate carboxy-lyase. This ... doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00718-7. Pyrrole-2-carboxylate+decarboxylase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... Wieser M, Fujii N, Yoshida T, Nagasawa T (October 1998). "Carbon dioxide fixation by reversible pyrrole-2-carboxylate ...
... (EC 1.14.13.130, pyrrole-2-carboxylate oxygenase) is an enzyme with systematic name pyrrole ... Pyrrole-2-carboxylate+monooxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... Becker D, Schräder T, Andreesen JR (November 1997). "Two-component flavin-dependent pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase from ... H2O Pyrrole-2-carboxylate monooxygenase is a flavoprotein (FAD). Hormann K, Andreesen JR (March 1994). "Purification and ...
... is an organic compound with the formula HNC4H3CO2H. It is one of two monocarboxylic acids of pyrrole ... It also arises by carboxylation of pyrrole. The ethyl ester of this acid is readily prepared from pyrrole. Thomas, Michael G.; ... doi:10.1016/S1381-1177(00)00038-2. Denis M. Bailey, Robert E. Johnson, and Noel F. Albertson (1971). "Ethyl Pyrrole-2- ... Wieser, Marco; Yoshida, Toyokazu; Nagasawa, Toru (2001). "Carbon dioxide fixation by reversible pyrrole-2-carboxylate ...
... is an organic chemical compound with formula C6H9O2N, or (HOCH2)2(C4H3N). Its molecule can be ... The compound can be synthesized by formylation of pyrrole followed by reduction of the resulting pyrrolecarboxaldehyde. ... pyrrole and tripyrrane derivatives". Tetrahedron. 57 (11): 2103-2108. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00059-X. (Chemical pages ... described as that of pyrrole C4H5N with hydroxymethyl groups HO−CH2− replacing the two hydrogen atoms adjacent to the nitrogen ...
Walsh, Christopher T.; Garneau-Tsodikova, Sylvie; Howard-Jones, Annaleise R. (2006). "Biological formation of pyrroles: ... This contains two pyrrole rings built from proline and serine as shown in the blue-shaded pathway in Figure 1. The aldehyde is ... subsequently condensed with a third pyrrole to form prodigiosin (compound 16 in Figure 1), which is then further elaborated to ...
Under acid catalysis, pyrrole and ketones R−(C=O)−R' or aldehydes R−(C=O)−H condense to give many oligomers, including the ... Alternatively, pyrrole with sidechains substituted at carbons 3 and 4 (those not adjacent to the nitrogen) can be condensed ... Porphyrins differ from porphyrinogens by having the four pyrrole rings linked by methine bridges =CH− instead of methylene ... Meso-substituted porphyrinogens with eight non-hydrogen side chains are also called calix[4]pyrroles. These products resist ...
Pyrrole can be prepared industrially by treating furan with ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts, such as SiO2 and ... "Pyrrole". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_453. Anese, M.; ... The resonance energies of benzene, pyrrole, thiophene, and furan are, respectively, 152, 88, 121, and 67 kJ/mol (36, 21, 29, ... The aromaticity is modest relative to that for benzene and related heterocycles thiophene and pyrrole. ...
Reaction of pyrroles with dichlorocarbene". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic (18): 2249. doi:10.1039/J39690002249. ... The Ciamician-Dennstedt rearrangement entails the ring-expansion of pyrrole with dichlorocarbene to 3-chloropyridine. In the ...
1, p. 245 Paine, John B.; Dolphin, David (1985-12-01). "Pyrrole chemistry. An improved synthesis of ethyl pyrrole-2-carboxylate ... 4-diketones to boiling acetic acid to afford in maximal yield variously substituted ethyl pyrrole-2-carboxylates of interest ...
Cyr, D. J.; Arndtsen, B. A., A New Use of Wittig-type Reagents as 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Precursors and in Pyrrole Synthesis ... doi:10.1021/ol4035512) Organic Chemistry Portal pyrrole synthesis abstract: "A New Use of Wittig-Type Reagents as 1,3-Dipolar ... Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrrole-Based pi-Conjugated Polymers from Imines, Acid Chlorides, and Alkynes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. ... and pyrroles. The latter heterocyclic products were obtained by multi-component reactions involving in situ-generation of ...
"Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis", Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp ... Pyrrole Bailly, Christian; Newman, David J. (2015). Written at Pierre Fabre Research Institute. "Download Limit Exceeded" (PDF ... Lamellarins are a group of pyrrole alkaloids first isolated in 1985 from the marine mollusk Lamellaria in the waters of Palau. ... They are divided into two groups, depending on whether the pyrrole ring is fused or unfused. The lamellarins have been ...
The Barton-Zard reaction is a route to pyrrole derivatives via the reaction of a nitroalkene with an α-isocyanoacetate under ... pp.43-4 Barton, Derek H. R.; Zard, Samir Z. (1985). "A new synthesis of pyrroles from nitroalkenes". Journal of the Chemical ... Ono, Noboru (2008). "Barton-Zard Pyrrole Synthesis and Its Application to Synthesis of Porphyrins, Polypyrroles, and ... An extension of the barton-zard pyrrole condensation". Tetrahedron Letters. 35 (16): 2493-2494. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)77152 ...
Whereas the pyrrole molecule is planar, the arsole molecule is not, and the hydrogen atom bonded to arsenic extends out of the ... Pyrrole, a nitrogen analog. Furan, an oxygen analog. Thiophene, a sulfur analog. Simple aromatic rings Varsol, a petroleum ... It is classified as a metallole and is isoelectronic to and related to pyrrole except that an arsenic atom is substituted for ... The planarity is lost even in pyrrole when its nitrogen-bonded hydrogen atom is substituted, e.g., with fluorine. However, the ...
Diaz, A. F.; Kanazawa, K. Keiji; Gardini, Gian Piero (1979). "Electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole". Journal of the ...
ISBN 978-1-4398-1382-9. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) A., Gossauer (1974). Die Chemie der Pyrrole. Berlin, ...
... no 13C incorporation was observed in the pyrrole ring of PBP. In 2004, a follow-up study described the PBP pyrrole ring as ... Of more than 20 classified pyrrole antibiotics, PBP is the most active member in its class, and demonstrates a high in vitro ... 2. The Pyrrole Ring". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 69 (3): 628-630. doi:10.1271/bbb.69.628. PMID 15784994. ... PBP was first isolated and reported in 1966, when Burkholder and colleagues identified an unusual, highly brominated pyrrole ...
It is made by condensation of pyrrole with acetone. The pyrrolic N-H centers of ctamethylporphyrinogen can be deprotonated, and ... Baeyer, Adolf (1886). "Ueber ein Condensationsproduct von Pyrrol mit Aceton". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. ... pyrroles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 118 (49): 12471-12472. doi:10.1021/ja9632217. Bachmann, Julien; Hodgkiss, ... meso-octamethyl indicates that the eight methyl groups are located on the carbon centers that interconnect the four pyrrole ...
"Zur Kenntnis der Pyrrole, 4. Mitteilung: Über Pyrrol-aldehyde (II.) und über Pyrrol-nitrile," Berichte der deutschen chemischen ... "Zur Kenntnis der Pyrrole, 1. Mitteilung: Über Pyrrol-aldehyde", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 55, ... "Zur Kenntnis der Pyrrole, 3. Mitteilung: Über Ketone, Ketonsäure-ester und Ketonsäure-nitrile substituierter Pyrrole," Berichte ... Issue 6, pages 1942-1949, 1922, doi:10.1002/cber.19220550645 Hans Fischer, Werner Zerweck, "Zur Kenntnis der Pyrrole, 2. ...
... who reported the formation of pyrrole blacks from pyrrole magnesium bromide. Since then pyrrole oxidation reaction has been ... Chemical oxidation of pyrrole: n C4H4NH + 2n FeCl3 → (C4H2NH)n + 2n FeCl2 + 2n HCl The process is thought to occur via the ... Polypyrrole (PPy) is an organic polymer obtained by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. It is a solid with the formula H( ... This electrophile attacks the C-2 carbon of an unoxidized molecule of pyrrole to give a dimeric cation [(C4H4NH)2]++. The ...
Zhou, Yujing; Zhou, Lin; Jesikiewicz, Luke T.; Liu, Peng; Buchwald, Stephen L. (3 June 2020). "Synthesis of Pyrroles through ... Philkhana, Satish Chandra; Badmus, Fatimat O.; Reis, Isaac C. Dos; Kartika, Rendy (May 2021). "Recent Advancements in Pyrrole ... While there is a pre-existing array of literature pertaining to polysubstituted pyrrole synthesis, the reported methodology ... utilizes readily available building blocks to synthesize polysubstituted pyrroles. Notably, this discovery stemmed from the ...
p. 437-8. ISBN 0-7167-3539-3. "Aromatic Heterocycles- Pyridine and Pyrrole". Chemistry Libre Texts. 3 May 2015. p. 15.5. ...
PigB oxidises the resulting ring using oxygen and FAD+, yielding the pyrrole. Finally, the two pieces are combined by pigC and ... The biosynthesis of prodigiosin and related analogs, the prodiginines involves the convergent coupling of three pyrrole type ... Walsh, Christopher T.; Garneau-Tsodikova, Sylvie; Howard-Jones, Annaleise R. (2006). "Biological formation of pyrroles: ... as the coenzyme to yield pyrrole ring A. In the first step, proline is attached to a peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) called pigG ...
... pyrroles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 120 (8). doi:10.1021/ja973656+. C., Vollhardt, K. Peter (2018-01-29). ...
The asymmetric hydrogenation of 2,3,5-substituted N-Boc pyrroles Unprotected 2,5-pyrroles may also be hydrogenated ... Such an analysis led to the development of a ruthenium(I)/phosphine/amine base system for 2,3,5-substituted N-Boc pyrroles that ... The asymmetric hydrogenation of 2,3,5-substituted pyrroles was achieved by the recognition that such substrates bear the same ... Achieving complete conversion of pyrroles to pyrrolidines by asymmetric hydrogenation has so far proven difficult, with partial ...
Jackson, A. H.; Smith, K. M. (1973). "The Total Synthesis of Pyrrole Pigments". In Apsimon, John (ed.). Total Synthesis of ...
Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis Bechara, William S.; Charette, André B.; Na, Risong; Wang, Wenliang; Zheng, Chao (2020). "Diethyl 1, ...
Pyrrole aus Azinen" [Synthesis of pyrrole derivatives: pyrrole from diethyl succinyl succinate, pyrrole from azines]. Berichte ... In contrast, substituted pyrroles (including protected pyrroles) have been used in a broad range of transformations. Pyrroles ... Pyrrole aldehydes can be formed by a Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. N-Acylation of simple pyrrole does not occur.[citation needed] ... 1990). Pyrroles. Part I. The Synthesis and the Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Pyrrole Ring. p. 351. doi:10.1002/recl. ...
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...
Pyrrole Red, 4 oz tube at Blick. Find everything you need for your next creative project online. ...
Pyrrole Red Light Acrylic found in: GOLDEN Fluid Acrylic Paints, Amsterdam Acrylic Inks & Sets, Amsterdam Expert Acrylic Paints ... The set includes 75ml tubes of Titanium White, Perm Lemon Yellow, Pyrrole Red, Ultramarine PLUS! Creative Mark 5 Piece Try Me ... Pyrrole Red, Titanium White, Ultramarine Blue, Vermilion, and Yellow Ochre. A color chart is also included with the set. Expert ... Pyrrole Red, Permanent Green Deep, Permanent Lemon Yellow, Titanium White, and Ultramarine. A color chart is also included with ...
... Molecular Formula: C12H10ClNO2 ...
Type of paint: acrylique Colour or pattern: Pyrrole Orange
... Molecular Formula: C28H25N3O4 ... 2-methoxy-4-[C-methyl-N-[(2-pyrrol-1-ylbenzoyl)amino]carbonimidoyl]phenyl] 3-methylbenzoate ...
Pyrrole Red 04 ~ Petite Genesis Paints & Mediums Genesis Petite (5Gr) Jar ORIGINAL Formula ...
... American Journal of Drug Discovery and Development, 2: ... New pyrrole derivatives (2,3) were synthesized by condensation method and synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H ... The novel pyrrole derivatives were screened for anticoagulant activity against Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and ... Synthesis of Some Pyrrole Derivatives and their Anticoagulant Activity table, th, td { border: 0px solid #ececec; border- ...
H-pyrrole-2,3-dicar. boxylate [ACD/IUPAC Name] Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-. 5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1. H-pyrrol-2,3-dicarb. oxylat [German] [ ... ro-1H-pyrrole-2,3-d. icarboxylate 4-Hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5. -dihydro-1H-pyrrole. -2,3-dicarboxylate de diméthyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC ... 1H-Pyrrole-2,3-dica. rboxylic acid, 2,5-. dihydro-4-hydroxy-5. -oxo-, dimethyl est. er [ACD/Index Name] ... ihydro-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dicarbox. ylate *Molecular FormulaC8H9NO6 ...
Get Best Price for 95464-27-0 DL-2-FORMYL-5-(HYDROXYMETHYL)PYRROLE-1-NORLEUCINE ... Synonyms:1H-Pyrrole-1-hexanoicacid, a-amino-2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-,(?à)- ... Synthesis of (±)-2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine. A biologically acitive Maillard reaction product derived from ...
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1-Boc-pyrrole-2-boronic acid; 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrole-2-boronic acid; 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-ylboronic acid ... Find manufacturers and suppliers for N-Boc-pyrrole-2-boronic acid, 135884-31-0. Synonyms: ... 1-Boc-pyrrole-2-boronic acid; 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrole-2-boronic acid; 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-ylboronic acid ... 1H-pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid, 2-borono-, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester ... Suppliers of N-Boc-pyrrole-2-boronic acid. Supplier:. Synthonix ...
... Molecular Formula: C24H18ClN3O4 ... 4-aminophenyl) 4-[(1-benzyl-4-chloro-2,5-dioxo-pyrrol-3-yl)amino]benzoate ...
The synthesis of a pyrrole-functionalized cyclobis( paraquat-p-phenylene) derivative and its corresponding [2]rotaxane and [2] ... "The synthesis of a pyrrole-functionalized cyclobis( paraquat-p-phenylene) derivative and its corresponding [2]rotaxane and [2] ...
US-10100010-B1 chemical patent summary.
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... pyrrol-2-yl]propanoylamino]pentyl]-N-(2-phenylethyl)-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]triazole-1-carboxamide , C37H39BF5N7O3 , CID ...
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5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate - cas 2199-44-2, synthesis, structure, density, melting point, boiling point ... Tags: melting point of ethyl 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate - 2199-44-2 , boiling point of ethyl 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole ... carboxylate - 2199-44-2 , density of ethyl 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate - 2199-44-2 , refractive index of ethyl 3,5- ...
is discussed using N-Ph pyrrole (PP) as a test mol. A model based on the quasi-Jahn-Teller distortion of the charge transfer ( ... is discussed using N-Ph pyrrole (PP) as a test mol. A model based on the quasi-Jahn-Teller distortion of the charge transfer ( ... In the resulting charge transfer state (which is of quinoid structure) the pyrrole ring can either rotate to form a stabilized ... Conical intersections and the electronic structure of the excited states of N-phenyl pyrrole - a prototype molecule exhibiting ...
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Polysubstituted pyrrole derivatives via 1,2-alkenyl migration of novel γ-amino-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and α-diazocarbonyls. ... Cai, S., Zeng, J., Li, Y.,& Liu, X. W. (2014). Polysubstituted pyrrole derivatives via 1,2-alkenyl migration of novel γ-amino-α ... Tri-substituted pyrrole derivatives were successfully synthesized from aminoaldehyde and α-diazocarbonyl, using a TiCl4 ... The reactions proceeded via 1,2-migration and condensation, leading to the corresponding pyrroles in moderate to excellent ...
Series: 4Color Index Name: PR264Pigment Name: Diketopyrrole-pyrroleCommon Name: NAASTM Lightfastness: EX
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  • Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole itself is not naturally occurring, but many of its derivatives are found in a variety of cofactors and natural products. (wikipedia.org)
  • New pyrrole derivatives (2,3) were synthesized by condensation method and synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, mass and elemental analysis. (scialert.net)
  • The novel pyrrole derivatives were screened for anticoagulant activity against Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT) coagulation assays and compound (3) is highly response for anticoagulant activity compared with compounds (1) and (2) and standard Heparin at concentration (60 μg mL -1 ) against APTT assay. (scialert.net)
  • Tri-substituted pyrrole derivatives were successfully synthesized from aminoaldehyde and α-diazocarbonyl, using a TiCl4 catalyst. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis is the reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or primary amines) and α-haloketones (2) to give substituted pyrroles (3). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Knorr pyrrole synthesis involves the reaction of an α-amino ketone or an α-amino-β-ketoester with an activated methylene compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis, a 1,4-dicarbonyl compound reacts with ammonia or a primary amine to form a substituted pyrrole. (wikipedia.org)
  • The starting materials in the Piloty-Robinson pyrrole synthesis, named for Gertrude and Robert Robinson and Oskar Piloty, are two equivalents of an aldehyde and hydrazine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthesis of (±)-2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole-1-norleucine. (lookchem.com)
  • The synthesis of a pyrrole-functionalized cyclobis( paraquat-p-phenyle" by G Cooke, LM Daniels et al. (umass.edu)
  • Porphobilinogen (PBG) is a pyrrole derivative and an essential component of the heme synthesis pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Substitution of pyrrole with alkyl substituents provides a more basic molecule-for example, tetramethylpyrrole has a conjugate acid pKa of +3.7. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole is an extremely weak base for an amine, with a conjugate acid pKa of −3.8. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole is prepared industrially by treatment of furan with ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts, like SiO2 and Al2O3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Addition of hydrochloric acid leads to ring closure and loss of ammonia to form the pyrrole. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is small amphoteric polar metabolite produced by many Streptomyces species, often co-produced with its dimer, pyrocoll. (bioaustralis.com)
  • Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid is an important dereplication standard in discovery, displaying a distinctive UV spectrum and a broad range of biological activities, albeit weak. (bioaustralis.com)
  • A tube of Geneva Pyrrole Rubine is included in our Essential Palette paint set . (genevafineart.com)
  • 140, 034317 (2014)], suggest that population of the B1(πσ∗) state (hitherto assumed to be optically dark) may occur directly when pyrrole is excited at energies in the near UV part of its electronic spectrum. (canada.ca)
  • The reactions proceeded via 1,2-migration and condensation, leading to the corresponding pyrroles in moderate to excellent yields. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • A calix[4]pyrrole having a ureidopyrimidinone unit was successfully synthesized from its alcohol-functionalized congener and further used for the first time to obtain a thermo- and chemical-responsive linear supramolecular polymer via orthogonal self-assembly comprising a combination of quadruple hydrogen bonding and anion recognition. (itu.edu.tr)
  • The authors conclude that it is currently unclear whether pyrrolylation is sufficient to induce gamma-diketone neuropathy, or if secondary pyrrole autoxidation is also necessary. (cdc.gov)
  • Pyrroles are components of more complex macrocycles, including the porphyrinogens and products derived therefrom, including porphyrins of heme, the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and chlorophylls. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole is a heterocyclic, aromatic, organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4NH. (wikipedia.org)
  • The test is inaccurate - the Pyrrole compound HPL is very sensitive to light, heat, and time from when the urine sample is taken to when it gets to the lab to be tested. (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • Which Vitamin B6 to use for Pyrrole Disorder? (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • One of the main alleged "official" nutrient recommendations for Pyrrole Disorder is vitamin B6, and the typical practitioner recommendation is to take vitamin B6 as pyridoxine hydrochloride (the inactive form) and P5P being the active form of this vitamin. (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • Every single case of a new Pyrrole Disorder client that comes to me, has a vitamin B12 deficiency, and over 50% have a vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency too. (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • Other B-vitamin deficiencies can also cause the common mental health symptoms and conditions seen in Pyrrole Disorder, as seen in the attached table. (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • Van Leusen reaction pyrroles are produced by reaction of tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) with an enone in the presence of base, in a Michael addition. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the resulting charge transfer state (which is of quinoid structure) the pyrrole ring can either rotate to form a stabilized twisted species, or remain planar depending on substitution. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • The product is a pyrrole with substituents at the 3 and 4 positions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This neuropathy can take 2-3 months to start to develop after taking many of the usual compounded Pyrrole Primer or similar supplement products which are high in pyridoxine hydrochloride. (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • There are over one dozen other conditions or causes to having high HPL levels in the urine, other than Pyrrole Disorder! (pyrrolenaturopath.com)
  • More recently, pyrrole-2-carboxylic has demonstrated antiparasitic activity against Trypanosomes by selective proline racemase inhibition and has potent antifungal activity against Phytophthora. (bioaustralis.com)
  • The use of ruthenium-based pincer-type catalysts enables the synthesis of substituted pyrroles via dehydrogenative alcohol functionalization reactions. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • A synthesis of substituted pyrroles by a gold(I)-catalyzed cascade reaction proceeds via an autotandem catalysis consisting of an initial addition of gold-acetylide to an acetal moiety followed by gold-catalyzed 5- endo - dig cyclization and aromatization. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • With its operational simplicity, green nature, and high yields the reaction will be acting as an attractive alternative for the synthesis of substituted pyrroles. (orgchemres.org)
  • Fe3O4@SiO2@Propyl-ANDSA: A New Catalyst for the Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles', Organic Chemistry Research , 4(1), pp. 73-85. (orgchemres.org)
  • Pyrrole is a heterocyclic, aromatic, organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula C4H4NH. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are heterocyclic compounds containing a pyrrole ring substituted at one or more positions. (foodb.ca)
  • The molecular structures of 3a,b, 5, 4b, and 7b in the solid state are reported and show that the formal double bonds in the heterocyclic core are rather localized relative to pyrrole itself. (edu.au)
  • Substituted pyrroles are an essential class of heterocyclic compounds. (orgchemres.org)
  • Thank you for your interest in Ethyl 2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate. (volochem.com)
  • We offer qualified product1-(2-HYDROXY-ETHYL)-PYRROLE-2,5-DIONE1585-90-6, Formula C6H7NO3.Best Quality,Quick Response,Lower Price. (hfmlab.me)
  • Substitution of pyrrole with alkyl substituents provides a more basic molecule-for example, tetramethylpyrrole has a conjugate acid pKa of +3.7. (wikipedia.org)
  • The product is a pyrrole with substituents at the 3 and 4 positions. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, calix[4]pyrroles are macrocycles containing four pyrrole rings connected through their pyrrolic 2- and 5-positions by tetra-substituted sp 3 carbon atoms ( meso -substituents). (iciq.org)
  • Independently, Sessler and Floriani also showed that the introduction of aryl substituents in the meso -positions produced aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles as a mixture of configurational isomers. (iciq.org)
  • In addition, aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles bearing two and four meso- aryl substituents (walls) were reported. (iciq.org)
  • N -arylation of either aryl iodides or aryl bromides with common π-excessive nitrogen heterocycles (pyrroles, pyrazoles, indazoles, imidazoles, and triazoles) was successfully performed in good yield with catalysts derived from diamine ligands and CuI. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Pyrroles are components of more complex macrocycles, including the porphyrinogens and products derived therefrom, including porphyrins of heme, the chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and chlorophylls. (wikipedia.org)
  • A general and efficient Cu-assisted cycloisomerization of alkynyl imines enables an efficient synthesis of pyrroles and various types of fused heteroaromatic compounds. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • The Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis is the reaction of β-ketoesters (1) with ammonia (or primary amines) and α-haloketones (2) to give substituted pyrroles (3). (wikipedia.org)
  • A Cu/ABNO-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling of diols and a broad range of primary amines provides N -substituted pyrroles. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • This could make 1-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. (foodb.ca)
  • Bio Balance Health have developed, and supported, world leading original research which has confirmed pyrroles in urine are a biomarker of oxidative stress. (healthcarelink.com.au)
  • Pyrrole is a 5-membered aromatic heterocycle, like furan and thiophene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole is prepared industrially by treatment of furan with ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts, like SiO2 and Al2O3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyrrole has aromatic character because the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom is partially delocalized into the ring, creating a 4n + 2 aromatic system (see Hückel's rule). (wikipedia.org)
  • Temple" cages, naphthotubes, and aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles are privileged examples of synthetic scaffolds displaying functionalized hydrophobic cavities capable of binding polar substrates. (iciq.org)
  • The cone conformation of "two-wall" αα -aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroles features an aromatic cleft with a polar binding site defined by four converging pyrrole NHs. (iciq.org)
  • In the Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis, a 1,4-dicarbonyl compound reacts with ammonia or a primary amine to form a substituted pyrrole. (wikipedia.org)
  • Addition of hydrochloric acid leads to ring closure and loss of ammonia to form the pyrrole. (wikipedia.org)
  • A method for the preparation of N -acylpyrroles involves condensation of carboxylic acids with 2,4,4-trimethoxybutan-1-amine, followed by acid-mediated cyclization to form the pyrrole ring. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Calix[4]pyrrole scaffolds have also been applied in the development of molecular sensors, ionophores, transmembrane carriers, supramolecular protecting groups and molecular containers modulating chemical reactivity, among others. (iciq.org)
  • 4. Targeting the inverted CCAAT box 2 in the topoisomerase IIalpha promoter by JH-37, an imidazole-pyrrole polyamide hairpin: design, synthesis, molecular biology, and biophysical studies. (nih.gov)
  • There are NO large segments of the population taking 30-50 mg of copper, who then develop pyrrole disorder, thus proving that high copper is not a cause of pyrrole disorder, and thus the people theorizing that pyrrole disorder is from high copper are proven wrong. (revealingfraud.com)
  • Herein, a novel catalyst was developed for an efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of pyrrole in excellent yields. (orgchemres.org)
  • A deeper orange with Vermillion qualities, Pyrrole has very good lightfast qualities even in tints and glazes. (fitzroystretches.com)
  • This lecture also presents our research on the 800MHz NMR on the pyrrole in urine complex which has shown it is not chemically possible for B6 to be stripped out by pyrroles. (healthcarelink.com.au)
  • We comment on their binding properties, as well as on those of bis-calix[4]pyrroles having a fully covalent structure. (iciq.org)
  • Tertiary structure alterations accompanying pyrrole formation at certain critical lysine-epsilon-amine functions in the neurofilament subunit proteins were hypothesized to underlie the neuropathy. (cdc.gov)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Pyrroles" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Pd, Ru, and Fe catalysis enable a general synthesis of 2-substituted pyrroles in overall good yields with only water and ethene as side-products. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Pyrroles" by people in this website by year, and whether "Pyrroles" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Pyrroles are not normally found in the urine of healthy people. (healthcarelink.com.au)
  • We recently reported the design, solid-phase synthesis, and inhibition data of a series of selective Wip-1 inhibitors bearing a penta-substituted pyrrole core. (nih.gov)
  • We believe that the design of new calix[4]pyrrole receptors and the investigation of their binding properties may lead to promising applications in many research areas, such as supramolecular catalysis, chemical biology and materials science. (iciq.org)
  • 14. DNA-Binding Properties of New Fluorescent AzaHx Amides: Methoxypyridylazabenzimidazolepyrroleimidazole/pyrrole. (nih.gov)
  • On the other hand, "four-wall" αααα -calix[4]pyrrole isomers possess a deep polar aromatic cavity closed at one end by the converging pyrrole NHs. (iciq.org)
  • Member of the pyrrolo-pyrrole group of NSAIDs. (medscape.com)
  • Because of assay technique all previous observations (other than AAL) have been based on the measurement of Urobilinogen, and not Pyrrole. (healthcarelink.com.au)
  • Previous descriptions/ symptoms/ causes of "Pyrroles/ Pyrroluria" are scientifically incorrect or not validated. (healthcarelink.com.au)
  • Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme. (wikipedia.org)