Pyrimidine nucleotides. Medical search

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.

Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

The enzyme catalyzing the formation of orotidine-5'-phosphoric acid (orotidylic acid) from orotic acid and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in the course of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. EC 2.4.2.10.

An enzyme that, in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes ring closure by removal of water from N-carbamoylaspartate to yield dihydro-orotic acid. EC 3.5.2.3.

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES.

5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.

Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.

Orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxy-lyase. Catalyzes the decarboxylation of orotidylic acid to yield uridylic acid in the final step of the pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. EC 4.1.1.23.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine 5'-phosphate and cytidine 5'-phosphate, respectively. ATP, dUTP, dGTP, and dATP are effective phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.48.

Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

An enzyme that in the course of pyrimidine biosynthesis, catalyzes the oxidation of dihydro-orotic acid to orotic acid utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor. This enzyme is a flavoprotein which contains both FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE as well as iron-sulfur centers. EC 1.3.3.1.

A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE.

A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.

Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another.

Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOTIDES across cellular membranes.

A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. Absence or lack of this enzyme may cause CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE. EC 6.3.4.16.

A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.

The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.

A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.

Organic compounds which contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 2 or 6 of the benzene ring structure.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on carbon-carbon bonds. This enzyme group includes all the enzymes that introduce double bonds into substrates by direct dehydrogenation of carbon-carbon single bonds.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A class of cell surface receptors for PURINES that prefer ATP or ADP over ADENOSINE. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

An enzyme which catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage near PYRIMIDINE DIMERS to produce a 5'-phosphate product. The enzyme acts on the damaged DNA strand, from the 5' side of the damaged site.

Pentosyltransferases that catalyze the reaction between a pyrimidine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free pyrimidine and ribose-5-phosphate.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reactivation by light of UV-irradiated DNA. It breaks two carbon-carbon bonds in PYRIMIDINE DIMERS in DNA.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Synthesis and characterization of stacked and quenched uridine nucleotide fluorophores. (1/218)

Intramolecular aromatic interactions in aqueous solution often lead to stacked conformation for model organic molecules. This designing principle was used to develop stacked and folded uridine nucleotide analogs that showed highly quenched fluoroscence in aqueous solution by attaching the fluorophore 1-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonate (AmNS) to the terminal phosphate via a phosphoramidate bond. Severalfold enhancement of fluorescence could be observed by destacking the molecules in organic solvents, such as isopropanol and dimethylsulfoxide or by enzymatic cleavage of the pyrophosphate bond. Stacking and destacking were confirmed by 1-H NMR spectroscopy. The extent of quenching of the uridine derivatives correlated very well with the extent of stacking. Taking 5-H as the monitor, temperature-variable NMR studies demonstrated the presence of a rapid interconversionary equilibrium between the stacked and open forms for uridine-5'-diphosphoro-beta-1-(5-sulfonic acid) naphthylamidate (UDPAmNS) in aqueous solution. DeltaH was calculated to be -2.3 Kcal/mol, with 43-50% of the population in stacked conformation. Fluorescence lifetime for UDPAmNS in water was determined to be 2.5 ns as against 11 ns in dimethyl sulfoxide or 15 ns for the pyrophosphate adduct of AmNS in water. Such a greatly reduced lifetime for UDPAmNS in water suggests collisional interaction between the pyrimidine and thefluorophore moieties to be responsible for quenching. The potential usefulness of such stacked and quenched nucleotide fluorophores as probes for protein-ligand interaction studies has been briefly discussed. (+info)

Histidine 179 mutants of GTP cyclohydrolase I catalyze the formation of 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribofuranosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone triphosphate. (2/218)

GTP cyclohydrolase I catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate. The replacement of histidine 179 by other amino acids affords mutant enzymes that do not catalyze the formation of dihydroneopterin triphosphate. However, some of these mutant proteins catalyze the conversion of GTP to 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribofuranosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone 5'-triphosphate as shown by multinuclear NMR analysis. The equilibrium constant for the reversible conversion of GTP to the ring-opened derivative is approximately 0.1. The wild-type enzyme converts the formylamino pyrimidine derivative to dihydroneopterin triphosphate; the rate is similar to that observed with GTP as substrate. The data support the conclusion that the formylamino pyrimidine derivative is an intermediate in the overall reaction catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase I. (+info)

Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site from the DNA of bacteriophage fd. (3/218)

The primary structure of a strong RNA polymerase binding site in the replicative form DNA of phage fd has been determined by direct DNA sequencing. It is: (see article). The molecule contains regions with 2-fold symmetry and sequence homologies to promoter regions from other DNAs. The startpoint of transcription is located in the center of the binding site. (+info)

A search for base analogs to enhance third-strand binding to 'inverted' target base pairs of triplexes in the pyrimidine/parallel motif. (4/218)

Eight base analogs were tested as third strand residues in otherwise homopyrimidine strands opposite each of the 'direct' (A.T and G.C) and 'inverted' (T.A and C.G) Watson-Crick base pairs, using UV melting profiles to assess triplex stability. The target duplexes contained 20 A.T base pairs and a central test base pair X.Y, while the third strand contained 20 T residues and a central Z test base. Z included 5-bromo-uracil, 5-propynyluracil, 5-propynylcytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 5-bromocytosine, hypoxanthine, 2-amino-purine and 2,6-diaminopurine. Some of the base analogs enhanced third strand binding to the target duplex with one or other 'inverted' central base pair relative to the binding afforded by any of the canonical bases. Other analogs did the same for the duplexes with the 'direct' target pairs. The increasing order of triplex stabilization by these base analogs is: opposite the 'inverted' base pairs, for T.A, A < C < 5-pC < 5-pU < T < 5-BrC < 5-meC < 5-BrU < 2-AP < 2,6-DAP < Hy < G, for C.G, 2-AP < A < Hy < G < 5-pC < 5-BrC < 5-meC < C < 2,6-DAP < T < 5-BrU < 5-pU; opposite the 'direct' base pairs, for A.T, 2-AP < A < 5-meC < C < G < Hy < 2,6-DAP < 5-pU < T = 5-BrU < 5-BrC < 5-pC, for G.C, G < 2,6-DAP < 2-AP < A < Hy < T < 5-BrU < 5-pU < 5-pC < 5-BrC < C < 5-meC. (+info)

Growth factor-regulated expression of enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis: a novel mechanism of growth factor action. (5/218)

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a potent and specific mitogen for epithelial cells, including the keratinocytes of the skin. We investigated the mechanisms of action of KGF by searching for genes which are regulated by this growth factor in cultured human keratinocytes. Using the differential display RT-PCR technology we identified the gene encoding adenylosuccinate lyase [EC 4.3.2.2] as a novel KGF-regulated gene. Adenylosuccinate lyase plays an important role in purine de novo synthesis. To gain further insight into the potential role of nucleotide biosynthesis in the mitogenic effect of KGF, we cloned cDNA fragments of the key regulatory enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine metabolism (adenylosuccinate synthetase [EC 6.3.4.4], phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase [EC 2.7.6.1], amidophosphoribosyl transferase [EC 2.4.2.14], hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase [EC 2.4.2.8] and the multifunctional protein CAD which includes the enzymatic activities of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II [EC 6.3.5.59], aspartate transcarbamylase [EC 2.1.3.2] and dihydroorotase [EC 3.5.2.3]). Expression of all of these enzymes was upregulated after treatment with KGF and also with epidermal growth factor (EGF), indicating that these mitogens stimulate nucleotide production by induction of these enzymes. To determine a possible in vivo correlation between the expression of KGF, EGF and the enzymes mentioned above, we analysed the expression of the enzymes during cutaneous wound repair, where high levels of these mitogens are present. Indeed, we found a strong mRNA expression of all of these enzymes in the EGF- and KGF-responsive keratinocytes of the hyperproliferative epithelium at the wound edge, indicating that their expression might also be regulated by growth factors during wound healing. (+info)

In vitro recycling of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate for the salvage of purine bases. (6/218)

In this paper, we extend our previous observation on the mobilization of the ribose moiety from a purine nucleoside to a pyrimidine base, with subsequent pyrimidine nucleotides formation (Cappiello et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1425 (1998) 273-281). The data show that, at least in vitro, also the reverse process is possible. In rat brain extracts, the activated ribose, stemming from uridine as ribose 1-phosphate, can be used to salvage adenine and hypoxanthine to their respective nucleotides. Since the salvage of purine bases is a 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate-dependent process, catalyzed by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, our results imply that Rib-1P must be transformed into 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate, via the successive action of phosphopentomutase and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate synthetase; and,in fact, no adenosine could be found as an intermediate when rat brain extracts were incubated with adenine, Rib-1P and ATP, showing that adenine salvage does not imply adenine ribosylation, followed by adenosine phosphorylation. Taken together with our previous results on the Rib-1P-dependent salvage of pyrimidine nucleotides, our results give a clear picture of the in vitro Rib-1P recycling, for both purine and pyrimidine salvage. (+info)

Aliphatic analogues of nucleotides: synthesis and affinity towards nucleases. (7/218)

DL-1-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)thymine was prepared by Hilbert-Johnson reaction of 2,4-dinethoxy-5-methylpyrimidine with allyl bromide followed by the osmium tetroxide catalyzed hydroxylation of the l-allyl-4-methoxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2-one obtained as an intermediate. The D-glycero enantiomer, R-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)thymine and the corresponding 1-substituted uracil derivative were prepared from 3-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-1, 2-O-isopropylidene-D-glycerine and sodium salt of 4-methoxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2-one or 4-methoxypyrimidin-2-one followed by treatment with hydrogen chloride in ethanol. The phosphorylation of the above 2,3-dihydroxypropyl derivatives with phosphoryl chloride in triethyl phosphate afforded the corresponding 3-phosphates which were transformed into the 2',3'-cyclic phosphates by the condensation with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The latter compounds of the D-glycero configuration are split by some microbial RNases to the 3-phosphates. (+info)

Cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of pyrimidine ribonucleosides by the bisulfite-oxygen system. (8/218)

When a solution containing 2 mM uridine, 20 mM sodium bisulfite, 0.1 mM MnCl(2), and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 was incubated aerobically at 37 degrees or 0 degrees , partial cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of uridine took place. About 20% of the uridine was converted to uracil by the incubation for 4 hrs. Cytosine was produced from cytidine by similar treatment with bisulfite. These reactions were caused by free radicals generated by Mn(2+)-catalyzed autoxidation of bisulfite. Glycosidic bond cleavage by the bisulfite-oxygen system was not detected for adenosine, AMP, guanosine, GMP, thymidine, TMP, deoxyuridine, dCMP, dAMP, and dGMP. When poly(U) and poly(C) were treated with 20 mM sodium bisulfite in the same manner, chain fission of the polymer occurred as judged by the elution-pattern change in gel filtration through Sephadex columns. No change in the elution pattern was observed for bisulfite-treated poly(A), poly(U). poly(A) or tRNA. (+info)

Imada A (1967). "Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides by enzyme systems of Streptomyces. II. Pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide ... Other names in common use include pyrimidine nucleotide N-ribosidase, and Pyr5N. This enzyme participates in pyrimidine ... a pyrimidine base Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide and H2O, whereas its two products are D- ... nucleotide nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a pyrimidine 5'-nucleotide + H2O ⇌ {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotide_nucleosidase

Angle, C. R.; Swanson, M. S.; Stohs, S. J.; Markin, R. S. (1985). "Abnormal erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides in uremic ... "Lead-induced accumulation of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides in the rabbit". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 54 (1): ... Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S.; Swanson, M. S.; Stohs, S. J. (1982). "Erythrocyte nucleotides in children--increased blood lead ... Angle, C. R.; McIntire, M. S. (1978). "Low level lead and inhibition of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotidase". Environmental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Remmer_Angle

RNase A cleaves specifically after pyrimidine nucleotides. Cleavage takes place in two steps: first, the 3',5'-phosphodiester ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_pancreatic_ribonuclease

Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is a much simpler process. The formation of the pyrimidine ring begins with the conversion ... RNA is composed of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus ... The interchangeable nitrogenous nucleobases are derived from two parent compounds, purine and pyrimidine. Nucleotides are ... In both DNA and RNA, one of the pyrimidines is cytosine (C). However, DNA and RNA differ in the second major pyrimidine. DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide

A novel mechanism for regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis". The EMBO Journal. 4 (13B): 3735-42. doi:10.1002/j.1460 ... Stone SR, Mayer R, Wernet W, Maurer F, Hofsteenge J, Hemmings BA (Dec 1988). "The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP2CA

In nucleic acids, nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base-i.e., the nucleobase molecule, also known as a ... This reaction is also shared with the pathways for the synthesis of Trp, His, and the pyrimidine nucleotides. Being on a major ... The liver is the major organ of de novo synthesis of all four nucleotides. De novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines follows ... For reference, the syntheses of the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are carried out by several enzymes in the cytoplasm of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide

PRPP also plays an important role in pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis. During the fifth step of pyrimidine nucleotide ... Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine nitrogenous base. All intermediates in purine biosynthesis are constructed ... Nucleotides serve as the building blocks for nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. They are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose ... Like nucleotides, biosynthesis of histidine is initiated by the conversion of R5P to PRPP. The step of histidine biosynthesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate

Moffatt BA, Ashihara H (April 2002). "Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and metabolism". The Arabidopsis Book. 1: ... The resulting nucleotides are similar enough to the nucleotides used in DNA or RNA synthesis to be incorporated into growing ... Nucleotides are commonly abbreviated with 3 letters (4 or 5 in case of deoxy- or dideoxy-nucleotides). The first letter ... Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). Nucleotide Biosynthesis. "Nucleotide Metabolism: Nucleic Acid Synthesis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate

Stasolla C, Katahira R, Thorpe TA, Ashihara H (November 2003). "Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in higher plants". ... These bases are heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen, classified as purines or pyrimidines. Nucleotides also act as coenzymes ... The two nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are polymers of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate attached to a ... This nucleotide is used to transfer chemical energy between different chemical reactions. There is only a small amount of ATP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

ATP, a purine nucleotide, is an activator of pyrimidine synthesis, while CTP, a pyrimidine nucleotide, is an inhibitor of ... Pyrimidine nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, and thymidine. The synthesis of any pyrimidine nucleotide begins with the ... Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides can either be degraded to waste products and excreted or can be salvaged as nucleotide ... Nucleotides can be separated into purines and pyrimidines. In the more complex multicellular animals they are both primarily ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism

This acts to balance the relative amounts of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. The reaction product CTP also serves as an ... CTP (cytidine triphosphate) synthetase catalyzes the last committed step in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis: ATP + UTP + ... Pyrimidine biosynthesis Lieberman I (October 1956). "Enzymatic amination of uridine triphosphate to cytidine triphosphate". The ... CTP synthase is an enzyme (EC 6.3.4.2) involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis that interconverts UTP and CTP. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTP_synthetase

A novel mechanism for regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis". EMBO J. 4 (13B): 3735-42. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1CA

Aspartate carbamoyltransferase performs a step in building the pyrimidine nucleotides (cytosine and thymidine). Aspartate ... carbamoyltransferase also ensures that just the right amount of pyrimidine nucleotides is available, as activator and inhibitor ... For a copy of DNA to be made, a duplicate set of its nucleotides is required. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lipscomb

Both orotidylate and uridylate are major pyrimidine nucleotides, as uridylate is a precursor to RNA. Uridylate (UMP) is later ... Okesli A, Khosla C, Bassik MC (December 2017). "Human pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis as a target for antiviral chemotherapy ... In other pyrimidine auxotrophs that do not have this bifunctional enzyme, usually less complex organisms, two separate enzymes ... Three key pyrimidine nucleosides include uridine, cytidine and thymidine, and they play major roles in nucleic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orotate_phosphoribosyltransferase

The L (light) strand comprises lighter nucleotides (pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine). Replication begins with replication of ... In many organisms, one strand of DNA in the plasmid comprises heavier nucleotides (relatively more purines: adenine and guanine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-loop_replication

"Effects of ciprofloxacin on eucaryotic pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and cell growth". Antimicrobial Agents and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumequine

Jones ME (1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". Annual ... phosphate synthase on pyrimidine nucleotides. Evidence for a regulatory site". Biochemistry. 19 (26): 6062-8. doi:10.1021/ ... Suttle DP, Bugg BY, Winkler JK, Kanalas JJ (Mar 1988). "Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence for the complete coding ... Chen JJ, Jones ME (Apr 1979). "Effect of 5-phosphoribosyl-a-pyrophosphate on de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in cultured ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthase

It blocks synthesis of pyrimidine based nucleotides in the body and so inhibits cell growth. Brequinar was invented by DuPont ... Leflunomide - Clinically used DHODH inhibitor Methotrexate - the most widely used pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor Dexter, D. L ... Peters GJ (2018). "Re-evaluation of Brequinar sodium, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor". Nucleosides, Nucleotides & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brequinar

Reiss PD, Zuurendonk PF, Veech RL (1984). "Measurement of tissue purine, pyrimidine, and other nucleotides by radial ... One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form ... Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate ... In addition to these metabolic functions, NAD+ emerges as an adenine nucleotide that can be released from cells spontaneously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide

... and cGMP-dependent protein kinases by cyclic purine and pyrimidine nucleotides". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 415 (4): 563-6 ... A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate ... Like other nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides are composed of three functional groups: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single ... Finally, cyclic nucleotides can be distinguished from non-cyclic nucleotides because they are smaller and less polar. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide

Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide Pyrimidine biosynthesis Lide M, Lide DR (1998). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and ... Uridine monophosphate (UMP), also known as 5′-uridylic acid (conjugate base uridylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate

RNA is composed of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus ... Jones ME (June 1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". ... Pyrimidine biosynthesis occurs both in the body and through organic synthesis. De Novo biosynthesis of a pyrimidine is ... Pyrimidines are ultimately catabolized (degraded) to CO2, H2O, and urea. Cytosine can be broken down to uracil, which can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism

Changing one purine or pyrimidine may change the amino acid that the nucleotides code for. Point mutations may arise from ... Transitions are replacement of a purine base with another purine or replacement of a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine. ... The single nucleotide change in the beta-globin means that even the smallest of exertions on the part of the carrier results in ... A single nucleotide can change, but the new codon specifies the same amino acid, resulting in an unmutated protein. This type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation

Nucleotides may be divided into two categories: purines and pyrimidines. Individual P2Y receptor species may respond to only ... Romanello M, Bivi N, Pines A, Deganuto M, Quadrifoglio F, Moro L, Tell G (October 2006). "Bisphosphonates activate nucleotide ... P2Y receptors are a family of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors, stimulated by nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate ... Erlinge D (2011-01-01). "P2Y receptors in health and disease". Pharmacology of Purine and Pyrimidine Receptors. Advances in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2Y_receptor

Aspartate transcarbamylase is one of the first three enzymes necessary for de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, and ... "Purification from hamster cells of the multifunctional protein that initiates de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stark

Besides involvement in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, prokaryotic NDPK is also involved in several metabolism cycles ... NDPK usually consumes ATP, the most abundant cellular nucleotide, and stores the nucleotides. However, consumption of ATP would ... To be more specific, NDPK supports the production of nucleotides in high-energy and low-stress cellular states. However, this ... Nucleoside Nucleotide Nucleoside monophosphate Nucleoside triphosphate Thymidine kinase Thymidylate kinase Thymidine kinase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside-diphosphate_kinase

Pyrimidine ring is synthesized as orotate and attached to ribose phosphate and later converted to common pyrimidine nucleotides ... USA Purine and pyrimidine metabolism De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides (Articles with short description, Short ... For example, nucleotides are not needed in the diet as they can be constructed from small precursor molecules such as formate ... De novo pathways of nucleotides do not use free bases: adenine (abbreviated as A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesis

Pyrimidine Nucleotides". Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 41 (3): 213-236. Bibcode:2011OLEB...41..213J. doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9222-1. ... Pyrimidine Nucleotides". Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 41 (3): 213-236. Bibcode:2011OLEB...41..213J. doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9222-1. ... Ferris received an NIH Career Award in 1969 which allowed him to greatly expand his research into prebiotic nucleotide ... Ferris, J. P.; Ertem, G.; Agarwal, V. K. (1989). "The adsorption of nucleotides and polynucleotides on montmorillonite clay". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ferris

"Interactions of hypochlorous acid with pyrimidine nucleotides, and secondary reactions of chlorinated pyrimidines with GSH, ... Hypochlorous acid reacts slowly with DNA and RNA as well as all nucleotides in vitro. GMP is the most reactive because HClO ... studied the loss of adenine nucleotides by studying the energy charge of HClO-exposed cells and found that cells exposed to ... proposes that the cause of death may be due to metabolic dysfunction caused by depletion of adenine nucleotides. Barrette et al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid

Also connected with the gene URA3, that codes an enzyme related to the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides (T, C); Yeast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

In E. coli, the direction for orisome assembly are built into a short stretch of nucleotide sequence called as origin of ... groove that permits the formation of hydrogen bonds with the third nitrogen of purine bases and the second oxygen of pyrimidine ... This pocket has a tyrosine residue that is able to form van der Waals interactions with the correctly paired nucleotide. In ... During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_DNA_replication

50%, and have regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide and this occurs frequently in the ... In humans, DNA methylation occurs at the 5' position of the pyrimidine ring of the cytosine residues within CpG sites to form 5 ... Multiple enhancers, each often at tens or hundred of thousands of nucleotides distant from their target genes, loop to their ... DNA methylation forms 5-methylcytosines at the 5' pyrimidine ring of CpG cytosine residues. Some cancer genes are silenced by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

... cyclic nucleotide - cyclic peptide - cyclin - cyclin A - cyclin B - cyclin E - cyclin-dependent kinase - cycloleucine - ... pyrimidine - pyruvate - pyruvate oxidation quantum chemistry - quaternary structure radioisotope - radioisotopic labelling - ... nucleotide - nutrition octreotide - odorant receptor - olfaction - olfactory receptor neuron - oligopeptide - oncogene - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

At the 5' end, cleavage occurs typically at the canonical position which is one nucleotide 3′ to the anticodon. At the 3' end, ... RNase A is another enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the P-O5' bond of RNA specifically after pyrimidine residues, which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA-intron_endonuclease

... pyrimidine) binding motif. Modification of TFOs has been attempted in order to improve their binding affinities to their ... whereas Watson-Crick-type duplexes of the same nucleotide content were destabilized. To increase ∆Tm, base mismatches should be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_intercalating_nucleic_acid

Since thymine nucleotides are precursors of DNA (but not RNA), the prefix "deoxy" is often left out, i.e., deoxythymidine is ... In its composition, deoxythymidine is a nucleoside composed of deoxyribose (a pentose sugar) joined to the pyrimidine base ... The prefix deoxy- is often left out since there are no precursors of thymine nucleotides involved in RNA synthesis. Before the ... Reversion of bacteriophage T4rII mutants by high levels of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides. Mol Gen Genet. 1982;186(1):101-5. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine

1, 1435-1446 (1992). Stevens, R. C., & Lipscomb, W. N., "A molecular mechanism for pyrimidine and purine nucleotide control of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_C._Stevens

Nucleotides, Thiamine, Purines, Thiazoles, Pyrimidines, Phosphate esters). ... 2007). "Discovery of a natural thiamine adenine nucleotide". Nat. Chem. Biol. 3 (4): 211-2. doi:10.1038/nchembio867. PMID ... Adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), or thiaminylated adenosine triphosphate, is a natural thiamine adenine nucleotide. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_thiamine_triphosphate

521-522 whereas nucleotide substitutions in which the substitution involves the change of a purine to a pyrimidine, or vice ... purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine mutations) are more likely than transversion (purine to pyrimidine or vice versa) ... A nucleotide substitution at a fourfold degenerate site is referred to as a synonymous nucleotide substitution,: ... A position of a codon is said to be a n-fold degenerate site if only n of four possible nucleotides (A, C, G, T) at this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy

The predicted deamination reaction is driven by a direct nucleophilic attack on position 4 of the cytidine pyrimidine ring by ... coli cytidine deaminase that is known to be highly homologous to APOBEC1 and AID around the nucleotide and zinc-binding region ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC3G

The specificity for either guanine or adenine depends completely upon Watson-Crick interactions with a single pyrimidine in the ... but have more significant differences than a single nucleotide mutation. SAH riboswitches bind S-adenosylhomocysteine to ... and have moderately complex secondary structures and several highly conserved nucleotide positions, as these features are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboswitch

Furthermore, citric acid intermediates are constantly used to form a variety of substances such as the purines, pyrimidines and ... ISBN 978-0-471-21495-3. Beis I, Newsholme EA (October 1975). "The contents of adenine nucleotides, phosphagens and some ... which can be used in synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids, or it can be catabolized to pyruvate. Cellular uptake of ... Amino acid synthesis Nucleotide synthesis Tetrapyrrole synthesis Although gluconeogenesis and glycolysis share many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Pyrimidine ribonucleosides and their respective nucleotides have been prebiotically synthesised by a sequence of reactions that ... One version, 189 bases long, had an error rate of just 1.1% per nucleotide when synthesizing an 11 nucleotide long RNA strand ... cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides directly, which are known to be able to polymerise into RNA. Organic chemist Donna Blackmond ... Since there were no known chemical pathways for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from pyrimidine nucleobases cytosine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

Further a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C) should exist. This pattern is found in both ... Chargaff's second parity rule appears to be extended from the nucleotide-level to populations of codon triplets, in the case of ... Because of the asymmetry in pyrimidine and purine use in coding sequences, the strand with the greater coding content will tend ... Wacław Szybalski, in the 1960s, showed that in bacteriophage coding sequences purines (A and G) exceed pyrimidines (C and T). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff's_rules

Nucleotide excision repair (NER): bulky, helix-distorting damage, such as pyrimidine dimerization caused by UV light is usually ... damaged single bases or nucleotides are most commonly repaired by removing the base or the nucleotide involved and then ... Loss of damaged nucleotides at the break site can lead to deletions, and joining of nonmatching termini forms insertions or ... The formation of pyrimidine dimers upon irradiation with UV light results in an abnormal covalent bond between adjacent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for ... The pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine. It has a single ring structure, a six-membered ring containing nitrogen. A purine ... It is this linear sequence of nucleotides that make up the primary structure of DNA or RNA. Nucleotides consist of 3 components ... There are three common families of tetraloop in ribosomal RNA: UNCG, GNRA, and CUUG (N is one of the four nucleotides and R is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure

Sequencing of the mature mitochondrial tRNAs showed the replacement of pyrimidines or purines by purines (A to G, U to G, U to ... Using mitochondrial extract, the 5' mismatches of synthetic tRNA transcripts are removed and nucleotides are incorporated in a ... Predicted from mtDNA, mismatches are found in the first three nucleotides of the eight tRNA acceptor stems. ... "The evolution of phototransduction from an ancestral cyclic nucleotide gated pathway". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizellomyces_punctatus

... s are linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine ... One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great ... Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones-typically, one for RNA, two for DNA-and assembled into chains of ... The total amount of pyrimidines in a double-stranded DNA molecule is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid

glycoproteins, ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase) is a superfamily of pyrimidine-specific endonucleases found ... multi-site cation-anion interaction between lysine and arginine residues of the enzyme and phosphate groups of the nucleotides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_ribonuclease_family

Most mutagens act by causing DNA damage - alterations in DNA structure such as pyrimidine dimers, or breakage of one or both ... Mutation results from damage when mistakes in the mechanism of DNA repair causes a change in nucleotide sequence, or if ... They measured the rate of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), most of which are a consequence of replication error. Both in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_mutation

A study in the 1990s showed that montmorillonite clay can help create RNA chains of as many as 50 nucleotides joined together ... purine or pyrimidine bases, and certain enzyme activities. According to NASA researchers, "presently known scientific ... UV exposure have been shown to promote the synthesis of stable biomolecules like nucleotides. Research has shown that vesicles ... Ma, Wentao; Yu, Chunwu; Zhang, Wentao; Hu, Jiming (Nov 2007). "Nucleotide synthetase ribozymes may have emerged first in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocell

This deficiency reflects the loss of ability to perform the DNA repair process known as transcription coupled nucleotide ... CSA and CSB deficient cells are unable to preferentially repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers induced by the action of ... Despite being associated with genes involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), unlike xeroderma pigmentosum, CS is not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome

In dependence of the bases, parallel DNA could be synthesized for pyrimidine bases in which the chirality of phosphorus was ... The latter subject is published as review articles in Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids. In these reviews he gives also ... He published two articles in the scientific magazine Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids in which he tries to retrace ... A Dynamic Model Description", Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, Vol. 26, pp. 205-222. (CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Buck

Uracil nucleotides containing a South-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ((S)-methanocarba) ring system … ... Pyrimidine Nucleotides Containing a (S)-Methanocarba Ring as P2Y6 Receptor Agonists Kiran S Toti 1 , Shanu Jain 1 , Antonella ... Pyrimidine Nucleotides Containing a (S)-Methanocarba Ring as P2Y6 Receptor Agonists Kiran S Toti et al. Medchemcomm. 2017. . ... Structure-activity relationships of pyrimidine nucleotides containing a 5-α,β-methylene diphosphonate at the P2Y6 receptor. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=29423136

3 Nucleic Acid Bases Pyrimidines Purines 4 Sugars. The catabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides, like that of purine nucleotides, ... Is biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides slideshare to PRPP as positive modulators, while pyrimidine nucleotides ... Pyrimidines may be absorbed or converted to pyrimidine nucleotides by pathways described.... A diet that may be rich in ... the pyrimidine bases 14: purine nucleotide came different... Acid bases pyrimidines purines 4 Sugars semi-essential for newborn ...

https://myinfo.la/lyvw1/biosynthesis-of-purine-and-pyrimidine-nucleotides-slideshare-2420bb

Dehydrogenation of DNA pyrimidine nucleotides in thymine positions 5 and 6 and cytosine position 5 is not a drastic lethal ... Dehydrogenation of pyrimidine nucleotides during decay of incorporated 3H [Modelirovanie éffektov radiatsionnykh povrezhdeniǐ ... Dehydrogenation of pyrimidine nucleotides during decay of incorporated 3H [Modelirovanie éffektov radiatsionnykh povrezhdeniǐ ... Dehydrogenation of pyrimidine nucleotides during decay of incorporated 3H [Modelirovanie éffektov radiatsionnykh povrezhdeniǐ ...

https://bibbase.org/network/publication/korolev-ivanov-modelingtheeffectsofradiationdamagetodnaandthegeneticriskofradionuclidedecaydehydrogenationofpyrimidinenucleotidesduringdecayofincorporated3hmodelirovanieffektovradiatsionnykhpovrezhdenidnkigeneticheskaiaopasnostraspadaradionuklidovdegidrirovaniepirimidinovykhnukleotidovpriraspadeinkorpororovannogo3h-1983

Pyrimidine Nucleotides Containing a (S)-Methanocarba Ring as P2Y(6) Receptor Agonists.. Toti KS, Jain S, Ciancetta A, ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/research-funding/at-niddk/labs-branches/laboratory-bioorganic-chemistry/molecular-recognition-section/publications

PRPP is involved in making purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. These nucleotides are building blocks of DNA, its chemical cousin ... The manufacture of pyrimidines is also affected, but not the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The disruption of purine production, ... Purines and pyrimidines may be manufactured from smaller molecules, or they can be recycled from the breakdown of DNA and RNA ... Manufacturing purines and pyrimidines uses much more energy and takes more time than recycling them, which makes recycling ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/prps1/

Pyrimidine Dimers/radiation effects; Pyrimidine Nucleotides/radiation effects*; Skin Neoplasms/genetics; TOR Serine-Threonine ... induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). UV exposure revealed hyperhotspots acquiring CPDs up to 170-fold more frequently ... High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Melanocytes/physiology; Melanocytes/radiation effects*; Melanoma/genetics; ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3826623

Brain pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and Alzheimer disease.. Pesini A; Iglesias E; Bayona-Bafaluy MP; Garrido-Pérez N; Meade P ... 9. Inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis in growing potato tubers leads to a compensatory stimulation of the pyrimidine ... 5. Uracil nucleotide synthesis in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and in two drug-resistant sublines that contain ... 7. Profiles of pyrimidine biosynthesis, salvage and degradation in disks of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers.. Katahira R; ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=35985342&mod=related&page=1&from=&outid=&proj=

... is an activated compound used in the biosynthesis of histidine and purine/pyrimidine nucleotides. This pathway map also shows ... is a process of glucose turnover that produces NADPH as reducing equivalents and pentoses as essential parts of nucleotides. ...

https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn00030

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.. Terms. Pyrimidine Nucleotides ... Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides [D13] * Nucleotides [D13.695] * Arabinonucleotides [D13.695.065] * ... Pyrimidine Nucleotides Preferred Concept UI. M0018259. Registry Number. 0. Scope Note. ... Pyrimidine Nucleotides. Tree Number(s). D03.383.742.686. D13.695.740. Unique ID. D011742. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm. ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011742

Pyrimidine nucleotides with 4-alkyloxyimino and terminal tetraphosphate δ-ester modifications as selective agonists of the P2Y4 ... We varied structurally the phosphate and uracil moieties in analogues of pyrimidine nucleoside 5′-triphosphates and 5′- ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/festival11/poster-BIOCHEM-CHEM-16.html

What are the answers to the Hydrogen Bonds, Pyrimidine, Nucleotide, Deoxyribose, Purine, and Phosphate slide? It is the black ... The first slide shows the basic structure of DNA where students label the nucleotides, deoxyribose, purines, phosphates, ...

https://www.biologycorner.com/2020/11/14/dna-drag-and-drop/

Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Inhibit a Noninactivating K+ Current and Depolarize Adrenal Cortical Cells through a G ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/55/2

BACKGROUND: The expression of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic (pyr) genes in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by ... The ten-nucleotide RNA loop binds to the surface of the beta-sheet as an open structure, and the AUUGCAC sequence of the loop ... The nucleotide is bound predominantly to one subunit, with conserved residues from a second subunit making up one wall of the ... These slowly exchanging nucleotide binding sites of rho are capable of hydrolyzing ATP, but the resulting products (ADP and Pi ...

https://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/smart/show_secondary.cgi?domain=CSP

Nucleotide metabolism * Purine metabolism * M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis * M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide ... Nucleotide metabolism [ Pathway menu , Pathway entry , Download , Help ] Option. Scale: 100% Image resolution: High ...

https://www.kegg.jp/pathway/rn01232+R01231

Prospective Grant of Exclusive License: Use of Methanocarba Analogues of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleosides and Nucleotides to ...

https://regulations.justia.com/regulations/fedreg/agencies/department-of-health-and-human-services/2011?page=2®isters=between&min-day=1&min-month=1&max-day=31&max-month=12

... followed by phosphorylation by the pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. Dephosphorylation results in the formation of ... SOVALDI (sofosbuvir) is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase.. The IUPAC name for sofosbuvir is ( S)-Isopropyl ... Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide prodrug that undergoes intracellular metabolism to form the pharmacologically active uridine analog ... SOVALDI is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of: *Adult ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b66d2de5-8550-4015-9c2c-d7a9150926b4

DNase I, ACF preferentially cleaves phosphodiester linkages adjacent to pyrimidine nucleotides in both single- and double- ...

https://www.stemcell.com/product-portfolios/myeloid-cell-research/cell-isolation/dnase-i-acf.html

Pyrimidine Nucleotides - Preferred Concept UI. M0018259. Scope note. Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can ... Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=12179&filter=ths_exact_term&q=NUCLE%C3%93TIDOS+DE+PIRIMIDINA

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011742

Toxicity has emerged during the clinical development of many but not all nucleotide inhibitors (NI) of hepatitis C virus (HCV ... Role of a "Magic" Methyl: 2-Deoxy-2-α-F-2-β-C-methyl Pyrimidine Nucleotides Modulate RNA Interference Activity through ... Role of Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase in the Toxicity of Nucleotide Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Joy Y Feng 1 , Yili Xu 2 , ... Role of Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase in the Toxicity of Nucleotide Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Joy Y Feng et al. Antimicrob ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26596942

Moffatt, B. A. & Ashihara, H. (2002). Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis and Metabolism. The Arabidopsis Book 1:e0018. ... CTP, the end-product of pyrimidine synthesis, signals ATCase to return to its low activity form. In the Jmol representations of ...

https://pdb101.rcsb.org/sci-art/geis-archive/gallery/geis-0792-atcase-t-state

The study -- "Structure and mechanism of pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct recognition by the Rad4/XPC nucleotide ... Structure and mechanism of pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct recognition by the Rad4/XPC nucleotide excision repair ... Two major types of these lesions are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), which makes up about 70 percent of such damage; and 6- ... Min believes the discovery of these mechanics of nucleotide excision repair could provide benefits beyond understanding UV- ...

https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/gaining-insight-into-sun-induced-dna-damage-and-cell-repair-321716

... purines and pyrimidines (required for the synthesis nucleotides required to form RNA and DNA) and carboxylic acids (required ... Natural Origin of Nucleotides Finally Solved. As reported in the Nature Vol. 459 pp.239-242, May14, 2009 by Sutherland JD et al ... Although inorganic phosphate is only incorporated into the nucleotides at a later stage of the sythesis, its presence from the ... pyrimidines and carboxylic acids can all be produced by running electrical sparks simulating lightning through the most-likely ...

https://openparachute.wordpress.com/2009/10/05/godless-cosmology/

The nucleotide binding site of EF accommodates bulky bis-(M)ANT-substituted purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, but the fit is ... Our previous studies showed that EF is differentially inhibited by various purine and pyrimidine nucleotides modified with N- ... Bis-MANT nucleotides inhibited EF competitively. Propyl-ANT-ATP was the most potent EF inhibitor (K (i), 80 nM). In contrast to ... Here, we examined the interaction of EF with a series of 18 2,3-O-mono- and bis-(M)ANT-substituted nucleotides, recently ...

https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/23191/

A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine ... A coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5'-phosphate groups, with one ... A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide ... Reagent that is a polymer comprised of nucleotides, each of which consists of three components: a nitrogenous heterocyclic base ...

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DIDEO/DIDEO/master/dideo.owl

Inhibition of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996 Aug 23; 52(4):527- ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/38846

The ensuing starvation for pyrimidine nucleotides culminates in growth arrest. Thus, deletion of the Bateman domain of IMPDH ... We conclude that the CBS subdomain of IMPDH may coordinate the activities of the enzymes of purine nucleotide metabolism and is ... We conclude that the Bateman domain of IMPDH is a negative trans-regulator of adenylate nucleotide synthesis, and that this ... In vivo kinetic analysis using 14-C tracers and 33-P pulse-chasing revealed mutation-associated changes in purine nucleotide ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=au:Pimkin,+Maxim

Let us make an in-depth study of the nucleotides metabolism with special emphasis on de novo synthesis of nucleotides. (myinfo.la)
Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis and Metabolism. (rcsb.org)
Nucleotide Metabolism is an important issue in medical studies and therefore you can learn in this biochemistry article everything about purine & pyrimidines. (pbit.co.in)
A) Primary leaves of barley grown for 7 days in darkness at 23°C. NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Mark Rush Nucleotides serve various metabolic functions. (pbit.co.in)
Chapter 8 Nucleotide Metabolism Chapter 8 Nucleotide Metabolism * Nucleotides are bilding blocks of nucleic acids. (pbit.co.in)
Nucleotide Metabolism â ¢ de novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Summary Pyrimidine Ring Synthesis Occurs First and Then it is Attached to Ribose ATCase is a Major Regulator and Balance of Pyrimidine/Purine Nucleotides ATP Activates, Favors Pyrimidines. (pbit.co.in)
Consortium analysis of gene and gene-folate interactions in purine and pyrimidine metabolism pathways with ovarian carcinoma risk. (cdc.gov)
Donor one?carbon metabolism gene single nucleotide polymorphisms predict the susceptibility of cancer recurrence after liver transplantation. (cdc.gov)

The biosynthesis of pyrimidines is simpler than that of purines. (myinfo.la)
Understand the Two Pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis (1) De-novo synthesis and (2) Salvage Pathways. (myinfo.la)
Post navigation ← Nucleotide Biosynthesis PPT (Synthesis of… Leave a Reply Cancel reply. (myinfo.la)
Pathways for the biosynthesis of nucleotides. (myinfo.la)
It is the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. (bvsalud.org)
inhibiting de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and enhancing ferroptosis. (bvsalud.org)
Purine nucleotide biosynthesis is an energy expensive pathway and as such it is tightly regulated. (pbit.co.in)
glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase (Recall this enzyme catalyzes the committed step in purine nucleotide biosynthesis, which is the conversion of PRPP into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine. (pbit.co.in)
Nucleotide Biosynthesis Pathways Are Critical for the Growth of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Human Serum. (pbit.co.in)
For example, they are: â ¢ Substrates (building blocks) for nucleic acid biosynthesis and repair, â ¢ The main storage form of â high energy phosphateâ , â ¢ Components of many â so-calledâ co-enzymes (NAD, NADP, FAD, CoA), â ¢ Components of many activated metabolic intermediates (such as UDPG, SAM), The suitability of sugar nucleotides for biosynthetic reactions stems from several properties: 1. (pbit.co.in)
IMP is the key intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. (pbit.co.in)
Regulatory Control of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis. (pbit.co.in)

26 Pyrimidine nucleosides and bases can be either synthesized de novo from glutamine, aspartic acid, ATP, and bicarbonate, or they can be salvaged from the environment (Fig. Another important site of regulation is the inosinate branch point. (pbit.co.in)

The genetic and functional basis of purine nucleotide feedback-resistant phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity. (medlineplus.gov)

To uracil through multiple steps involving different enzymes ( purines and pyrimidines are converted back into triphosphate! (myinfo.la)
Purines and pyrimidines may be manufactured from smaller molecules, or they can be recycled from the breakdown of DNA and RNA in a series of reactions called the salvage pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
Manufacturing purines and pyrimidines uses much more energy and takes more time than recycling them, which makes recycling these molecules more efficient. (medlineplus.gov)
The salvage pathway ensures that cells have a plentiful supply of purines and pyrimidines. (medlineplus.gov)
PRPP synthetase 1 and PRPP are involved in the manufacture of new purines and pyrimidines, and are also essential for the purine salvage pathway. (medlineplus.gov)

Nucleic acids, nucleotides, and their related metabolic products are present in human milk in relatively large amounts. (myinfo.la)
3 Nucleic Acid Bases Pyrimidines Purines 4 Sugars. (myinfo.la)
Humans synthesize the nucleic acids and their derivatives ATP, NAD +, coenzyme A, etc, from amphibolic intermediates.However, injected purine or pyrimidine analogs, including potential anticancer drugs, may nevertheless be incorporated into DNA. (myinfo.la)
The study -- "Structure and mechanism of pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct recognition by the Rad4/XPC nucleotide excision repair complex" -- is published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research (NAR) as a "breakthrough article. (technologynetworks.com)
chapter 25 nucleotides are activated precursors of nucleic important dna replication, overall nucleotides and their derivatives are essential for many (B) Primary leaves of the mutant f/grina-d12 grown for 7 days in darkness. (pbit.co.in)
3. Nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids. (mcqbiology.com)

Plants possess metabolic pathways for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides generating AMP, as well as pyrimidine nucleotides yielding UMP. (myinfo.la)
Lack of HGPRT activity leads to an accumulation of the PRPP →Increases synthesis of purine nucleotides and the formation of uric acid. (myinfo.la)
CTP, the end-product of pyrimidine synthesis, signals ATCase to return to its low activity form. (rcsb.org)
Pyrimidine nucleotides are essential for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and sugar nucleotides, required for glycosylation of proteins and lipids. (pbit.co.in)
The pyrimidine synthesis is a similar process than that of Purines(Purines Synthesis).In the de novo synthesis of Pyrimidines, the ring is synthesized first and then it is attached to a ribose-phosphate to for a pyrimidine nucleotide.Pyrimidine rings are assembled from bicarbonate, aspartate, and Ammonia. (pbit.co.in)
Inhibitors of Nucleotide Synthesis Drug Mechanism of Action Therapeutic Applications Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid analogue that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and the one carbon transfer reactions required for de novo synthesis of purines and thymidylate. (pbit.co.in)
The automated chemical synthesis of long oligoribuncleotides using 2'-O-silylated ribonucleoside 3'-O-phosphoramidites on a controlled-pore glass support: synthesis of a 43-nucleotide sequence similar to the 3'-half molecule of an Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA. (pbit.co.in)

Purine nucleotides are synthesized directly by the addition of a pyrophosphate at C-1 of the ribose sugar. (myinfo.la)
Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA. (bvsalud.org)
Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (bvsalud.org)

There are two major synthetic pathways, for purine and pyrimidine bases, respectively, both of which diverge towards their ends to produce the different variants. (myinfo.la)

UMP, which is also the precursor of CMP, is synthesized in a six-reaction pathway However, in contrast to purine catabolism, the pyrimidine bases in most organisms are subjected to reduction rather than oxidation. (myinfo.la)
Welco Free pyrimidine bases without sugar residues cannot be recovered. (myinfo.la)
13. Which of the following nucleotide sequences contains four pyrimidine bases? (mcqbiology.com)

PRPP is involved in making purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. (medlineplus.gov)

Nucleotide analogues are of major importance in the chemotherapy of both cancers and virus infections. (pbit.co.in)

Dr. Kashlev and his team investigate the following subjects: (1) mechanism of transcription-coupled DNA damage repair, (2) mechanisms employed by Pol II for transcription across bulky DNA lesions such as pyrimidine dimers and cyclopurines, and (3) mechanisms regulating transcriptional fidelity. (cancer.gov)

Here, we examined the interaction of EF with a series of 18 2',3'-O-mono- and bis-(M)ANT-substituted nucleotides, recently shown to be very potent inhibitors of the AC toxin from Bordetella pertussis, CyaA (Geduhn et al. (uni-regensburg.de)

The nucleotide binding site of EF accommodates bulky bis-(M)ANT-substituted purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, but the fit is suboptimal compared to CyaA. (uni-regensburg.de)

Negative effectors ( Fig pyrimidine base catabolism occurs in most organisms are subjected to reduction rather than oxidation gmp. (myinfo.la)

nucleotide triphosphate. (myinfo.la)

Dehydrogenation of DNA pyrimidine nucleotides in thymine positions 5 and 6 and cytosine position 5 is not a drastic lethal damage. (bibbase.org)
journal={Radiobiologiya}, year={1983}, volume={23}, number={4}, pages={458-461}, note={cited By 1}, url={https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020794803&partnerID=40&md5=710eacee616df30caf28e1ab24e0b284}, abstract={Dehydrogenation of DNA pyrimidine nucleotides in thymine positions 5 and 6 and cytosine position 5 is not a drastic lethal damage. (bibbase.org)
Our previous studies showed that EF is differentially inhibited by various purine and pyrimidine nucleotides modified with N-methylanthraniloyl (MANT)- or anthraniloyl (ANT) groups at the 2'(3')-O-ribosyl position, with the unique preference for the base cytosine (Taha et al. (uni-regensburg.de)

Min and her team showed how the repair protein Rad4/XPC would bind to one such UV-induced DNA damage--6-4 photoproduct -- to mark the damaged site along the DNA in preparation for the rest of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) process in cells. (technologynetworks.com)

N1, C4, C5, and C6 of the pyrimidine ring are all derived from aspartic acid-C2 arises from HCO3- -N3 is contributed by glutamine. (myinfo.la)

These nucleotides are building blocks of DNA, its chemical cousin RNA, and molecules such as ATP and GTP that serve as energy sources in the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

DNase I, ACF preferentially cleaves phosphodiester linkages adjacent to pyrimidine nucleotides in both single- and double-stranded DNA, yielding polynucleotides with 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl groups (Bernardi et al. (stemcell.com)

The disruption of purine production, and to a lesser extent pyrimidine production, may impair energy storage and transport in cells. (medlineplus.gov)

2).Once in the cell they are phosphorylated to yield the final nucleotides. (myinfo.la)

Despite the obvious importance of these molecules, we still have much to learn about how these nucleotides are synthesized and metabolized by plants. (myinfo.la)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes11

Information Science3

Health Care1

Synthesis and characterization of stacked and quenched uridine nucleotide fluorophores. (1/218)

Histidine 179 mutants of GTP cyclohydrolase I catalyze the formation of 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribofuranosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone triphosphate. (2/218)

Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site from the DNA of bacteriophage fd. (3/218)

A search for base analogs to enhance third-strand binding to 'inverted' target base pairs of triplexes in the pyrimidine/parallel motif. (4/218)

Growth factor-regulated expression of enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis: a novel mechanism of growth factor action. (5/218)

In vitro recycling of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate for the salvage of purine bases. (6/218)

Aliphatic analogues of nucleotides: synthesis and affinity towards nucleases. (7/218)

Cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of pyrimidine ribonucleosides by the bisulfite-oxygen system. (8/218)

Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Purine Nucleotides

Pyrimidines

Nucleotides

Uridine Triphosphate

Orotic Acid

Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase

Uracil Nucleotides

Dihydroorotase

Pyrimidine Nucleosides

Uridine Monophosphate

Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase

Pyrimidine Dimers

Orotidine-5'-Phosphate Decarboxylase

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)

Uridine Kinase

Uridine

Cytidine Triphosphate

Uracil

Dihydroorotate Oxidase

Cytidine

Cytosine Nucleotides

Uridine Diphosphate

Ribonucleotides

3-Deazauridine

Pentosyltransferases

Nucleotide Transport Proteins

5'-Nucleotidase

Molecular Sequence Data

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)

Phosphonoacetic Acid

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate

Purines

Deoxycytidine Monophosphate

Organomercury Compounds

Adenosine Triphosphate

Guanine Nucleotides

Kinetics

Escherichia coli

ortho-Aminobenzoates

Base Sequence

Nucleosides

Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors

Nucleotidases

Substrate Specificity

Receptors, Purinergic P2

Amino Acid Sequence

DNA

Aspartic Acid

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Guanosine Triphosphate

Phosphotransferases

Adenosine Diphosphate

Adenine Nucleotides

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Deoxyribonuclease (Pyrimidine Dimer)

Thymidine

Pyrimidine Phosphorylases

Ultraviolet Rays

Models, Molecular

Structure-Activity Relationship

RNA

Binding Sites

Cell Line

Catalytic Domain

Cloning, Molecular

Deoxyribodipyrimidine Photo-Lyase

DNA Repair

Synthesis and characterization of stacked and quenched uridine nucleotide fluorophores. (1/218)

Histidine 179 mutants of GTP cyclohydrolase I catalyze the formation of 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-ribofuranosylamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinone triphosphate. (2/218)

Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site from the DNA of bacteriophage fd. (3/218)

A search for base analogs to enhance third-strand binding to 'inverted' target base pairs of triplexes in the pyrimidine/parallel motif. (4/218)

Growth factor-regulated expression of enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis: a novel mechanism of growth factor action. (5/218)

In vitro recycling of alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate for the salvage of purine bases. (6/218)

Aliphatic analogues of nucleotides: synthesis and affinity towards nucleases. (7/218)

Cleavage of the glycosidic linkage of pyrimidine ribonucleosides by the bisulfite-oxygen system. (8/218)

Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotide nucleosidase

Carol Remmer Angle

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease

Ribonucleotide