AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Pyramidal TractsRed NucleusReflex, BabinskiNeuronavigationMotor CortexCatsWallerian DegenerationPonsForelimbDiffusion Magnetic Resonance ImagingHypesthesiaNeural ConductionParesisAnisotropyMotor Skills DisordersMotor NeuronsReflex, AbnormalEvoked PotentialsParesthesiaElectric StimulationHindlimbMacacaAxonsElectromyographyMacaca nemestrinaWristGAP-43 ProteinMovement DisordersReticular FormationUrinary Tract InfectionsDiffusion Tensor ImagingNeuronsMovementSpinal Cord DiseasesNerve Fibers, MyelinatedBrain MappingNeural InhibitionGastrointestinal TractFunctional LateralityCerebral CortexSpinal CordUrinary TractLocomotionEvoked Potentials, MotorHand StrengthAction PotentialsBrainNeurologic ExaminationInterneuronsNeural PathwaysNerve DegenerationBrain StemHandRespiratory Tract InfectionsCerebral InfarctionMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeurons, AfferentImage Processing, Computer-AssistedMacaca mulattaSynapsesReaction TimeMotor ActivityMuscle, SkeletalSynaptic TransmissionBrain NeoplasmsMuscles
Pyramidal Tracts
Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
Red Nucleus
A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.
Reflex, Babinski
A reflex found in normal infants consisting of dorsiflexion of the HALLUX and abduction of the other TOES in response to cutaneous stimulation of the plantar surface of the FOOT. In adults, it is used as a diagnostic criterion, and if present is a NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATION of dysfunction in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Neuronavigation
Intraoperative computer-assisted 3D navigation and guidance system generally used in neurosurgery for tracking surgical tools and localize them with respect to the patient's 3D anatomy. The pre-operative diagnostic scan is used as a reference and is transferred onto the operative field during surgery.
Motor Cortex
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.
Pons
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
Forelimb
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.
Neural Conduction
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
Paresis
A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.
Anisotropy
A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.
Motor Skills Disorders
Marked impairments in the development of motor coordination such that the impairment interferes with activities of daily living. (From DSM-V)
Motor Neurons
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Paresthesia
Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Hindlimb
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
Macaca
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Electromyography
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Macaca nemestrina
A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
Wrist
The region of the upper limb between the metacarpus and the FOREARM.
GAP-43 Protein
A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
Reticular Formation
A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Nerve Fibers, Myelinated
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.
Brain Mapping
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Gastrointestinal Tract
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Functional Laterality
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Cerebral Cortex
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Spinal Cord
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Urinary Tract
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
Locomotion
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
Evoked Potentials, Motor
The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.
Hand Strength
Force exerted when gripping or grasping.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Neurologic Examination
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Interneurons
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Neural Pathways
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Hand
The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Neurons, Afferent
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Macaca mulatta
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Reaction Time
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Motor Activity
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Muscle, Skeletal
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Muscles
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (1/997)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCMS) causes leg muscle contractions, but the neural structures in the brain that are activated by TCMS and their relationship to these leg muscle responses are not clearly understood. To elucidate this, we concomitantly recorded leg muscle responses and thoracic spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs) after TCMS for the first time in 10 awake, neurologically intact human subjects. In this report we provide evidence of direct and indirect activation of corticospinal neurons after TCMS. In three subjects, SCEP threshold (T) stimulus intensities recruited both the D wave (direct activation of corticospinal neurons) and the first I wave (I1, indirect activation of corticospinal neurons). In one subject, the D, I1, and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously, and in another subject, the I1 and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously. In the remaining five subjects, only the I1 wave was recruited first. More waves were recruited as the stimulus intensity increased. The presence of D and I waves in all subjects at low stimulus intensities verified that TCMS directly and indirectly activated corticospinal neurons supplying the lower extremities. Leg muscle responses were usually contingent on the SCEP containing at least four waves (D, I1, I2, and I3).  (+info)

A clinical study of motor evoked potentials using a triple stimulation technique. (2/997)

Amplitudes of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are usually much smaller than those of motor responses to maximal peripheral nerve stimulation, and show marked variation between normal subjects and from one stimulus to another. Consequently, amplitude measurements have low sensitivity to detect central motor conduction failures due to the broad range of normal values. Since these characteristics are mostly due to varying desynchronization of the descending action potentials, causing different degrees of phase cancellation, we applied the recently developed triple stimulation technique (TST) to study corticospinal conduction to 489 abductor digiti minimi muscles of 271 unselected patients referred for possible corticospinal dysfunction. The TST allows resynchronization of the MEP, and thereby a quantification of the proportion of motor units activated by the transcranial stimulus. TST results were compared with those of conventional MEPs. In 212 of 489 sides, abnormal TST responses suggested conduction failure of various degrees. By contrast, conventional MEPs detected conduction failures in only 77 of 489 sides. The TST was therefore 2.75 times more sensitive than conventional MEPs in disclosing corticospinal conduction failures. When the results of the TST and conventional MEPs were combined, 225 sides were abnormal: 145 sides showed central conduction failure, 13 sides central conduction slowing and 67 sides both conduction failure and slowing. It is concluded that the TST is a valuable addition to the study of MEPs, since it improves detection and gives quantitative information on central conduction failure, an abnormality which appears to be much more frequent than conduction slowing. This new technique will be useful in following the natural course and the benefit of treatments in disorders affecting central motor conduction.  (+info)

Corticospinal excitability modulation to hand muscles during movement imagery. (3/997)

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to magnetic transcranial stimulation (TCS) were recorded from right abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles, sharing the same peripheral innervation but engaged in two different motor demands. In seven healthy and trained subjects, the latencies, amplitudes and variability of MEPs were investigated under the following, randomly intermingled, conditions: full muscular and mental relaxation; mental simulation of selective index finger or little finger abduction; mental non-motor activity (arithmetical calculation); and real motor task (little and index finger abduction). The whole procedure was performed by continuous audiovisual monitoring of electromyographic 'silence' in the tested muscles. The maximal facilitatory effects (= latency shortening and amplitude increase) on MEPs were induced by the real motor task. An amplitude potentiation of MEPs in both tested muscles was present during non-motor mental activity, in comparison to basal values. A further amplitude potentiation, without latency shifts, was confined to the muscle acting as 'prime mover' for the mentally simulated movement, according to the motor program dispatched but not executed by the subject. Similar results were also found in the F-wave, showing that mental simulation affects spinal motoneuronal excitability as well, although -- due to the lack of MEP and F-wave latency shift -- the main effect takes place at cortical level. The study shows that movement imagery can focus specific facilitation on the prime-mover muscle for the mentally simulated movement. This is mainly evident on FDI muscle, which controls fingers (i.e. the index) with highly corticalized motor representation.  (+info)

Axon guidance of outgrowing corticospinal fibres in the rat. (4/997)

This review is concerned with the development of the rat corticospinal tract (CST). The CST is a long descending central pathway, restricted to mammals, which is involved both in motor and sensory control. The rat CST is a very useful model in experimental research on the development of fibre systems in mammals because of its postnatal outgrowth throughout the spinal cord as well as its experimental accessibility. Hence mechanisms underlying axon outgrowth and subsequent target cell finding can be studied relatively easily. In this respect the corticospinal tract forms an important example and model system for the better understanding of central nervous system development in general.  (+info)

Brief theta-burst stimulation induces a transcription-dependent late phase of LTP requiring cAMP in area CA1 of the mouse hippocampus. (5/997)

Memory storage in the mammalian brain can be divided into a short-term phase that is independent of new protein synthesis and a long-term phase that requires synthesis of new RNA and proteins. A cellular model for these two phases has emerged from studies of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the three major excitatory synaptic pathways in the hippocampus. One especially effective protocol for inducing robust and persistent LTP is "theta-burst" stimulation, which is designed to mimic the firing patterns of hippocampal neurons recorded during exploratory behavior in intact awake animals. Unlike LTP induced by non-theta tetanization regimens, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms underlying theta-burst LTP in the hippocampus. In the present study, we examined theta-burst LTP in the Schaffer collateral pathway. We found that 3 sec of theta-burst stimulation induced a robust and persistent potentiation (theta L-LTP) in mouse hippocampal slices. This theta L-LTP was dependent on NMDA receptor activation. The initial or early phase of theta-LTP did not require either protein or RNA synthesis and was independent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activation. In contrast, the late phase of theta-LTP required synthesis of proteins and RNA and was blocked by inhibitors of PKA. Prior induction of theta-LTP also occluded the potentiation elicited by chemical activation of PKA. Our results show that, like non-theta LTP, theta-induced LTP in area CA1 of the mouse hippocampus also involves transcription, translation, and PKA and suggest that cAMP-mediated gene transcription may be a common mechanism responsible for the late phases of LTP induced by both theta and non-theta patterns of stimulation.  (+info)

Reactive oxygen species mediate activity-dependent neuron-glia signaling in output fibers of the hippocampus. (6/997)

Nonsynaptic signaling is becoming increasingly appreciated in studies of activity-dependent changes in the nervous system. We investigated the types of neuronal activity that elicit nonsynaptic communication between neurons and glial cells in hippocampal output fibers. High-frequency, but not low-frequency, action potential firing in myelinated CA1 axons of the hippocampus resulted in increased phosphorylation of the oligodendrocyte-specific protein myelin basic protein (MBP). This change was blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating that axonally generated action potentials were necessary to regulate the phosphorylation state of MBP. Furthermore, scavengers of the reactive oxygen species superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors prevented activation of this neuron-glia signaling pathway. These results indicate that, during periods of increased neuronal activity in area CA1 of the hippocampus, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are generated, which diffuse to neighboring oligodendrocytes and result in post-translational modifications of MBP, a key structural protein in myelin. Thus, in addition to their well-known capacity for activity-dependent neuron-neuron signaling, hippocampal pyramidal neurons possess a mechanism for activity-dependent neuron-glia signaling.  (+info)

Inosine stimulates extensive axon collateral growth in the rat corticospinal tract after injury. (7/997)

The purine nucleoside inosine has been shown to induce axon outgrowth from primary neurons in culture through a direct intracellular mechanism. For this study, we investigated the effects of inosine in vivo by examining whether it would stimulate axon growth after a unilateral transection of the corticospinal tract. Inosine applied with a minipump to the rat sensorimotor cortex stimulated intact pyramidal cells to undergo extensive sprouting of their axons into the denervated spinal cord white matter and adjacent neuropil. Axon growth was visualized by anterograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine and by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to GAP-43. Thus, inosine, a naturally occurring metabolite without known side effects, might help to restore essential circuitry after injury to the central nervous system.  (+info)

MR-revealed myelination in the cerebral corticospinal tract as a marker for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher's disease with proteolipid protein gene duplication. (8/997)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pelizaeus-Merzbacher's disease (PMD) is caused by mutations in the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene. Recent studies have shown that an increased PLP dosage, resulting from total duplication of the PLP gene, invariably causes the classic form of PMD. The purpose of this study was to compare the MR findings of PMD attributable to PLP duplication with those of PMD arising from a missense mutation. METHODS: Seven patients with PMD, three with a PLP missense mutation in either exon 2 or 5 (patients 1-3), and four with PLP duplication (patient 4 having larger PLP duplication than patients 5-7) were clinically classified as having either the classic or connatal form of PMD. Cerebral MR images were obtained to analyze the presence of myelination and T1 and T2 shortening in the deep gray matter. Multiple MR studies were performed in six of the seven patients to analyze longitudinal changes. RESULTS: Four patients (patients 1-4) were classified as having connatal PMD, whereas the other three (patients 5-7) were classified as having classic PMD. Myelination in the cerebral corticospinal tract, optic radiation, and corpus callosum was observed in three cases of classic PMD with PLP duplication. In patient 4, myelination extended to the internal capsule, corona radiata, and centrum semiovale over a 3-year period. No myelination was observed in three PMD cases with a PLP point mutation. T2 shortening in the deep gray matter was recognized in all patients with PMD. CONCLUSION: The presence of myelination in the cerebral corticospinal tract with diffuse white matter hypomyelination on MR images could be a marker for PMD with PLP duplication. It is suggested that progression of myelination may be present in connatal PMD with large PLP duplication.  (+info)

Université de Fribourg | Universität Freiburg » PreisträgerInnenUniversité de Fribourg | Universität Freiburg » PreisträgerInnen
Three articles in Medical sciences (Physics): Progressive plastic changes in the hand representation of the primary motor cortex parallel incomplete recovery from unilateral section of the corticospinal tract at cervical level in monkeys  in Brain Research 1017 :172 (2004) ; Reduction of the hand representation in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex following unilateral section of the corticospinal tract at cervical level in monkeys in BMC Neurosciences 6 56 (2005) ; A unilateral Section of the Corticospinal Tract at Cervical Level in Primate Does Not Lead to Measurable Cell Loss in Motor Cortex in Journal of Neurotrauma 6 22 (2005 ...
http://www.unifr.ch/science/de/faculte/prix/prixrecu
Aberrant pyramidal tract in the medial lemniscus of the brainstem in a patient with a pontine infarct: diffusion tensor...Aberrant pyramidal tract in the medial lemniscus of the brainstem in a patient with a pontine infarct: diffusion tensor...
The pyramidal tract is the major neuronal pathway that mediates voluntary movements. Several studies have reported that the pyramidal tract has a collateral pathway in the human brain, which separates from the original pyramidal tract at the midbrain, and the pons descends through the medial lemniscus in what is referred to as the aberrant pyramidal tract (APT).1 Although the existence of this pathway has been demonstrated by several pathological, electrophysiological and radiological studies, its detailed course and function have not yet been elucidated.2-4. Recent advances in diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) have allowed us to visualise and localise the PT at the brainstem in three dimensions. Conversely, functional MRI (fMRI) is capable of precisely identifying cortical activation sites at the cortex and can provide additional information regarding the characteristics of the pyramidal tract ...
http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/80/2/243
Very early demonstration of secondary pyramidal tract degeneration by computed tomography. | StrokeVery early demonstration of secondary pyramidal tract degeneration by computed tomography. | Stroke
While magnetic resonance imaging has revealed progressive changes in the pyramidal tract in accordance with histopathologic stages of wallerian degeneration secondary to a supratentorial lesion, computed tomography (CT) has only demonstrated a shrinkage of the pyramidal tract in the midbrain or pons during the chronic stage. We present a patient with frontoparietal subcortical hemorrhage in whom serial CT scans clearly demonstrated wallerian degeneration along the axis of the pyramidal tract early in the acute stage.. A 63-year-old man with a history of hypertension suddenly developed a deterioration of consciousness, transcortical mixed aphasia, and dense hemiplegia on the right side. CT scans revealed a massive intracerebral hematoma in the frontoparietal subcortices of the left hemisphere. Although initial CT did not detect any hypodense areas along the left pyramidal tract below the hematoma, ill-defined areas of decreased density appeared in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, ...
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/25/11/2287
Reorganization of corticospinal output during motor learning.Reorganization of corticospinal output during motor learning.
Author(s): Peters, Andrew J; Lee, Jun; Hedrick, Nathan G; ONeil, Keelin; Komiyama, Takaki | Abstract: Motor learning is accompanied by widespread changes within the motor cortex, but it is unknown whether these changes are ultimately funneled through a stable corticospinal output channel or whether the corticospinal output itself is plastic. We investigated the consistency of the relationship between corticospinal neuron activity and movement through in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in mice learning a lever-press task. Corticospinal neurons exhibited heterogeneous correlations with movement, with the majority of movement-modulated neurons decreasing activity during movement. Individual cells changed their activity across days, which led to changed associations between corticospinal activity and movement. Unlike previous observations in layer 2/3, activity accompanying learned movements did not become more consistent with learning; instead, the activity of dissimilar movements became more decorrelated
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pq0q3zq
Effect of Cutaneous Heat Pain on Corticospinal Excitability of the Tibialis Anterior at Rest and during Submaximal ContractionEffect of Cutaneous Heat Pain on Corticospinal Excitability of the Tibialis Anterior at Rest and during Submaximal Contraction
Previous studies have shown that pain can interfere with motor control. The neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. At the upper limb, mounting evidence suggests that pain-induced reduction in corticospinal excitability is involved. No equivalent data is currently available at the lower limb. The present study therefore examined the effect of thermal pain on the corticospinal drive to tibialis anterior (TA) at rest and during an isometric submaximal dorsiflexion. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to induce motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the TA at rest and during contraction in the presence or absence of cutaneous heat pain induced by a thermode positioned above the TA (51°C during 1 s). With similar pain ratings between conditions (3.9/10 at rest and 3.6/10 during contraction), results indicate significant decreases in MEP amplitude during both rest (−9%) and active conditions (−13%) (main effect of pain, |span class=inline_break||svg xmlns:xlink=http://www
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2018/8713218/
Characteristics of the aberrant pyramidal tract in comparison with the pyramidal tract in the human brain | BMC Neuroscience |...Characteristics of the aberrant pyramidal tract in comparison with the pyramidal tract in the human brain | BMC Neuroscience |...
The aberrant pyramidal tract (APT) refers to the collateral pathway of the pyramidal tract (PT) through the medial lemniscus in the midbrain and pons. Using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), we investigated the characteristics of the APT in comparison with the PT in the normal human brain. In thirty-four (18.3%, right hemisphere: 20, left hemisphere: 14) of the 186 hemispheres, the APTs separated from the PT at the upper midbrain level, descended through the medial lemniscus from the midbrain to the pons, and then rejoined with the PT at the upper medulla. Nine (26.5%) of the 34 APTs were found to originate from the primary somatosensory cortex without a primary motor cortex origin. Values of fractional anisotropy (FA) and tract volume of the APT were lower than those of the PT (P | 0.05); however, no difference in mean diffusivity (MD) value was observed (P | 0.05). We found that the APT has different characteristics, including less directionality, fewer neural fibers, and less origin from the
https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-12-108
ModelDB: Sensory-evoked responses of L5 pyramidal tract neurons (Egger et al 2020)ModelDB: Sensory-evoked responses of L5 pyramidal tract neurons (Egger et al 2020)
This is the L5 pyramidal tract neuron (L5PT) model from Egger, Narayanan et al., Neuron 2020. It allows investigating how synaptic inputs evoked by different sensory stimuli are integrated by the complex intrinsic properties of L5PTs. The model is constrained by anatomical measurements of the subcellular synaptic input patterns to L5PT neurons, in vivo measurements of sensory-evoked responses of different populations of neurons providing these synaptic inputs, and in vitro measurements constraining the biophysical properties of the soma, dendrites and axon (note: the biophysical model is based on the work by Hay et al., Plos Comp Biol 2011). The model files provided here allow performing simulations and analyses presented in Figures 3, 4 and 5 ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=239145
Plus itPlus it
Initiating PTEN deletion at P1 has previously been shown to promote robust CST sprouting across the midline after unilateral pyramidotomy in adult mice (Liu et al., 2010). We therefore first examined the effects of Nogo and PTEN codeletion on CST sprouting after pyramidotomy in mice where PTEN deletion had been initiated by AAV-Cre injection at P1. Six weeks later, a pyramidotomy was performed on the left side of the medullary pyramids, which severs CST axons on this side just before they cross the midline (Fig. 1A). Lesion completeness was verified by PKCγ immunostaining on transverse sections at the cervical level 7 (C7) (Fig. 1G,H), as described previously (Lee et al., 2010). Two weeks later, we injected BDA into the right sensorimotor cortex to label the uninjured CST axons to visualize their sprouting across the midline into the denervated side of the spinal cord (Fig. 1A). Mice were perfused 2 additional weeks later. No significant differences in the total number of BDA-labeled CST axons ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/16/6413
Relationships between functional and structural corticospinal tract integrity and walking post stroke. - Wellcome Centre for...
OBJECTIVE: Studies on upper limb recovery following stroke have highlighted the importance of the structural and functional integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) in determining clinical outcomes. However, such relationships have not been fully explored for the lower limb. We aimed to test whether variation in walking impairment was associated with variation in the structural or functional integrity of the CST. METHODS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to stimulate each motor cortex while EMG recordings were taken from the vastus lateralis (VL) bilaterally; these EMG measures were used to calculate both ipsilateral and contralateral recruitment curves for each lower limb. The slope of these recruitment curves was used to examine the strength of functional connectivity from the motor cortex in each hemisphere to the lower limbs in chronic stroke patients and to calculate a ratio between ipsilateral and contralateral outputs referred to as the functional connectivity ratio (FCR). The
https://www.win.ox.ac.uk/publications/339952/
Exome Sequencing Links Corticospinal Motor Neuron Disease to Common Neurodegenerative Disorders | JPNDExome Sequencing Links Corticospinal Motor Neuron Disease to Common Neurodegenerative Disorders | JPND
The underlying genetics of neurodegenerative disorders tend not to be well understood. This study links HSP to other neurodegenerative disorders and can
https://www.neurodegenerationresearch.eu/pl/2014/02/exome-sequencing-links-corticospinal-motor-neuron-disease-to-common-neurodegenerative-disorders/
Corticospinal tract | anatomy | BritannicaCorticospinal tract | anatomy | Britannica
Other articles where Corticospinal tract is discussed: human nervous system: Corticospinal tract: The corticospinal tract originates from pyramid-shaped cells in the premotor, primary motor, and primary sensory cortex and is involved in skilled voluntary activity. Containing about one million fibres, it forms a significant part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule and is…
https://www.britannica.com/science/corticospinal-tract
Changes - radlines.orgChanges - radlines.org
The kidney is divided into parenchyma and renal sinus. The renal sinus is hyperechoic and is composed of calyces, the renal pelvis, fat and the major intrarenal vessels. In the normal kidney, the urinary collecting system in the renal sinus is not visible, but it creates a heteroechoic appearance with the interposed fat and vessels. The parenchyma is more hypoechoic and homogenous and is divided into the outermost cortex and the innermost and slightly less echogenic medullary pyramids. Between the pyramids are the cortical infoldings, called columns of Bertin (Figure 1). In the pediatric patient, it is easier to differentiate the hypoechoic medullar pyramids from the more echogenic peripheral zone of the cortex in the parenchyma rim, as well as the columns of Bertin (Figure 2).,ref name=Hansen2015 ...
https://radlines.org/Special:MobileDiff/3228
Electrical stimulation of the medullary pyramid promotes proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells...
PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC2922017/?lang=en-ca
Early Fiber Number Ratio Is a Surrogate of Corticospinal Tract Integrity and Predicts Motor Recovery After Stroke | StrokeEarly Fiber Number Ratio Is a Surrogate of Corticospinal Tract Integrity and Predicts Motor Recovery After Stroke | Stroke
Results-The iFNr correlated with the final fiber number ratio at 1 year (r=0.70; P,0.0001). The initial Fugl-Meyer strongly predicted motor recovery (≈73% of initial impairment) for all patients except those with initial severe stroke (Fugl-Meyer,50). For these severe patients (n=26), initial Fugl-Meyer was not correlated with motor recovery (R2=0.13; p=ns), whereas iFNr showed strong correlation (R2=0.56; P,0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the iFNr was an independent predictor of motor outcome (β=2.601; 95% confidence interval=0.304-5.110; P=0.031), improving prediction compared with using only initial Fugl-Meyer, age, and stroke volume (P=0.026). ...
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2016/03/15/STROKEAHA.115.011576
Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract | Facts, Summary, Communication & TypesCorticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract | Facts, Summary, Communication & Types
The corticospinal tract, also known as the pyramidal tract, is one of the descending spinal tracts necessary for the passing of information.
https://brainmadesimple.com/corticospinal-tract/
Plus itPlus it
Axons of the adult mammalian CNS typically fail to regenerate after injury. Among the hypotheses to account for this failure is the proposition that certain axonal proteins necessary for axon growth are expressed in much greater abundance in developing than in mature neurons, and that these proteins are not reinduced after injury to mature axons (Skene and Willard, 1981b). In the present experiments, we have found that hamster pyramidal tract neurons synthesize an acidic, 43K protein that is transported into growing axons during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, and then declines at least an order of magnitude by the fourth postnatal week. The decline in synthesis of the 43K protein coincides with the cessation of pyramidal tract axon elongation. This protein resembles a growth-associated protein, GAP- 43, which is induced during regeneration of CNS axons in lower vertebrates. The 43K protein in hamster pyramidal tract neurons is not reinduced after axotomy in adult animals, which ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/6/9/2563
Characteristics of corticospinal projections to the intrinsic hand muscles in skilled harpists - Fingerprint - Ulster...Characteristics of corticospinal projections to the intrinsic hand muscles in skilled harpists - Fingerprint - Ulster...
Dive into the research topics of Characteristics of corticospinal projections to the intrinsic hand muscles in skilled harpists. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://ulster-staging.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/characteristics-of-corticospinal-projections-to-the-intrinsic-han/fingerprints/
Desulfation of Heparan Sulfate by Sulf1 and Sulf2 Is Required for Corticospinal Tract Formation | Scientific ReportsDesulfation of Heparan Sulfate by Sulf1 and Sulf2 Is Required for Corticospinal Tract Formation | Scientific Reports
Heparan sulfate (HS) has been implicated in a wide range of cell signaling. Here we report a novel mechanism in which extracellular removal of 6-O-sulfate groups from HS by the endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, is essential for axon guidance during development. In Sulf1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice, the corticospinal tract (CST) was dorsally displaced on the midbrain surface. In utero electroporation of Sulf1/2 into radial glial cells along the third ventricle, where Sulf1/2 mRNAs are normally expressed, rescued the CST defects in the DKO mice. Proteomic analysis and functional testing identified Slit2 as the key molecule associated with the DKO phenotype. In the DKO brain, 6-O-sulfated HS was increased, leading to abnormal accumulation of Slit2 protein on the pial surface of the cerebral peduncle and hypothalamus, which caused dorsal repulsion of CST axons. Our findings indicate that postbiosynthetic desulfation of HS by Sulfs controls CST axon guidance through fine-tuning of Slit2 presentation.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-14185-3?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0805e5dd-4235-485d-b743-81904fb92139
White pyramid sign (kidney) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.orgWhite pyramid sign (kidney) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
The white pyramid sign refers to the CT appearance of the medullary pyramids of the kidney which can be seen normally on unenhanced CT scans as high-attenuation triangular structures. Bilateral high-attenuation renal pyramids are an occasional ...
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/white-pyramid-sign-kidney
Neuroscience2014 | Per session
The neocortex contains an unparalleled diversity of neuronal subtypes, each defined by distinct traits that are developmentally acquired under the control of several neuron subtype-specific and pan-neuronal genes. The regulatory logic that orchestrates the coordinated expression of these unique combinations of genes is not known for any class of cortical neurons. Here, we report on the identification of novel transcriptional dynamics underlying developmental generation of excitatory pyramidal neuron diversity in the cerebral cortex, and define some of the governing principles that shape the identity of one class of neurons, corticospinal motor neurons. In addition, we show that pyramidal neuron diversity impacts the behavior of other cell types during cortical development and discuss the critical effect on oligodendrocytes to guarantee generation of normal patterns of myelin distribution in different cortical layers. Once development is complete, it is well known that pyramidal neurons become ...
https://www.jnss.org/abstract/neuro2014/meeting_planner/sessiondetail.php?id=2014011436&u=1618878360
NYSCF - Robertson Investigator Discovers First Ever Selector Gene for Neurons - New York Stem Cell FoundationNYSCF - Robertson Investigator Discovers First Ever Selector Gene for Neurons - New York Stem Cell Foundation
NYSCF - Robertson Stem Cell Investigator Dr. Paola Arlotta, of Harvard University, published her latest work on gene co-regulation in Nature Neuroscience.. The regulatory logic, or rules, that orchestrate the expression of the unique combinations of genes in each neuron class is unknown. In this study the scientists discovered that Fezf2 is the first selector gene able to regulate on its own the expression of large batteries of genes that collectively define corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN). CSMN are one specific class of cortical neurons responsible for the initiation and fine execution of motor function.These neurons are affected in diseases like ALS and are injured in spinal cord injury.. This is the first discovery of a selector gene for any class of neurons of the cerebral cortex and will aid efforts to program CSMN from stem cells in order to model disease affecting CSMN in vivo.. Read the paper in Nature Neuroscience ,,. ...
https://nyscf.org/resources/nyscf-robertson-investigator-discovers-first-ever-selector-gene-for-neurons/
IST Research ExplorerIST Research Explorer
Novarino G, Fenstermaker A, Zaki M, Hofree M, Silhavy J, Heiberg A, Abdellateef M, Rosti B, Scott E, Mansour L, Masri A, Kayserili H, Al Aama J, Abdel Salam G, Karminejad A, Kara M, Kara B, Bozorgmehri B, Ben Omran T, Mojahedi F, Mahmoud I, Bouslam N, Bouhouche A, Benomar A, Hanein S, Raymond L, Forlani S, Mascaro M, Selim L, Shehata N, Al Allawi N, Bindu P, Azam M, Günel M, Caglayan A, Bilgüvar K, Tolun A, Issa M, Schroth J, Spencer E, Rosti R, Akizu N, Vaux K, Johansen A, Koh A, Megahed H, Dürr A, Brice A, Stévanin G, Gabriel S, Ideker T, Gleeson J. 2014. Exome sequencing links corticospinal motor neuron disease to common neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 343(6170), 506-511 ...
https://research-explorer.app.ist.ac.at/record?cql=oa%3D1&limit=100&start=2260
IST Research ExplorerIST Research Explorer
Novarino G, Fenstermaker A, Zaki M, Hofree M, Silhavy J, Heiberg A, Abdellateef M, Rosti B, Scott E, Mansour L, Masri A, Kayserili H, Al Aama J, Abdel Salam G, Karminejad A, Kara M, Kara B, Bozorgmehri B, Ben Omran T, Mojahedi F, Mahmoud I, Bouslam N, Bouhouche A, Benomar A, Hanein S, Raymond L, Forlani S, Mascaro M, Selim L, Shehata N, Al Allawi N, Bindu P, Azam M, Günel M, Caglayan A, Bilgüvar K, Tolun A, Issa M, Schroth J, Spencer E, Rosti R, Akizu N, Vaux K, Johansen A, Koh A, Megahed H, Dürr A, Brice A, Stévanin G, Gabriel S, Ideker T, Gleeson J. 2014. Exome sequencing links corticospinal motor neuron disease to common neurodegenerative disorders. Science. 343(6170), 506-511 ...
https://research-explorer.app.ist.ac.at/record?cql=extern%3C%3E1&limit=100&start=2465&style=apa
Axon elimination in the developing corticospinal tract of the ratAxon elimination in the developing corticospinal tract of the rat
Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the mid-thoracic spinal level in a series of early postnatal and young adult rats reveals that the tract is initially composed primarily of morphologically immature axon shafts, growth cones, and pale neuroglial processes. The …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3342323/?dopt=Abstract
Restoration of skilled locomotion by sprouting corticospinal axons induced by co-deletion of PTEN and SOCS3Restoration of skilled locomotion by sprouting corticospinal axons induced by co-deletion of PTEN and SOCS3
Jin D, Liu Y, Sun F, Wang X, Liu X, He Z The limited rewiring of the corticospinal tract (CST) only partially compensates the lost functions after …
http://www.wingsforlife.com/de/aktuelles/restoration-of-skilled-locomotion-by-sprouting-corticospinal-axons-induced-by-co-deletion-of-pten-and-socs3-2842/
CSTS Project Inspiring Other States Project Stake - digitalLEARNING MagazineCSTS Project Inspiring Other States Project Stake - digitalLEARNING Magazine
Right to Education Law has been enacted, but the responsibility to enroll the children who attain the age of five, in the nearest school is left to the parents. The responsibility of enrollment in real sense lies with the State Governments. Despite all the efforts, it is very difficult to ensure 100% enrollment. Dropout rate of India is one of the highest in the world. Perhaps, the CSTS will support the concerned departments in mitigating the challenges faced in dropouts is a handy in not only tracking child but also support the enrollment. The project is also known as District Information System for Education (DISE).. What are the primary objective of the project?. The main objective of the CSTS is to track each and every child in the relevant age group throughout the State through Birth Registration. For example if the goal is to universalize 9 year basic education in the state, the relevant age group children to be tracked in the CSTS is 0-15 considering 6th year as official entry age to ...
https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2018/02/csts-project-inspiring-other-states-project-stake/
Corticospinal neurons up-regulate a range of growth-associated genes following intracortical, but not spinal, axotomy. -...Corticospinal neurons up-regulate a range of growth-associated genes following intracortical, but not spinal, axotomy. -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925005?dopt=Abstract
Spinomesencephalic Tract Resource | Learn About, Share and Discuss Spinomesencephalic Tract At Like2do.com
Get Spinomesencephalic Tract essential facts. View Videos or join the Spinomesencephalic Tract discussion. Add Spinomesencephalic Tract to your Like2do.com topic list or share. Spinomesencephalic Tract at like2do.com
http://www.like2do.com/learn?s=Spinomesencephalic_tract
Glioblastoma NOS spreading to the corticospinal tract | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.orgGlioblastoma NOS spreading to the corticospinal tract | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org
This case well demonstrates how glioma cells can migrate along myelinated white matter fiber tracts and also shows an important role of MRI examination among patients with a possible stroke signs. A primary brain tumour is one of the several clin...
https://radiopaedia.org/cases/glioblastoma-nos-spreading-to-the-corticospinal-tract
Schematic representation of outgrowth and guidance fact | Open-iSchematic representation of outgrowth and guidance fact | Open-i
Schematic representation of outgrowth and guidance factors involved in the developing corticospinal tract in rat spinal cord. Vimentin immunoreactive astroglial
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3375422_441_2012_1352_Fig1_HTML&req=4
Buy Carnelian Pyramid (crystal Healing) Pyramids Fengshui Vastu Online | Best Prices in India: Rediff ShoppingBuy Carnelian Pyramid (crystal Healing) Pyramids Fengshui Vastu Online | Best Prices in India: Rediff Shopping
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http://shopping.rediff.com/product/carnelian-pyramid-crystal-healing-pyramids-fengshui-vastu/12844303
A Sensitized IGF1 Treatment Restores Corticospinal Axon-Dependent Functions.A Sensitized IGF1 Treatment Restores Corticospinal Axon-Dependent Functions.
Liu Y, Wang X, Li W, Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Chen B, Williams PR, Zhang Y, Yu B, Gu X, He Z A major hurdle for functional recovery after both spinal c …
http://www.wingsforlife.com/en/latest/a-sensitized-igf1-treatment-restores-corticospinal-axon-dependent-functions-3202/
Pyramid of Employee EngagementPyramid of Employee Engagement
The Pyramid of Engagement is a new model for employee engagement. At the end of 2011 and the start of 2012 a new model for employee engagement was developed through 10 years of study in the field and connections with over 4600 people involved in employee engagement. The pyramid of engagement is built on 10 blocks that offer the structure for great engagement. The blocks starting at the top and going down the pyramid from left to right are: achieve results, maximize performance, path progress, build relationships, foster recognition, master moments, leverage strengths, make meaning, enhance well being, and enliven energy.. Here are 9 advantages and benefits of using this unique model of employee engagement.. Simple. The model can be grasped in seconds and with 10 blocks and bold images it is intuitive for many people. The images and the pyramidal structure make it easy to visualize and easy to recall. Yet, embedded within this simplicity are 10 powerful keys to create, sustain, and enhance ...
https://www.davidzinger.com/category/pyramid-of-employee-engagement/
Math Awareness Month 2000: Volume Patterns for Pyramids (Essays/B3D/2)Math Awareness Month 2000: Volume Patterns for Pyramids (Essays/B3D/2)
The relationship between volumes of prisms and volumes of pyramids is analogous to the relationship between areas of rectangles and areas of triangles in the plane. A diagonal line divides a square into two congruent isosceles right triangles. More generally, the area of a rectangle is the length of the base multiplied by the height, and the area of a triangle is one-half the length of the base multiplied by the height. The pattern lies in the denominatior of the fraction. If we consider a four-dimensional analogue of a pyramid, then its four-dimensional volume should be one-fourth the volume of its three-dimensional base multiplied by its height in a fourth direction. Mathematcians are not content merely to observe a pattern: they want to find an argument that shows why the same pattern will always occur. Experiments with water-filled pyramids do not provide a proof of the volume formula in three dimensions. Fortunately we can establish this relationship by decomposing a cube into three ...
http://www.ams.org/samplings/msamhome/00-essays-B3D-2-volume.html
Walshs Pyramid - Aussie BushwalkingWalshs Pyramid - Aussie Bushwalking
Walshs Pyramid - A very steep walk up the highest free standing pyramid in the world. You start at 20 metres, to the top at 884 metres.
https://www.aussiebushwalking.com/qld/far-north/wooroonooran-np/walshs-pyramid
Precor Strength Workouts: Pyramid Workout - Precor (BR)Precor Strength Workouts: Pyramid Workout - Precor (BR)
This pyramid workout utilizes an ascending pyramid format and was designed to be straightforward and relatively simple to follow.
https://www.precor.com/pt-br/keep-me-moving/workouts/precor-resistance-training-program-5-pyramid-workout
Lower Extremity Motor Evoked Potentials in Multiple Sclerosis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Lower Extremity Motor Evoked Potentials in Multiple Sclerosis. AU - Jones, Seth M.. AU - Streletz, Leopold. AU - Raab, Vicki E.. AU - Knobler, Robert L.. AU - Lublin, Fred D.. PY - 1991. Y1 - 1991. N2 - Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed on 25 patients with definite multiple sclerosis. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the anterior tibial muscle. Central motor conduction time was calculated using the equation (F + M-1)/2 by stimulation of the common peroneal nerve. Motor evoked potentials were capable of detecting subclinical pyramidal tract lesions in multiple sclerosis. In patients with multiple sclerosis, the incidence of abnormality of motor and somatosensory evoked potentials was similar. Central motor conduction time was correlated with overall and pyramidal tract subscores on the Kurtzke Disability Status Scale and the Scripps Neurological Rating Scale. Central motor conduction time abnormalities correlated best with the presence of a Babinskis sign ...
https://qfrd.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/lower-extremity-motor-evoked-potentials-in-multiple-sclerosis
Corticospinal Tract Integrity and Lesion Volume Play Different Roles in Chronic Hemiparesis and Its Improvement Through Motor...Corticospinal Tract Integrity and Lesion Volume Play Different Roles in Chronic Hemiparesis and Its Improvement Through Motor...
Background. Initial evidence suggests that the integrity of the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (CST) after stroke is strongly related to motor function in the chronic state but not the treatment gain induced by motor rehabilitation. Objective. We examined the association of motor status and treatment benefit by testing patients with a wide range of severity of hemiparesis of the left and right upper extremity. Method. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed in 22 patients beyond 12 months after onset of stroke with severe to moderate hemiparesis. Motor function was tested before and after 2 weeks of modified constraint-induced movement therapy. Results. CST integrity, but not lesion volume, correlated with the motor ability measures of the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Motor Activity Log. No differences were found between left and right hemiparesis. Motor performance improved significantly with the treatment regime, and did so equally for patients with left and right arm paresis. However, ...
http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/805594/
Medial medullary syndrome
Medial medullary syndrome , also known as inferior alternating syndrome , hypoglossal alternating hemiplegia , lower alternating hemiplegia , or Dejerine syndrome , is a type of alternating hemiplegia characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from occlusion of the anterior spinal artery . This results in the infarction of medial part of the medulla oblongata . Presentation The condition usually consists of: Description Source of damage Number on diagram a deviation of the tongue to the side of the infarct on attempted protrusion, caused by ipsilateral muscle weakness. hypoglossal nerve fibers #8 limb weakness (or hemiplegia , depending on severity), on the contralateral side of the infarct medullary pyramid and hence to the corticospinal fibers of the pyramidal tract #5 a loss of discriminative touch, conscious proprioception , and vibration sense on the contralateral side of the infarct medial leminiscus #6 Human brainstem blood supply description. ASA is #13. Sensation to the face is
https://www.revolvy.com/topic/Medial+medullary+syndrome
An assessment of the correlation between early postinfarction pyramidal tract Wallerian degeneration and nerve function...An assessment of the correlation between early postinfarction pyramidal tract Wallerian degeneration and nerve function...
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the early diagnosis of pyramidal tract Wallerian degeneration (WD) and assessment of neurological recovery following cerebral infarction. This study included 23 patients with acute cerebral infarction and 10 healthy adult controls. All participants underwent both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DTI scans. DTI images were analyzed using the Functional MRI of the Brain Software Library to determine the regions of interest (ROI) and obtain the mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) value for each ROI. The correlation between FA or MD and postinfarction functional recovery of the nervous system was further analyzed to assess the feasibility of using a DTI scan in the evaluation of functional recovery of the nervous system in patients with cerebral infarction. DTI may be useful in detecting signals of early postinfarction pyramidal tract WD and is useful for the evaluation of postinfarction ...
https://geneticsmr.com/articles/assessment-correlation-between-early?qt-tabs_biblio=0
Pronator teres muscle - WikipediaPronator teres muscle - Wikipedia
The pronator teres is innervated by the median nerve. To stimulate the pronator teres, a signal begins in the precentral gyrus in the brain and goes down through the internal capsule. It continues down the corticospinal tracts through the capsule, midbrain, and pons where it arrives at the medullar pyramids. Once at the pyramids, the corticospinal tracts decussate and the signal goes down the lateral corticospinal tract until it reaches the ventral horns of C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.[1] The signal then goes through the ventral rami and down the root ganglions of C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 (which together form the brachial plexus). Next, the signal goes down the median nerve branch of the brachial plexus and stimulates the pronator teres to contract causing the hand to pronate.[2] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle
Unscramble decussation | Words unscrambled from letters decussation | Scrabble Word decussation | Words Made with the Letters...Unscramble decussation | Words unscrambled from letters decussation | Scrabble Word decussation | Words Made with the Letters...
Unscramble decussation, Unscramble letters decussation, Point value for decussation, Word Decoder for decussation, Word generator using the letters decussation, Word Solver decussation, Possible Scrabble words with decussation, Anagram of decussation
http://www.allscrabblewords.com/word-description/decussation
Severed corticospinal axons recover electrophysiologic control of muscle activity after x-ray therapy in lesioned adult spinal...Severed corticospinal axons recover electrophysiologic control of muscle activity after x-ray therapy in lesioned adult spinal...
Severed corticospinal axons recover electrophysiologic control of muscle activity after x-ray therapy in lesioned adult spinal cord Academic Article Article ...
http://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/pubid0029764102
Medulla oblongata - WikipediaMedulla oblongata - Wikipedia
The anterior median fissure contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the length of the medulla oblongata. It ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular area, termed the foramen cecum. On either side of this fissure are raised areas termed the medullary pyramids. The pyramids house the pyramidal tracts-the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts of the nervous system. At the caudal part of the medulla these tracts cross over in the decussation of the pyramids obscuring the fissure at this point. Some other fibers that originate from the anterior median fissure above the decussation of the pyramids and run laterally across the surface of the pons are known as the anterior external arcuate fibers.. The region between the anterolateral and posterolateral sulcus in the upper part of the medulla is marked by a pair of swellings known as olivary bodies (also called olives). They are caused by the largest nuclei of the olivary bodies, the inferior olivary nuclei.. The posterior ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata
Corticospinal projection patterns following unilateral section of the cervical spinal cord in the newborn and juvenile macaque...Corticospinal projection patterns following unilateral section of the cervical spinal cord in the newborn and juvenile macaque...
Corticospinal projection patterns following unilateral section of the cervical spinal cord in the newborn and juvenile macaque monkey Journal Articles ...
https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/display/publicationS974489
In vivo recordings of bulbospinal excitation in adult mouse forelimb motoneurons.In vivo recordings of bulbospinal excitation in adult mouse forelimb motoneurons.
Here we report on pyramidal and reticulospinal excitation in forelimb motoneurons in the adult mouse using intracellular recordings in vivo. The results have been obtained in BALB/C mice, which were anesthetized with midazolam fentanyl/fluanison. In contrast to the rat, only weak and infrequent pyramidal excitation could be evoked with a minimal trisynaptic linkage. Disynaptic reticulospinal excitation could always be evoked, as well as monosynaptic excitation from the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The results suggest that the reticulospinal pathway in the mouse is important in voluntary motor control of the forelimbs and that the role of the corticospinal tract might be different in mouse compared with rat. Our study provides an opening for studying the effect of genetic manipulation on specified descending systems in the mouse in vivo.. ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:152313
Assessing the Integrity of Corticospinal Pathways From Primary and Secondary Cortical Motor Areas After Stroke | National...Assessing the Integrity of Corticospinal Pathways From Primary and Secondary Cortical Motor Areas After Stroke | National...
Background and Purpose-Aside from the primary motor cortex, the corticospinal tract (CST) also receives fibers from dorsal and ventral premotor cortices and supplementary motor area, all of which might potentially contribute to motor function after stroke. We sought to quantify the microstructural integrity of CST originating from the hand representations in these 4 motor cortices separately and examined how these values related to hand motor impairment.. ...
http://www.nmqf.org/assessing-the-integrity-of-corticospinal-pathways-from-primary-and-secondary-cortical-motor-areas-after-stroke/
HKU Scholars Hub: Protracted morphological changes in the corticospinal tract within the cervical spinal cord after...HKU Scholars Hub: Protracted morphological changes in the corticospinal tract within the cervical spinal cord after...
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, there is no promising treatment that improves prognosis significantly. While a thorough investigation of the pathological process within the primary site of injury in the brain has been conducted by the research field, the focus was mainly on gray matter injury, which partly accounted for the failure of discovery of clinically efficacious treatments. It is not until recent years that white matter (WM) injury in the brain after subcortical ICH was examined. As WM tracts form networks between different regions, damage to fibers should impair brain connectivity, resulting in functional impairment. Although WM changes have been demonstrated in the brain after ICH, alterations distant from the initial injury site down in the spinal cord are unclear. This longitudinal study, for the first time, revealed prolonged morphological changes of the contralesional dorsal corticospinal tract (CST) in the spinal ...
https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/283243
Research Brief: Mice Mimic Most ALS Pathologies? | ALZFORUMResearch Brief: Mice Mimic Most ALS Pathologies? | ALZFORUM
This new study by the lab of Jeffrey Macklis assesses if, beside the well-established degeneration of (lower) spinal cord motor neurons in the widely used mutant SOD1/G93A mouse line, there is also a loss of (upper) corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs), as is the case in actual human ALS. This is an important question and essential in order to judge the accuracy of this mouse ALS model.. Already in 2002, a study published in Neuroscience Letters by the lab of Surindar Cheema in Australia attempted to answer this question (Zang and Cheema, 2002). Both studies injected retrograde fluorogold labeling (at cervical levels) at different disease stages into high-expressing G93A mice (that reach endstage at 120 days) in order to mark the CSMNs and to assess their loss. The former study assessed loss at 60, 90, and 110 days of age (with negative littermates as controls), while the Macklis study did a more extensive approach starting at 30 days of age (then 60, 90, and 120 days) and comparing to wild-type ...
https://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/research-brief-mice-mimic-most-als-pathologies
Brain Sciences | Free Full-Text | Patient-Derived Stem Cell Models in SPAST HSP: Disease Modelling and Drug DiscoveryBrain Sciences | Free Full-Text | Patient-Derived Stem Cell Models in SPAST HSP: Disease Modelling and Drug Discovery
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is an inherited, progressive paralysis of the lower limbs first described by Adolph Strümpell in 1883 with a further detailed description of the disease by Maurice Lorrain in 1888. Today, more than 100 years after the first case of HSP was described, we still do not know how mutations in HSP genes lead to degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons. This review describes how patient-derived stem cells contribute to understanding the disease mechanism at the cellular level and use this for discovery of potential new therapeutics, focusing on SPAST mutations, the most common cause of HSP.
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/8/142
The corticospinal tract in the human medulla oblongata: A high-resolution microscopic analysis :: MPG.PuReThe corticospinal tract in the human medulla oblongata: A high-resolution microscopic analysis :: MPG.PuRe
Author: Morozova, Maria et al.; Genre: Poster; Title: The corticospinal tract in the human medulla oblongata: A high-resolution microscopic analysis
https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_3166945
Red nucleus - wikidocRed nucleus - wikidoc
In animals without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus. In humans, the red nucleus mainly controls the muscles of the shoulder and upper arm, but it has some control over the lower arm and hand as well. It is less important in its motor functions for humans than in many other mammals, because, in humans, the corticospinal tract is dominant. However the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm-swinging in normal walking. Since the red nucleus has sparse control over hands (as the Rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for Arms and Legs), fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus (rather it relies on the corticobulbar tract [CoBuTr]). ...
http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Red_nucleus
Corticospinal excitability, mental rotation task, motor performance and disability in subjects with musculoskeletal disorders...Corticospinal excitability, mental rotation task, motor performance and disability in subjects with musculoskeletal disorders...
Lobjectif de cette thèse était de démontrer la présence de modifications des processus sensorimoteurs du système nerveux central (excitabilité corticospinale et schéma corporel tels que mesurés avec la Tâche de Reconnaissance de la Latéralité des Images droite gauche (TRLI)) chez des participants ayant des désordres musculosquelettiques au poignet et à la main. Un deuxième objectif était de déterminer la relation entre les changements de ces processus sensorimoteurs corticaux et des mesures sensorielles, de la fonction motrice, dincapacité autodéclarée, de la douleur et des facteurs psychosociaux liés à la douleur. Une étude observationnelle transversale a dabord été menée pour mesurer lexcitabilité corticospinale des muscles de la main en utilisant la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne et la TRLI chez des participants en santé et des participants présentant des douleurs chroniques au poignet et à la main. Lexcitabilité corticospinale du muscle court ...
https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/21859
PPT - Physiology of Motor Tracts PowerPoint Presentation - ID:5590802PPT - Physiology of Motor Tracts PowerPoint Presentation - ID:5590802
Physiology of Motor Tracts. Dr. Taha Sadig Ahmed,. Objectives of Lecture of Physiology of motor tracts At the end of this lecture the student should : (A) Appreciate what is upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron . Slideshow 5590802 by eydie
https://www.slideserve.com/eydie/physiology-of-motor-tracts
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal TractMotor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
The motor cortex itself is divided into three subareas, each of which has its own topographical representation of muscle groups and specific motor fun
https://www.brainkart.com/article/Motor-Cortex-and-Corticospinal-Tract_19729/
A transient pyramidal tract projection from the visual cortex in the hamster and its removal by selective collateral...
During the early postnatal development of the neocortex in rats there is an axonal projection from the occipital cortex (which includes the visual cortex) to the spinal cord which is subsequently completely removed through a process of selective coll
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/transient-pyramidal-tract-projection-from/3518869.html
MRI-FLAIR images of the head show corticospinal tract alterations in ALS patients more frequently than T2-, T1- and proton...MRI-FLAIR images of the head show corticospinal tract alterations in ALS patients more frequently than T2-, T1- and proton...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412870?dopt=Abstract
King Arthurs tomb and the Glastonbury Pyramids
Pyramid and the Grail Pyramid at Glastonbury Glaston bury Pyramid Pyramid of Choeps in Britain Pyramid ley lines in britain pyramid at Aveburu ley line intersect abebury stone coirclr England. Glastonbury pyramids saxon pyramids at Glastonbury Egyptian pyramid at Glastonbury King Arthur and pyramid at Glastonbury King Arthur Grave at glastonbury pyramids.
http://www.spanglefish.com/KingArthur/index.asp?pageid=436198
Rombergs test - wikidocRombergs test - wikidoc
Crucially, the brain can obtain sufficient information to maintain balance if either the visual or the proprioceptive inputs are intact. Sensorimotor integration is carried out by the cerebellum. The motor pathway is the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. The first stage of the test (standing with the eyes open), demonstrates that at least one of the two sensory pathways is intact, and that sensorimotor integration and the motor pathway are intact. In the second stage, the visual pathway is removed by closing the eyes. If the proprioceptive pathway is intact, balance will be maintained. But if proprioception is defective, both of the sensory inputs will be absent and the patient will sway then fall. ...
http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Romberg%27s_test
Motor Tracts - Mednotes.
With an injury above the brainstem, the the tracts responsible for arm flexion are disinhibited (due to loss of the corticospinal tract) and overcome those causing arm extension ...
http://mednotes.co.uk/clinical-anatomy/brain-spinal-cord-anatomy/motor-innervation-anatomy/motor-tracts/
Pyramid of the Magician - WikipediaPyramid of the Magician - Wikipedia
The Pyramid of the Magician (Spanish: Pirámide del adivino, pyramid of the foreteller) is a Mesoamerican step pyramid located in the ancient, Pre-Columbian city of Uxmal, Mexico. The structure is also referred to as the Pyramid of the Dwarf, Casa el Adivino, and the Pyramid of the Soothsayer. The pyramid is the tallest and most recognizable structure in Uxmal. The Pyramid of the Magician (El Adivino) is the central structure in the Maya ruin complex of Uxmal. The Pyramid of the Magician is also referred to as the Pyramid of the Soothsayer. Uxmal is located in the Puuc region of Mexico and was one of the largest cities on the Yucatán Peninsula. At its height, Uxmal was home to about 25,000 Maya. Like other Puuc sites, the city flourished from 600-1000 AD, with the great building period taking place between 700 and 1000 AD. The name Uxmal means thrice-built in the Mayan language, referring to the many layers of construction of its most imposing structure. The city of Uxmal was designated a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Magician
Pyramid Info Graphics - (805 Free Downloads)Pyramid Info Graphics - (805 Free Downloads)
Pyramid info graphics - We have 765 Pyramid info graphics Free Downloads in Ai, EPS, SVG, CDR formats. pyramid free vector, pyramid free vector, free vector pyramid, free vector pyramid, pyramid, p...
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Publications | Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI)Publications | Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI)
Wahl, A - S, Omlor, W, Rubio, J C, Chen, J L, Zheng, H, Schröter, A, Gullo, M, Weinmann, O, Kobayashi, K, Helmchen, F, Ommer, B and Schwab, M E (2014). Asynchronous Therapy Restores Motor Control by Rewiring of the Rat Corticospinal Tract after Stroke. Science. American Association for The Advancement of Science. 344 1250--1255. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6189/1250 ...
https://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/biblio?amp%3Bamp%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=3110&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=1867&f%5Bauthor%5D=3279&s=year&o=desc
Publications | Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI)Publications | Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing (HCI)
Wahl, A - S, Omlor, W, Rubio, J C, Chen, J L, Zheng, H, Schröter, A, Gullo, M, Weinmann, O, Kobayashi, K, Helmchen, F, Ommer, B and Schwab, M E (2014). Asynchronous Therapy Restores Motor Control by Rewiring of the Rat Corticospinal Tract after Stroke. Science. American Association for The Advancement of Science. 344 1250--1255. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6189/1250 ...
https://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/biblio?amp%3Bamp%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=1818&%3Bf%5Bauthor%5D=3110&s=year&o=desc&f%5Bauthor%5D=3277
Plus itPlus it
The present study was designed to evaluate whether the functional outcome in patients with an acute-phase ICH can be predicted by measuring the FA in the cerebral peduncles within 2 days after onset. The FA measured in the affected cerebral peduncle decreased by 11% compared with the FA measured in the unaffected side. The rFA was negatively correlated with the PG both at day 0 and 28 days after onset and with the mRS score 28 days after the onset. The rFA showed a significant difference between the good and poor groups. Furthermore, only the rFA correlated significantly with the motor outcome among the variables that were used in the ICH scales. We conclude that DTI was able to predict the neuromotor outcome and may predict the functional outcome of the patients with ICH by measuring the FA in the acute phase of an ICH.. In previous studies, the neuromotor outcome was found to correlate with conventional neuroimaging findings such as the size, the volume,11,21 and the extent of the ...
http://www.ajnr.org/content/30/8/1561
Lepidolite Orgone Pyramid Copper Coil : Ogonite Pyramids, View Lepidolite Orgone Pyramid Copper Coil, www.alakik.net Product...Lepidolite Orgone Pyramid Copper Coil : Ogonite Pyramids, View Lepidolite Orgone Pyramid Copper Coil, www.alakik.net Product...
Lepidolite Orgone Pyramid Copper Coil : Ogonite Pyramids,US $ 2 - 6 / Piece, Gemstone, Lepidolite, Handmade.Source from UNIVERSAL EXPORTS on Alibaba.com.
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1P - Pathology of Male Repro Tract Flashcards - Cram.com1P - Pathology of Male Repro Tract Flashcards - Cram.com
Study Flashcards On 1P - Pathology of Male Repro Tract at Cram.com. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want!
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/1p-pathology-of-male-repro-tract-466106
Coating - Stern MaidCoating - Stern Maid
The type of release of the ingredients is controlled to your specifications by the coating: according to the pH, according to temperature, in the form of delayed release, or mechanically. Resistance to acids (gastric juices) enables the active substances to be released into the gastrointestinal tract at the proper time.. ...
http://sternmaid.de/en/coating/
Slant height of a pyramidSlant height of a pyramid
The ratio of the height of the pyramid to the edge of the square base is 1.5 to 1. The height of the pyramid is 3 meters. What is the approximate length of the slant height of the pyramid ...
http://mathhelpforum.com/geometry/144231-slant-height-pyramid-print.html
Astral projection and the Great Pyramid, page 3Astral projection and the Great Pyramid, page 3
No any protractor of a suitable size will indicate the same and the stars needed to be evaluated according to when the Pyramid was built not present configurations, the star shafts are indicated at the angle they project from within the pyramid super-structure, so the angles indicated would not correspond to the angle if measured from the ground, in the same way that the Grand Gallery while at an angle of 26 degrees projects to around 33.5 from its relative position ...
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1077418/pg3
Macherey-Nagel™ Nucleodur™ C18 Pyramid HPLC CC Guard Columns I.D.: 3mm; Particle Size: 5um Macherey-Nagel™ Nucleodur™ C18...Macherey-Nagel™ Nucleodur™ C18 Pyramid HPLC CC Guard Columns I.D.: 3mm; Particle Size: 5um Macherey-Nagel™ Nucleodur™ C18...
Macherey-Nagel™ Nucleodur™ C18 Pyramid HPLC CC Guard Columns I.D.: 3mm; Particle Size: 5um Macherey-Nagel™ Nucleodur™ C18 Pyramid...
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A Biceps Pyramid Workout | LIVESTRONG.COMA Biceps Pyramid Workout | LIVESTRONG.COM
Pyramid workouts add variety and a new challenge to a stale routine. If youve been using the same bicep routine for awhile and you arent seeing results,...
https://www.livestrong.com/article/446220-a-pyramid-workout-for-the-biceps/
Worlds oldest pyramid found in Crimea | 2012 The AwakeningWorlds oldest pyramid found in Crimea | 2012 The Awakening
- 31 August 2012 SIMFEROPIL/ AQMESCIT (QHA) - A Ukrainian scientist discovered the oldest pyramid in the world. Most interestingly, it was found in the most beautiful corner of the country, in Crimea. As the ICTV channel reported, the finding was revealed by accident, when during his test alternative methods of finding water Ukrainian…
https://ascendingstarseed.wordpress.com/2012/09/05/worlds-oldest-pyramid-found-in-crimea/
wave loading Archives - Physiqologywave loading Archives - Physiqology
In my last article on rep schemes, I talked about the importance of keeping pyramids narrow for best results. Pyramids are a specialized example of step loading: you take a step, increase the weight, take another step, etc., until you reach the top of your pyramid for the day. You then attempt to retrace your […]. ...
http://physiqology.com/tag/wave-loading/
Inter Research » MEPS » v3Inter Research » MEPS » v3
MEPS 3:83-91 , Full text in pdf format. Roosenburg, W. H., Rhoderick, J. C., Block, R. M., Kennedy, V. S., Gullans, S. R., Vreenegoor, S. M., Rosenkranz, A., Collette, C. ...
http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v3/
eng transcript]Russian Pyramid Research Parts 1 and 2
http://discerningthemystery2000plus.blogspot.co.il/2016/04/wisdom-teachings-with-david-wilcock_15.html This article combines two episodes of Wisdom Teachings. T
http://www.divinecosmosunion.net/t358-topic
Danny Way | Pyramid MagDanny Way | Pyramid Mag
Antti Autti answers our challanging quiz to talk trying triples in icy pipes, following Danny Way off the mega ramp, drinking bleach and more.. ...
https://pyramidmagazine.com/tag/danny-way/
Pyramidal tractsPyramidal tracts
Involvement of the pyramidal tract at any level leads to pyramidal signs. The myelination of the pyramidal fibres is incomplete ... The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract. These are aggregations of efferent nerve ... The pyramidal tracts definitively encompass the corticospinal tracts, and many authors also include the corticobulbar tracts. ... The corticospinal tract contains the axons of the pyramidal cells, the largest of which are the Betz cells, located in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts
Pyramidal signsPyramidal signs
... indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected at some point in its course. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead ... The upper motor neurons from the central nervous system descend through the pyramidal tracts (i.e., corticospinal tracts), ... see video) Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndrome (PPS) is a combination of both pyramidal and parkinsonian signs that manifest in ... Lohia, Akash; McKenzie, Juanette (January 2020). Neuroanatomy, Pyramidal Tract Lesions. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_signs
Primary motor cortexPrimary motor cortex
Lassek, A.M. (1941). "The pyramidal tract of the monkey". J. Comp. Neurol. 74 (2): 193-202. doi:10.1002/cne.900740202. S2CID ... 30: 238-264.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Evarts, E.V. (1968). "Relation of pyramidal tract ... Precentral sulcus Central sulcus The motor tract. Corticospinal tract Motor cortex Cortical homunculus Upper motor neuron ... pyramidal decussation), the axons travel down the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. Fibers that do not cross over ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex
Motor cortexMotor cortex
Lassek, A.M. (1941). "The pyramidal tract of the monkey". J. Comp. Neurol. 74 (2): 193-202. doi:10.1002/cne.900740202. S2CID ... Heffner, R. & Masterton, B. (1975). "Variation in form of the pyramidal tract and its relationship to digital dexterity". Brain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex
Otto KalischerOtto Kalischer
Kalischer postulated a pyramidal tract in birds. He was also among the first to prove that striatal rather than cortical areas ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kalischer
Ernst TrömnerErnst Trömner
This phenomenon is associated with pyramidal tract lesions with moderate spasticity. Mondofacto Dictionary (definition of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Trömner
Rubrospinal tractRubrospinal tract
... along with other extra-pyramidal tracts including the vestibulospinal, tectospinal, and reticulospinal tracts. The tract is ... The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system. It is a part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract. In the ... the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned.[ ... coursing adjacent to the lateral corticospinal tract. In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract
Neuroscience of rhythmNeuroscience of rhythm
More specifically, the pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) were targeted for measurement. The primary frequency recorded was between ... Melanopsin encodes the day-night cycle to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN evokes a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_rhythm
Extrapyramidal symptomsExtrapyramidal symptoms
This is in contrast to symptoms originating from the pyramidal tracts.[citation needed] Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Rabbit ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms
Tropical ataxic neuropathyTropical ataxic neuropathy
There is neurological damage to the pyramidal tract of the spinal cord. For these older patients, evidence of malnutrition is ... and pyramidal tract myelopathy, with ataxic polyneuropathy". The classification of TAN is still not settled, and researchers ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_ataxic_neuropathy
Primitive reflexesPrimitive reflexes
They are lost as the pyramidal tracts gain functionality with progressive myelination. They may reappear in adults or children ... because of low myelination of the corticospinal tracts. As these tracts develop to adult form, the flexion-reflex circuit is ... with loss of function of the pyramidal system due to a variety of reasons. However, with the advent of Amiel Tison method of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_reflexes
Superficial siderosisSuperficial siderosis
Pyramidal signs- Various signs that indicate a condition of the pyramidal tracts. Dementia- Occurs in approximately one-quarter ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_siderosis
Wilhelm KattwinkelWilhelm Kattwinkel
WK (1907): A case of primary systemic degeneration of the pyramidal tracts. (Spastic Paraplegia). German Journal of Neurology ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Kattwinkel
Professional Medical FilmProfessional Medical Film
... motor impulses from brain through pyramidal tract (27 min). PMF 5040 - PMF 5041 - PMF 5042 - PMF 5043 - PMF 5044 (1947) - ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Medical_Film
Medullary pyramids (brainstem)Medullary pyramids (brainstem)
Pyramid visible at center.) Sketch of the brainstem, with the pyramidal tract visible in red, and pyramidal decussation labeled ... The medullary pyramids contain the motor fibers of the pyramidal tracts - the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Whiplash ... These are the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers that make up the pyramidal tracts. About 90% of these fibers leave the ... The other 10% of the fibers stay uncrossed in the anterior corticospinal tract. The pyramidal decussation marks the border ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_pyramids_(brainstem)
PandanusPandanus
The roots form a pyramidal tract to hold the trunk. They commonly have many thick stilt roots near the base, which provide ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus
DiadochokinesiaDiadochokinesia
In cerebellar diseases, the movements are irregular and inaccurate; in case of the pyramidal tract lesion the motion may be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadochokinesia
Descending neuronDescending neuron
Pyramidal tracts Extrapyramidal tracts Command neuron Reticular formation Lemon, Roger N. (July 21, 2008). "Descending Pathways ... pyramidal tracts, which originate in the motor cortex, and extrapyramidal tracts, which originate in the brainstem (see ... Their axons traverse the neck in connectives, or tracts, and output onto neurons in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral ... An example of the latter is the reticulospinal tract, which contributes to the unconscious regulation of locomotion and posture ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_neuron
HemiparesisHemiparesis
... injuries to the pyramidal tract above the medulla generally cause contralateral hemiparesis (weakness on the opposite side as ... sleep paralysis Movement of the body is primarily controlled by the pyramidal (or corticospinal) tract, a pathway of neurons ... A case report describes a patient with a congenitally uncrossed pyramidal tract, who developed right-sided hemiparesis after a ... "Ipsilateral hemiparesis after putaminal hemorrhage due to uncrossed pyramidal tract" (PDF). Neurology. 54 (9): 1801-5. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiparesis
Corticospinal tractCorticospinal tract
The corticospinal tract is one of the pyramidal tracts, the other being the corticobulbar tract. The corticospinal tract ... There are two divisions of the corticospinal tract, the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract. The ... After patients are lesioned in some part of the pyramidal tracts, they are paralyzed on the corresponding side of the body. ... Then both tracts pass through the brain stem, from the pons and then to the medulla. The corticospinal tract, along with the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticospinal_tract
Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroidsHereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids
The exception is the corticospinal tracts(pyramidal tracts) in the brainstem and sometimes spinal cord. The brain pathology of ... matter abnormalities are relatively confined to the cerebrum while avoiding the cerebellum and many of the major fiber tracts ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_leukoencephalopathy_with_spheroids
Corticobulbar tractCorticobulbar tract
The corticobulbar tract is one of the pyramidal tracts, the other being the corticospinal tract. The corticobulbar tract ... The corticobulbar tract directly innervates the nuclei for cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and XII. The corticobulbar tract also ... The corticobulbar tract is composed of the upper motor neurons of the cranial nerves. The muscles of the face, head and neck ... The corticobulbar tract innervates cranial motor nuclei bilaterally with the exception of the lower facial nuclei (which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract
Corticomesencephalic tractCorticomesencephalic tract
PPRF is not labeled, but is visible adjacent to the abducens nucleus Frontal eye field Cranial nerves Pyramidal tracts ... In neuroanatomy, corticomesencephalic tract is a descending nerve tract that originates in the frontal eye field (Brodmann area ... It runs rostral to the pyramidal tract in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Then, it courses posteriorly toward the ... The corticomesencephalic tract originates from the frontal eye field in the caudal part of the middle frontal gyrus and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticomesencephalic_tract
Sperm whaleSperm whale
The pyramidal tract is poorly developed, reflecting the reduction of its limbs. The sperm whale respiratory system has adapted ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale
ParkinsonismParkinsonism
"A case of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism accompanied by pyramidal tract impairment". BMC Neurology. 16 (1): 218. doi:10.1186 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonism
Facial expressionFacial expression
Voluntary expression travels from the primary motor cortex through the pyramidal tract, specifically the corticobulbar ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression
Muscle toneMuscle tone
Hypertonia is seen in upper motor neuron diseases like lesions in pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract. Hypertonia can ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
The pyramids house the pyramidal tracts-the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts of the nervous system. At the caudal ... A blood vessel blockage (such as in a stroke) will injure the pyramidal tract, medial lemniscus, and the hypoglossal nucleus. ... The gray matter of this nucleus is covered by a layer of nerve fibers that form the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. The ... The word bulbar can refer to the nerves and tracts connected to the medulla, and also by association to those muscles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata
Cerebellar hypoplasiaCerebellar hypoplasia
However pons, pyramidal tract and corpus callosum were also involved in these cases. Wichman et al. in 1985 reported three ... identification of white matter tracts. CISS, axial + MPR imaging for evaluation of cerebellar folia, cranial nerves, ventricles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_hypoplasia
Lüder DeeckeLüder Deecke
M1 finally generates the volley for the pyramidal tract, which then enters consciousness. During the early BP, BP1, the action ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lüder_Deecke
Congenital mirror movement disorderCongenital mirror movement disorder
In a mouse model, researchers also found RAD51 products in corticospinal tract axons at the pyramidal decussation. They ... A third pathophysiological explanation proposed by researchers has to do with the corticospinal tract (CST). Healthy newborns ... "Non cell-autonomous role of DCC in the guidance of the corticospinal tract at the midline". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 410. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_mirror_movement_disorder
AmmoniaAmmonia
The ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract, and ... The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape as predicted by the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
BrainBrain
... through the pyramidal tract. This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of ... Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons, which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts. A ... The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were ... through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock. The SCN projects to a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
Millennium Hilton New York One UN PlazaMillennium Hilton New York One UN Plaza
Each bay of the coved ceiling has a multi-tiered pyramidal chandelier with small light bulbs. At the end of the hallway is a ... Teltsch, Kathleen (December 6, 1966). "Civic Group Urges Expansion of U.N. To Tract on South". The New York Times. ISSN 0362- ... arranged in a pyramidal shape. The ceiling is also illuminated by a skylight. The reception area also serves the apartments on ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Hilton_New_York_One_UN_Plaza
Colton Point State ParkColton Point State Park
Selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract. The first lumbering activity close to what ... while pavilions 2 and 5 each has log columns that support a pyramidal roof. The CCC also built six rustic latrines with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Point_State_Park
Alien hand syndromeAlien hand syndrome
... to be directly involved in the execution of the action via projections into the corticospinal component of the pyramidal tracts ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_hand_syndrome
Gordons signGordon's sign
It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses. The sign is named ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon's_sign
ConnectomeConnectome
Tract tracing, often described as the "gold standard" of neuroanatomy for detecting long-range pathways across the brain, ... Dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons can be shown forming within days following sensory experience and learning. Changes can ... Small changes in an already established nerve tract are likely what is observed in macroscale rewiring. Rewiring at the ... Additionally, the number of local connections between pyramidal neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex increases following ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectome
PhosphinePhosphine
The main target organ of phosphine gas is the respiratory tract. According to the 2009 U.S. National Institute for Occupational ... Phosphine has a trigonal pyramidal structure. Phosphines are compounds that include PH3 and the organophosphines, which are ... PH3 is a trigonal pyramidal molecule with C3v molecular symmetry. The length of the P−H bond is 1.42 Å, the H−P−H bond angles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine
Precentral gyrusPrecentral gyrus
... pyramidal decussation), the axons travel down the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. Fibers that do not cross over ... The internal pyramidal layer (layer V) of the precentral cortex contains giant (70-100 micrometers) pyramidal neurons called ... These axons form the corticospinal tract. The Betz cells along with their long axons are referred to as upper motor neurons ( ... in the brainstem travel down the separate ventral corticospinal tract and most of them cross over to the contralateral side in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_gyrus
Scratch reflexScratch reflex
Stimulation of pyramidal tract neurons has been found to modulate the timing and intensity of scratch reflex. Furthermore, ... These signals then modulate the activity of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, which in turn regulate descending tract neurons ... Arshavsky Y. I., Gelfand I. M., Orlovsky G. N., Pavlova G. A. (1978a). "Messages conveyed by descending tracts during ... "Messages Conveyed by Descending Tracts During Scratching in the Cat .2. Activity of Rubrospinal Neurons". Brain Research. 159 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_reflex
AxonAxon
Bundles of myelinated axons make up the nerve tracts in the CNS. Where these tracts cross the midline of the brain to connect ... 2017). "Heterogeneity of the Axon Initial Segment in Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells of Rodent Visual Cortex". Frontiers in ... A bundle of axons make a nerve tract in the central nervous system, and a fascicle in the peripheral nervous system. In ... A severe traumatic brain injury can result in widespread lesions to nerve tracts damaging the axons in a condition known as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon
Trisynaptic circuitTrisynaptic circuit
The CA3 is rich in pyramidal neurons (like those found throughout the neocortex), which project mainly to the CA1 pyramidal ... The mammillothalamic tract relays information received from the mamillary bodies (via the fornix) and transmits it to the ... pyramidal neurons in CA3, and pyramidal neurons in CA1. The hippocampal relay involves 3 main regions within the hippocampus ... The CA3 pyramidal neurons have been analogized as the "pacemaker" of the trisynaptic loop in the generation of hippocampal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisynaptic_circuit
Atypical antipsychoticAtypical antipsychotic
They are lipid-soluble, are readily absorbed from the digestive tract, and can easily pass the blood-brain barrier and ... Furthermore, 5-HT2A receptor antagonism blocks the serotonergic excitation of cortical pyramidal cells, reducing glutamate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic
Rombergs testRomberg's test
The motor pathway is the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract and the medial and lateral vestibular tracts. The first stage of the ... Sensorimotor integration is carried out by the cerebellum and by the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract. ... the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts. Vision Vestibular apparatus Crucially, the brain can obtain sufficient ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romberg's_test
NeurolathyrismNeurolathyrism
... and may involve pyramidal tracts, producing signs of upper motor neuron damage. The toxin may also cause aortic aneurysm. A ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolathyrism
PTPRKPTPRK
β-gal activity was also observed in apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, the granule layer of the olfactory and ... Using a transposon-based genetic screen, researchers found that disruption of the PTPRK gene in gastrointestinal tract ... accessory olfactory bulbs, the anterior hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and in granule and pyramidal layers of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK
Avellis syndromeAvellis syndrome
It usually results from occlusion of the vertebral artery in lesions of the nucleus ambiguous and pyramidal tract. Horner's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avellis_syndrome
Thurgood Marshall United States CourthouseThurgood Marshall United States Courthouse
The eagles and parapets surround the steep pyramidal roof. The roof of the tower is pyramidal, pitched steeply, and made of ... "Father Cashin And City Settle Rectory Dispute: Comptroller to Propose Giving 2 Other Tracts to St. Andrew's Church". New York ... A square tower,, recessed from the base, rises to a small setback on the 27th floor and a pyramidal roof above the 30th. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_United_States_Courthouse
Grigory Ivanovich RossolimoGrigory Ivanovich Rossolimo
... and is indicative of lesions of the pyramidal tract. Rossolimo is mentioned in Mikhail Bulgakov's story, "The Fateful Eggs". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Ivanovich_Rossolimo
Brain cellBrain cell
Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by tracts of white matter. Glia are the supporting cells of the neurons and have many ... In the cerebral cortex different neurons occupy the different cortical layers and include the pyramidal neurons and rosehip ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_cell
MetalloidMetalloid
Sulfur is a constituent of sulfonamide drugs, still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections. ... "Raman spectra show that in acid solutions of As4O6 the only detectable species is the pyramidal As(OH)3". The formulae of AsPO4 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid
Outline of the human brainOutline of the human brain
Stretch receptors in the gastrointestinal tract sense gas distension that may result in colic pain. Stimulation of sensory ... pyramidal cells, granule cells also barrier cells, conjunctive cells Synapse, chemical synapse, electrical synapse, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_brain
AntiemeticAntiemetic
5-HT3 receptor antagonists block serotonin receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. As such, they ... Domperidone (Motilium) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Haloperidol (limited in usefulness by extra-pyramidal and sedative side-effects) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic
Upper motor neuronUpper motor neuron
They are the larger pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. There is a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells and are ... The fibers that do not decussate will pass through the medulla and continue on to form the anterior corticospinal tracts. The ... The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are also called upper motor neurons. The fibers of the upper motor neurons project ... also known as pyramidal insufficiency, occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Such lesions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron
Functional specialization (brain)Functional specialization (brain)
Gall and Spurzheim were the first to observe the crossing of pyramidal tracts, thus explaining why lesions in one hemisphere ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_specialization_(brain)
OmeprazoleOmeprazole
... contains a tricoordinated sulfinyl sulfur in a pyramidal structure and therefore can exist as either the (S)- or (R ... upper respiratory tract infection (2%), cough (1%) Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain (5%), diarrhea (4%), nausea (4%), vomiting ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeprazole
Multiple sclerosis signs and symptomsMultiple sclerosis signs and symptoms
Certain types of pain are thought to sometimes appear after a lesion to the ascending or descending tracts that control the ... Bladder problems are usually related with high levels of disability and pyramidal signs in lower limbs. The most common ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis_signs_and_symptoms
Index of anatomy articlesIndex of anatomy articles
... reflex purkinje cells putamen pyloric antrum pyloric valve pylorus pyramid pyramidal cell pyramidal system pyramidal tract ... portal system hypothalamohypophyseal tract hypothalamoreticular tract hypothalamospinal tract hypothalamotegmental tract ... dorsal funiculus dorsal horn dorsal root dorsal root ganglion dorsal spinocerebellar tract dorsal trigeminothalamic tract ... spinal nerve spine spine of the scapula spinocerebellar tract spinocerebellum spinocervical pathway spinothalamic tract spinous ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles
The pyramidal tract of the monkeys. A betz cell and pyramidal tract enumeration | Semantic ScholarThe pyramidal tract of the monkeys. A betz cell and pyramidal tract enumeration | Semantic Scholar
A betz cell and pyramidal tract enumeration by A. M. Lassek ... The pyramidal tract of the monkeys. A betz cell and pyramidal ... article{Lassek1941ThePT, title={The pyramidal tract of the monkeys. A betz cell and pyramidal tract enumeration}, author={ ... Slowly-Conducting Pyramidal Tract Neurons in Macaque and Rat. *A. Kraskov, D. Soteropoulos, I. Glover, R. Lemon, S. Baker ... Axon diameters and conduction velocities in the macaque pyramidal tract. *L. Firmin, P. Field, +5 authors. M. Glickstein ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-pyramidal-tract-of-the-monkeys.-A-betz-cell-and-Lassek/ea05d5f58b82e14cabf18690cdf5528743615aa1
PRIME PubMed | [A morphometric study of spinal pyramidal tracts, anterior horn cells and ventral roots in amyotrophic lateral...PRIME PubMed | [A morphometric study of spinal pyramidal tracts, anterior horn cells and ventral roots in amyotrophic lateral...
A morphometric study of spinal pyramidal tracts, anterior horn cells and ventral roots in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Shy ... TY - JOUR T1 - [A morphometric study of spinal pyramidal tracts, anterior horn cells and ventral roots in amyotrophic lateral ... A morphometric study of spinal pyramidal tracts, anterior horn cells and ventral roots in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Shy ... A Morphometric Study of Spinal Pyramidal Tracts, Anterior Horn Cells and Ventral Roots in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Shy ...
https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/3409614/%5BA_morphometric_study_of_spinal_pyramidal_tracts_anterior_horn_cells_and_ventral_roots_in_amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_and_Shy_Drager_syndrome__size_dependent_vulnerability_in_motor_efferents%5D_
ModelDB: Models that contain the Neuron : Neocortex V1 L5B pyramidal pyramidal tract GLU cellModelDB: Models that contain the Neuron : Neocortex V1 L5B pyramidal pyramidal tract GLU cell
Models that contain the Neuron : Neocortex V1 L5B pyramidal pyramidal tract GLU cell. Re-display model names with descriptions ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ModelDB/ModelList?id=227971
Motor Evoked Potentials: Overview, Corticospinal Connections, Magnetic and Electrical StimulatorsMotor Evoked Potentials: Overview, Corticospinal Connections, Magnetic and Electrical Stimulators
Pyramidal tract. Fibers of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract originate from the sensorimotor cortex around the ... The remaining fibers make up the uncrossed (ie, direct) pyramidal pathway. A large part of direct pyramidal tract fibers ... The human pyramidal tract contains more than 1 million fibers. Most fibers are myelinated and have a small diameter (1-4mm); ... In humans, only 5% of the fibers of the corticospinal tract originate from Betz cells in area 4. The concept of pyramidal ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/1139085-164799/what-is-the-role-of-transcranial-electrical-stimulation-tes-in-motor-evoked-potentials-meps
The Amazing Brain: A Sharper Image of the Pyramidal Tract - NIH Directors BlogThe Amazing Brain: A Sharper Image of the Pyramidal Tract - NIH Director's Blog
The Amazing Brain: A Sharper Image of the Pyramidal Tract. Posted on August 17th, 2021. by Dr. Francis Collins ... In the first second of the video, you see gray, fuzzy images from a diffusion MRI of the pyramidal tract. But, very quickly, a ... What you are viewing is a colorized, 3D reconstruction of a pyramidal tract, which are bundles of nerve fibers that originate ... The top of the pyramidal tract looks pretty good. However, looking lower down, you can see distortions in color and relatively ...
https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/08/17/the-amazing-brain-a-sharper-image-of-the-pyramidal-tract/
Acanthosis Nigricans Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures, Histologic FindingsAcanthosis Nigricans Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures, Histologic Findings
Although Addison may have seen a case of acanthosis nigricans (AN) before 1885 and misdiagnosed it as Addison disease, the first documented case of acanthosis nigricans was in 1889 in Germany as described by Unna and Pollitzer. By 1909, acanthosis nigricans had been described in approximately 50 patients and was suspected to be associated wit...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1102488-workup
Figure 1 - Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier...
... pyramidal tract. BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy; C-BSE, classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy; mAb, monoclonal ... and mild deposition in the fiber tracts. H-BSE/TgVRQ and sCJD MM1 PET blotting images showed strong deposition in the isocortex ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/18-1790-f1
A model of a CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neuron incorporating voltage-clamp data on intrinsic conductancesA model of a CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neuron incorporating voltage-clamp data on intrinsic conductances
We have developed a 19-compartment cable model of a guinea pig CA3 pyramidal neuron. Each compartment is allowed to contain six ... 6. The model CA3 pyramidal neuron can be made to resemble functionally a CA1 pyramidal neuron by increasing gK(DR) and ... Pyramidal Tracts / physiology* * Quisqualic Acid / pharmacology * Rana catesbeiana Substances * Calcium Channels * N- ... A model of a CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neuron incorporating voltage-clamp data on intrinsic conductances J Neurophysiol. 1991 ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1663538/
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with discrete involvement of pyramidal tract<...
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with discrete involvement of pyramidal tract. N. Sobha, S. Sinha, A. B. Taly*, G. R ... Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with discrete involvement of pyramidal tract. / Sobha, N.; Sinha, S.; Taly, A. B. et ... title = "Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with discrete involvement of pyramidal tract",. author = "N. Sobha and S. ... Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy with discrete involvement of pyramidal tract. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and ...
https://squ.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/progressive-multifocal-leucoencephalopathy-with-discrete-involvem
Multiple System Atrophy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Hypotension and...Multiple System Atrophy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Hypotension and...
Coritcospinal tract dysfunction. Extensor plantar response with hyperreflexia. Babinsky sign, Pyramidal sign ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1154583-treatment
Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity: MedlinePlus GeneticsHypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity: MedlinePlus Genetics
... called tracts) within the brainstem. and spinal cord, especially the pyramidal tract, lateral corticospinal tract, and the ... called tracts) within the spinal cord and the brainstem, which is the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. HBSL ...
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hypomyelination-with-brainstem-and-spinal-cord-involvement-and-leg-spasticity/
Main Page/SlicerCommunity/2022 - Slicer WikiMain Page/SlicerCommunity/2022 - Slicer Wiki
1.27 Optimized Tractography Mapping and Quantitative Evaluation of Pyramidal Tracts for Surgical Resection of Insular Gliomas: ... Optimized Tractography Mapping and Quantitative Evaluation of Pyramidal Tracts for Surgical Resection of Insular Gliomas: a ... derived metric statistics and motor strength grade of insular glioma patients after optimizing the pyramidal tract (PT) ... lesional side tract/contralateral normal tract). The combination of DWI pre-processing and two-tensor UKF algorithm ...
https://www.slicer.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page/SlicerCommunity/2022&oldid=64160
Heredit re spastische ParaplegieHeredit re spastische Paraplegie
Degeneration of the caudal pyramidal tracts and the dorsal columns is found. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant ...
https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/30480/Hereditaere-spastische-Paraplegie
Low Back Sitting ExamLow Back Sitting Exam
Suggests Bilateral pyramidal tract dysfunction. *Spinal Cord Compression. *Cervical Spondylosis. *Tumor. *Central DIsc Hernia ...
https://fpnotebook.com/ortho/Exam/LwBckStngExm.htm
Rapid Feedback Responses Correlate with Reach Adaptation and Properties of Novel Upper Limb Loads | Journal of NeuroscienceRapid Feedback Responses Correlate with Reach Adaptation and Properties of Novel Upper Limb Loads | Journal of Neuroscience
1976) Reflex and intended responses in motor cortex pyramidal tract neurons of monkey. J Neurophysiol 39:1069-1080, pmid:824410 ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/40/15903?ijkey=d6501fb26c47eb17003ef87315efd8664a97db1a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Morphological central nervous system abnormality - Ontology Report - Rat Genome DatabaseMorphological central nervous system abnormality - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
Morphological abnormality of the pyramidal tract +. 0. Neoplasm of the central nervous system +. 0. ...
https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=HP:0002011&species=Bonobo
IndexCatIndexCat
Rubrospinal tractRubrospinal tract
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (Rubrospinal tract not ... Rubrospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Rubrospinal tract is 2a, in red at left. ... The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system. It is a part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract. ... tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar ( ...
https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Rubrospinal_tract.html
Anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy with upper motor neurone involvement | Journal of Neurology,...Anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy with upper motor neurone involvement | Journal of Neurology,...
Focal lesions causing secondary degeneration of the pyramidal tracts, such as infarcts or haemorrhages, were not noted in the ... myelin pallor was observed in the bilateral pyramidal tracts up to the medullary pyramids in one of them.9 Verma et al reported ... there was severe loss of Betz cells and degeneration of the bilateral pyramidal tracts. To our knowledge, this is the first ... degeneration with many macrophages was found in the bilateral pyramidal tracts (fig 1F); myelin pallor was evident up to the ...
https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/7/1051
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Part 6: Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) | Environmental Medicine | ATSDRCholinesterase Inhibitors: Part 6: Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR
... indicative of damage to the pyramidal tracts and a permanent upper motor neuron syndrome. (Ecobichon 1996) ... In severe cases, quadriplegia with foot and wrist drop are seen, as well as mild pyramidal signs. (Jokanovic, Stukalov et al. ... The prognosis for functional recovery depends on the degree of pyramidal involvement, with ataxia and paralysis representing a ...
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cholinesterase-inhibitors/neuropathy.html
Neural mechanisms of economic choices in mice | eLifeNeural mechanisms of economic choices in mice | eLife
1962) Effects of transcallosal volleys on pyramidal tract cell activity of cat Journal of Neurophysiology 25:198-208. ... PV neurons are inhibitory cells that target the perisomatic domain of local pyramidal cells (Tremblay et al., 2016). In this ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/49669
Network degeneration and dysfunction in presymptomatic C9ORF72 expansion carriers<...
We used voxel-based morphometry to assess gray matter, diffusion tensor imaging to interrogate white matter tracts, and task- ... We used voxel-based morphometry to assess gray matter, diffusion tensor imaging to interrogate white matter tracts, and task- ... We used voxel-based morphometry to assess gray matter, diffusion tensor imaging to interrogate white matter tracts, and task- ... We used voxel-based morphometry to assess gray matter, diffusion tensor imaging to interrogate white matter tracts, and task- ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/network-degeneration-and-dysfunction-in-presymptomatic-c9orf72-ex
Publications - Peter Basser Lab | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentPublications - Peter Basser Lab | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Visualizing and characterizing white matter fiber structure and architecture in the human pyramidal tract using diffusion ... Fiber tract following in the human brain using DT-MRI data. IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst. E85-D(1):15-21. ... Tract Orientation and Angular Dispersion Deviation Indicator (TOADDI): A framework for single-subject analysis in diffusion ... A model for noise effects on fibre tract trajectories in diffusion tensor imaging: theory and simulations. New Journal of ...
https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/atNICHD/Investigators/basser/publications
Basal Ganglia Neuronal Activity during Scanning Eye Movements in Parkinsons Disease | PLOS ONEBasal Ganglia Neuronal Activity during Scanning Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease | PLOS ONE
Bauswein E, Fromm C, Preuss A (1989) Corticostriatal cells in comparison with pyramidal tract neurons: contrasting properties ...
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078581
Srdjan D. Antic - PublicationsSrdjan D. Antic - Publications
Effects of I and TASK-like shunting current on dendritic impedance in layer 5 pyramidal-tract neurons. Journal of ... Action potentials in basal and oblique dendrites of rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. The Journal of Physiology. 550: 35-50. ... Initiation of sodium spikelets in basal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. The Journal of Membrane Biology. 208: 155- ... Burst generation in rat pyramidal neurones by regenerative potentials elicited in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic ...
https://neurotree.org/neurotree/publications.php?pid=59130
Pattern of white matter degeneration in remote brain areas from the basal ganglion lesion of ischemic stroke patients with...Pattern of white matter degeneration in remote brain areas from the basal ganglion lesion of ischemic stroke patients with...
A population-based atlas of the human pyramidal tract in 410 healthy participants. Brain Struct Funct. 2019;224:599-612. https ... Diffusion tensor imaging detects early Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after ischemic stroke. NeuroImage. 2004;22 ... Visualizing and characterizing white matter fiber structure and architecture in the human pyramidal tract using diffusion ... The degree of anisotropy depends on the level of organization and the integrity of the white matter tract, and on the degree of ...
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-36124/v1
Motor Evoked Potentials: Overview, Corticospinal Connections, Magnetic and Electrical Stimulators
Pyramidal tract. Fibers of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract originate from the sensorimotor cortex around the ... The remaining fibers make up the uncrossed (ie, direct) pyramidal pathway. A large part of direct pyramidal tract fibers ... The human pyramidal tract contains more than 1 million fibers. Most fibers are myelinated and have a small diameter (1-4mm); ... In humans, only 5% of the fibers of the corticospinal tract originate from Betz cells in area 4. The concept of pyramidal ...
https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1139085-164791/why-are-ear-protectors-recommended-during-the-generation-of-motor-evoked-potentials-meps
Levetiracetam treatment leads to functional recovery after thoracic or cervical injuries of the spinal cord | npj Regenerative...Levetiracetam treatment leads to functional recovery after thoracic or cervical injuries of the spinal cord | npj Regenerative...
Functional recovery and enhanced corticofugal plasticity after unilateral pyramidal tract lesion and blockade of myelin- ... Unilateral pyramidotomy of the corticospinal tract in rats forassessment of neuroplasticity-inducing therapies. J. Vis. Exp 94 ... Subsequently, we explored the effect of LEV treatment on specific tracts and cell populations of the spinal cord. Motor neurons ... Additionally, we also evaluated axonal preservation of the corticospinal tract (CST) using βIII-tubulin+ staining along the ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41536-021-00121-7?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d22ed38b-9020-48da-b217-e30f08c89ca1
Diffusion tractography - How it allows neurosurgeons to better manage their surgical approach and resection - BrainlabDiffusion tractography - How it allows neurosurgeons to better manage their surgical approach and resection - Brainlab
And still, we could see the fasciculus arcuatus close to the tumor and pyramidal tract and they were indeed there. As Puneet ... Monosegmental tracts, tracts which carry one function, cortical spinal tracts and optic radiation have a very high sensitivity ... So, what we can build manually? I listed here, pyramidal tract, SLF, fasciculus arcuatus as a part of this fasciculus, optic ... I start with a probabilistic approach and Im looking at the coronal scan literal to the pyramidal tract, Im establishing the ...
https://www.brainlab.com/ru/webinars/diffusion-tractography-how-neurosurgeons-better-manage-their-surgical-approach-and-resection/
Types of cerebral palsyTypes of cerebral palsy
The motor cortex is found on both sides of the brain, and the pyramidal tracts connect each side of the motor cortex to one ... It is also caused by damage to the pyramidal tracts, which help relay signals to the muscles. For this reason, this type of ... The extrapyramidal tracts in the brain regulate involuntary reflexes and movement signaled by the basal ganglia and cerebellum. ... cerebral palsy is sometimes referred to as "pyramidal.". ...
https://www.cerebralpalsyguide.com/cerebral-palsy/types/
NeuronsDamage to the pyramidal tractsCorticospinal tractsSpinal cordDorsalExtrapyramidal tractsLateralNeuronTrigeminal nerveCerebralDysfunctionLesionRubrospinal tractBilateralMedialFibresParalysisNucleusStimulationBrainPathwayNervePyramidFasciculusSyndromeMildSymptomsMotorDiffusionNervous systemDiseaseIncludeFoundPatients
Neurons7
  • The model kinetics for the first five of these conductances incorporate voltage-clamp data obtained from isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Effects of I and TASK-like shunting current on dendritic impedance in layer 5 pyramidal-tract neurons. (neurotree.org)
  • Numerous pyramidal-shaped neuronal somata in layers II-VI of rodent motor cortex were immunoreactive for the D1a, D2, and D5 receptors, and sparse nonpyramidal-shaped neurons in layers V-VI were immunoreactive for the D1a receptor. (dtic.mil)
  • DARPP-32 was co-localized with D1a and D2 receptors in pyramidal-shaped neurons in layers V-VI, and with D5 receptors in neurons of deep layer VI. (dtic.mil)
  • Tract tracing and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine if pyramidal tract neurons PTNs, output neurons from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, possess D1a, D2, or D5 receptors. (dtic.mil)
  • Mirror neurons (MirNs) within ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and primary motor cortex (M1), including pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) projecting to the spinal cord, modulate their activity during both the execution and observation of motor acts. (bl.uk)
  • Relationships between structure, in vivo function and long-range axonal target of cortical pyramidal tract neurons. (mpg.de)
Damage to the pyramidal tracts2
  • This is subsequently replaced by spasticity, hypertonicity, hyperreflexia, clonus, and abnormal reflexes, indicative of damage to the pyramidal tracts and a permanent upper motor neuron syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also caused by damage to the pyramidal tracts, which help relay signals to the muscles. (cerebralpalsyguide.com)
Corticospinal tracts2
  • Reduced white matter integrity was found in the corpus callosum, cingulum bundles, corticospinal tracts, uncinate fasciculi and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. (elsevier.com)
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique developed to non-invasively investigate the integrity of human motor corticospinal tracts. (edu.au)
Spinal cord9
  • What you are viewing is a colorized, 3D reconstruction of a pyramidal tract, which are bundles of nerve fibers that originate from the brain's cerebral cortex and relay signals to the brainstem or the spinal cord. (nih.gov)
  • In particular, the condition affects nerves in specific regions (called tracts) within the spinal cord and the brainstem, which is the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • and spinal cord, especially the pyramidal tract, lateral corticospinal tract, and the dorsal column. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the spinal cord , it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company with the lateral corticospinal tract. (bionity.com)
  • Different types of preparations, mainly from mice and rats, have been used to analyze respiratory rhythm and pattern generation, including: medullary slice preparation in vitro (newborn or juvenile), en bloc brainstem-spinal cord preparation (newborn), decerebrated and arterially perfused preparation in situ (newborn and juvenile) and in vivo preparation (all ages). (springer.com)
  • In the CNS, we used anterograde tracing with BDA to study corticospinal tract (CST) axons after spinal cord injury and transganglionic labelling with CT-HRP to trace ascending sensory dorsal column (DC) axons after DC lesions and a conditioning lesion of the sciatic nerve. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • A collection of nerve tracts that travel from the cerebral cortex through the pyramid of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the spinal cord. (alstexas.org)
  • [7] [8] In humans, the red nucleus also has limited control over hands , as the rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for the arms (but not for the legs, as the tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord). (wikipedia.org)
  • The other output (the rubrospinal projection) goes to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord of the opposite side, making up the rubrospinal tract , which runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract . (wikipedia.org)
Dorsal2
  • Degeneration of the caudal pyramidal tracts and the dorsal columns is found. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • a ventral tract, composed of the fibres of the corpus trapezoideum, and a dorsal tract, which is represented by the striæ medullares. (co.ma)
Extrapyramidal tracts1
  • The extrapyramidal tracts in the brain regulate involuntary reflexes and movement signaled by the basal ganglia and cerebellum. (cerebralpalsyguide.com)
Lateral1
  • It is a part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract . (bionity.com)
Neuron3
  • 1. We have developed a 19-compartment cable model of a guinea pig CA3 pyramidal neuron. (nih.gov)
  • 6. The model CA3 pyramidal neuron can be made to resemble functionally a CA1 pyramidal neuron by increasing gK(DR) and decreasing dendritic gCa and gK(C). Specifically, after these alterations, tonic depolarization of the soma leads to adapting repetitive firing, whereas stimulation of the distal dendrites leads to bursting. (nih.gov)
  • Local Glutamate-Mediated Dendritic Plateau Potentials Change the State of the Cortical Pyramidal Neuron. (neurotree.org)
Trigeminal nerve1
  • 7. Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. (co.ma)
Cerebral4
  • For this reason, this type of cerebral palsy is sometimes referred to as "pyramidal. (cerebralpalsyguide.com)
  • Fibras que se originan en las células que están dentro de la corteza cerebral, pasan a través de la pirámide bulbar, y descienden por la médula espinal. (bvsalud.org)
  • From the medial geniculate body there proceeds a tract to the cerebral cortex of the transverse temporal gyri (Heschl's). (co.ma)
  • As stated earlier, the rubrospinal tract is more important in non-primate species: in primates , because of the well-developed cerebral cortex, the corticospinal tract has taken over the role of the rubrospinal. (wikipedia.org)
Dysfunction1
  • We describe a case of thyrotoxicosis with bulbar palsy, encephalopathy, and pyramidal tract dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
Lesion2
  • THE presence of sustained ankle-clonus is usually considered to be an indication of a lesion involving the pyramidal tract. (moviecultists.com)
  • Injury to these fibre tracts resulted in no difference between knockout and wild-type mice in the ability of CST axons or DC axons to enter or cross the lesion site. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Rubrospinal tract5
  • Rubrospinal tract is 2a, in red at left. (bionity.com)
  • The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system . (bionity.com)
  • In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned. (bionity.com)
  • It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Rubrospinal_tract" . (bionity.com)
  • [4] However, in primates , where the corticospinal tract is dominant, the rubrospinal tract may be regarded as vestigial in motor function. (wikipedia.org)
Bilateral2
  • Despite the absence of upper motor neurone signs, there was severe loss of Betz cells and degeneration of the bilateral pyramidal tracts. (bmj.com)
  • postmortem examination revealed severe loss of Betz cells and degeneration of the bilateral pyramidal tracts. (bmj.com)
Medial1
  • We used voxel-based morphometry to assess gray matter, diffusion tensor imaging to interrogate white matter tracts, and task-free functional MRI to probe the salience, sensorimotor, default mode, and medial pulvinar thalamus-seeded networks. (elsevier.com)
Fibres1
  • These fibres constitute the spino-thalamic tract already referred to. (co.ma)
Paralysis1
  • The prognosis for functional recovery depends on the degree of pyramidal involvement, with ataxia and paralysis representing a permanent outcome in severe cases. (cdc.gov)
Nucleus2
  • In a vertebrate without a significant corticospinal tract , gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus but relies on the corticospinal tract . (wikipedia.org)
Stimulation1
  • In separate experiments, modulation of short-latency responses evoked in hand muscles by pyramidal tract stimulation revealed modest grasp-specific facilitation at the spinal level during grasp observation. (bl.uk)
Brain2
  • In considering the eye as an integral part of the Brain, can you apply what you have developed for the study of the Pyramidal pathways also for the Optical pathways? (nih.gov)
  • The motor cortex is found on both sides of the brain, and the pyramidal tracts connect each side of the motor cortex to one another. (cerebralpalsyguide.com)
Pathway1
  • the pyramidal pathway is intact in Parkinson's disease. (alstexas.org)
Nerve2
  • For a while now, it's been possible to combine a specialized form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with computer modeling tools to produce 3D reconstructions of complicated networks of nerve fibers, such as the pyramidal tract. (nih.gov)
  • However, looking lower down, you can see distortions in color and relatively poor resolution of the nerve fibers in the middle of the tract-exactly where the fibers cross each other at angles of less than 40 degrees. (nih.gov)
Pyramid1
  • The pyramid forms a massive tract in front of and quite distinct from the lemniscus medialis. (co.ma)
Fasciculus1
  • matter tracts such as the arcu ate fasciculus [5,6]. (scirp.org)
Syndrome2
  • IMSEAR at SEARO: Familial Parkinsonian pyramidal syndrome. (who.int)
  • Familial Parkinsonian pyramidal syndrome. (who.int)
Mild2
  • L-BSE/TgVRQ/TgVal 129 and TgVal 129 PET blotting showed strong deposition in a particular area of the isocortex, thalamus, and midbrain, and mild deposition in the fiber tracts. (cdc.gov)
  • In severe cases, quadriplegia with foot and wrist drop are seen, as well as mild pyramidal signs. (cdc.gov)
Symptoms1
  • In patients in whom the infection progresses to lower respiratory tract disease, the original symptoms persist, with a worsening and relatively nonproductive cough. (medscape.com)
Motor3
  • In certain conditions, however, a more or less regular ankle-clonus can be demon- strated in the absence of other evidence of an anatomical affection of the pyramidal motor system. (moviecultists.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated excitability in the corticospinal tract and primary visual cortex (V1) during kinesthetic and visual motor imagery. (elsevier.com)
  • The motor and motivational cortico-subcortical loops and the pyramidal tract are involved in voice and speech disorders in subcortical damage, together with speech apraxia. (bvsalud.org)
Diffusion1
  • In the first second of the video, you see gray, fuzzy images from a diffusion MRI of the pyramidal tract. (nih.gov)
Nervous system1
  • In our body's nervous system , Neural Pathways are the neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Disease2
  • M. pneumoniae causes infections leading to clinically apparent disease involving the upper respiratory tract. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. (cdc.gov)
Include1
  • Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. (bvsalud.org)
Found1
  • Although they are most commonly found immediately adjacent to the hyoid (66%), they can also be located between the tongue and hyoid, between the hyoid and pyramidal lobe, within the tongue, or within the thyroid [6, 12]. (bvsalud.org)
Patients1
  • Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective descriptive et analytique, multicentrique portant sur des patients de moins de 5ans pris en charge pour une affection neurochirurgicale de Janvier 2019 à Décembre 2021 à Libreville. (bvsalud.org)
Motor Evoked Potentials: Overview, Corticospinal Connections, Magnetic and Electrical Stimulators
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The pyramidal tract of the monkeys. A betz cell and pyramidal tract enumeration | Semantic Scholar
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Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity: MedlinePlus Genetics
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Diffusion MRI
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Heredit re spastische Paraplegie
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Plus it
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