Pyelectasis
Dilatation, Pathologic
Hydronephrosis
Ultrasonography, Prenatal
Fetal Diseases
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
Down Syndrome
Gestational Age
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Pregnancy
Sensitivity and Specificity
Prospective Studies
Isolated fetal pyelectasis and the risk of Down syndrome: a meta-analysis. (1/2)
(+info)Post-natal ultrasound morpho-dynamic evaluation of mild fetal hydronephrosis: a new management. (2/2)
(+info)Pyelectasis is a medical term that refers to the dilatation or widening of the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the kidney's functioning units called nephrons. The renal pelvis then channels the urine into the ureter, which carries it to the bladder.
Pyelectasis can be caused by various factors, including obstruction of urine flow, infection, or congenital abnormalities in the urinary tract. It is often detected through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Mild pyelectasis can be asymptomatic and may not require any specific treatment. However, significant or progressive dilatation may indicate an underlying problem that needs medical intervention to prevent potential kidney damage.
The kidney pelvis, also known as the renal pelvis, is the funnel-shaped part of the upper end of the ureter in the kidney. It receives urine from the minor and major calyces, which are extensions of the renal collecting tubules, and then drains it into the ureter, which carries it to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body. The kidney pelvis is lined with transitional epithelium, which is designed to stretch and accommodate changes in urine volume.
Pathologic dilatation refers to an abnormal and excessive widening or enlargement of a body cavity or organ, which can result from various medical conditions. This abnormal dilation can occur in different parts of the body, including the blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, or heart chambers.
In the context of the cardiovascular system, pathologic dilatation may indicate a weakening or thinning of the heart muscle, leading to an enlarged chamber that can no longer pump blood efficiently. This condition is often associated with various heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or long-standing high blood pressure.
In the gastrointestinal tract, pathologic dilatation may occur due to mechanical obstruction, neuromuscular disorders, or inflammatory conditions that affect the normal motility of the intestines. Examples include megacolon in Hirschsprung's disease, toxic megacolon in ulcerative colitis, or volvulus (twisting) of the bowel.
Pathologic dilatation can lead to various complications, such as reduced organ function, impaired circulation, and increased risk of infection or perforation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the root problem and prevent further enlargement.
Hydronephrosis is a medical condition characterized by the swelling of one or both kidneys due to the accumulation of urine. This occurs when the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder is obstructed, causing urine to back up into the kidney. The obstruction can be caused by various factors such as kidney stones, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. If left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to serious complications including kidney damage and infection. It is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.
Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.
During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.
Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.
Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.
Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.
The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.
During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.
Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.
Urography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It involves the use of a contrast material that is injected into a vein or given orally, which then travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys and gets excreted in the urine. This allows the radiologist to visualize the structures and any abnormalities such as tumors, stones, or blockages. There are different types of urography, including intravenous urography (IVU), CT urography, and retrograde urography.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual and developmental disabilities, distinctive facial features, and sometimes physical growth delays and health problems. The condition affects approximately one in every 700 babies born in the United States.
Individuals with Down syndrome have varying degrees of cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to moderate or severe. They may also have delayed development, including late walking and talking, and may require additional support and education services throughout their lives.
People with Down syndrome are at increased risk for certain health conditions, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory infections, hearing loss, vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and thyroid disorders. However, many individuals with Down syndrome live healthy and fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care and support.
The condition is named after John Langdon Down, an English physician who first described the syndrome in 1866.
Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.
It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.
Urologic diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in both males and females, as well as the male reproductive system. These diseases can range from relatively common conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to more complex diseases like kidney stones, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer.
Some of the common urologic diseases include:
1. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are more common in women than men.
2. Kidney Stones: These are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine when passed.
3. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): This is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause difficulty urinating, frequent urination, and a weak urine stream.
4. Bladder Cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the bladder, usually in the lining of the bladder.
5. Prostate Cancer: This is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland, which is a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid.
6. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): This is a condition where a man has trouble achieving or maintaining an erection.
7. Overactive Bladder (OAB): This is a condition characterized by the sudden and strong need to urinate frequently, as well as involuntary loss of urine (incontinence).
Urologic diseases can affect people of all ages and genders, although some conditions are more common in certain age groups or among men or women. Treatment for urologic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Kidney disease, also known as nephropathy or renal disease, refers to any functional or structural damage to the kidneys that impairs their ability to filter blood, regulate electrolytes, produce hormones, and maintain fluid balance. This damage can result from a wide range of causes, including diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, lupus, infections, drugs, toxins, and congenital or inherited disorders.
Depending on the severity and progression of the kidney damage, kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and often reversible loss of kidney function that occurs over hours to days, while CKD is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that develops over months or years.
Symptoms of kidney diseases may include edema, proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications, dietary modifications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate is a radioactive pharmaceutical preparation used as a radiopharmaceutical agent in medical imaging. It is a salt of technetium-99m, a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, which emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 6 hours.
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate is used in various diagnostic procedures, including renal imaging, brain scans, lung perfusion studies, and bone scans. It is distributed throughout the body after intravenous injection and is excreted primarily by the kidneys, making it useful for evaluating renal function and detecting abnormalities in the urinary tract.
The compound itself is a colorless, sterile, pyrogen-free solution that is typically supplied in a lead shielded container to protect against radiation exposure. It should be used promptly after preparation and handled with care to minimize radiation exposure to healthcare workers and patients.
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux (VUR) is a medical condition that affects the urinary system, specifically the junction where the ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) connect with the bladder. In normal physiology, once the bladder fills up with urine and contracts during micturition (urination), the pressure within the bladder should prevent the backflow of urine into the ureters.
However, in VUR, the valve-like mechanism that prevents this backflow does not function properly, allowing urine to flow backward from the bladder into the ureters and potentially even into the kidneys. This reflux can lead to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney damage, and other complications if left untreated. VUR is more commonly diagnosed in children but can also occur in adults.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.
Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.
On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.
It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.
Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.
Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.
In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.
The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.
Pyelectasis
Beryl Benacerraf
Ectasia
Renal pelvis
Congenital vertebral anomaly
Pyelectasis - Wikipedia
What Causes Fetal Pyelectasis? - WWFAQs
Nephros Kidney Renal - NEPHROS KIDNEY RENAL CALIX CALYX CUP CALYCES RENAL PELVIS CALYECTASY PYELECTASIS PELVIEACTSIS
Prenatal Diagnosis for Congenital Malformations and Genetic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Noninvasive Techniques, Invasive...
Infections
Cord
Prenatal ultrasound findings of rasopathies in a cohort of 424 fetuses: update on genetic testing in the NGS era | Journal of...
Hemivertebra | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
Mara Dinsmoor, MD, MPH | NorthShore
Registration Dossier - ECHA
ההסתדרות הרפואית בישראל
Soft Marker Neonatal US - Radiology.World
Understanding Reactive Attachment Disorder in Children: Causes, Symptoms, and Care
Namespace
Pediatric Urology | Northwest Urology
Medical Terminology - Word Parts: p
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Services & Treatments | RUSH
ACOG Screening for Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities Guideline Summary
Atrophic Kidney: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment
Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fetal Megacystic Spontaneus Resolution: A Case Report | European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Hydronephrosis
Trabalhos - 18º Congresso Brasileiro de Neurologia Infantil
DOWN SYNDROME PREGNANCY AND DOWN SYNDROME SCREENING - Our Journey
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
Shortened fetal humerus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
Choroid plex3
- In clinical situations of an isolated soft ultrasonographic marker (such as echogenic cardiac focus, choroid plexus cyst, pyelectasis, short humerus or femur length) where aneuploidy screening has not been performed, the patient should be counseled regarding the risk of aneuploidy associated with the finding and cell-free DNA, quad screen testing, or amniocentesis should be offered. (guidelinecentral.com)
- The aim of my lecture is to shed some light on some controversial US signs, like echogenic bowel, renal pyelectasis, cardiac echogenic foci, choroid plexus cyst, club foot, polydactyly, single umbilical artery and mild ventriculomegaly. (dsjuog.com)
- The most frequent soft marker in the present study was echogenic intra-cardiac foci (EIF) (32.5%), followed by choroid plexus cyst (CPC) (30.6%), pyelectasis (25.2%), and echogenic bowel (EB) (15.8%), respectively. (ac.ir)
Dilation of the renal pelvis1
- Pyelectasis is a dilation of the renal pelvis. (wikipedia.org)
Hydronephrosis3
- A fetus with severe pyelectasis or hydronephrosis is at increased risk of developing problems such as low amniotic fluid and kidney disease. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- Fetal Hydronephrosis, Renal Pyelectasis. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- Fetal hydronephrosis/pyelectasis was non-significant when isolated (OR 1), and cardiac echogenic focus was associated with a decreased risk (OR 0.13). (ima.org.il)
Bilateral Pyelectasis1
- Out of the three studies that used propylthiouracil, one baby underwent surgery for bilateral pyelectasis, vesicovaginal fistula, anal stenosis, and polydactyly. (bvsalud.org)
Ultrasound7
- When pyelectasis is seen on ultrasound, the risk for Down syndrome is approximately one and one-half (1.5) times a woman's age-related risk. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- 1. Evaluation of fetal kidneys is a part of the screening ultrasound at 16 to 20 weeks,' and if pyelectasis is visualized, the renal pelvis should be measured in the anterior/posterior diameter. (radiology.world)
- 4. Referral for pyelectasis should be considered with additional ultrasound findings and (or) in women at increased risk for fetal aneuploidy owing to maternal age or maternal serum screen results. (radiology.world)
- The association between fetal pyelectasis on second trimester ultrasound scan and aneuploidy among 25586 low risk unselected women. (dsjuog.com)
- In the second gestational trimester, his ultrasound displayed polyhydramnios, mild bilateral cerebral ventriculomegaly and renal pyelectasis. (sbni2023.com.br)
- Bethune M. Literature review and suggested protocol for managing ultrasound soft markers for Down syndrome: thickened nuchal fold, echogenic bowel, shortened femur, shortened humerus, pyelectasis and absent or hypoplastic nasal bone. (ac.ir)
- 11] Ismaili K., Avni F.E., Wissing K.M., Hall M., Longterm clinical outcome of infants with mild and moderate fetal pyelectasis: validation of neonatal ultrasound as a screening tool to detect significant nephrouropathies, J. Pediatr. (edu.pl)
Mild5
- What causes mild pyelectasis? (worldwidefaqs.com)
- What is considered mild pyelectasis? (worldwidefaqs.com)
- Mild pyelectasis is considered present when the anterior posterior diameter (APD) of the renal pelvisrenal pelvisThe renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- 3. Isolated mild pyelectasis does not require fetal karyotyping. (radiology.world)
- The association of aneuploidy and mild fetal pyelectasis in an unselected population: The results of a multicenter population. (dsjuog.com)
Renal pelvis3
- Pyelectasis is an increased collection of urine in part of the baby's kidney called the renal pelvisrenal pelvisThe renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- In humans, the renal pelvis is the point where the two or three major calyces join.https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Renal_pelvisRenal pelvis - Wikipedia. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- In humans, the renal pelvis is the point where the two or three major calyces join.https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Renal_pelvisRenal pelvis - Wikipedia measures at least 4 mm between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation, 5 mm between 20 and 30 weeks, and 7 mm between 30 and 40 weeks. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Fetuses2
- The significance of pyelectasis in fetuses is not clear. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, the fetuses with synchronous CPC and IEF and also synchronous pyelectasis and IEF were at significantly higher risk of poor neonatal outcomes (P=0.037). (ac.ir)
Fetal kidneys1
- Pyelectasis is a collection of fluid in the fetal kidneys causing them to dilate. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Echogenic1
- Poor neonatal outcomes were significantly associated with EIF (P=0.007), CPC (P=0.045), echogenic bowel (P=0.031), pyelectasis (P=0.026), and single umbilical artery (P=0.010). (ac.ir)
Pelviectasis1
- Similar terms for less severe kidney swelling which are used interchangeably are pyelectasis or pelviectasis . (drvivekviswanathan.com)
Severe1
- There is some discussion about what degree of pyelectasis is considered severe enough to warrant further investigation and most authorities use 6mm as the cut-off point. (wikipedia.org)
Fetus2
- How common is pyelectasis in fetus? (worldwidefaqs.com)
- How common is pyelectasis in female fetus? (worldwidefaqs.com)
Kidney1
- In the control group, one male had unilateral yellowish white patches on the kidney and another male had unilateral pyelectasis, while females had no abnormality. (europa.eu)
Syndrome5
- Pyelectasis is considered to be a "soft marker" for Down syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- What is the risk of Down syndrome with fetal pyelectasis? (worldwidefaqs.com)
- Pyelectasis and Down Syndrome Risk Although Down syndrome can occur in any pregnancy, the chance for Down syndrome increases with the mother's age. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- Pyelectasis and Down Syndrome Risk Down syndrome is the most common type of chromosome abnormality in liveborn children. (worldwidefaqs.com)
- Fetal pyelectasis-a possible association with Down syndrome. (dsjuog.com)
Pregnancy1
- Pyelectasis can be seen in any pregnancy, but is more common in boys. (worldwidefaqs.com)
Cases1
- In most cases pyelectasis resolves normally, having no ill effects on the baby. (wikipedia.org)
Surgery1
- Babies with unresolved pyelectasis may experience urological problems requiring surgery. (wikipedia.org)
Fetal3
- October 10, 2006 (Atlanta) - Data from the VIPUR Registry of fetal urological ultrasound measurements suggest that measurements of prenatal pyelectasis using accepted exclusion criteria will dismiss 13% of these cases as being insignificant and that 20% of excluded cases may go on to develop urological problems. (medscape.com)
- VIPUR is a fetal pyelectasis registry containing 25 years of prospectively collected data. (medscape.com)
- And it might be helpful to use as a genetic soft marker in relation with fetal pyelectasis. (motherandbaby.com)
Urological problems2
- Babies with unresolved pyelectasis may experience urological problems requiring surgery. (wikipedia.org)
- In the 13% of patients with "insignificant" pyelectasis, 20% had urological problems. (medscape.com)
Prenatal5
- Insignificant" Prenatal Pyelectasis Should Be Considered for Postnatal. (medscape.com)
- Our data suggest that all cases of insignificant prenatal pyelectasis should be considered for postnatal urological evaluation and that the VIPUR registry is valuable in helping to predict potential outcomes in all cases of prenatal pyelectasis," he said. (medscape.com)
- According to the literature, IUGR, pyelectasis and ventriculomegaly are common prenatal phenotypes of JBS. (nih.gov)
- 14. Prenatal diagnosis of de novo distal 11q deletion associated with sonographic findings of unilateral duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts. (nih.gov)
- Renal Pyelectasis on Prenatal Ultrasound - Next Steps? (obgproject.com)
Femur2
- Ventriculomegaly, shortened femur length and pyelectasis were found in two cases. (nih.gov)
- Other anomalies become evident later in the second trimester, as organ systems develop: cardiac malformations, duodenal atresia, hydrops, choroid plexus cysts, nuchal edema, renal pyelectasis, omphalocele, hypoplastic midphalanx of the fifth finger, and short femur and humerus can be used to screen for aneuploidy. (parents-life.com)
Soft marker1
- Pyelectasis is considered to be a "soft marker" for Down syndrome. (wikipedia.org)