The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of public health.
Education and training in PUBLIC HEALTH for the practice of the profession.
Management of public health organizations or agencies.
An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.
Organized groups serving in advisory capacities related to health planning activities.
Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities.
The systematic application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research, and learning.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. Emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives.
Disciplines concerned with the study of human and animal behavior.
Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.
Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.
The interactions between representatives of institutions, agencies, or organizations.
The level of governmental organization and function below that of the national or country-wide government.
The purposes, missions, and goals of an individual organization or its units, established through administrative processes. It includes an organization's long-range plans and administrative philosophy.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.
Variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between population groups defined by socioeconomic characteristics such as age, ethnicity, economic resources, or gender and populations identified geographically or similar measures.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)
The circulation or wide dispersal of information.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
(Note: 'North Carolina' is a place, not a medical term. However, I can provide a fun fact related to health and North Carolina.)
Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
A nursing specialty concerned with promoting and protecting the health of populations, using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences to develop local, regional, state, and national health policy and research. It is population-focused and community-oriented, aimed at health promotion and disease prevention through educational, diagnostic, and preventive programs.
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services.
Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
Preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals. This may refer specifically to PL93-641.
Planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p299)
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
The discipline concerned with using the combination of conventional ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE to address the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of health and illness.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.
The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Organized services to provide mental health care.
The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.
The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
Psychoanalytic theory focusing on interpretation of behavior in reference to self. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Terms, 1994) This elaboration of the psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism and the self, was developed by Heinz Kohut, and stresses the importance of the self-awareness of excessive needs for approval and self-gratification.
A constituent organization of the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES concerned with protecting and improving the health of the nation.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)
Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.
Insurance providing coverage of medical, surgical, or hospital care in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.
A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease.
The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (HEALTH CARE COSTS) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers.
Patient-based medical care provided across age and gender or specialty boundaries.
The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
Components of a national health care system which administer specific services, e.g., national health insurance.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.
The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
A sultanate on the southeast coast of the Arabian peninsula. Its capital is Masqat. Before the 16th century it was ruled by independent emirs but was captured and controlled by the Portuguese 1508-1648. In 1741 it was recovered by a descendent of Yemen's imam. After its decline in the 19th century, it became virtually a political and economic dependency within the British Government of India, retaining close ties with Great Britain by treaty from 1939 to 1970 when it achieved autonomy. The name was recorded by Pliny in the 1st century A.D. as Omana, said to be derived from the founder of the state, Oman ben Ibrahim al-Khalil. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p890; Oman Embassy, Washington; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
The bond or lack thereof between a pregnant woman and her FETUS.
The status of health in rural populations.
The status of health in urban populations.
A health care system which combines physicians, hospitals, and other medical services with a health plan to provide the complete spectrum of medical care for its customers. In a fully integrated system, the three key elements - physicians, hospital, and health plan membership - are in balance in terms of matching medical resources with the needs of purchasers and patients. (Coddington et al., Integrated Health Care: Reorganizing the Physician, Hospital and Health Plan Relationship, 1994, p7)
Education which increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of dental health on a personal or community basis.
Any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997)
Planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources.
A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology.
The organization and operation of the business aspects of a physician's practice.
Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice.
Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products.
The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.
Activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.
Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters.
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.
Communication, in the sense of cross-fertilization of ideas, involving two or more academic disciplines (such as the disciplines that comprise the cross-disciplinary field of bioethics, including the health and biological sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences and law). Also includes problems in communication stemming from differences in patterns of language usage in different academic or medical disciplines.
Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
Organized services to provide health care for children.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Planning for health resources at a regional or multi-state level.
The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.
Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.
Services designed for HEALTH PROMOTION and prevention of disease.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
The availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.
A way of providing health care that is guided by a thoughtful integration of the best available scientific knowledge with clinical expertise. This approach allows the practitioner to critically assess research data, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to correctly identify the clinical problem, apply the most high-quality intervention, and re-evaluate the outcome for future improvement.
Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood.
A dental specialty concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of oral health through promoting organized dental health programs at a community, state, or federal level.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but 'England' is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, known for its rich history, cultural heritage, and contributions to medical science. However, in a medical context, it may refer to the location of a patient, healthcare provider, or research study, but it is not a term with a specific medical meaning.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
All deaths reported in a given population.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Asia, known as Nihon-koku or Nippon-koku in Japanese, and is renowned for its unique culture, advanced technology, and rich history. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings.
Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.
Smallest political subdivisions within a country at which general governmental functions are carried-out.
Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc.
Media that facilitate transportability of pertinent information concerning patient's illness across varied providers and geographic locations. Some versions include direct linkages to online consumer health information that is relevant to the health conditions and treatments related to a specific patient.
Those actions designed to carry out recommendations pertaining to health plans or programs.
Recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. These may be mandated by PL93-641 and issued by the Department of Health and Human Services for use by state and local planning agencies.
The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.
Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends.
Organized services to provide health care to expectant and nursing mothers.
Professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. For occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is available.
The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
An interactive process whereby members of a community are concerned for the equality and rights of all.
The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data with the purpose of preventing or controlling disease or injury, or of identifying unusual events of public health importance, followed by the dissemination and use of information for public health action. (From Am J Prev Med 2011;41(6):636)
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Evaluation procedures that focus on both the outcome or status (OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT) of the patient at the end of an episode of care - presence of symptoms, level of activity, and mortality; and the process (ASSESSMENT, PROCESS) - what is done for the patient diagnostically and therapeutically.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning.
Norms, criteria, standards, and other direct qualitative and quantitative measures used in determining the quality of health care.
Health services, public or private, in urban areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
A method of data collection and a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions.
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
The obligations and accountability assumed in carrying out actions or ideas on behalf of others.
The function of directing or controlling the actions or attitudes of an individual or group with more or less willing acquiescence of the followers.
The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
A system of medical care regulated, controlled and financed by the government, in which the government assumes responsibility for the health needs of the population.
A geographic area defined and served by a health program or institution.
Financial resources provided for activities related to health planning and development.
Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.
Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.
The physical condition of human reproductive systems.
A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.
The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct.
Health services for employees, usually provided by the employer at the place of work.
The organization and administration of health services dedicated to the delivery of health care.
Federal, state, or local government organized methods of financial assistance.
Voluntary groups of people representing diverse interests in the community such as hospitals, businesses, physicians, and insurers, with the principal objective to improve health care cost effectiveness.
State plans prepared by the State Health Planning and Development Agencies which are made up from plans submitted by the Health Systems Agencies and subject to review and revision by the Statewide Health Coordinating Council.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.
Descriptions and evaluations of specific health care organizations.
Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Services for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the aged and the maintenance of health in the elderly.
Health care workers specially trained and licensed to assist and support the work of health professionals. Often used synonymously with paramedical personnel, the term generally refers to all health care workers who perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by a physician or other health professional.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Evaluation of a national surveillance unit. (1/795)

AIM: The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) facilitates national active surveillance of uncommon childhood conditions. This study assessed whether it fulfilled its objectives and satisfied criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for evaluating surveillance systems. METHODS: Anonymous questionnaires were sent to users of the system, individual studies were reviewed, and data were collected from independent sources. RESULTS: Seven hundred and sixty six clinicians, 48 investigators, and 15 public health professionals responded to the questionnaires. Clinicians reported that the APSU was useful, 33% saying information provided by the APSU informed or changed their clinical practice. Most (88%) reported that completing monthly report cards was not a burden. Impact on policy development was limited by suboptimal dissemination of information to public health professionals. Flexibility and timeliness were limited by design. Estimated sensitivity of APSU studies ranged from 92% (congenital rubella) to 31% (drowning/near drowning). Positive predictive value of notified cases was over 70% for most studies. CONCLUSION: The APSU fulfils most of its objectives and meets CDC criteria salient to these. Ways in which the APSU could be improved have been identified, as have methodological challenges and limitations in applying CDC guidelines to this type of unit.  (+info)

Nationwide implementation of guided supermarket tours in The Netherlands: a dissemination study. (2/795)

The purpose of this study was to assess adoption, implementation and maintenance of a guided supermarket tour program of nutrition education by Dutch Public Health Services (PHSs), and the factors associated with program dissemination. A first questionnaire was sent to all 60 PHSs, and measured program adoption, perceived program attributes, and characteristics of the adopting organization and person. A second questionnaire was only sent to adopting PHSs, and measured extent and success of implementation, intentions to continue the program, and characteristics of the main implementing person. Of the 59 PHSs who responded, 30 adopted the program and 17 implemented it sufficiently. Perceived program complexity, social influence within the PHS toward program participation and existence of a separate health education department were predictors of adoption. Perceived program complexity was also a predictor of extent of implementation. The number of health educators within each PHS was a predictor of sufficient implementation. It was concluded that adoption and implementation of the program was reasonable, considering the limited dissemination strategy. Dissemination might have been more successful if the program had been less complex and required less effort, if positive social influence had been generated, and if specific attention had been given to PHSs without a separate health education department.  (+info)

Assessing public health capacity to support community-based heart health promotion: the Canadian Heart Health Initiative, Ontario Project (CHHIOP). (3/795)

This paper presents initial findings of the Canadian Heart Health Initiative, Ontario Project (CHHIOP). CHHIOP has two primary objectives. The programmatic objective is to coordinate and refine a system for supporting effective, sustained community-based heart health activities. This paper addresses the scientific objective: to develop knowledge of factors that influence the development of predisposition and capacity to undertake community-based heart health activities in public health departments. A systems theory framework for an ecological approach to health promotion informs the conceptualization of the key constructs, measured using a two-stage longitudinal design which combines quantitative and qualitative methods. This paper reports the results of the first round of quantitative survey data collected from all health departments in Ontario (N = 42) and individuals within each health department involved in heart health promotion (n = 262). Results indicate low levels of implementation of heart health activities, both overall and for particular risk factors and settings. Levels of capacity are also generally low, yet predisposition to undertake heart health promotion activities is reportedly high. Analyses show that implementation is positively related to capacity but not predisposition, while predisposition and capacity are positively related. Overall, results suggest predisposition is a necessary but not sufficient condition for implementation to occur; capacity-related factors appear to be the primary constraint. These findings are used to inform strategies to address CHHIOP's programmatic objective.  (+info)

Integrated management of childhood illness: a summary of first experiences. (4/795)

The strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) aims to reduce child mortality and morbidity in developing countries by combining improved management of common childhood illnesses with proper nutrition and immunization. The strategy includes interventions to improve the skills of health workers, the health system, and family and community practices. This article describes the experience of the first countries to adopt and implement the IMCI interventions, the clinical guidelines dealing with the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children, and the training package on these guidelines for health workers in first-level health facilities. The most relevant lessons learned and how these lessons have served as a basis for developing a broader IMCI strategy are described.  (+info)

Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. (5/795)

Progress in public health and community-based interventions has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive evaluation framework appropriate to such programs. Multilevel interventions that incorporate policy, environmental, and individual components should be evaluated with measurements suited to their settings, goals, and purpose. In this commentary, the authors propose a model (termed the RE-AIM model) for evaluating public health interventions that assesses 5 dimensions: reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. These dimensions occur at multiple levels (e.g., individual, clinic or organization, community) and interact to determine the public health or population-based impact of a program or policy. The authors discuss issues in evaluating each of these dimensions and combining them to determine overall public health impact. Failure to adequately evaluate programs on all 5 dimensions can lead to a waste of resources, discontinuities between stages of research, and failure to improve public health to the limits of our capacity. The authors summarize strengths and limitations of the RE-AIM model and recommend areas for future research and application.  (+info)

Framework for program evaluation in public health. (6/795)

Effective program evaluation is a systematic way to improve and account for public health actions by involving procedures that are useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate. The framework guides public health professionals in their use of program evaluation. It is a practical, nonprescriptive tool, designed to summarize and organize essential elements of program evaluation. The framework comprises steps in program evaluation practice and standards for effective program evaluation. Adhering to the steps and standards of this framework will allow an understanding of each program's context and will improve how program evaluations are conceived and conducted. Furthermore, the framework encourages an approach to evaluation that is integrated with routine program operations. The emphasis is on practical, ongoing evaluation strategies that involve all program stakeholders, not just evaluation experts. Understanding and applying the elements of this framework can be a driving force for planning effective public health strategies, improving existing programs, and demonstrating the results of resource investments.  (+info)

Controlled management of public relations following a public health incident. (7/795)

This paper describes the management of public relations following an outbreak of multidrug resistant TB at a London hospital. Eight patients were involved, all of the secondary cases occurred in HIV seropositive patients, and three cases died. The paper describes how the the Incident Committee undertook to recall contacts of the cases for screening, inform the general practitioners of all of the contacts about their patients' exposure, warn other organizations and professionals interested or involved in the management of HIV in the London area as to the nature of the incident, and establish a helpline, before informing a wider audience through the EPINET, Communicable Disease Report and national press.  (+info)

Evaluating computerized health information systems: hardware, software and human ware: experiences from the Northern Province, South Africa. (8/795)

Despite enormous investment world-wide in computerized health information systems their overall benefits and costs have rarely been fully assessed. A major new initiative in South Africa provides the opportunity to evaluate the introduction of information technology from a global perspective and assess its impact on public health. The Northern Province is implementing a comprehensive integrated hospital information system (HIS) in all of its 42 hospitals. These include two mental health institutions, eight regional hospitals (two acting as a tertiary complex with teaching responsibilities) and 32 district hospitals. The overall goal of the HIS is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health (and welfare) services through the creation and use of information, for clinical, administrative and monitoring purposes. This multi-site implementation is being undertaken as a single project at a cost of R130 million (which represents 2.5 per cent of the health and welfare budget on an annual basis). The implementation process commenced on 1 September 1998 with the introduction of the system into Mankweng Hospital as the pilot site and is to be completed in the year 2001. An evaluation programme has been designed to maximize the likelihood of success of the implementation phase (formative evaluation) as well as providing an overall assessment of its benefits and costs (summative evaluation). The evaluation was designed as a form of health technology assessment; the system will have to prove its worth (in terms of cost-effectiveness) relative to other interventions. This is more extensive than the traditional form of technical assessment of hardware and software functionality, and moves into assessing the day-to-day utility of the system, the clinical and managerial environment in which it is situated (humanware), and ultimately its effects on the quality of patient care and public health. In keeping with new South African legislation the evaluation process sought to involve as many stakeholders as possible at the same time as creating a methodologically rigorous study that lived within realistic resource limits. The design chosen for the summative assessment was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which 24 district hospitals will receive the HIS either early or late. This is the first attempt to carry out an RCT evaluation of a multi-site implementation of an HIS in the world. Within this design the evaluation will utilize a range of qualitative and quantitative techniques over varying time scales, each addressing specific aims of the evaluation programme. In addition, it will attempt to provide an overview of the general impact on people and organizations of introducing high-technology solutions into a relatively unprepared environment. The study should help to stimulate an evaluation culture in the health and welfare services in the Northern Province as well as building the capacity to undertake such evaluations in the future.  (+info)

Public health practice is a multidisciplinary approach that aims to prevent disease, promote health, and protect communities from harmful environmental and social conditions through evidence-based strategies, programs, policies, and interventions. It involves the application of epidemiological, biostatistical, social, environmental, and behavioral sciences to improve the health of populations, reduce health disparities, and ensure equity in health outcomes. Public health practice includes a wide range of activities such as disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, health promotion, community engagement, program planning and evaluation, policy analysis and development, and research translation. It is a collaborative and systems-based approach that involves partnerships with various stakeholders, including communities, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other organizations to achieve population-level health goals.

Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.

"Public health in the context of schools refers to the science and practice of protecting and improving the health of populations in school settings. It involves the implementation of evidence-based policies, programs, and practices to prevent disease and injury, promote healthy behaviors, and ensure that students are able to learn and thrive in a safe and healthy environment. This can include efforts to address issues such as infectious disease outbreaks, chronic disease prevention, mental health promotion, environmental health concerns, and injury prevention. Public health in schools is a multidisciplinary field that draws on expertise from fields such as medicine, nursing, nutrition, psychology, social work, education, and public health."

A public health professional is a trained and educated individual who works to improve the health and well-being of communities and populations through education, research, policy development, and advocacy. A public health professional in the field of education may work in various settings such as universities, colleges, public health departments, non-profit organizations, or government agencies.

Their responsibilities typically include:

1. Developing and implementing educational programs to promote healthy behaviors and prevent disease and injury.
2. Conducting research to identify the health needs and concerns of communities and developing strategies to address them.
3. Advocating for policies and practices that support public health and promote health equity.
4. Collaborating with other professionals, such as healthcare providers, community leaders, and policymakers, to develop and implement effective public health interventions.
5. Evaluating the impact of public health programs and using data to inform decision-making and improve outcomes.

To become a public health professional in education, one typically needs to have at least a master's degree in public health or a related field, such as health education, health promotion, or health services administration. Some positions may require a doctoral degree or additional certifications. Relevant work experience, such as internships or volunteer work, is also valuable for gaining practical skills and making professional connections.

Public Health Administration refers to the leadership, management, and coordination of public health services and initiatives at the local, state, or national level. It involves overseeing and managing the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies, programs, and services aimed at improving the health and well-being of populations. This may include addressing issues such as infectious disease control, chronic disease prevention, environmental health, emergency preparedness and response, and health promotion and education.

Public Health Administration requires a strong understanding of public health principles, leadership and management skills, and the ability to work collaboratively with a variety of stakeholders, including community members, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other organizations. The ultimate goal of Public Health Administration is to ensure that public health resources are used effectively and efficiently to improve the health outcomes of populations and reduce health disparities.

Health Planning Councils are regional organizations that are responsible for developing, implementing, and evaluating healthcare plans and services within a specific geographic area. The primary goal of these councils is to improve the overall health of the population they serve by identifying healthcare needs, setting priorities, and coordinating resources to address those needs.

Health Planning Councils typically consist of a diverse group of stakeholders, including healthcare providers, consumers, advocates, and other community members. They may be responsible for a variety of tasks, such as:

1. Conducting needs assessments to identify the health needs and priorities of the population they serve.
2. Developing strategic plans to address those needs and priorities.
3. Allocating resources to support the implementation of healthcare services and programs.
4. Monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of healthcare services and programs.
5. Advocating for policies and practices that promote health equity and improve access to care.

Health Planning Councils may operate at the state, regional, or local level, depending on the specific structure and organization of the healthcare system in which they are located. They play a critical role in ensuring that healthcare resources are used efficiently and effectively to improve the health outcomes of the populations they serve.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Government Agencies" is a very broad term and does not have a specific medical definition. Government agencies are administrative bodies of a government that carry out certain legislated functions, and these can cover a wide range of areas, including public health, environmental protection, workplace safety, and many others.

However, if you're interested in learning about government agencies that deal with health-related matters, here are a few examples:

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): A federal agency in the United States that conducts and supports public health activities to decrease preventable diseases, injuries, and disabilities.
2. National Institutes of Health (NIH): A US government agency responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It comprises 27 institutes and centers focusing on various disease areas and other health issues.
3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): A US government agency that oversees the safety of food, dietary supplements, medications, vaccines, cosmetics, medical devices, and radiation-emitting products.
4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): A US government agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment by enforcing regulations related to air and water quality, hazardous waste disposal, pesticides, and other environmental concerns.
5. World Health Organization (WHO): An international organization that coordinates global health initiatives, sets international health standards, and provides technical assistance to member countries in addressing various health issues.

These are just a few examples of government agencies that deal with health-related matters. If you have a specific agency or area of interest, I'd be happy to help provide more information!

Public Health Informatics (PHI) is the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. It involves the development and implementation of information systems to support public health functions including surveillance, prevention, preparedness, and response. PHI also includes the analysis of public health data to improve decision-making, as well as the training and education of public health professionals in the use of these technologies. The ultimate goal of PHI is to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and overall quality of public health services.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Competency-based education (CBE) is a teaching and learning approach that focuses on measuring and demonstrating specific skills, abilities, or knowledge competencies rather than solely on the amount of time spent in class or completing coursework. In this model, students progress through their education by mastering a series of clearly defined competencies at their own pace.

In medical education, CBE aims to ensure that healthcare professionals possess the necessary skills and knowledge to provide safe and effective patient care. Competency-based medical education often involves the use of direct assessments, such as objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), standardized patients, and workplace-based assessments, to evaluate students' competencies in various domains, including medical knowledge, communication, professionalism, and clinical skills.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has identified six core competencies that residents must achieve during their training: patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice. Competency-based medical education helps to ensure that these competencies are systematically assessed and developed throughout a trainee's educational journey.

The Behavioral Sciences are a group of disciplines that focus on the study of human and animal behavior. These sciences use various methods, including experiments, observations, and surveys, to understand why organisms behave the way they do. Some of the key disciplines in the Behavioral Sciences include:

1. Psychology: The scientific study of the mind and behavior, including topics such as perception, cognition, emotion, motivation, and personality.
2. Sociology: The scientific study of human social behavior, including topics such as group dynamics, social norms, and cultural influences.
3. Anthropology: The scientific study of human societies and cultures, both past and present, including their evolution, development, and variation.
4. Education: The field concerned with teaching and learning processes, curriculum development, and instructional design.
5. Communication Studies: The field that examines how people use symbols, language, and communication to create and maintain relationships, communities, and cultures.
6. Political Science: The study of political systems, institutions, and behaviors, including topics such as power, governance, and public policy.
7. Economics: The study of how individuals, businesses, and societies allocate scarce resources to satisfy their needs and wants.

Overall, the Behavioral Sciences aim to provide a deeper understanding of human behavior and social phenomena, with applications in fields such as healthcare, education, business, and policy-making.

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior change to include social and environmental interventions that can positively influence the health of individuals, communities, and populations. Health promotion involves engaging in a wide range of activities, such as advocacy, policy development, community organization, and education that aim to create supportive environments and personal skills that foster good health. It is based on principles of empowerment, participation, and social justice.

Epidemiology is the study of how often and why diseases occur in different groups of people and places. It is a key discipline in public health and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practices by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists use various study designs, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to collect and analyze data on the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. They seek to understand the causes of health outcomes and develop strategies to control or prevent adverse health events. The ultimate goal of epidemiology is to improve population health and eliminate health disparities.

Health policy refers to a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a population. It is formulated by governmental and non-governmental organizations with the objective of providing guidance and direction for the management and delivery of healthcare services. Health policies address various aspects of healthcare, including access, financing, quality, and equity. They can be designed to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment and rehabilitation services to individuals who are sick or injured. Effective health policies require careful consideration of scientific evidence, ethical principles, and societal values to ensure that they meet the needs of the population while being fiscally responsible.

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.

The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.

Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.

In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Interinstitutional Relations" is not a commonly used medical term. Instead, it is more frequently used in the context of social sciences, particularly in relation to organizations and their interactions with each other. In this context, interinstitutional relations refers to the relationships, cooperative arrangements, and communication between different organizations or institutions.

However, if you are looking for a term related to medical institutions or healthcare organizations, you might be interested in "Interprofessional Relations" or "Interdisciplinary Collaboration." These terms describe the interactions, coordination, and cooperation among various healthcare professionals and disciplines to provide comprehensive and high-quality patient care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "State Government" is not a medical term. It refers to the level of government in the United States that is responsible for governing each of the individual states. This includes executives (such as governors), legislative bodies (like state senates and houses of representatives), and courts.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Organizational Objectives" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a general management and business concept. Organizational objectives are the goals or targets that an organization aims to achieve through its operations and functions. These can include financial objectives like profitability and growth, as well as non-financial objectives related to areas like quality, innovation, social responsibility, and employee satisfaction.

In a healthcare setting, organizational objectives might include improving patient outcomes, increasing patient satisfaction, reducing costs, implementing new treatments or technologies, enhancing community health, and maintaining ethical standards.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

Professional competence, in the context of medicine, refers to the possession of the necessary skills, knowledge, and behaviors required for the provision of high-quality healthcare services. It involves the ability to apply medical knowledge and clinical skills effectively in practice, make informed and evidence-based decisions, communicate clearly and effectively with patients and colleagues, demonstrate professionalism and ethical behavior, and engage in continuous learning and improvement.

Professional competence is evaluated through various means, including assessments of clinical skills, knowledge tests, patient feedback, and peer reviews. It is an ongoing process that requires healthcare professionals to continually update their knowledge and skills, adapt to changes in medical practice, and strive for excellence in patient care. Maintaining professional competence is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of healthcare services and is a key component of medical regulation and licensure.

Health status disparities refer to differences in the health outcomes that are observed between different populations. These populations can be defined by various sociodemographic factors such as race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, disability, income, education level, and geographic location. Health status disparities can manifest as differences in rates of illness, disease prevalence or incidence, morbidity, mortality, access to healthcare services, and quality of care received. These disparities are often the result of systemic inequities and social determinants of health that negatively impact certain populations, leading to worse health outcomes compared to other groups. It is important to note that health status disparities are preventable and can be addressed through targeted public health interventions and policies aimed at reducing health inequities.

Health status is a term used to describe the overall condition of an individual's health, including physical, mental, and social well-being. It is often assessed through various measures such as medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reported health assessments. Health status can be used to identify health disparities, track changes in population health over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is a medical approach that combines the best available scientific evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. It emphasizes the use of systematic research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, to guide clinical decision making. EBM aims to provide the most effective and efficient care while minimizing variations in practice, reducing errors, and improving patient outcomes.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "information dissemination" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine. It refers to the process of spreading or distributing information to a specific audience or the public.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, information dissemination often relates to sharing clinical guidelines, research findings, public health messages, or patient education materials with healthcare professionals, patients, or the general public. This can occur through various channels, such as scientific conferences, peer-reviewed journals, newsletters, websites, social media platforms, and other communication methods.

The goal of information dissemination in medicine is to ensure that accurate, evidence-based, and up-to-date information reaches the intended audience, ultimately improving healthcare quality, patient outcomes, and decision-making processes.

Family practice, also known as family medicine, is a medical specialty that provides comprehensive and continuous care to patients of all ages, genders, and stages of life. Family physicians are trained to provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, management of complex medical conditions, and providing health education and counseling.

Family practice emphasizes the importance of building long-term relationships with patients and their families, and takes into account the physical, emotional, social, and psychological factors that influence a person's health. Family physicians often serve as the primary point of contact for patients within the healthcare system, coordinating care with other specialists and healthcare providers as needed.

Family practice is a broad and diverse field, encompassing various areas such as pediatrics, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, and behavioral health. The goal of family practice is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the unique needs and preferences of each individual patient and their family.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North Carolina" is a geographical location and not a medical term or condition. It is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

Health behavior can be defined as a series of actions and decisions that individuals take to protect, maintain or promote their health and well-being. These behaviors can include activities such as engaging in regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, getting sufficient sleep, practicing safe sex, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress.

Health behaviors are influenced by various factors, including knowledge and attitudes towards health, beliefs and values, cultural norms, social support networks, environmental factors, and individual genetic predispositions. Understanding health behaviors is essential for developing effective public health interventions and promoting healthy lifestyles to prevent chronic diseases and improve overall quality of life.

The "delivery of health care" refers to the process of providing medical services, treatments, and interventions to individuals in order to maintain, restore, or improve their health. This encompasses a wide range of activities, including:

1. Preventive care: Routine check-ups, screenings, immunizations, and counseling aimed at preventing illnesses or identifying them at an early stage.
2. Diagnostic services: Tests and procedures used to identify and understand medical conditions, such as laboratory tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.
3. Treatment interventions: Medical, surgical, or therapeutic treatments provided to manage acute or chronic health issues, including medications, surgeries, physical therapy, and psychotherapy.
4. Acute care services: Short-term medical interventions focused on addressing immediate health concerns, such as hospitalizations for infections, injuries, or complications from medical conditions.
5. Chronic care management: Long-term care and support provided to individuals with ongoing medical needs, such as those living with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, or cancer.
6. Rehabilitation services: Programs designed to help patients recover from illnesses, injuries, or surgeries, focusing on restoring physical, cognitive, and emotional function.
7. End-of-life care: Palliative and hospice care provided to individuals facing terminal illnesses, with an emphasis on comfort, dignity, and quality of life.
8. Public health initiatives: Population-level interventions aimed at improving community health, such as disease prevention programs, health education campaigns, and environmental modifications.

The delivery of health care involves a complex network of healthcare professionals, institutions, and systems working together to ensure that patients receive the best possible care. This includes primary care physicians, specialists, nurses, allied health professionals, hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, and public health organizations. Effective communication, coordination, and collaboration among these stakeholders are essential for high-quality, patient-centered care.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

In the context of medical education, a curriculum refers to the planned and organized sequence of experiences and learning opportunities designed to achieve specific educational goals and objectives. It outlines the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that medical students or trainees are expected to acquire during their training program. The curriculum may include various components such as lectures, small group discussions, clinical rotations, simulations, and other experiential learning activities. It is typically developed and implemented by medical education experts and faculty members in consultation with stakeholders, including learners, practitioners, and patients.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.

Public health nursing is a specialty practice area of nursing that focuses on the prevention and management of health issues in communities and populations. It involves the assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions aimed at promoting health, preventing disease, and addressing environmental factors that impact the health of populations. Public health nurses often work in community-based settings such as public health departments, schools, and non-profit organizations to provide care and education to individuals and families, promote health equity, and advocate for policies that improve the overall health of communities.

Environmental health is a branch of public health that focuses on the study of how environmental factors, including physical, chemical, and biological factors, impact human health and disease. It involves the assessment, control, and prevention of environmental hazards in order to protect and promote human health and well-being.

Environmental health encompasses a wide range of issues, such as air and water quality, food safety, waste management, housing conditions, occupational health and safety, radiation protection, and climate change. It also involves the promotion of healthy behaviors and the development of policies and regulations to protect public health from environmental hazards.

The goal of environmental health is to create safe and healthy environments that support human health and well-being, prevent disease and injury, and promote sustainable communities. This requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers, community organizations, and the public.

An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.

A positive attitude to health typically includes:

1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.

On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:

1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.

Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.

Health services accessibility refers to the degree to which individuals and populations are able to obtain needed health services in a timely manner. It includes factors such as physical access (e.g., distance, transportation), affordability (e.g., cost of services, insurance coverage), availability (e.g., supply of providers, hours of operation), and acceptability (e.g., cultural competence, language concordance).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), accessibility is one of the key components of health system performance, along with responsiveness and fair financing. Improving accessibility to health services is essential for achieving universal health coverage and ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare without facing financial hardship. Factors that affect health services accessibility can vary widely between and within countries, and addressing these disparities requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community engagement.

Health care reform refers to the legislative efforts, initiatives, and debates aimed at improving the quality, affordability, and accessibility of health care services. These reforms may include changes to health insurance coverage, delivery systems, payment methods, and healthcare regulations. The goals of health care reform are often to increase the number of people with health insurance, reduce healthcare costs, and improve the overall health outcomes of a population. Examples of notable health care reform measures in the United States include the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Medicare for All proposals.

"Health personnel" is a broad term that refers to individuals who are involved in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health of populations or individuals. This can include a wide range of professionals such as:

1. Healthcare providers: These are medical doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists, allied health professionals (like physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, etc.), and other healthcare workers who provide direct patient care.

2. Public health professionals: These are individuals who work in public health agencies, non-governmental organizations, or academia to promote health, prevent diseases, and protect populations from health hazards. They include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health educators, environmental health specialists, and health services researchers.

3. Health managers and administrators: These are professionals who oversee the operations, finances, and strategic planning of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, or public health departments. They may include hospital CEOs, medical directors, practice managers, and healthcare consultants.

4. Health support staff: This group includes various personnel who provide essential services to healthcare organizations, such as medical records technicians, billing specialists, receptionists, and maintenance workers.

5. Health researchers and academics: These are professionals involved in conducting research, teaching, and disseminating knowledge related to health sciences, medicine, public health, or healthcare management in universities, research institutions, or think tanks.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "health worker" as "a person who contributes to the promotion, protection, or improvement of health through prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliation, health promotion, and health education." This definition encompasses a wide range of professionals working in various capacities to improve health outcomes.

Health care surveys are research tools used to systematically collect information from a population or sample regarding their experiences, perceptions, and knowledge of health services, health outcomes, and various other health-related topics. These surveys typically consist of standardized questionnaires that cover specific aspects of healthcare, such as access to care, quality of care, patient satisfaction, health disparities, and healthcare costs. The data gathered from health care surveys are used to inform policy decisions, improve healthcare delivery, identify best practices, allocate resources, and monitor the health status of populations. Health care surveys can be conducted through various modes, including in-person interviews, telephone interviews, mail-in questionnaires, or online platforms.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. It involves the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of an individual's health. Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness, it also includes positive characteristics such as resilience, happiness, and having a sense of purpose in life.

It is important to note that mental health can change over time, and it is possible for an individual to experience periods of good mental health as well as periods of poor mental health. Factors such as genetics, trauma, stress, and physical illness can all contribute to the development of mental health problems. Additionally, cultural and societal factors, such as discrimination and poverty, can also impact an individual's mental health.

Mental Health professionals like psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and other mental health counselors use different tools and techniques to evaluate, diagnose and treat mental health conditions. These include therapy or counseling, medication, and self-help strategies.

Health Priorities are key areas of focus in healthcare that receive the greatest attention, resources, and efforts due to their significant impact on overall population health. These priorities are typically determined by evaluating various health issues and factors such as prevalence, severity, mortality rates, and social determinants of health. By addressing health priorities, healthcare systems and public health organizations aim to improve community health, reduce health disparities, and enhance the quality of life for individuals. Examples of health priorities may include chronic diseases (such as diabetes or heart disease), mental health, infectious diseases, maternal and child health, injury prevention, and health promotion through healthy lifestyles.

Community health planning is a systematic and continuous process that involves assessing the health needs and resources of a defined population, setting priorities for health improvement, and developing and implementing action plans to achieve those priorities. It is a collaborative effort between various stakeholders, including community members, healthcare providers, public health professionals, and other relevant organizations. The goal of community health planning is to improve the overall health and well-being of the community by addressing the social, environmental, and economic factors that impact health. This process typically involves the following steps:

1. Needs assessment: Identifying the health needs and priorities of the community through data collection and analysis, including demographic information, health status indicators, and healthcare utilization patterns.
2. Resource assessment: Identifying the available resources in the community, such as healthcare facilities, public health programs, and community-based organizations that can be leveraged to address the identified needs.
3. Priority setting: Determining the most pressing health issues that need to be addressed based on the needs and resource assessments. This involves engaging stakeholders in a participatory process to identify shared priorities.
4. Plan development: Developing an action plan that outlines specific strategies, activities, and timelines for addressing the identified priorities. The plan should also include indicators for measuring progress and evaluating outcomes.
5. Implementation: Putting the action plan into practice by engaging community members, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders in implementing the strategies and activities outlined in the plan.
6. Evaluation: Monitoring and evaluating the progress of the action plan to ensure that it is achieving the desired outcomes and making adjustments as needed.

Community health planning is an essential component of public health practice because it helps to ensure that resources are allocated effectively, priorities are aligned with community needs, and interventions are tailored to the unique characteristics of the population being served.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Health planning is a systematic process of creating strategies, policies, and goals to improve the health of a population and ensure the provision of adequate and accessible healthcare services. It involves assessing the health needs of the community, establishing priorities, developing interventions, and implementing and evaluating programs to address those needs. The ultimate goal of health planning is to optimize the health status of the population, reduce health disparities, and make efficient use of resources in the healthcare system. This process typically involves collaboration among various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, policymakers, community members, and advocacy groups.

Integrative Medicine (IM) is a comprehensive, whole-person approach to healthcare that combines conventional medicine with evidence-based complementary and alternative therapies. The goal of IM is to achieve optimal health and healing by addressing the physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of an individual's life.

The principles of Integrative Medicine include:

1. Patient-centered care: Treating each patient as a unique individual and considering their personal needs, values, and preferences in the treatment plan.
2. Collaboration: Working together with patients, families, and other healthcare providers to create a coordinated and comprehensive care plan.
3. Evidence-informed practice: Using the best available evidence from both conventional and complementary medicine to inform clinical decision making.
4. Incorporation of lifestyle modifications: Encouraging patients to make lifestyle changes that promote health and wellness, such as diet, exercise, stress management, and sleep hygiene.
5. Use of both conventional and complementary therapies: Utilizing a range of treatments, including pharmaceuticals, surgery, acupuncture, herbs, nutrition, and mind-body techniques, to address the root causes of illness and promote healing.
6. Attention to all aspects of health: Addressing physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual factors that contribute to health and wellness.
7. Focus on prevention and wellness: Emphasizing the importance of preventing illness and promoting overall health and well-being.
8. Continuous learning and improvement: Staying up-to-date with the latest research and best practices in both conventional and complementary medicine, and using this knowledge to improve patient care.

The "attitude of health personnel" refers to the overall disposition, behavior, and approach that healthcare professionals exhibit towards their patients or clients. This encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Interpersonal skills: The ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and build rapport with patients.
2. Professionalism: Adherence to ethical principles, confidentiality, and maintaining a non-judgmental attitude.
3. Compassion and empathy: Showing genuine concern for the patient's well-being and understanding their feelings and experiences.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Respecting and acknowledging the cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values of patients.
5. Competence: Demonstrating knowledge, skills, and expertise in providing healthcare services.
6. Collaboration: Working together with other healthcare professionals to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.
7. Patient-centeredness: Focusing on the individual needs, preferences, and goals of the patient in the decision-making process.
8. Commitment to continuous learning and improvement: Staying updated with the latest developments in the field and seeking opportunities to enhance one's skills and knowledge.

A positive attitude of health personnel contributes significantly to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment plans, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Physician's practice patterns refer to the individual habits and preferences of healthcare providers when it comes to making clinical decisions and managing patient care. These patterns can encompass various aspects, such as:

1. Diagnostic testing: The types and frequency of diagnostic tests ordered for patients with similar conditions.
2. Treatment modalities: The choice of treatment options, including medications, procedures, or referrals to specialists.
3. Patient communication: The way physicians communicate with their patients, including the amount and type of information shared, as well as the level of patient involvement in decision-making.
4. Follow-up care: The frequency and duration of follow-up appointments, as well as the monitoring of treatment effectiveness and potential side effects.
5. Resource utilization: The use of healthcare resources, such as hospitalizations, imaging studies, or specialist consultations, and the associated costs.

Physician practice patterns can be influenced by various factors, including medical training, clinical experience, personal beliefs, guidelines, and local availability of resources. Understanding these patterns is essential for evaluating the quality of care, identifying potential variations in care, and implementing strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition emphasizes that health is more than just the absence of illness, but a positive state of well-being in which an individual is able to realize their own potential, cope with normal stresses of life, work productively, and contribute to their community. It recognizes that physical, mental, and social factors are interconnected and can all impact a person's overall health. This definition also highlights the importance of addressing the social determinants of health, such as poverty, education, housing, and access to healthcare, in order to promote health and prevent disease.

"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:

"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)

Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.

Mental health services refer to the various professional health services designed to treat and support individuals with mental health conditions. These services are typically provided by trained and licensed mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, mental health counselors, and marriage and family therapists. The services may include:

1. Assessment and diagnosis of mental health disorders
2. Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" to help individuals understand and manage their symptoms
3. Medication management for mental health conditions
4. Case management and care coordination to connect individuals with community resources and support
5. Psychoeducation to help individuals and families better understand mental health conditions and how to manage them
6. Crisis intervention and stabilization services
7. Inpatient and residential treatment for severe or chronic mental illness
8. Prevention and early intervention services to identify and address mental health concerns before they become more serious
9. Rehabilitation and recovery services to help individuals with mental illness achieve their full potential and live fulfilling lives in the community.

Quality of health care is a term that refers to the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. It encompasses various aspects such as:

1. Clinical effectiveness: The use of best available evidence to make decisions about prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care. This includes considering the benefits and harms of different options and making sure that the most effective interventions are used.
2. Safety: Preventing harm to patients and minimizing risks associated with healthcare. This involves identifying potential hazards, implementing measures to reduce errors, and learning from adverse events to improve systems and processes.
3. Patient-centeredness: Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values. This includes ensuring that patients are fully informed about their condition and treatment options, involving them in decision-making, and providing emotional support throughout the care process.
4. Timeliness: Ensuring that healthcare services are delivered promptly and efficiently, without unnecessary delays. This includes coordinating care across different providers and settings to ensure continuity and avoid gaps in service.
5. Efficiency: Using resources wisely and avoiding waste, while still providing high-quality care. This involves considering the costs and benefits of different interventions, as well as ensuring that healthcare services are equitably distributed.
6. Equitability: Ensuring that all individuals have access to quality healthcare services, regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, age, or other factors. This includes addressing disparities in health outcomes and promoting fairness and justice in healthcare.

Overall, the quality of health care is a multidimensional concept that requires ongoing evaluation and improvement to ensure that patients receive the best possible care.

Health services research (HSR) is a multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to healthcare, the quality and cost of care, and ultimately, our health and well-being. The goal of HSR is to inform policy and practice, improve system performance, and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities. It involves the use of various research methods, including epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, sociology, management science, political science, and psychology, to answer questions about the healthcare system and how it can be improved.

Examples of HSR topics include:

* Evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different healthcare interventions and technologies
* Studying patient-centered care and patient experiences with the healthcare system
* Examining healthcare workforce issues, such as shortages of primary care providers or the impact of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
* Investigating the impact of health insurance design and financing systems on access to care and health disparities
* Analyzing the organization and delivery of healthcare services in different settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities
* Identifying best practices for improving healthcare quality and safety, reducing medical errors, and eliminating wasteful or unnecessary care.

Practice guidelines, also known as clinical practice guidelines, are systematically developed statements that aim to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence, consensus of expert opinion, and consideration of patient preferences. Practice guidelines can cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, management, prevention, and treatment options for various medical conditions. They are intended to improve the quality and consistency of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote evidence-based medicine. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized patient care.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Rural health services refer to the healthcare delivery systems and facilities that are located in rural areas and are designed to meet the unique health needs of rural populations. These services can include hospitals, clinics, community health centers, mental health centers, and home health agencies, as well as various programs and initiatives aimed at improving access to care, addressing health disparities, and promoting health and wellness in rural communities.

Rural health services are often characterized by longer travel distances to healthcare facilities, a greater reliance on primary care and preventive services, and a higher prevalence of certain health conditions such as chronic diseases, injuries, and mental health disorders. As a result, rural health services must be tailored to address these challenges and provide high-quality, affordable, and accessible care to rural residents.

In many countries, rural health services are supported by government policies and programs aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure, workforce development, and telehealth technologies in rural areas. These efforts are critical for ensuring that all individuals, regardless of where they live, have access to the healthcare services they need to maintain their health and well-being.

Self psychology is a branch of psychoanalysis developed by Heinz Kohut that emphasizes the role of empathy in understanding and treating psychological disorders. It focuses on the self, which includes an individual's sense of identity, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. According to this theory, a healthy self is characterized by a cohesive and stable sense of self, along with the ability to experience joy, pride, and satisfaction. In contrast, a poorly functioning self may result in feelings of emptiness, low self-esteem, and difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships.

Self psychology posits that individuals have certain innate psychological needs, including the need for mirroring (to have one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences affirmed by others), idealization (the ability to admire and look up to others as role models), and twinship (a sense of connection and understanding with others). When these needs are not met in early childhood, it can lead to the development of psychological issues.

In therapy, self psychologists aim to provide a therapeutic environment that meets the patient's emotional needs through empathic listening and understanding. This approach helps the patient develop a stronger and more cohesive sense of self, improve their ability to regulate their emotions, and form healthier relationships with others.

The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) is not a medical term per se, but I can certainly provide a definition and overview of it in the context of public health and healthcare.

The USPHS is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and is responsible for promoting and protecting the health of the nation, particularly focusing on preventing and controlling infectious diseases and other health threats. The USPHS is composed of eight uniformed service components: the Surgeon General's Office, the Commissioned Corps, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

The Commissioned Corps of the USPHS is a group of uniformed healthcare professionals who are appointed by the President and commissioned as officers. They serve in various capacities within the federal government, including research, clinical care, health policy, and emergency response. The Surgeon General serves as the head of the USPHS and is responsible for providing advice to the President and HHS Secretary on matters related to public health.

The USPHS plays a critical role in responding to public health emergencies, such as natural disasters, infectious disease outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks. They also work to address health disparities and promote health equity by providing healthcare services to underserved populations, including American Indians and Alaska Natives through the IHS. Additionally, the USPHS supports research and surveillance efforts aimed at understanding and addressing various public health issues, such as tobacco use, substance abuse, and mental health.

Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:

1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.

Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.

Health services needs refer to the population's requirement for healthcare services based on their health status, disease prevalence, and clinical guidelines. These needs can be categorized into normative needs (based on expert opinions or clinical guidelines) and expressed needs (based on individuals' perceptions of their own healthcare needs).

On the other hand, health services demand refers to the quantity of healthcare services that consumers are willing and able to pay for, given their preferences, values, and financial resources. Demand is influenced by various factors such as price, income, education level, and cultural beliefs.

It's important to note that while needs represent a population's requirement for healthcare services, demand reflects the actual utilization of these services. Understanding both health services needs and demand is crucial in planning and delivering effective healthcare services that meet the population's requirements while ensuring efficient resource allocation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

Cooperative behavior, in a medical or healthcare context, refers to the actions and attitudes displayed by individuals or groups working together to achieve a common goal related to health and well-being. This may involve patients following their healthcare providers' advice, healthcare professionals collaborating to diagnose and treat medical conditions, or communities coming together to promote healthy behaviors and environments. Cooperative behavior is essential for positive health outcomes, as it fosters trust, communication, and shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers, and helps to ensure that everyone involved in the care process is working towards the same goal.

Health services refer to the delivery of healthcare services, including preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services. These services are typically provided by health professionals such as doctors, nurses, and allied health personnel in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, community health centers, and long-term care facilities. Health services may also include public health activities such as health education, surveillance, and health promotion programs aimed at improving the health of populations. The goal of health services is to promote and restore health, prevent disease and injury, and improve the quality of life for individuals and communities.

Health Insurance is a type of insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses, spreading the risk over a large number of persons. By purchasing health insurance, insured individuals pay a premium to an insurance company, which then pools those funds with other policyholders' premiums to pay for the medical care costs of individuals who become ill or injured. The coverage can include hospitalization, medical procedures, prescription drugs, and preventive care, among other services. The goal of health insurance is to provide financial protection against unexpected medical expenses and to make healthcare services more affordable.

A needs assessment in a medical context is the process of identifying and evaluating the health needs of an individual, population, or community. It is used to determine the resources, services, and interventions required to address specific health issues and improve overall health outcomes. This process often involves collecting and analyzing data on various factors such as demographics, prevalence of diseases, access to healthcare, and social determinants of health. The goal of a needs assessment is to ensure that resources are allocated effectively and efficiently to meet the most pressing health needs and priorities.

"Public policy" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of politics, government, and public administration. It refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or organization to guide decisions and achieve specific goals related to public health, safety, or welfare.

However, in the context of healthcare and medicine, "public policy" often refers to laws, regulations, guidelines, and initiatives established by government entities to promote and protect the health and well-being of the population. Public policies in healthcare aim to ensure access to quality care, reduce health disparities, promote public health, regulate healthcare practices and industries, and address broader social determinants of health. Examples include Medicaid and Medicare programs, laws mandating insurance coverage for certain medical procedures or treatments, and regulations governing the safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices.

Program Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of a healthcare program's design, implementation, and outcomes. It is a medical term used to describe the process of determining the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of a program in achieving its goals and objectives. Program evaluation involves collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of the program, such as its reach, impact, cost-effectiveness, and quality. The results of program evaluation can be used to improve the design and implementation of existing programs or to inform the development of new ones. It is a critical tool for ensuring that healthcare programs are meeting the needs of their intended audiences and delivering high-quality care in an efficient and effective manner.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Interviews" is a broad topic that isn't typically a medical term or subject. However, interviews can certainly be a part of medical settings and procedures, such as job interviews for healthcare positions, patient interviews during medical consultations, or research interviews in clinical studies.

In the context of medical education, an interview might refer to the process by which medical schools evaluate applicants for admission, known as the medical school interview. This is a critical component of the application process and typically involves one-on-one conversations between the applicant and an admissions committee member or a series of multiple mini-interviews (MMIs) with various evaluators.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Interviews as Topic" in a medical setting, I'd be happy to help further!

Patient acceptance of health care refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to follow and engage in a recommended treatment plan or healthcare regimen. This involves understanding the proposed medical interventions, considering their potential benefits and risks, and making an informed decision to proceed with the recommended course of action.

The factors that influence patient acceptance can include:

1. Patient's understanding of their condition and treatment options
2. Trust in their healthcare provider
3. Personal beliefs and values related to health and illness
4. Cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic barriers
5. Emotional responses to the diagnosis or proposed treatment
6. Practical considerations, such as cost, time commitment, or potential side effects

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in facilitating patient acceptance by clearly communicating information, addressing concerns and questions, and providing support throughout the decision-making process. Encouraging shared decision-making and tailoring care plans to individual patient needs and preferences can also enhance patient acceptance of health care.

Oral health is the scientific term used to describe the overall health status of the oral and related tissues, including the teeth, gums, palate, tongue, and mucosal lining. It involves the absence of chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and pharyngeal (throat) cancers, oral soft tissue lesions, birth defects such as cleft lip and palate, and other diseases and disorders that affect the oral cavity.

Good oral health also means being free of decay, gum disease, and other oral infections that can damage the teeth, gums, and bones of the mouth. It is essential to maintain good oral hygiene through regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups to prevent dental caries (cavities) and periodontal disease (gum disease).

Additionally, oral health is closely linked to overall health and well-being. Poor oral health has been associated with various systemic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections, and stroke. Therefore, maintaining good oral health can contribute to improved general health and quality of life.

Health expenditures refer to the total amount of money spent on health services, goods, and resources in a given period. This can include expenses for preventive care, medical treatments, medications, long-term care, and administrative costs. Health expenditures can be made by individuals, corporations, insurance companies, or governments, and they can be measured at the national, regional, or household level.

Health expenditures are often used as an indicator of a country's investment in its healthcare system and can reflect the overall health status of a population. High levels of health expenditures may indicate a strong commitment to healthcare, but they can also place a significant burden on individuals, businesses, and governments. Understanding patterns and trends in health expenditures is important for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers who are working to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and accessibility of healthcare services.

"General practice" in the context of medicine refers to the provision of primary care services that are delivered by a general practitioner (GP) or family physician. These healthcare professionals offer broad-based, first-contact care for a wide range of health issues and conditions, regardless of age, gender, or type of disease. They provide continuous and comprehensive care to individuals and families in their communities, acting as the entry point into the healthcare system and coordinating care with other specialists when needed. General practice emphasizes prevention, health promotion, early intervention, and management of acute and chronic conditions.

Professional practice in the context of medicine refers to the responsible and ethical application of medical knowledge, skills, and judgement in providing healthcare services to patients. It involves adhering to established standards, guidelines, and best practices within the medical community, while also considering individual patient needs and preferences. Professional practice requires ongoing learning, self-reflection, and improvement to maintain and enhance one's competence and expertise. Additionally, it encompasses effective communication, collaboration, and respect for colleagues, other healthcare professionals, and patients. Ultimately, professional practice is aimed at promoting the health, well-being, and autonomy of patients while also safeguarding their rights and dignity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

National health programs are systematic, large-scale initiatives that are put in place by national governments to address specific health issues or improve the overall health of a population. These programs often involve coordinated efforts across various sectors, including healthcare, education, and social services. They may aim to increase access to care, improve the quality of care, prevent the spread of diseases, promote healthy behaviors, or reduce health disparities. Examples of national health programs include immunization campaigns, tobacco control initiatives, and efforts to address chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease. These programs are typically developed based on scientific research, evidence-based practices, and public health data, and they may be funded through a variety of sources, including government budgets, grants, and private donations.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Community health services refer to a type of healthcare delivery that is organized around the needs of a specific population or community, rather than individual patients. These services are typically focused on preventive care, health promotion, and improving access to care for underserved populations. They can include a wide range of services, such as:

* Primary care, including routine check-ups, immunizations, and screenings
* Dental care
* Mental health and substance abuse treatment
* Public health initiatives, such as disease prevention and health education programs
* Home health care and other supportive services for people with chronic illnesses or disabilities
* Health services for special populations, such as children, the elderly, or those living in rural areas

The goal of community health services is to improve the overall health of a population by addressing the social, economic, and environmental factors that can impact health. This approach recognizes that healthcare is just one factor in determining a person's health outcomes, and that other factors such as housing, education, and income also play important roles. By working to address these underlying determinants of health, community health services aim to improve the health and well-being of entire communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Program Development" is not a medical term. It is a general term that refers to the process of creating, planning, and implementing a new program or project, typically in a business, education, or community setting. In a healthcare context, it might refer to the development of a new healthcare service, treatment program, or educational initiative.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to try and help!

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oman" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country, which is located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

The World Health Organization (WHO) is not a medical condition or term, but rather a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Here's a brief description:

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as the global authority on public health issues. Established in 1948, WHO's primary role is to coordinate and collaborate with its member states to promote health, prevent diseases, and ensure universal access to healthcare services. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices around the world. It plays a crucial role in setting global health standards, monitoring disease outbreaks, and providing guidance on various public health concerns, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.

Occupational health is a branch of medicine that focuses on the physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all types of jobs. The goal of occupational health is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and disabilities, while also promoting the overall health and safety of employees. This may involve identifying and assessing potential hazards in the workplace, implementing controls to reduce or eliminate those hazards, providing education and training to workers on safe practices, and conducting medical surveillance and screenings to detect early signs of work-related health problems.

Occupational health also involves working closely with employers, employees, and other stakeholders to develop policies and programs that support the health and well-being of workers. This may include promoting healthy lifestyles, providing access to mental health resources, and supporting return-to-work programs for injured or ill workers. Ultimately, the goal of occupational health is to create a safe and healthy work environment that enables employees to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently, while also protecting their long-term health and well-being.

"Maternal-Fetal Relations" is not a standard medical term. However, I believe you may be asking for a definition of "Maternal-Fetal Medicine," which is a subspecialty of obstetrics that focuses on the care of pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies and their unborn babies. Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialists provide comprehensive care to these patients, including consultation, diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical complications during pregnancy that may affect the mother, fetus, or both. They work closely with obstetricians, perinatologists, geneticists, and other healthcare professionals to optimize outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."

Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.

The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.

Urban health is a branch of public health that focuses on the unique health challenges and disparities faced by urban populations. It encompasses the physical, mental, and social well-being of people living in urban areas, which are characterized by high population density, diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, and unique environmental exposures.

Urban health addresses a range of issues, including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, injuries, violence, and mental health disorders, as well as the social determinants of health such as housing, education, income, and access to healthcare services. It also considers the impact of urbanization on health, including the effects of pollution, noise, crowding, and lack of green spaces.

The goal of urban health is to promote health equity and improve the overall health outcomes of urban populations by addressing these challenges through evidence-based interventions, policies, and programs that are tailored to the unique needs of urban communities.

The term "Integrated Delivery of Healthcare" refers to a coordinated and seamless approach to providing healthcare services, where different providers and specialists work together to provide comprehensive care for patients. This model aims to improve patient outcomes by ensuring that all aspects of a person's health are addressed in a holistic and coordinated manner.

Integrated delivery of healthcare may involve various components such as:

1. Primary Care: A primary care provider serves as the first point of contact for patients and coordinates their care with other specialists and providers.
2. Specialty Care: Specialists provide care for specific medical conditions or diseases, working closely with primary care providers to ensure coordinated care.
3. Mental Health Services: Mental health providers work alongside medical professionals to address the mental and emotional needs of patients, recognizing that mental health is an essential component of overall health.
4. Preventive Care: Preventive services such as screenings, vaccinations, and health education are provided to help prevent illnesses and promote overall health and well-being.
5. Chronic Disease Management: Providers work together to manage chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, using evidence-based practices and coordinated care plans.
6. Health Information Technology: Electronic health records (EHRs) and other health information technologies are used to facilitate communication and coordination among providers, ensuring that all members of the care team have access to up-to-date patient information.
7. Patient Engagement: Patients are actively engaged in their care, with education and support provided to help them make informed decisions about their health and treatment options.

The goal of integrated delivery of healthcare is to provide high-quality, cost-effective care that meets the unique needs of each patient, while also improving overall population health.

Health education in the context of dentistry refers to the process of educating and informing individuals, families, and communities about oral health-related topics, including proper oral hygiene practices, the importance of regular dental checkups and cleanings, the risks and consequences of poor oral health, and the relationship between oral health and overall health. The goal of dental health education is to empower individuals to take control of their own oral health and make informed decisions about their dental care. This can be achieved through various methods such as lectures, demonstrations, printed materials, and interactive activities. Dental health education may also cover topics related to nutrition, tobacco and alcohol use, and the prevention and treatment of oral diseases and conditions.

Qualitative research is a methodological approach in social sciences and healthcare research that focuses on understanding the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups within a specific context. It aims to gather detailed, rich data through various techniques such as interviews, focus groups, observations, and content analysis. The findings from qualitative research are typically descriptive and exploratory, providing insights into processes, perceptions, and experiences that may not be captured through quantitative methods.

In medical research, qualitative research can be used to explore patients' experiences of illness, healthcare providers' perspectives on patient care, or the cultural and social factors that influence health behaviors. It is often used in combination with quantitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex health issues.

Health care rationing refers to the deliberate limitation or restriction of medical services, treatments, or resources provided to patients based on specific criteria or guidelines. These limitations can be influenced by various factors such as cost-effectiveness, scarcity of resources, evidence-based medicine, and clinical appropriateness. The primary goal of health care rationing is to ensure fair distribution and allocation of finite medical resources among a population while maximizing overall health benefits and minimizing harm.

Rationing can occur at different levels within the healthcare system, including individual patient care decisions, insurance coverage policies, and governmental resource allocation. Examples of rationing include prioritizing certain treatments based on their proven effectiveness, restricting access to high-cost procedures with limited clinical benefits, or setting age limits for specific interventions.

It is important to note that health care rationing remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns about potential disparities in care and the balance between individual patient needs and societal resource constraints.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poverty" is not a medical condition or term. It is a social condition defined by the World Bank as "pronounced deprivation in well-being," and measured through indicators such as income, consumption, and access to basic services. Poverty can have significant impacts on health outcomes and healthcare access, but it is not considered a medical diagnosis. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try my best to help answer them!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Social Sciences" is a broad term that refers to academic disciplines that study human society and social relationships. It includes fields such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. These subjects are considered part of the liberal arts and humanities, not medical sciences.

However, aspects of social sciences can intersect with medical studies in areas like medical anthropology, health psychology, sociology of health and illness, and psychiatry. For instance, medical anthropologists might study how cultural factors influence healthcare practices, while health psychologists examine the role of behavior and mental processes in health and illness.

If you're looking for a definition related to medical sciences, perhaps there was some confusion with the term. Could you please clarify or provide more context?

Medical practice management refers to the administrative and operational aspects of running a healthcare organization or medical practice. It involves overseeing and coordinating various business functions such as finance, human resources, marketing, patient scheduling, billing and coding, compliance with regulations, and information technology systems. The goal of medical practice management is to ensure that the practice runs efficiently, effectively, and profitably while delivering high-quality care to patients.

Medical practice managers may be responsible for developing policies and procedures, hiring and training staff, managing patient flow, ensuring regulatory compliance, implementing quality improvement initiatives, and overseeing financial performance. They must have a strong understanding of medical billing and coding practices, healthcare regulations, and electronic health record (EHR) systems. Effective communication skills, leadership abilities, and attention to detail are also important qualities for successful medical practice managers.

In medical terms, "private practice" refers to the provision of healthcare services by a licensed and trained medical professional (such as a doctor, nurse practitioner, or dentist) who operates independently and is not employed by a hospital, clinic, or other health care institution. In private practice, these professionals offer their medical expertise and treatments directly to patients on a fee-for-service basis or through insurance billing. They are responsible for managing their own schedules, appointments, staff, and finances while maintaining compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and professional standards.

Private practices can vary in size and structure, ranging from solo practitioners working alone to larger group practices with multiple healthcare providers sharing resources and expertise. The primary advantage of private practice is the autonomy it provides for medical professionals to make decisions regarding patient care, treatment options, and business management without interference from external entities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "life style" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the way an individual or group lives, including their habits, behaviors, and preferences in areas such as diet, exercise, recreation, and stress management. Some lifestyle factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes and risk for certain diseases. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical meaning.

The Health Care Sector is a segment of the economy that includes companies and organizations that provide goods and services to treat patients with medical conditions, as well as those that work to maintain people's health through preventative care and health education. This sector includes hospitals, clinics, physician practices, dental practices, pharmacies, home health care agencies, nursing homes, laboratories, and medical device manufacturers, among others.

The Health Care Sector is often broken down into several subsectors, including:

1. Providers of healthcare services, such as hospitals, clinics, and physician practices.
2. Payers of healthcare costs, such as insurance companies and government agencies like Medicare and Medicaid.
3. Manufacturers of healthcare products, such as medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology products.
4. Distributors of healthcare products, such as wholesalers and pharmacy benefit managers.
5. Providers of healthcare information technology, such as electronic health record systems and telemedicine platforms.

The Health Care Sector is a significant contributor to the economy in many countries, providing employment opportunities and contributing to economic growth. However, it also faces significant challenges, including rising costs, an aging population, and increasing demands for access to high-quality care.

Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental issues such as cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and other oral health problems. It involves regular brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash to remove plaque and food particles that can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are also an essential part of maintaining good oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections, so it is important to prioritize oral health as part of overall health and wellbeing.

Quality Assurance in the context of healthcare refers to a systematic approach and set of activities designed to ensure that health care services and products consistently meet predetermined standards of quality and safety. It includes all the policies, procedures, and processes that are put in place to monitor, assess, and improve the quality of healthcare delivery.

The goal of quality assurance is to minimize variability in clinical practice, reduce medical errors, and ensure that patients receive evidence-based care that is safe, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Quality assurance activities may include:

1. Establishing standards of care based on best practices and clinical guidelines.
2. Developing and implementing policies and procedures to ensure compliance with these standards.
3. Providing education and training to healthcare professionals to improve their knowledge and skills.
4. Conducting audits, reviews, and evaluations of healthcare services and processes to identify areas for improvement.
5. Implementing corrective actions to address identified issues and prevent their recurrence.
6. Monitoring and measuring outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of quality improvement initiatives.

Quality assurance is an ongoing process that requires continuous evaluation and improvement to ensure that healthcare delivery remains safe, effective, and patient-centered.

Disaster planning in a medical context refers to the process of creating and implementing a comprehensive plan for responding to emergencies or large-scale disasters that can impact healthcare facilities, services, and patient care. The goal of disaster planning is to minimize the impact of such events on the health and well-being of patients and communities, ensure continuity of medical services, and protect healthcare infrastructure and resources.

Disaster planning typically involves:

1. Risk assessment: Identifying potential hazards and assessing their likelihood and potential impact on healthcare facilities and services.
2. Developing a disaster plan: Creating a detailed plan that outlines the steps to be taken before, during, and after a disaster to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and visitors, as well as the continuity of medical care.
3. Training and education: Providing training and education to healthcare personnel on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
4. Exercises and drills: Conducting regular exercises and drills to test the effectiveness of the disaster plan and identify areas for improvement.
5. Resource management: Identifying and securing necessary resources, such as medical supplies, equipment, and personnel, to support disaster response efforts.
6. Communication and coordination: Establishing clear communication protocols and coordinating with local emergency responders, public health authorities, and other healthcare facilities to ensure a coordinated response to disasters.
7. Recovery and restoration: Developing plans for restoring medical services and infrastructure after a disaster has occurred.

Disaster planning is an essential component of healthcare delivery and is critical to ensuring the safety and well-being of patients and communities during emergencies or large-scale disasters.

Women's health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health needs, conditions, and concerns of women throughout their lifespan. It covers a broad range of topics including menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, menopause, breast health, sexual health, mental health, and chronic diseases that are more common in women such as osteoporosis and autoimmune disorders. Women's health also addresses issues related to gender-based violence, socioeconomic factors, and environmental impacts on women's health. It is aimed at promoting and maintaining the physical, emotional, and reproductive well-being of women, and preventing and treating diseases and conditions that disproportionately affect them.

Interdisciplinary communication in a medical context refers to the exchange of information and ideas between professionals from different healthcare disciplines, such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and therapists. This form of communication is essential for coordinating patient care, making informed treatment decisions, and ensuring that all members of the healthcare team are aware of the patient's needs, goals, and progress. Effective interdisciplinary communication can help to improve patient outcomes, increase patient satisfaction, and reduce medical errors. It typically involves clear, concise, and respectful communication, often through regular meetings, shared documentation, and collaborative decision-making processes.

Health facilities, also known as healthcare facilities, are organizations that provide health services, treatments, and care to individuals in need of medical attention. These facilities can include various types of establishments such as hospitals, clinics, doctor's offices, dental practices, long-term care facilities, rehabilitation centers, and diagnostic imaging centers.

Health facilities are designed to offer a range of services that promote health, prevent illness, diagnose and treat medical conditions, and provide ongoing care for patients with chronic illnesses or disabilities. They may also offer educational programs and resources to help individuals maintain their health and well-being.

The specific services offered by health facilities can vary widely depending on the type and size of the facility, as well as its location and target population. However, all health facilities are required to meet certain standards for safety, quality, and patient care in order to ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment and outcomes.

Child health services refer to a range of medical and supportive services designed to promote the physical, mental, and social well-being of children from birth up to adolescence. These services aim to prevent or identify health problems early, provide treatment and management for existing conditions, and support healthy growth and development.

Examples of child health services include:

1. Well-child visits: Regular checkups with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider to monitor growth, development, and overall health.
2. Immunizations: Vaccinations to protect against infectious diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B.
3. Screening tests: Blood tests, hearing and vision screenings, and other diagnostic tests to identify potential health issues early.
4. Developmental assessments: Evaluations of a child's cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development to ensure they are meeting age-appropriate milestones.
5. Dental care: Preventive dental services such as cleanings, fluoride treatments, and sealants, as well as restorative care for cavities or other dental problems.
6. Mental health services: Counseling, therapy, and medication management for children experiencing emotional or behavioral challenges.
7. Nutrition counseling: Education and support to help families make healthy food choices and promote good nutrition.
8. Chronic disease management: Coordinated care for children with ongoing medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or cerebral palsy.
9. Injury prevention: Programs that teach parents and children about safety measures to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.
10. Public health initiatives: Community-based programs that promote healthy lifestyles, provide access to healthcare services, and address social determinants of health such as poverty, housing, and education.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).

In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

Regional health planning is a process that involves the systematic assessment, analysis, and prioritization of healthcare needs for a defined geographic population in a specific region. It aims to develop and implement strategies, programs, and services to address those needs in a coordinated and efficient manner. This collaborative approach often involves various stakeholders, such as healthcare providers, public health officials, community leaders, and advocates, working together to improve the overall health and well-being of the population in that region.

The medical definition of 'Regional Health Planning' can be outlined as follows:

1. Systematic assessment: A comprehensive evaluation of the healthcare needs, resources, and infrastructure within a specific region, taking into account demographic, epidemiological, and socioeconomic factors that influence health outcomes.
2. Analysis: The examination of data and information gathered during the assessment to identify gaps, priorities, and opportunities for improvement in healthcare services and delivery.
3. Prioritization: The process of ranking healthcare needs and issues based on their urgency, impact, and feasibility of intervention, to ensure that resources are allocated effectively and efficiently.
4. Strategy development: The creation of evidence-based, data-driven plans and interventions aimed at addressing the prioritized health needs and improving the overall health of the regional population.
5. Collaboration: The active engagement and partnership of various stakeholders, including healthcare providers, public health officials, community leaders, and advocates, in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of regional health initiatives.
6. Coordination: The alignment and integration of healthcare services, programs, and policies across different levels and sectors to ensure seamless care and avoid duplication of efforts.
7. Continuous improvement: The ongoing monitoring and evaluation of regional health programs and interventions to assess their effectiveness, make adjustments as needed, and incorporate new evidence and best practices into future planning efforts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

I must clarify that I'm a helpful assistant and not a doctor, but I can tell you that 'politics' is not a term used in medicine. Politics refers to the activities associated with the governance of a country or area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or groups having or hoping to achieve power. If you have any medical questions, feel free to ask!

Preventive health services refer to measures taken to prevent diseases or injuries rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. These services include screenings, vaccinations, and counseling aimed at preventing or identifying illnesses in their earliest stages. Examples of preventive health services include:

1. Screenings for various types of cancer (e.g., breast, cervical, colorectal)
2. Vaccinations against infectious diseases (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, human papillomavirus)
3. Counseling on lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of chronic diseases (e.g., smoking cessation, diet and exercise counseling, alcohol misuse screening and intervention)
4. Screenings for cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g., cholesterol levels, blood pressure, body mass index)
5. Screenings for mental health conditions (e.g., depression)
6. Preventive medications (e.g., aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in certain individuals)

Preventive health services are an essential component of overall healthcare and play a critical role in improving health outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and enhancing quality of life.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. It encompasses a wide range of skills including reading, writing, numeracy, listening, speaking, and critical thinking abilities, as well as the ability to apply these skills to everyday health situations.

Health literacy is not just about an individual's ability to read and understand health information, but also about how healthcare systems communicate and provide information to patients. It involves the interaction between patients and healthcare providers, as well as the complexity of health systems and services.

Limited health literacy can have a significant impact on a person's health outcomes, including increased rates of hospitalization, poorer disease management, and higher healthcare costs. Therefore, improving health literacy is an important public health goal that can help reduce health disparities and improve overall population health.

"Health manpower" is a term that refers to the number and type of healthcare professionals (such as doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, and support staff) who are available to provide healthcare services in a particular area or system. It's an important consideration in healthcare planning and policy, as the availability and distribution of health manpower can have a significant impact on access to care, quality of care, and health outcomes.

Therefore, medical definition of 'Health Manpower' could be: "The composition and distribution of healthcare professionals who are available to deliver healthcare services, including their skills, training, and experience. Health manpower is an essential component of healthcare systems and is influenced by factors such as population needs, workforce supply, and government policies."

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is a medical approach that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and preferences to make informed decisions about appropriate health care for individual patients. It is a process of lifelong learning and critical appraisal of new evidence to inform clinical practice. The goal of EBP is to provide high-quality, cost-effective healthcare that is based on the most current and valid scientific research, as well as the unique needs and preferences of each patient. This approach emphasizes the importance of using rigorous, systematic methods to evaluate medical research and to translate findings into clinical practice, while also taking into account individual patient circumstances and values.

Community Health Centers (CHCs) are primary care facilities that provide comprehensive and culturally competent health services to medically underserved communities, regardless of their ability to pay. CHCs are funded through various sources, including the federal government's Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). They aim to reduce health disparities and improve health outcomes for vulnerable populations by providing access to high-quality preventive and primary care services.

CHCs offer a range of services, such as medical, dental, and behavioral health care, as well as enabling services like case management, transportation, and language interpretation. They operate on a sliding fee scale basis, ensuring that patients pay based on their income and ability to pay. CHCs also engage in community outreach and education to promote health awareness and prevention.

Public Health Dentistry is defined as the science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting oral health through organized community efforts. It involves the planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation of services designed to improve the oral health of populations, rather than individuals. This field of dentistry focuses on the importance of addressing social determinants of health, advocating for policies that benefit oral health, and conducting research to inform public health practice and policy. Public Health Dentists work in a variety of settings including public health departments, community health centers, dental schools, and non-profit organizations to promote oral health and reduce oral health disparities.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "policy making" is not a medical term per se. It refers to the process of formulating or establishing official guidelines or rules, such as public policies or organizational policies, that govern decisions and actions. In the context of healthcare, policy making can refer to the development of guidelines, laws, regulations, and procedures that govern the delivery, financing, and accessibility of medical care and health promotion activities.

Examples of policy making in healthcare include:

* Developing clinical practice guidelines for the management of specific medical conditions
* Establishing reimbursement policies for medical procedures or treatments
* Implementing regulations to ensure patient safety and quality of care
* Creating public health policies to address population health issues, such as tobacco control or obesity prevention.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "England" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, along with Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is located in the southern part of Great Britain, which is the largest island of the British Isles.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Mortality, in medical terms, refers to the state or condition of being mortal; the quality or fact of being subject to death. It is often used in reference to the mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a specific population, divided by the size of that population, per a given time period. This can be used as a measure of the risk of death among a population.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term. Japan is the name of a country, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku in Japanese, and is located in East Asia. It is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 126 million people.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!

Occupational medicine is a branch of clinical medicine that deals with the prevention and management of diseases and injuries that may arise in the workplace or as a result of work-related activities. It involves evaluating the health risks associated with various jobs, recommending measures to reduce these risks, providing medical care for workers who become ill or injured on the job, and promoting overall health and wellness in the workplace. Occupational medicine physicians may also be involved in developing policies and procedures related to workplace safety, disability management, and return-to-work programs. The ultimate goal of occupational medicine is to help ensure that workers are able to perform their jobs safely and effectively while maintaining their overall health and well-being.

Health resources refer to the personnel, facilities, equipment, and supplies that are used in the delivery of healthcare services. This includes:

1. Human resources: Healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health professionals.

2. Physical resources: Hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and other healthcare facilities.

3. Technological resources: Medical equipment and technology used for diagnosis and treatment, such as MRI machines, CT scanners, and electronic health records.

4. Financial resources: Funding for healthcare services, including public and private insurance, government funding, and out-of-pocket payments.

5. Informational resources: Research findings, evidence-based practices, and health education materials that inform healthcare decision-making.

The adequate availability, distribution, and utilization of these health resources are crucial for ensuring access to quality healthcare services and improving population health outcomes.

Patient education, as defined by the US National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), is "the teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. It includes the patient's understanding of his or her condition and the necessary procedures for self, assisted, or professional care." This encompasses a wide range of activities and interventions aimed at helping patients and their families understand their medical conditions, treatment options, self-care skills, and overall health management. Effective patient education can lead to improved health outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and better use of healthcare resources.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "social class" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a sociological concept that refers to the grouping of individuals in a society based on their shared economic and social positions. This can include factors such as income, education, occupation, and wealth.

However, social class can have an impact on health outcomes and access to healthcare. For example, people in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to experience chronic diseases, mental health disorders, and have limited access to quality healthcare services compared to those in higher socioeconomic groups. This relationship is often referred to as the "social determinants of health."

I apologize for any confusion, but "Local Government" is not a medical term. It refers to a level of government that is responsible for administering public services within a specific geographic area, typically smaller than a state or province. Local governments may include entities such as counties, municipalities, cities, towns, and villages. They are usually responsible for providing services such as police and fire protection, emergency medical services, waste management, local road maintenance, and public education. It is not directly related to the practice of medicine or healthcare.

Social support in a medical context refers to the resources and assistance provided by an individual's social network, including family, friends, peers, and community groups. These resources can include emotional, informational, and instrumental support, which help individuals cope with stress, manage health conditions, and maintain their overall well-being.

Emotional support involves providing empathy, care, and encouragement to help an individual feel valued, understood, and cared for. Informational support refers to the provision of advice, guidance, and knowledge that can help an individual make informed decisions about their health or other aspects of their life. Instrumental support includes practical assistance such as help with daily tasks, financial aid, or access to resources.

Social support has been shown to have a positive impact on physical and mental health outcomes, including reduced stress levels, improved immune function, better coping skills, and increased resilience. It can also play a critical role in promoting healthy behaviors, such as adherence to medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

An Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a digital version of a patient's medical history that is stored and maintained electronically rather than on paper. It contains comprehensive information about a patient's health status, including their medical history, medications, allergies, test results, immunization records, and other relevant health information. EHRs can be shared among authorized healthcare providers, which enables better coordination of care, improved patient safety, and more efficient delivery of healthcare services.

EHRs are designed to provide real-time, patient-centered records that make it easier for healthcare providers to access up-to-date and accurate information about their patients. They can also help reduce errors, prevent duplicative tests and procedures, and improve communication among healthcare providers. EHRs may include features such as clinical decision support tools, which can alert healthcare providers to potential drug interactions or other health risks based on a patient's medical history.

EHRs are subject to various regulations and standards to ensure the privacy and security of patients' health information. In the United States, for example, EHRs must comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, which sets national standards for the protection of personal health information.

Health plan implementation is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in the context of healthcare management and administration. It refers to the process of putting into action the plans, strategies, and policies of a health insurance or healthcare benefit program. This includes activities such as:

1. Designing and structuring health benefits and coverage options
2. Developing provider networks and reimbursement rates
3. Establishing procedures for claims processing and utilization management
4. Implementing care management programs to improve health outcomes and reduce costs
5. Communicating the plan details to members and providers
6. Ensuring compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and accreditation standards

The goal of health plan implementation is to create a well-functioning healthcare benefit program that meets the needs of its members while managing costs and ensuring quality care.

Health planning guidelines are a set of recommendations and principles that provide direction for the development, implementation, and evaluation of health services and public health programs. These guidelines serve as a framework to ensure that health planning is evidence-based, equitable, efficient, and effective in addressing the priority health needs of a population. They typically cover various aspects such as:

1. Needs assessment: Identifying and prioritizing the health needs of a population through data collection, analysis, and consultation with stakeholders.
2. Resource allocation: Determining how to distribute resources fairly and efficiently to address priority health issues and ensure equitable access to healthcare services.
3. Service delivery: Establishing standards for the provision of high-quality, patient-centered care that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.
4. Monitoring and evaluation: Developing systems to track progress towards health goals, measure outcomes, and make data-driven decisions for continuous quality improvement.
5. Stakeholder engagement: Encouraging collaboration and partnership among various stakeholders, including healthcare providers, policymakers, community organizations, and the public, to ensure that health planning efforts are inclusive, participatory, and responsive to local needs and preferences.
6. Ethical considerations: Ensuring that health planning processes and decisions respect human rights, promote social justice, and protect vulnerable populations from discrimination and marginalization.
7. Flexibility and adaptability: Recognizing the need for regular review and revision of health planning guidelines to accommodate changing circumstances, emerging evidence, and new priorities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "International Cooperation" is not a medical term. It refers to the collaboration and exchange of resources and information between countries or international organizations in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, environment, and security, among others. In the context of healthcare and medicine, international cooperation can involve joint research projects, sharing of data and clinical trial results, collaborative efforts to combat global health issues (such as infectious diseases or chronic conditions), capacity building in low-resource settings, and standardizing medical practices and guidelines across countries.

Self care is a health practice that involves individuals taking responsibility for their own health and well-being by actively seeking out and participating in activities and behaviors that promote healthy living, prevent illness and disease, and manage existing medical conditions. Self care includes a wide range of activities such as:

* Following a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Getting adequate sleep and rest
* Managing stress through relaxation techniques or mindfulness practices
* Practicing good hygiene and grooming habits
* Seeking preventive care through regular check-ups and screenings
* Taking prescribed medications as directed by a healthcare provider
* Monitoring symptoms and seeking medical attention when necessary

Self care is an important part of overall health and wellness, and can help individuals maintain their physical, emotional, and mental health. It is also an essential component of chronic disease management, helping people with ongoing medical conditions to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Maternal health services refer to the preventative, diagnostic, and treatment-based healthcare services provided during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period. These services aim to ensure the best possible health outcomes for mothers throughout their reproductive years, including family planning, preconception care, antenatal care, delivery, postpartum care, and management of chronic conditions or complications that may arise during pregnancy and childbirth.

The World Health Organization (WHO) outlines several critical components of maternal health services:

1. Antenatal care: Regular check-ups to monitor the mother's and fetus's health, identify potential risks, provide essential interventions, and offer counseling on nutrition, breastfeeding, and birth preparedness.
2. Delivery care: Skilled attendance during childbirth, including normal vaginal delivery and assisted deliveries (forceps or vacuum extraction), and access to emergency obstetric care for complications such as hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and sepsis.
3. Postnatal care: Continuum of care for mothers and newborns during the first six weeks after childbirth, focusing on recovery, early detection and management of complications, immunization, family planning, and psychosocial support.
4. Family planning: Access to modern contraceptive methods, counseling on fertility awareness, and safe abortion services where legal, to enable women to plan their pregnancies and space their children according to their reproductive intentions.
5. Management of chronic conditions: Comprehensive care for pregnant women with pre-existing or pregnancy-induced medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and mental health disorders.
6. Preconception care: Identification and management of risk factors before conception to optimize maternal and fetal health outcomes.
7. Prevention and management of gender-based violence: Screening, counseling, and referral services for women experiencing intimate partner violence or sexual violence during pregnancy and childbirth.
8. Health promotion and education: Community-based interventions to raise awareness about the importance of maternal health, promote positive health behaviors, and reduce barriers to accessing healthcare services.

Maternal health services should be accessible, affordable, acceptable, and equitable for all women, regardless of their age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or geographical location. Adequate investment in maternal health infrastructure, human resources, and service delivery models is essential to achieve universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

"Health occupations" is a broad term that refers to careers or professions involved in the delivery, management, and improvement of health services. These occupations encompass a wide range of roles, including but not limited to:

1. Healthcare providers: This group includes medical doctors (MDs), doctors of osteopathic medicine (DOs), nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, dentists, dental hygienists, optometrists, pharmacists, and other professionals who provide direct patient care.
2. Allied health professionals: These are healthcare workers who provide diagnostic, technical, therapeutic, and support services. Examples include respiratory therapists, radiologic technologists, dietitians, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, and medical laboratory scientists.
3. Public health professionals: This group focuses on preventing diseases and promoting community health. They work in various settings, such as government agencies, non-profit organizations, and academic institutions, addressing public health issues like infectious disease control, environmental health, health education, and policy development.
4. Health administrators and managers: These professionals oversee the operations of healthcare facilities, including hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and managed care organizations. They ensure that resources are used efficiently, that services meet quality standards, and that regulatory requirements are met.
5. Health educators: These individuals work in various settings to promote health awareness and teach individuals and communities about healthy behaviors and practices.
6. Health information specialists: Professionals in this field manage and analyze health data, maintain medical records, and ensure the security and privacy of patient information.

Overall, health occupations play a crucial role in maintaining, promoting, and restoring the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Australia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the world's largest island and smallest continent, located in the Southern Hemisphere, surrounded by the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is composed of many diverse ecosystems, including deserts, rainforests, and coastal areas, and is home to a wide variety of unique plant and animal species.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!

'Alcohol drinking' refers to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the active ingredient. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause euphoria, disinhibition, and sedation when consumed in small to moderate amounts. However, excessive drinking can lead to alcohol intoxication, with symptoms ranging from slurred speech and impaired coordination to coma and death.

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The breakdown of ethanol produces acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can cause damage to various organs in the body. Chronic alcohol drinking can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and increased risk of cancer.

Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, where a standard drink contains about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. However, it's important to note that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption, and any level of drinking carries some risk to health.

Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:

1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.

Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.

I'm happy to help! However, it's important to note that while "social justice" is a term used in many fields, including public health and medicine, it does not have a single, universally accepted medical definition. Instead, the concept of social justice in healthcare is generally understood as the pursuit of fairness, equity, and equality in the distribution of healthcare resources, opportunities, and outcomes.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines social justice as "the fair and equitable distribution of social determinants of health, which are conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, including the health system." According to this definition, social justice in healthcare requires addressing the root causes of health disparities, such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to education and employment opportunities.

The American Public Health Association (APHA) defines social justice as "the distribution of resources, benefits, and burdens of society to all individuals and groups. When principles of social justice are applied, the resulting distribution is equitable and all members of society have a fair opportunity to benefit from the resources, benefits, and burdens."

In summary, while there may not be a single medical definition of social justice, it is generally understood as the pursuit of fairness, equity, and equality in healthcare and health outcomes. This involves addressing the root causes of health disparities and ensuring that all individuals have access to the resources and opportunities they need to achieve optimal health.

Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. It does not include data collected for patient care or routine administrative purposes. The purpose of public health surveillance is to provide information for action to prevent and control disease or injury, and to promote health. This can include monitoring trends in diseases, conditions, or other health-related events, identifying high-risk groups or populations, detecting outbreaks or clusters of disease, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and policies.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

Healthcare Quality Indicators (QIs) are measurable elements that can be used to assess the quality of healthcare services and outcomes. They are often based on evidence-based practices and guidelines, and are designed to help healthcare providers monitor and improve the quality of care they deliver to their patients. QIs may focus on various aspects of healthcare, such as patient safety, clinical effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, and efficiency. Examples of QIs include measures such as rates of hospital-acquired infections, adherence to recommended treatments for specific conditions, and patient satisfaction scores. By tracking these indicators over time, healthcare organizations can identify areas where they need to improve, make changes to their processes and practices, and ultimately provide better care to their patients.

Urban health services refer to the provision of healthcare and public health programs in urban areas, designed to meet the unique needs and challenges of urban populations. These services encompass a wide range of facilities, professionals, and interventions that aim to improve the health and well-being of people living in urban environments. They often address issues such as infectious diseases, chronic conditions, mental health, environmental hazards, and social determinants of health that are prevalent or amplified in urban settings. Examples of urban health services include hospital systems, community health centers, outreach programs, and policy initiatives focused on improving the health of urban populations.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.

The process of dental caries development involves several stages:

1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.

Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.

"Focus groups" is a term from the field of social science research, rather than medicine. It does not have a specific medical definition. However, focus groups are sometimes used in medical research to gather data and insights from a small group of people on a specific topic or product. This can include gathering feedback on patient experiences, testing prototypes of medical devices or treatments, or exploring attitudes and perceptions related to health issues. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives and needs of the target population through facilitated group discussion.

Research, in the context of medicine, is a systematic and rigorous process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding, develop new knowledge, or evaluate current practices and interventions. It can involve various methodologies such as observational studies, experiments, surveys, or literature reviews. The goal of medical research is to advance health care by identifying new treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing prevention strategies. Medical research is typically conducted by teams of researchers including clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. It is subject to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure that it is conducted responsibly and with the best interests of patients in mind.

I'm not able to provide a medical definition of "social responsibility" as it is not a term that has a specific meaning within the field of medicine. However, I can tell you that social responsibility generally refers to the idea that individuals and organizations have a duty to act in the best interests of society and to contribute to its overall well-being. This might involve taking actions to protect the environment, promote social justice, or support the needs of vulnerable populations. In a medical context, this could mean providing care to underserved communities, engaging in public health advocacy, or conducting research that addresses important societal issues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "leadership" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Leadership is a concept that relates to the ability of an individual or an organization's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform at their best.

In healthcare settings, leadership refers to the skills, behaviors, and attitudes of those in positions of authority within a healthcare organization. Effective healthcare leaders are able to create a positive organizational culture, communicate a clear vision, motivate and engage staff, manage resources effectively, and ensure high-quality patient care. They must also be able to adapt to changing circumstances, make informed decisions based on data and evidence, and work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals and stakeholders.

Health status indicators are measures used to assess and monitor the health and well-being of a population. They provide information about various aspects of health, such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, prevalence of chronic diseases, lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, and access to healthcare services. These indicators can be used to identify trends and disparities in health outcomes, inform policy decisions, allocate resources, and evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions. Examples of health status indicators include life expectancy, infant mortality rate, prevalence of diabetes, smoking rates, and access to primary care.

"State Medicine" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. However, in general terms, it can refer to the organization, financing, and delivery of healthcare services and resources at the national or regional level, overseen and managed by the government or state. This can include public health initiatives, regulation of healthcare professionals and institutions, and the provision of healthcare services through publicly funded programs.

In some contexts, "State Medicine" may also refer to the practice of using medical treatments or interventions as a means of achieving political or social objectives, such as reducing crime rates or improving economic productivity. However, this usage is less common and more controversial.

Health Planning Support refers to the various activities and resources provided to assist healthcare organizations, governments, and other stakeholders in the development and implementation of health planning initiatives. These services can include:

1. Data Analysis: This involves the collection, interpretation, and presentation of health data to inform decision-making and policy development.
2. Technical Assistance: This includes providing expertise and guidance on health planning processes, such as needs assessment, priority setting, and resource allocation.
3. Research and Evaluation: This involves conducting research to evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and interventions, and providing evidence to inform future planning efforts.
4. Stakeholder Engagement: This includes facilitating collaboration and communication among different stakeholders, such as healthcare providers, patients, policymakers, and community organizations, to ensure that all voices are heard in the planning process.
5. Capacity Building: This involves providing training and education to build the skills and knowledge of health planners and other stakeholders, enabling them to effectively participate in and lead health planning initiatives.

Overall, Health Planning Support is designed to help healthcare organizations and governments make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and plan for the future, with the goal of improving health outcomes and reducing health disparities.

Consumer participation in the context of healthcare refers to the active involvement and engagement of patients, families, caregivers, and communities in their own healthcare decision-making processes and in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies, programs, and services. It emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care, where the unique needs, preferences, values, and experiences of individuals are respected and integrated into their healthcare.

Consumer participation can take many forms, including:

1. Patient-provider communication: Consumers engage in open and honest communication with their healthcare providers to make informed decisions about their health.
2. Shared decision-making: Consumers work together with their healthcare providers to weigh the benefits and risks of different treatment options and make evidence-based decisions that align with their values, preferences, and goals.
3. Patient education: Consumers receive accurate, timely, and understandable information about their health conditions, treatments, and self-management strategies.
4. Patient advocacy: Consumers advocate for their own health needs and rights, as well as those of other patients and communities.
5. Community engagement: Consumers participate in the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies, programs, and services that affect their communities.
6. Research partnerships: Consumers collaborate with researchers to design, conduct, and disseminate research that is relevant and meaningful to their lives.

Consumer participation aims to improve healthcare quality, safety, and outcomes by empowering individuals to take an active role in their own health and well-being, and by ensuring that healthcare systems are responsive to the needs and preferences of diverse populations.

Guideline adherence, in the context of medicine, refers to the extent to which healthcare professionals follow established clinical practice guidelines or recommendations in their daily practice. These guidelines are systematically developed statements designed to assist practitioners and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines can help improve the quality of care, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote optimal patient outcomes. Factors that may influence guideline adherence include clinician awareness, familiarity, agreement, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and the complexity of the recommendation.

Reproductive health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and processes. It implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce, and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so. It also includes their right to access information and services that enable them to do this."

This definition emphasizes not only the biological aspects of reproduction but also the social and personal dimensions of sexuality and reproductive health. It recognizes that individuals have the right to make informed choices about their reproductive lives, and it highlights the importance of access to information and services in realizing these rights.

'Guidelines' in the medical context are systematically developed statements or sets of recommendations designed to assist healthcare professionals and patients in making informed decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available evidence, including scientific studies, expert opinions, and patient values. Guidelines may cover a wide range of topics, such as diagnosis, treatment, prevention, screening, and management of various diseases and conditions. They aim to standardize care, improve patient outcomes, reduce unnecessary variations in practice, and promote efficient use of healthcare resources.

**Referral:**
A referral in the medical context is the process where a healthcare professional (such as a general practitioner or primary care physician) sends or refers a patient to another healthcare professional who has specialized knowledge and skills to address the patient's specific health condition or concern. This could be a specialist, a consultant, or a facility that provides specialized care. The referral may involve transferring the patient's care entirely to the other professional or may simply be for a consultation and advice.

**Consultation:**
A consultation in healthcare is a process where a healthcare professional seeks the opinion or advice of another professional regarding a patient's medical condition. This can be done in various ways, such as face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or written correspondence. The consulting professional provides their expert opinion to assist in the diagnosis, treatment plan, or management of the patient's condition. The ultimate decision and responsibility for the patient's care typically remain with the referring or primary healthcare provider.

"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:

The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:

1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Government regulation in the context of medicine refers to the rules, guidelines, and laws established by government agencies to control, monitor, and standardize various aspects of healthcare. These regulations are designed to protect patients, promote public health, ensure quality of care, and regulate the healthcare industry. Examples of government regulation in medicine include:

1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for drug approval, medical device clearance, and food safety.
2. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulations for healthcare reimbursement, quality measures, and program eligibility.
3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for workplace safety in healthcare settings.
4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations to minimize environmental impacts from healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
5. State medical boards' regulations for licensing, disciplining, and monitoring physicians and other healthcare professionals.
6. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations for patient privacy and data security.
7. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) regulations for laboratory testing quality and standards.
8. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations to prevent deceptive or unfair trade practices in healthcare marketing and advertising.
9. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines for evidence-based practice and patient safety.
10. Public Health Service Act (PHSA) regulations related to infectious diseases, bioterrorism preparedness, and substance abuse treatment.

Occupational Health Services (OHS) refer to a branch of healthcare that focuses on the prevention and management of health issues that arise in the workplace or are caused by work-related factors. These services aim to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations.

OHS typically includes:

1. Health surveillance and screening programs to identify early signs of work-related illnesses or injuries.
2. Occupational health education and training for employees and managers on topics such as safe lifting techniques, hazard communication, and bloodborne pathogens exposure control.
3. Ergonomic assessments and interventions to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and other work-related injuries.
4. Development and implementation of policies and procedures to address workplace health and safety issues.
5. Case management and return-to-work programs for employees who have been injured or become ill on the job.
6. Medical monitoring and treatment of work-related injuries and illnesses, including rehabilitation and disability management services.
7. Collaboration with employers to identify and address potential health hazards in the workplace, such as chemical exposures, noise pollution, or poor indoor air quality.

Overall, Occupational Health Services play a critical role in protecting the health and safety of workers, reducing the burden of work-related illnesses and injuries, and promoting a healthy and productive workforce.

Health Services Administration (HSA) is not a medical term per se, but rather a field of study and practice within healthcare management. Here's a definition that encompasses its meaning:

Health Services Administration (HSA) refers to the planning, directing, coordinating, and supervising of health services in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, public health agencies, and other medical facilities. It involves managing financial resources, developing organizational policies, ensuring quality assurance, maintaining regulatory compliance, and promoting efficient delivery of healthcare services to improve patient outcomes and overall population health. HSA professionals may hold titles such as hospital administrator, clinical director, or healthcare executive.

'Government Financing' in the context of healthcare refers to the role of government in funding healthcare services, programs, and infrastructure. This can be achieved through various mechanisms such as:

1. Direct provision of healthcare services: The government operates and funds its own hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities, where it employs healthcare professionals to deliver care.
2. Public insurance programs: The government establishes and manages health insurance programs, like Medicare and Medicaid in the United States, which provide coverage for specific populations and reimburse healthcare providers for services delivered to enrollees.
3. Tax subsidies and incentives: Governments may offer tax breaks or other financial incentives to encourage private investments in healthcare infrastructure, research, and development.
4. Grants and loans: Government agencies can provide funding to healthcare organizations, researchers, and educational institutions in the form of grants and loans for specific projects, programs, or initiatives.
5. Public-private partnerships (PPPs): Governments collaborate with private entities to jointly fund and manage healthcare services, facilities, or infrastructure projects.

Government financing plays a significant role in shaping healthcare systems and ensuring access to care for vulnerable populations. The extent of government involvement in financing varies across countries, depending on their political, economic, and social contexts.

Health Care Coalitions (HCCs) are multi-disciplinary, multi-agency partnerships that are organized at the local or regional level to enhance emergency preparedness and response capabilities for the healthcare system. The primary goal of HCCs is to facilitate communication, coordination, and collaboration among healthcare organizations and other key stakeholders, such as emergency management agencies, public health departments, and community organizations.

HCCs typically focus on preparing for and responding to emergencies that can impact the healthcare system, including natural disasters, mass casualty incidents, infectious disease outbreaks, and cyber attacks. They may develop plans and procedures for addressing these threats, provide training and education to members, and conduct exercises to test their capabilities.

The membership of HCCs can vary but typically includes hospitals, long-term care facilities, home health agencies, emergency medical services providers, public health departments, mental/behavioral health organizations, and other stakeholders involved in healthcare delivery and emergency response. By working together, these organizations can help ensure that the healthcare system is better prepared to meet the needs of their communities during emergencies.

"State Health Plans" is a general term that refers to the healthcare coverage programs offered or managed by individual states in the United States. These plans can be divided into two main categories: Medicaid and state-based marketplaces.

1. **Medicaid**: This is a joint federal-state program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals, families, and qualifying groups, such as pregnant women, children, elderly people, and people with disabilities. Each state administers its own Medicaid program within broad federal guidelines, and therefore, the benefits, eligibility criteria, and enrollment processes can vary from state to state.

2. **State-based Marketplaces (SBMs)**: These are online platforms where individuals and small businesses can compare and purchase health insurance plans that meet the standards set by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). SBMs operate in accordance with federal regulations, but individual states have the flexibility to design their own marketplace structure, manage their own enrollment process, and determine which insurers can participate.

It is important to note that state health plans are subject to change based on federal and state laws, regulations, and funding allocations. Therefore, it is always recommended to check the most recent and specific information from the relevant state agency or department.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "income" is not a medical term. Income is an economic term that refers to the inflow of monetary resources or earnings that an individual or household receives from various sources, such as employment, investments, or government benefits. It is typically used in financial and economic contexts rather than medical ones. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Organizational Case Studies" is not a medical term. It is a term that is used in various fields including business, management, and social sciences to describe the analysis of a specific organization or a particular aspect of its functioning. An organizational case study typically involves an in-depth examination of an organization, including its structure, culture, processes, and outcomes, with the aim of understanding its performance, challenges, and opportunities for improvement.

In healthcare, case studies are often used to examine specific clinical scenarios or patient cases. However, "Organizational Case Studies" in a medical context might refer to the study of healthcare organizations, such as hospitals or clinics, to analyze their management practices, quality of care, financial performance, and other factors that can impact patient outcomes and overall organizational success.

A physician is a healthcare professional who practices medicine, providing medical care and treatment to patients. Physicians may specialize in various fields of medicine, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, or radiology, among others. They are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries, and disorders; prescribing medications; ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests; providing counseling and education to patients; and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care. Physicians may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and academic medical centers. To become a physician, one must complete a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree program and pass licensing exams to practice medicine in their state.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ontario" is not a medical term. It is the name of a province in Canada, similar to how "California" is the name of a state in the United States. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

"Health services for the aged" is a broad term that refers to medical and healthcare services specifically designed to meet the unique needs of elderly individuals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health services for the aged should be "age-friendly" and "person-centered," meaning they should take into account the physical, mental, and social changes that occur as people age, as well as their individual preferences and values.

These services can include a range of medical and healthcare interventions, such as:

* Preventive care, including vaccinations, cancer screenings, and other routine check-ups
* Chronic disease management, such as treatment for conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis
* Rehabilitation services, such as physical therapy or occupational therapy, to help elderly individuals maintain their mobility and independence
* Palliative care and end-of-life planning, to ensure that elderly individuals receive compassionate and supportive care in their final days
* Mental health services, including counseling and therapy for conditions like depression or anxiety
* Social services, such as transportation assistance, meal delivery, or home care, to help elderly individuals maintain their quality of life and independence.

Overall, the goal of health services for the aged is to promote healthy aging, prevent disease and disability, and provide high-quality, compassionate care to elderly individuals, in order to improve their overall health and well-being.

Allied health personnel refers to a group of healthcare professionals who are licensed or regulated to provide specific services within the healthcare system. They work in collaboration with physicians and other healthcare providers to deliver comprehensive medical care. Allied health personnel include various disciplines such as:

1. Occupational therapists
2. Physical therapists
3. Speech-language pathologists
4. Audiologists
5. Respiratory therapists
6. Dietitians and nutritionists
7. Social workers
8. Diagnostic medical sonographers
9. Radiologic technologists
10. Clinical laboratory scientists
11. Genetic counselors
12. Rehabilitation counselors
13. Therapeutic recreation specialists

These professionals play a crucial role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions and are essential members of the healthcare team.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

The Journal of Public Health Management & Practice (JPHMP) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by ... with information on public health practice and research. These topics include research to practice, emergency preparedness, ... Community-Based Practice, Biostatistics, and Infectious Diseases. "Journal of Public Health Management & Practice". 2015 ... There are a few consulting editors for various health topics, including Public Health Ethics, Environmental & Occupational ...
BMC Public Health. 5 (1): 86. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-86. PMC 1208908. PMID 16109159. Lin JT, Lane JM (January 2008). " ... "Nonpharmacologic management of osteoporosis to minimize fracture risk". Nature Clinical Practice. Rheumatology. 4 (1): 20-5. ... Musich S, Wang SS, Ruiz J, Hawkins K, Wicker E (March 2018). "The impact of mobility limitations on health outcomes among older ... 75% of hip fracture patients do not recover completely and show signs of overall health deterioration. Motor-cognitive training ...
Public Health Nutr. 13 (1): 102-106. doi:10.1017/S136898000999022X. PMID 19545467. Rand, J, ed. (2007). "Obesity". Problem- ... Small Animal Practice. 46 (5): 761-72. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.001. PMID 27264053. Nijland ML, Stam F, Seidell JC (June 2009 ... Small Animal Practice. 44 (4): 789-806, vii. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.004. PMID 24951347. Chandler, M.; Cunningham, S.; Lund ... These BCS methods are the most commonly used ways of diagnosing obesity in practice. Whilst they are not as accurate as ...
Some public health authorities have issued directions for making and using homemade cloth face masks. See face masks during the ... Emergency Medicine Practice. 18 (9): 1-20. PMID 27538060. Szabo, Gyongyi; Saha, Banishree (2015). "Alcohol's Effect on Host ... Government health departments and healthcare providers provide tests to the public. There have been fraudsters offering fake ... In response, the French Ministry of Health released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying "No, cocaine ...
... the Health Star Rating system". Public Health Research & Practice. 29 (1): 1-6. doi:10.17061/phrp2911909. PMID 30972410. Han, ... lessons for public health advocates". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 43 (4): 352-354. doi:10.1111/1753- ... Public health groups found this to be a method of bypassing the system in order to obtain favourable scores for products which ... consultations.health.gov.au. Retrieved 6 June 2019. Health Star Rating campaign, Australian Government Department of Health, ...
Insurance and Professional Practice: Survey of the Australasian Clinical Genetics Workforce". Frontiers in Public Health. 6: ... Public Health Research & Practice. 32 (4): 3242235. doi:10.17061/phrp3242235. ISSN 2204-2091. PMID 36509687. S2CID 254582496. ... Feldman EA (June 2012). "The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA): public policy and medical practice in the age of ... Excluded from the Act are also parties who are covered under Veterans Health Administration or Indian Health Services. Because ...
... practice, and planning for public mental health. Public health practice interventions are mediated by public health department ... Health economics, Social classes, Health education, Health, Health law, Health standards, Health sciences, Public health ... Auxology Community health Economic inequality Global health Health disparities Health policy Health law Health impact ... "Population Health". Public Health Agency of Canada. 25 November 2001. "Population health and health care". Canadian Institute ...
Ma, Hing Keung (18 November 2013). "The Moral Development of the Child: An Integrated Model". Frontiers in Public Health. 1: 57 ... Theory into Practice. College of Education, The Ohio State University. 16 (2): 53-59. doi:10.1080/00405847709542675. JSTOR ... a report from Public Agenda. Public Agenda. ISBN 1-889483-61-3. OCLC 43344922. Pardini, Dustin A.; Loeber, Rolf; Stouthamer- ... Calman, K C (1 June 1994). "The ethics of allocation of scarce health care resources: a view from the centre". Journal of ...
Public health research & practice. 28 (4). doi:10.17061/PHRP2841829. ISSN 2204-2091. PMID 30652190. Wikidata Q91083647. Anna ... Australian public health doctors, Women public health doctors, Australian medical researchers, Academic staff of the University ... Scholia has a profile for Sally Redman (Q104933761). Sally Redman AO is a New Zealand-born Australian public health researcher ... "distinguished service to public health through leadership in the care of women with breast cancer, contributions to research ...
College of Public Health , Temple University". cph.temple.edu. Retrieved 16 August 2023. "Obesity Science & Practice". doi: ... and Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the College of Public Health at Temple University. Much of Sarwer's work has ... and Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences in the College of Public Health at Temple University. Sarwer graduated from ... Volume 2: Integrative Health. Springer, New York, NY, 2014. ISBN 978-1493911967. Gasoyan H, Halpern MT, Tajeu G, Sarwer DB. ...
Perspectives in Public Health, Public Health and Public Health in Practice. Public Health. Public Health is one of the world's ... Public Health in Practice. Public Health in Practice is a gold open-access journal in the field of population health, and the ... Public Health publishes original research papers and reviews on all aspects of public health and is aimed at public health ... public health and safety. Public health encompasses all aspects of health protection and health promotion and this is reflected ...
Potential public health moves towards population (herd) immunity". Public Health in Practice. 1: 100031. doi:10.1016/j.puhip. ...
Public Health Research & Practice. 30 (4). doi:10.17061/phrp30342012. ISSN 2204-2091. PMID 33294907. Isautier, Jennifer M. J.; ... public health researcher who is Principal Research Fellow and Director of Research at the Sydney School of Public Health. Her ... Public health researchers, Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences, Year of birth missing (living ... Her research considers health literacy and patient communications. McCaffery founded the Sydney Health Literarcy Lab, which ...
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Video on doulas from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Dana Raphael. "The Evolving Role of the ... Volunteer doulas often saw doula work as a way to "help others, to establish a practice as an employed doula, and to have a ... American Journal of Public Health. 103 (4): e113-21. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301201. PMC 3617571. PMID 23409910. Committee on ... Public Health Nursing. 32 (4): 316-26. doi:10.1111/phn.12137. PMC 4281502. PMID 24980835. Oparah JC, Bonaparte AD (2015-12-22 ...
Center for Public Health Practice , Rocky Mountain Public Health Training Center (HRSA); Centers for American Indian & Alaska ... Master of Public Health and Doctor of Public Health Interim Chair: Lee Newman, MD, MA Programs: Master of Public Health and ... Doctor of Public Health Chair: Jill Norris, PhD Programs: Master of Public Health, Master of Science, Doctor of Public Health, ... The Colorado School of Public Health is an accredited, collaborative school of public health representing three Colorado public ...
The population of sex workers has been targeted by the public health industry as a population that has a high risk of HIV ... of sex work is the most widely practiced legal strategy for regulating transactional sex. Full criminalization is practiced in ... Public health care initiatives that prioritize HIV prevention among sex workers and portray sex workers as a vulnerable ... Unionization of legal types of sex work such as exotic dancers, lobbying of public health officials and labor officials, and ...
Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 56 (3 Spec No): 135-40, discussion 161-3. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02423.x. PMID ... Medical Principles and Practice. 18 (1): 26-30. doi:10.1159/000163042. PMID 19060487. S2CID 9642521. Mallow PK, Durward CS, ... Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 56 (3 Spec No): 141-5, discussion 161-3. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02424.x. PMID ... Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 67 (3): 179-84. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2007.00017.x. PMID 17899905. Schriks MC, van ...
Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780729582209. Retrieved 12 February 2017. Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. Jones & ... Kraut, Alan M. (2010). "Immigration, Ethnicity, and the Pandemic". Public Health Reports. 125 (Suppl 3): 123-133. doi:10.1177/ ... "U.S. - Mexico Cross-Border Health". www.cdc.gov. Gateway to Health Communication , CDC. Retrieved 12 February 2017. Gushulak, B ... health systems, housing and public schools of the native state. For example, Denmark's strict immigration law reform has saved ...
Students with ADHD tend to have trouble mastering behaviors and practices demanded of them by the public education system in ... College health Effects of stress on memory Learning disability Teacher burnout Mental Health Mental health day Mental health ... mental health was not considered a part of public health in Mexico because of other health priorities, lack of knowledge about ... health first aid Self-help groups for mental health Social determinants of mental health World Mental Health Day Mental health ...
Screening refers to the practice of testing a set of individuals who meet a certain criteria (such as age, sex, or sexual ... Public Health Epidemiological Logic' of Public Health Intervention and Public Health Impact". International Journal of ... "A Framework for Public Health Action: The Health Impact Pyramid". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (4): 590-595. doi: ... A public health intervention is any effort or policy that attempts to improve mental and physical health on a population level ...
Turner has been part of the General Practice team at Newtown Union Health Services (NUHS), Broadway, Wellington since 2011, and ... "Strategic COVID-19 Public Health Advisory Group". Unite against COVID-19. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. ... Nicola Mary Turner is a New Zealand public health advocate who is a Professor at the University of Auckland and Medical ... Turner has highlighted the importance of building trust between the public and those delivering health programs, either ...
"When Generosity Harms Health Care and Public Health". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (7): 997-998. doi:10.2105/AJPH. ... Mariana Chilton, in the American Journal of Public Health, suggested that current government policies reflect the needs-based ... American Journal of Public Health. 99 (7): 1203-1211. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130229. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2696644. PMID 19443834 ... The practice of charity, which is the voluntary provision of assistance to those in need, serves as a humanitarian act, and is ...
3 of 1988)". Harvard School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2005. John ... However, these practices were very rare after the Government of Madras cracked down on the practice from the early 1800s (p. 82 ... According to Anand Yang, it was practised in Bengal as early as the 12th century, where it was originally practised by the ... Oldenburg posits that the enslavement of women by Greek conquerors may have started this practice, On attested Rajput practice ...
... is also the subset of public health that is taught to and practiced by clinicians as part of their normal ... Community health workers (also known as community health assistants and community health officers) are local public health ... Community health agent Community health center Community mental health service Online health communities Prison reform ... of total health expenditures are paid for by the public/government. Community health, even Population health, is not encouraged ...
Frumkin, Howard (May-June 2002). "Urban Sprawl and Public Health". Association of Schools of Public Health. 117 (3): 201-217. ... High-performance infrastructure refers to core best management practices (BMPs) applicable to the typical section of the public ... In addition to many public health and environmental benefits, financial benefits include decreased first costs, decreased ... welfare and public health factors, among others, to the environmental and physical factors in the Farr book; thus taking it ...
BMC Public Health. 13 (3): S15. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S15. PMC 3847355. PMID 24564621. Daniels J (November 2001). "Is ... Silver nitrate is the most common treatment and practiced worldwide. Neonatology textbooks suggest silver nitrate as a first- ... In order to reduce the possibility of an infection or inflammation at the umbilical site, the World Health Organization (WHO) ... Niermeyer S (2015). "A physiologic approach to cord clamping: Clinical issues". Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology. ...
Kinner, Stuart A; Wang, Emily A (2014). "The Case for Improving the Health of Ex-Prisoners". American Journal of Public Health ... Hensley, Christopher (editor). Prison Sex: Practice & Policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1-58826-087-9, ISBN 978-1- ... American Journal of Public Health. 96 (6): 974-978. doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.066993. PMC 1470637. PMID 16449578. ... Health advocates believe that condoms should be available for everyone to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually ...
American Journal of Public Health. 2 (82): 289. Astbury, Leah; Leong, Elaine (2020). "Medical Knowledge and Practice". In ... American Journal of Public Health. 2 (82): 288-295. doi:10.2105/AJPH.82.2.288. PMC 1694293. PMID 1739168. Windsor, Laura Lynn ( ... One such woman, as recorded by Lady Anne Clifford, was her mother who "was a lover of the study of medicine and the practice of ... She was not the only woman who practiced alchemy. Many women would prepare and study medicine and prepare it on a larger scale ...
Learn about the scientific contributions of the Office of Science and Public Health Practice at the CDC Office of Readiness and ... CPRs Office of Science and Public Health Practice is committed to increasing scientific contributions to the preparedness and ... The Office of Readiness and Response (ORR) supports the infusion of science into CDCs public health emergency preparedness and ... Science and Public Health Practice. ... Science and Public Health Practice plus icon *Applied Research ...
Worcester Division of Public Health. Worcester Division of Public Health (WDPH), the lead agency of the Central Mass Regional ... "to improve community health and develop public health research and practice leaders." It is closely aligned with the Greater ... Supporting Public Health Practice. PRC at UMass Chan Faculty and Staff are actively engaged in many collaborative efforts that ... The Academic Health Collaborative of Worcester (AHC-W) brings together the Worcester Division of Public Health with UMass Chan ...
The Journal of Public Health Management & Practice (JPHMP) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by ... with information on public health practice and research. These topics include research to practice, emergency preparedness, ... Community-Based Practice, Biostatistics, and Infectious Diseases. "Journal of Public Health Management & Practice". 2015 ... There are a few consulting editors for various health topics, including Public Health Ethics, Environmental & Occupational ...
So, this is a call for us all to embrace a big tent bold public health practice. One that is comfortable with gray and lines ... A Call for Bold, Brave Public Health Practice.. As practitioners, we are called to engage the urgencies of the world boldly and ... It is people who practice bold public health who make the difficult decisions when the challenges are most hard. And the same ... This moment, I believe, calls for public health practice that is informed by humility and acceptance of diversity in all its ...
... and others who strive to improve the health of the public through chronic disease prevention. ... and others who strive to improve the health of the public through chronic disease prevention. ... is a peer-reviewed electronic journal established by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. ... is a peer-reviewed electronic journal established by the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. ...
Focuses on workforce, information and knowledge systems, and public health law and information policy through leadership, ... Gateway to information about improvements to the public health infrastructure. ... Public Health Agency of Canada is to build Canadas public health infrastructure and strengthen the practice of public health ... Evidence-based public health practice. Information is the starting point for public health-its the basis for making smarter ...
EMRs make it possible for clinicians to contribute timely, clinically detailed surveillance data to public health practitioners ... systems have rich potential to improve integration between primary care and the public health system at the point of care. ... Integrating clinical practice and public health surveillance using electronic medical record systems Am J Public Health. 2012 ... We describe a model EMR-based public health surveillance platform called Electronic Medical Record Support for Public Health ( ...
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The Northwest Center for Public Health Practice has stipends to support student projects during the 2023-24 academic year. ... Advancing Data Modernization for Public Health. October 5, 2023. The October session of Hot Topics in Practice will summarize ... Return of the Public Health Management Certificate. October 12, 2023. A full cohort returns to the PHMC onsite after three ... NWCPHP Expands Opportunities for Public Health Management Training. November 17, 2023. NWCPHP is expanding its management- ...
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Mapping of food industry strategies to influence public health policy, research and practice in South Africa. Int J Public ... Mapping of food industry strategies to influence public health policy, research and practice in South Africa. *Mélissa Mialon. ... International Journal of Public Health volume 65, pages 1027-1036 (2020)Cite this article ... This article is part of the special issue "Market-driven forces and Public Health". ...
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Syndromic Surveillance in Public Health Practice, New York City Richard Heffernan*, Farzad Mostashari*, Debjani Das*, Adam ... Syndromic Surveillance in Public Health Practice, New York City. ... Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health ... Author affiliations: *New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA; and; †Harvard Medical ...
Health Promotion Practice is an official peer-reviewed journal of SOPHE devoted to the practical application of health ... The journal serves as a forum to explore the applications of health promotion/public health education interventions, programs, ... Health Promotion Practice publishes focus issue highlighting innovations in HIV/HCV care. JournalsSOPHE News. 09.08.23 ... Society for Public Health Education © 2023 Terms Design & Programming by The Ivy Group, Ltd. ...
District and practice nurses public health practice and training needs.. British Journal of Community Nursing, 10(5) 214, 216- ... Practice and district nurses rated their competence as lower in public health skills than in clinical skills and also rated ... Senior practice and district nurses indicated that they perceived low value in skills required to move forward public health ... Practice and district nurses were recognized as key health professionals in achieving the integration of health improvement ...
Health systems in the Practice Greenhealth and Health Care Without Harm network are purchasing up to 60 percent of their meat ... Health systems in the Practice Greenhealth and Health Care Without Harm network are purchasing up to 60 percent of their meat ... Health Care Without Harm and Practice Greenhealth convened a working group of health system representatives that is calling on ... Through purchasing, the health sector is looking to mitigate broader public health effects of the industrialized meat system.. ...
College of Public Health, Center for Public Health Practice. 130 Cunz Hall1841 Neil Ave.Columbus, OH 43210 ... Change Package: a curated collection of ideas and practices to create lasting change in your organization. ...
... and inadequate weight gain during pregnancy as well as positive impacts on breast feeding and public service practices. ... Arnold School of Public Health).. This study was partially supported by a Prisma Health-Health Sciences Center transformative ... of Public Health), Kimberly Alston (Midlands Healthy Start, Prisma Health), Jun Tang (Division of Biostatistics, South Carolina ... South Carolina Institute of Medicine and Public Health (IMPH). *Technology Center to Promote Healthy Lifestyles (TecHealth). * ...
1. Basics of community public health practice: theory and application 2. Public Health Practice within Communities ... Community Public Health in Policy and Practice Elsevier eBook on VitalSource, 3rd Edition. ... Sarah Cowley, BA, PhD, PGDE, RGN, RHV, HVT, Emeritus Professor of Community Practice Development, Florence Nightingale Faculty ... 8. Public health and the life course. 9. Public health practice in a digital world ...
About the practice of public health in Minnesota. About the Minnesota public health system and partnership: Minnesotas public ... About the MDH Center for Public Health Practice: The MDH Center for Public Health Practice helps to build capacity and improve ... About the Center for Public Health Practice. *About public health practice in Minnesota ... About the Center for Public Health Practice. *About public health practice in Minnesota ...
College of Nursing and Public Health Doctorate in Nursing Practice Information Session at the Garden City Campus ... College of Nursing and Public Health Doctorate in Nursing Practice Information Session at the Garden City Campus. Share Options ...
... and proposes a set of best practice recommendations. ... GUIDANCE for public health policy and practice. *RISK ... Best practice recommendations for conducting after-action reviews to enhance public health preparedness Monitoring 5 Dec 2018. ... Best practice recommendations for conducting after-action reviews to enhance public health preparedness - EN - [PDF-844.28 KB] ... Best practice recommendations for conducting after-action reviews to enhance public health preparedness. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018. ...
  • The Northwest Center for Public Health Practice has stipends to support student projects during the 2023-24 academic year. (nwcphp.org)
  • The Center for Public Health Practice is an approved National Commission for Health Education Credentialing multiple event provider of continuing education contact hours (CECH) for CHES/MCHES. (osu.edu)
  • The next quarterly meetings of the Emergency Medical Practice Advisory Council will be held Monday, Nov. 13 2023, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. (colorado.gov)
  • The White House has announced the Public Health Emergency will end on May 11, 2023. (aledade.com)
  • The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
  • Perez et al , in a large feasibility study of TBA willingness to participate in HIV prevention programs in Zimbabwe, found 75% acceptability among TBA to participate in HIV prevention activities such as accompanying new-borns to closest health centre to receive medication (15%) and assisting health centers in documenting ANC-PMTCT services [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. (cdc.gov)
  • The MPH degree is a full 42 hour program that requires core courses in health education, environmental and occupational health, health management and policy, biostatistics, and epidemiology. (alaska.edu)
  • Established 25 years ago, Healthy Start is one of the earliest initiatives focused on reducing infant mortality in high-risk communities where mortality rates are 1.5 to 2.5 times the national average," says epidemiology professor Jihong Liu , who directs USC's Maternal and Child Health Catalyst and Maternal and Child Health LEAP programs and who led the study. (sc.edu)
  • By improving Canada's public health networks, we help practitioners collaborate across jurisdictions . (canada.ca)
  • By improving the ways practitioners collect, share and use public health data , we help provide a comprehensive picture of public health across Canada that helps turns knowledge into action and informs public health policy. (canada.ca)
  • EMRs make it possible for clinicians to contribute timely, clinically detailed surveillance data to public health practitioners without changing their existing workflows or incurring extra work. (nih.gov)
  • It will be essential reading for health and social care students including nurses and midwives, allied health care professionals, social care workers, qualified health and social care practitioners and anyone who plays a role in understanding, promoting, and protecting public health. (sagepub.com)
  • The Public health program at UAA is enriching Alaska's health by training future practitioners and other professionals to understand and address the relationships between determinants of health and health outcomes of populations and communities. (alaska.edu)
  • In order to support public health practitioners in making the best use of AARs, this ECDC technical report identifies common features of AARs, provides a validity assessment tool to appraise them, and proposes a set of best practice recommendations. (europa.eu)
  • In Practice, a blog featuring the perspectives of nurse practitioners and physician assistants, was active from 2015 through 2017. (jwatch.org)
  • Designed for public health nurses and health visitors at every stage of their career from students to experienced practitioners Community Public Health in Policy and Practice: A Source Book provides an overview of theoretical constructs and principles for community public health practice, including underpinning research. (elsevier.ca)
  • PRC at UMass Chan Faculty and Staff are actively engaged in many collaborative efforts that promote health and healthy lifestyles, and prevent chronic disease in the Greater Worcester area. (umassmed.edu)
  • Preventing Chronic Disease (PCD) recognizes that public health and clinical interventions are often collaborative, multifaceted, multicomponent, and multisite with diverse participants, stakeholders, and partnerships (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Individuals with baccalaureate degree seeking to develop basic foundational public health competencies for professional development and/or to enhance their career or academic background may choose to pursue a Graduate Certificate in Public Health . (alaska.edu)
  • Many governmental public health leaders have identified the need to strengthen the public health system and create a system for the 21st century-one that is equipped to work with communities and carryout foundational public health responsibilities effectively and efficiently. (mn.us)
  • There are a few consulting editors for various health topics, including Public Health Ethics, Environmental & Occupational Health, Human Subjects Protection, Community-Based Practice, Biostatistics, and Infectious Diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • In settings with a low likelihood of TB exposure, the deferment of routine serial testing should be considered in consultation with public health and occupational health authorities. (cdc.gov)
  • Implementation Evaluation articles provide insights into factors that affect the ability of public health practice to successfully package and disseminate effective interventions implemented and evaluated in real-world settings. (cdc.gov)
  • These authors discuss the importance of developing individual and team-based skills and abilities among public health professionals that increase adoption and scalability of evidence-based interventions. (cdc.gov)
  • The journal serves as a forum to explore the applications of health promotion/public health education interventions, programs, and best practice strategies in various settings, including but not limited to: community, health care, worksite, educational and international settings. (sophe.org)
  • In addition, our experts regularly work with community leaders, nonprofits, businesses, and policymakers to develop evidence-based public health interventions that work. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Survival of primary molars with pulpotomy interventions: public oral health practice-based study in Helsinki. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Office of Readiness and Response (ORR) supports the infusion of science into CDC's public health emergency preparedness and response activities. (cdc.gov)
  • The National Association footline of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) is the national organization representing local health departments. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Practice Greenhealth is the leading sustainable health care organization, delivering environmental solutions to more than 1,500 hospitals and health systems in the United States and Canada. (practicegreenhealth.org)
  • Change Package: a curated collection of ideas and practices to create lasting change in your organization. (osu.edu)
  • The June 2022 Supreme Court ruling on the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization case removed the constitutional right to an abortion that had been established in 1973 by the court in Roe v. Wade. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Ladies and gentlemen, It is with a lot of gratitude that I thank all the ministers in charge of health who honoured my country by entrusting the chair of our Organization to me. (who.int)
  • I loved practicing pediatrics. (sanofi.us)
  • The emerging body of knowledge, known as environmental pediatrics (or pediatric environmental health), shows that children are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of environmental contaminants, in part because their developing organs may be more susceptible to environmental contaminants than are the target organs of adults, and also because they may absorb and metabolize chemicals differently from adults. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Practicing Environmental Pediatrics - Medscape - Mar 28, 2006. (medscape.com)
  • The November session of Hot Topics in Practice will provide a background on sexual violence among adolescents. (nwcphp.org)
  • The October session of Hot Topics in Practice will summarize findings from a joint effort to advance data modernization for public health in Washington. (nwcphp.org)
  • beyondblue , Mental Health Australia (MHA) and the Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC) welcome the Federal Government's royal commission into the financial services sector. (piac.asn.au)
  • Our clinical portfolio is expanding on a frequent basis, helping you to advance your knowledge and skills and deliver medicines optimisation in practice for all sectors of pharmacy. (cppe.ac.uk)
  • Practice and district nurses rated their competence as lower in public health skills than in clinical skills and also rated them of less importance. (open.ac.uk)
  • The intervention was led by Union County Health Department Health Educator Lindsay Fetherolf and Lower Lights Christian Health Center Clinical Director of Addiction Services Sarah Channell , and included education, training and data collection on LPV use. (texomashomepage.com)
  • The evolution of work occurring in these areas has expanded over the past 25 years, with the fundamental goal of better identifying program components in public health that contribute to achieving success in population health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Before that, López was an associate director at the Annie E. Casey Foundation, a private national philanthropy devoted to improving the educational, economic, social and health outcomes for at-risk children. (accenture.com)
  • This e-assessment is linked with the CPPE Fundamentals of public health for pharmacy practice learning programme and assesses you on the learning outcomes in that programme. (cppe.ac.uk)
  • Previous evaluations of the program have included only small numbers of Healthy Start participants and have focused almost solely on infant outcomes - excluding the program's impacts on health behaviors, public service use and maternal outcomes. (sc.edu)
  • The researchers looked for the program's impacts on prenatal care, public service use and maternal/infant health outcomes by comparing this group to 48K women-newborn dyads who were not participants in Healthy Start but lived in the same counties and delivered during the same time frame. (sc.edu)
  • One Health works towards optimal health outcomes by recognizing, understanding, and managing the interconnection between people, animals, and their shared environment. (ncceh.ca)
  • Fooks GJ, Williams S, Box G, Sacks G (2019) Corporations' use and misuse of evidence to influence health policy: a case study of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation. (springer.com)
  • IOGT International (2019) South Africa #WHA72 Calls 4 urgent action to tackle commercial determinants of health! (springer.com)
  • J. Public Health Africa (Online);10(1): 1-5, 2019. (bvsalud.org)
  • 3 An up-to-date list of all WHO's international biological reference preparations is available at http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/catalogue/en/ (accessed 11 March 2019). (who.int)
  • Sometimes a patient hasn't thought about the implication of owning a gun while living with a family member who has mental health issues. (jwatch.org)
  • beyondblue, MHA and PIAC have long campaigned against insurance industry practices that deny cover to and claims by people who once had, are experiencing or are deemed by the insurer likely to develop a mental health condition in the future. (piac.asn.au)
  • Consumers can be denied insurance by blanket mental health exclusion clauses, be charged higher premiums or have their claims denied for travel, life, income protection and total and permanent disability (TPD) policies. (piac.asn.au)
  • These practices clearly fall within the broad terms of reference set for this royal commission and so it presents an opportunity to fix a very broken system that we believe discriminates on the basis of mental health," said beyondblue CEO Georgie Harman. (piac.asn.au)
  • Insurers too often over-estimate the impact of mental health conditions on people's every-day lives and underestimate the likelihood of recovery. (piac.asn.au)
  • Forcing people with mental health conditions to jump through hoops just to have their claims approved is stigmatising, can add to their mental distress and can discourage them from seeking support when they need it most. (piac.asn.au)
  • Mental Health Australia CEO Frank Quinlan said the banking royal commission is a clear opportunity to address some longstanding injustices and discriminatory behaviour in the insurance industry. (piac.asn.au)
  • Discriminatory practices in the insurance industry have been going on for far too long leaving people with a mental health condition unable to access the same benefits as others in our community. (piac.asn.au)
  • PIAC CEO, Jonathon Hunyor said that for the last five years, PIAC has provided legal advice and assistance to many people who have been treated unfairly and in many cases unlawfully by insurance companies as a result of experiencing mental health conditions. (piac.asn.au)
  • PIAC's clients have faced hefty additional premiums, blanket exclusions or been denied cover altogether as a result of disclosing current or past mental health conditions, including short episodes of anxiety or depression," said Jonathon Hunyor. (piac.asn.au)
  • Given that almost half the population will experience a mental health condition at some point, we call on the commission to give this issue the focus and serious consideration it deserves. (piac.asn.au)
  • beyondblue , MHA and PIAC call on the insurance industry to embrace contemporary evidence and data, and take individual circumstances into account, instead of making broad assumptions about a person's mental health and ability to function. (piac.asn.au)
  • A pediatrician must be prepared to recognize and manage every possible diagnosis, from the rarest genetic conditions to increasingly common mental health concerns. (sanofi.us)
  • These include allowing Medicare beneficiaries in any geographic area to receive telehealth, allowing beneficiaries to remain in their home for telehealth visits, allowing FQHCs/RHCs to serve as a distant site provider, and allowing more health care professionals to provide telehealth services (such as physical and occupational therapists), delaying the in-person visit requirement before a patient receives mental health services via telehealth, and allowing for audio-only services. (aledade.com)
  • The content on this site is intended for health professionals. (elsevier.ca)
  • In tackling this challenge, public agencies must prioritize their limited resources for maximum effect, and that's a daunting task given the ever-expanding volume and reach of online content and conversations. (urgentcomm.com)
  • This e-assessment completes the learning you began with the CPPE Fundamentals of public health for pharmacy practice learning programme. (cppe.ac.uk)
  • You may find it helpful to try our CPPE Practise assessment before attempting this assessment. (cppe.ac.uk)
  • and otherwise assure conditions that protect and promote the health of populations. (alaska.edu)
  • Address the health issues of vulnerable and under-served populations. (sophe.org)
  • Our findings have important implications for care providers and health policy makers in terms of how to narrow racial disparities in perinatal health by serving high-risk populations via community programs. (sc.edu)
  • Our findings have important implications for care providers and health policy makers in terms of how to narrow racial disparities in perinatal health by serving high-risk populations via community programs," Liu says. (sc.edu)
  • What seems like a great enough challenge for public health professionals working with large populations (e.g., women, children), becomes a significantly greater challenge for health professionals working with a select subset of individuals with disabilities where in some cases there may only be a few hundred (or even less) people in a local community. (nchpad.org)
  • However, finding that type of evidence in health promotion and disability that meets a standard adopted for large populations is nearly impossible without some type of support structure that allows researchers to collaborate with each other in addressing the most compelling and urgent questions in health and disability. (nchpad.org)
  • Traditional birth attendants will continue to play an important role in maternal child health in India for the foreseeable future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the ongoing shortage of skilled birth attendance in rural areas, more studies are needed to examine whether TBA should be trained and integrated into PMTCT and maternal child health programs in India. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Through the development of tools, networks and training programs we are helping create and sustain a public health workforce that is skilled, knowledgeable, mobile and collaborative. (canada.ca)
  • Canada's public health workforce must be able to respond quickly to emerging and urgent public health events. (canada.ca)
  • Manufacturers discuss industrial cleaning best practices to mitigate risk to their workforce, limit the spread of the virus and ensure their manufacturing operations can continue unabated. (nam.org)
  • This article explores new tools and approaches for addressing priority areas and indicates how tools from multiple disciplines of social sciences can guide the development of an objective, evidence-based, and policy-focused framework for advancing public health workforce research and policy. (lww.com)
  • This article focuses on ensuring a strong, robust environmental public health workforce for food, water, and sanitation protections. (lww.com)
  • This article describes challenges, issues, and strategies associated with public health workforce research and uses two case studies to illustrate different approaches to public health workforce research. (lww.com)
  • COVID-19 represents the first global pandemic of the social media age and an unprecedented communications challenge for today's public officials. (urgentcomm.com)
  • Given the fast-evolving reality of the pandemic, the continued unknowns, and the prevalence of misinformation (and outright disinformation) circulating across social platforms, how can public health officials break through the clutter to ensure their messages are reaching the people who need them most? (urgentcomm.com)
  • As we move forward, public officials will also be tasked with communicating updates, protocols and safety information around potential vaccines-a divisive subject surrounded by misinformation even when we're not in a pandemic. (urgentcomm.com)
  • One Health is now being called upon to help humanity confront and cope with global health security threats tied to human development and environmental crises including pandemic infections, climate change, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. (ncceh.ca)
  • For example, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, G20 health ministers declared that there is no health without One Health. (ncceh.ca)
  • Our mission is to promote equity, health, and well-being through excellence in the education of public health practice leaders, scientific investigation of public health issues, and community engagement in an organized effort to identify, assess, prevent, and mitigate community health challenges. (alaska.edu)
  • Through purchasing, the health sector is looking to mitigate broader public health effects of the industrialized meat system. (practicegreenhealth.org)
  • Health Promotion Practice is an official peer-reviewed journal of SOPHE devoted to the practical application of health promotion and education. (sophe.org)
  • A statement of the candidate's vision for Health Promotion Practice (no longer than 1000 words). (sophe.org)
  • How do we derive evidence-based health promotion practice guidelines for people with disabilities who may be at different stages of a progressive condition or who may have various chronic, associated, and secondary conditions, each affecting their overall health in varying degrees? (nchpad.org)
  • Electronic medical record (EMR) systems have rich potential to improve integration between primary care and the public health system at the point of care. (nih.gov)
  • Student helps create a communications strategy to promote trauma-informed care practices. (nwcphp.org)
  • The book takes a life-span approach and makes direct links to the UK health and social care context and has been written for an interprofessional audience. (sagepub.com)
  • Practice and district nurses were recognized as key health professionals in achieving the integration of health improvement into the local delivery of health care. (open.ac.uk)
  • Health systems in the Practice Greenhealth and Health Care Without Harm network are purchasing up to 60 percent of their meat and poultry with these attributes. (practicegreenhealth.org)
  • Health Care Without Harm and Practice Greenhealth convened a working group of health system representatives that is calling on food producers, manufacturers, and the health care supply chain to help them reach their sustainable food purchasing goals using verified products that encourage animal welfare and sustainable production practices . (practicegreenhealth.org)
  • Health systems and facilities within the Practice Greenhealth and Health Care Without Harm network have had a significant collective impact, improving price and availability for all hospitals and opening the door for important conversations about broader production practices and the health costs of industrial agriculture. (practicegreenhealth.org)
  • Practice Greenhealth is the health care sector's go-to source for information, tools, data, resources, and expert technical support on sustainability initiatives that help hospitals and health systems meet their health, financial, and community goals. (practicegreenhealth.org)
  • Published in the American Journal of Public Health , they found that the federally-funded program resulted in significant reductions in inadequate prenatal care, large-for-gestational-age births, and inadequate weight gain during pregnancy as well as positive impacts on breast feeding practices and participation in other public services programs (e.g. (sc.edu)
  • As people who provide health care, we ask multiple emotionally charged and personal questions every day. (jwatch.org)
  • I also believe that it is part of my job as a care provider to be engaged in learning and advocating about issues of health and safety. (jwatch.org)
  • Facilitate communications between agency medical directors and the health care community. (colorado.gov)
  • My experience as a teen patient allowed me to better understand the needs of the families in my care as a doctor, and my experience as a practicing pediatrician led me to Sanofi (at the time Sanofi Pasteur). (sanofi.us)
  • At Sanofi we work to support health education and by raising awareness among both doctors and parents about the risks of disease for some of the most complex patients they care for: teenagers. (sanofi.us)
  • This article points out public health care work indicators within the psychologist Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) and outlines the problems of the senses which are related to these indicators, using the principles of completeness. (bvsalud.org)
  • In order to do so, a selective and systematic literature review was undertaken concerning the role of the psychologist predominantly in the primary health care environment, in 2000 - 2011 years, among principle Brazilian databases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Through comparative methodology, based on analytical procedure proposed by Grounded Theory, the following five work indicators were then identified: social and ethical commitment, promoting health, action diversification, interdisciplinary comprehension, and health care team participation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The articulation of diverse levels of health care, increased perception towards health care needs, and opening the otherness were some of the senses of completeness that were gathered based on these work indicators. (bvsalud.org)
  • I refer to this as the New Age of 'rationed' health care, where health insurance corporations serve as the 'gatekeepers' for what gets paid for and what doesn't. (nchpad.org)
  • Because people with disabilities often have a preexisting condition, most reimbursement plans will not cover preventive care, i.e., health promotion programs. (nchpad.org)
  • Chronic health conditions that affect the general population, including arthritis, Type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease, will also become greater concerns among aging individuals with disabilities, who are now living longer due to advances in health care. (nchpad.org)
  • Nevertheless, many clinicians who care for children have been slow to incorporate this knowledge into their practices. (medscape.com)
  • Annual TB testing of health care personnel is not recommended unless there is a known exposure or ongoing transmission (8). (cdc.gov)
  • Presenters will discuss their views on how we might begin to build a stronger evidence base that will guide future practice. (nchpad.org)
  • Launched in 2000, the bimonthly journal is unique in its focus on critical and strategic information for professionals engaged in the practice of developing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion and disease prevention programs. (sophe.org)
  • The Public Health (ACT Cooling Towers and Warm Water Storage Sytems) Code of Practice 2000 was notified in the Gazette on 7 September 2000 (Gaz 2000 No 36). (act.gov.au)
  • One of the primary goals of the Public Health Agency of Canada is to build Canada's public health infrastructure and strengthen the practice of public health across the country. (canada.ca)
  • PRC at UMass Chan team presenting a joint poster with the City's of Worcester's Office of Health and Human Services team at the 2022 American Public Health Association conference in Boston, MA! (umassmed.edu)
  • Social implications: The multiple reporting practices evident within the health sector entail that the effectiveness of health programmes may be compromised due to the fragmentation in goals between government and international donor institutions. (uea.ac.uk)
  • May 16, 2017 - Accenture has hired Rafael López as a managing director in its Health & Public Service practice in North America. (accenture.com)
  • It grew to influence environmental and social determinants of human health by working upstream in animal and environmental health. (ncceh.ca)
  • An integral part of improving preparedness and response planning is learning from past public health emergencies. (europa.eu)
  • The theme of this year's annual American Public Health Association meeting in Philadelphia is 'Evidence-Based Policy and Practice. (nchpad.org)
  • The Coalitions brings everyone to the table to envision a healthier Worcester area, and to oversee the implementation of the Greater Worcester 2016 Community Health Improvement Plan. (umassmed.edu)
  • We used a systematic approach and existing framework to collect and analyse information available in the public domain, including material from the industry, government, academia and civil society. (springer.com)
  • For the development of the best practice framework proposed in this ECDC report, a focused scoping review was performed in order to identify the key common features of AARs and an 11-item tool was then developed to appraise and rank the validity of AAR approaches. (europa.eu)
  • With a framework of health equity and justice guiding us, we study the barriers to health and the most effective ways to help build a world in which all people have the opportunity to be safe, healthy, and well. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • The aim of this study was to assess pregnant women behaviors and practices regarding genital hygiene . (bvsalud.org)
  • The successful applicant will be a National SOPHE member, have an advanced degree in health education or a related field, a publications track record, and demonstrate a working familiarity with policy/systems change and translation of research to practice. (sophe.org)
  • We need to work harder to understand and to embrace the complexities of a rapidly changing world by challenging injustice, expanding health equity, and improving overall health. (bu.edu)
  • Measuring Change for Anti-Racist Programs gives public health teams tools to develop equity-driven programs. (nwcphp.org)
  • NACCHO supports efforts that protect and improve the health of all people and all communities by promoting national policy, developing resources and programs, seeking health equity, and supporting effective local public health practice and systems. (nursingcenter.com)
  • It has evolved to promote intergenerational and interspecies health equity. (ncceh.ca)
  • Students with backgrounds in the natural sciences, social sciences, business, health professions, human services, education, and law have successfully entered the field of public health at the graduate level. (alaska.edu)
  • López joins Accenture from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), where he served as the commissioner of the Administration on Children, Youth and Families. (accenture.com)
  • In his new role, López will work across Accenture's child support, child welfare, public assistance and public health practices to shape strategy and identify, develop and deploy offerings, focusing on helping government, education and nonprofit organizations leverage technology and innovation to improve services and mission effectiveness. (accenture.com)
  • and as senior deputy for Health and Human Services for Los Angeles County Supervisor Gloria Molina. (accenture.com)
  • Rafael López is focused on improving the lives of children and families in need and brings deep experience from serving local, state and national programs," said Ryan Oakes, managing director of Accenture's Public Health and Human Services practice in North America. (accenture.com)
  • The approach has relevance to those concerned with making public health a reality within community services. (open.ac.uk)
  • The Midlands Healthy Start Program was sponsored by the Health Resources and Services Administration (grant H49-MC00072). (sc.edu)
  • This partnership, known as the community health services system, enables state and local governments to combine resources to serve public health needs in an efficient, cost-effective way. (mn.us)
  • The national accreditation program sets standards against which the nation's more than 3,000 governmental public health departments can continuously improve the quality of their services and performance. (mn.us)
  • The practices of insurance companies will be scrutinised as part of the royal commission into misconduct in the financial services sector, a move applauded by the organisations. (piac.asn.au)
  • Environment agencies often see One Health as a coordinated approach to protect ecological services necessary for life, like air quality, biodiversity, and safe water. (ncceh.ca)
  • Health complications that might have been avoided with subsidized health promotion services may result in substantial costs in later life. (nchpad.org)
  • Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 33 respondents drawn from the main stakeholder groups involved in health service delivery including legislators, policy makers, regulators, healthcare professionals and health service managers. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The Journal of Public Health Management & Practice (JPHMP) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by Wolters Kluwer, which was established in 1995. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. (lww.com)
  • Despite different perspectives of the focus of One Health, at its core is the integration of knowledge from multiple sectors so that no person, animal, or ecosystem is prevented from being healthy because of their social or environmental circumstances. (ncceh.ca)
  • One Health shares many perspectives and methods used in population health practice, health promotion or global health. (ncceh.ca)
  • Through resources like PHAC's Economic Burden of Illness report we provide the public health community with tools they need to carry out their public health functions. (canada.ca)
  • As well as our public health workshops, use this section to access a wide range of resources to assure and maintain your competence, all underpinned by the Declaration of Competence system. (cppe.ac.uk)
  • Rather than pooling resources and skills for maximum impact, these practices have the effect of dispersing performance efforts with the consequence of compromising their impact. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Starting in Fall 2024, the school is launching the nation's first PhD program that focuses specifically on climate change and its multiple impacts on people's health and the communities where they live. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • It also includes coursework in research methods, program evaluation, circumpolar health issues, and management of public health emergencies and disasters, as well as the opportunity to create an individualized emphasis as the foundation for the required Applied Practice Experience (APE) and Integrated Learning Experience (ILE). (alaska.edu)
  • The current study's findings of increased breastfeeding practices and use of government assistant programs suggests that Healthy Start may have lasting positive effects. (sc.edu)
  • Findings: Findings indicate that Zambia's institutional environment within the health sector is highly fragmented and pluralistic as reflected by the multiplicity of both internal and external stakeholders. (uea.ac.uk)
  • [ 13 ] Though counseling about the risks of passive smoking has now become commonplace, other findings about the effect of the environment on child health have not been incorporated as widely into practice. (medscape.com)
  • Our findings suggest that knowledge and genital hygiene cleaning practices are acceptable among our study population . (bvsalud.org)
  • It explores all aspects of public health from communities and wider society, child development and early relationships, inequalities in health, safeguarding, the rapidly changing nature of society and the significance of culture, equality and diversity. (sagepub.com)
  • One Health proposes to transform health systems by mobilizing multiple sectors, disciplines, and communities to tackle some of our most challenging health crises. (ncceh.ca)
  • For example, by managing livestock diseases, One Health programs help impoverished livestock-dependent communities escape the poverty trap caused by endemic zoonoses and poor food production. (ncceh.ca)
  • We partner with communities here in Colorado, across the U.S., and around the world, promoting health and wellbeing for all. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Jerreed Ivanich is leading an effort to center public health education on communities that are often overlooked. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • In view of contradictory expectations of accounting and performance reporting requirements between the civic and primordial publics, the study indicates that different practices, mechanisms and structures have to be embraced in order to maintain institutional harmony and relevance to different communities within the health sector. (uea.ac.uk)
  • We also offer practice-intensive graduate courses, community events, and professional development opportunities such as in-person trainings and online courses. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • In order to respond to these changes, North Tyneside PCT undertook a training needs and skills analysis of local practice and district nurses. (open.ac.uk)
  • Thirty practice nurses and 39 district nurses returned completed questionnaires. (open.ac.uk)
  • Senior practice and district nurses indicated that they perceived low value in skills required to move forward public health practice within community nursing. (open.ac.uk)
  • Arnold School researchers have partnered with collaborators at Prisma Health to evaluate the effects of the Midlands Healthy Start program. (sc.edu)
  • With the passage of HB21-1317 (Regulating Marijuana Concentrates), our school has been tasked with researching the health effects of high-potency THC marijuana and concentrates and providing related policy recommendations. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Public health programs most often focus on integrated zoonotic diseases management when characterizing One Health. (ncceh.ca)
  • Development agencies and global health programs tend to see One Health as a way to address the sustainable development goals in an integrated and efficient manner. (ncceh.ca)
  • International declarations are translating into pressures on national and local public health systems to reflect on how One Health can help develop programs that are simultaneously socially, environmentally, and economically just. (ncceh.ca)
  • Many public and private insurers are reluctant to pay for health promotion programs that don't have cost savings data associated with them. (nchpad.org)
  • Too often, environmental health practices have viewed animals or environments primarily as sources of harms or hazards such as zoonotic infections or contaminants. (ncceh.ca)
  • The journal publishes articles which cover a diverse range of population health topics, with information on public health practice and research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nova publishes a wide array of books and journals from authors around the globe, focusing on Medicine and Health, Science and Technology and the Social Sciences and Humanities. (novapublishers.com)
  • The second challenge emerged during the Sixty-ninth World Health Assembly. (who.int)
  • And the same bold, brave practice allows us to course-correct when the data change and our compass points a new way. (bu.edu)
  • New surveillance systems can extract raw data from providers' EMRs, analyze them for conditions of public health interest, and automatically communicate results to health departments. (nih.gov)
  • Not only do we pride ourselves on our research, we also strive for excellence in public health practice-applying data and science in the real world. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Most of the literature on what is considered 'evidence-based' suggests that several randomized controlled trials (often referred to as RCTs) must be completed before the research initiative can be identified as an 'evidence-based' practice guideline. (nchpad.org)
  • This study was partially supported by a Prisma Health-Health Sciences Center transformative seed grant. (sc.edu)
  • This study demonstrates that a majority of TBA lack basic information about HIV/AIDS and safe delivery practices. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Design/methodology/approach: The study draws on institutional pluralism and Ekeh's post-colonial theory of "two publics" to depict pluralistic environments that are typical of EEs. (uea.ac.uk)
  • This retrospective longitudinal study was based on electronic dental health records of children who attended public health service . (bvsalud.org)
  • This was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted on exhaustive sample of pregnant women coming for antenatal visits in Lafé Sub-divisional Hospital (SDH) and Baleng Catholic Health Center (BCHC) between 16 and 30 September 2013. (bvsalud.org)
  • As public officials evaluate their communications strategies for the coming difficult months, these five best practices should remain top of mind. (urgentcomm.com)
  • No public health agency can control what's happening in online conversations, but officials must recognize this activity for the force that it is. (urgentcomm.com)
  • This article describes how professionalization in public health reflects wider institutional and political forces. (lww.com)
  • Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate accounting and performance reporting practices embraced in the midst of a pluralistic institutional environment of an emerging economy (EE), Zambia. (uea.ac.uk)