Psoas Muscles
Psoas Abscess
Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
Muscle Contraction
Rabbits
Isometric Contraction
Muscle, Skeletal
Myosins
Myofibrils
Muscle Proteins
Muscle, Smooth
Troponin C
Adenosine Triphosphate
Paraspinal Muscles
Muscle Development
Adenosine Diphosphate
Calcium
Actomyosin
Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch
X-Ray Diffraction
Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch
Troponin
Retroperitoneal Space
Actins
Glycerol
Biomechanical Phenomena
Muscle Fatigue
Myosin Subfragments
Actin Cytoskeleton
Rhodamines
Models, Biological
Myocytes, Smooth Muscle
Mitochondria, Muscle
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Osmolar Concentration
Neck Muscles
Oculomotor Muscles
Stress, Mechanical
Muscle, Striated
Temperature
Muscle Spindles
Muscle Weakness
Ca2+ and cross-bridge-induced changes in troponin C in skinned skeletal muscle fibers: effects of force inhibition. (1/205)
Changes in skeletal troponin C (sTnC) structure during thin filament activation by Ca2+ and strongly bound cross-bridge states were monitored by measuring the linear dichroism of the 5' isomer of iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine (5'IATR), attached to Cys98 (sTnC-5'ATR), in sTnC-5'ATR reconstituted single skinned fibers from rabbit psoas muscle. To isolate the effects of Ca2+ and cross-bridge binding on sTnC structure, maximum Ca2+-activated force was inhibited with 0.5 mM AlF4- or with 30 mM 2,3 butanedione-monoxime (BDM) during measurements of the Ca2+ dependence of force and dichroism. Dichroism was 0.08 +/- 0.01 (+/- SEM, n = 9) in relaxing solution (pCa 9.2) and decreased to 0.004 +/- 0.002 (+/- SEM, n = 9) at pCa 4.0. Force and dichroism had similar Ca2+ sensitivities. Force inhibition with BDM caused no change in the amplitude and Ca2+ sensitivity of dichroism. Similarly, inhibition of force at pCa 4.0 with 0.5 mM AlF4- decreased force to 0.04 +/- 0.01 of maximum (+/- SEM, n = 3), and dichroism was 0.04 +/- 0.03 (+/- SEM, n = 3) of the value at pCa 9.2 and unchanged relative to the corresponding normalized value at pCa 4.0 (0.11 +/- 0.05, +/- SEM; n = 3). Inhibition of force with AlF4- also had no effect when sTnC structure was monitored by labeling with either 5-dimethylamino-1-napthalenylsulfonylaziridine (DANZ) or 4-(N-(iodoacetoxy)ethyl-N-methyl)amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD). Increasing sarcomere length from 2.5 to 3.6 microm caused force (pCa 4.0) to decrease, but had no effect on dichroism. In contrast, rigor cross-bridge attachment caused dichroism at pCa 9.2 to decrease to 0.56 +/- 0.03 (+/- SEM, n = 5) of the value at pCa 9. 2, and force was 0.51 +/- 0.04 (+/- SEM, n = 6) of pCa 4.0 control. At pCa 4.0 in rigor, dichroism decreased further to 0.19 +/- 0.03 (+/- SEM, n = 6), slightly above the pCa 4.0 control level; force was 0.66 +/- 0.04 of pCa 4.0 control. These results indicate that cross-bridge binding in the rigor state alters sTnC structure, whereas cycling cross-bridges have little influence at either submaximum or maximum activating [Ca2+]. (+info)The effect of thin filament activation on the attachment of weak binding cross-bridges: A two-dimensional x-ray diffraction study on single muscle fibers. (2/205)
To study possible structural changes in weak cross-bridge attachment to actin upon activation of the thin filament, two-dimensional (2D) x-ray diffraction patterns of skinned fibers from rabbit psoas muscle were recorded at low and high calcium concentration in the presence of saturating concentrations of MgATPgammaS, a nucleotide analog for weak binding states. We also studied 2D x-ray diffraction patterns recorded under relaxing conditions at an ionic strength above and below 50 mM, because it had been proposed from solution studies that reducing ionic strength below 50 mM also induces activation of the thin filament. For this project a novel preparation had to be established that allows recording of 2D x-ray diffraction patterns from single muscle fibers instead of natural fiber bundles. This was required to minimize substrate depletion or product accumulation within the fibers. When the calcium concentration was raised, the diffraction patterns recorded with MgATPgammaS revealed small changes in meridional reflections and layer line intensities that could be attributed in part to the effects of calcium binding to the thin filament (increase in I380, decrease in first actin layer line intensity, increase in I59) and in part to small structural changes of weakly attached cross-bridges (e.g., increase in I143 and I72). Calcium-induced small-scale structural rearrangements of cross-bridges weakly attached to actin in the presence of MgATPgammaS are consistent with our previous observation of reduced rate constants for attachment and detachment of cross-bridges with MgATPgammaS at high calcium. Yet, no evidence was found that weakly attached cross-bridges change their mode of attachment toward a stereospecific conformation when the actin filament is activated by adding calcium. Similarly, reducing ionic strength to less than 50 mM does not induce a transition from nonstereospecific to stereospecific attachment. (+info)Pneumococcal psoas abscess. (3/205)
A 47-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of severe low back pain. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a left sided psoas muscle abscess. On the first hospital day, US-guided drainage was performed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the pus. Thereafter, the open drainage of the abscess and antibiotic treatment were given with subsequent clinical improvement. Only 10 cases of pneumococcal psoas abscess have been previously reported in the world literature. (+info)Antioxidative and oxidative status in muscles of pigs fed rapeseed oil, vitamin E, and copper. (4/205)
The susceptibility of a given muscle tissue to lipid oxidation may not only depend on the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and the balance between antioxidants and prooxidants, but also on the composition of the skeletal muscle. In the present study, the effects of dietary supplementation of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and copper in combination with a high level of monounsaturated fatty acids were examined with regard to the antioxidant concentration and the susceptibility to lipid oxidation of two muscles, longissimus (LD) and psoas major (PM), representing different oxidative capacity. In addition, fatty acid profiles of the backfat and the intramuscular lipids, as well as fresh meat quality traits, were studied. Pigs were allotted to a 3x3 factorial experiment with three levels of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (0, 100, and 200 mg/kg of feed) and three levels of copper (0, 35, and 175 mg/kg of feed) added to a diet containing 6% rapeseed oil. A basal diet (without rapeseed oil) was added to the experimental design, giving a total of 10 dietary treatments. Muscle alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased (P<.001) with increasing dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the feed. The antioxidative status was higher in PM than in LD, when considering the concentration of alpha-tocopherol (P<.001) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, P<.001; glutathione peroxidase, P = .06). Supplemental copper did not give rise to any deposition of copper in muscle tissue or backfat, but the antioxidant status of PM increased. The susceptibility to lipid oxidation was reduced in LD with increasing dietary dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and in PM with increasing dietary copper. Supplemental dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate improved the water-holding capacity of LD (P = .005) and PM (P = .003). The fatty acid composition of the backfat and the triglyceride fraction of the intramuscular fat became more unsaturated with the addition of rapeseed oil to the feed. Higher intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids due to the rapeseed oil were also reflected in the phospholipid fraction of the intramuscular fat, but no influence on the proportion of saturated fatty acids was seen. The susceptibility to lipid oxidation of PM was lower for pigs on the rapeseed oil-based diet than for those on the basal diet. The energy metabolic status of the muscles and the accumulation of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum were not influenced by the dietary treatments, but there were differences between muscle types. The addition of rapeseed oil to the diet reduced the muscular content of glycogen (LD, P = .02; PM, P = .06) and elevated the plasma concentration of free fatty acids (P = .05). Overall, dietary fat, dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate, and copper affected the oxidative status of pig muscles, and the results differed depending on muscle type. (+info)Anatomical differences in the psoas muscles in young black and white men. (5/205)
The anatomy of the psoas major muscle (PMA) in young black and white men was studied during routine autopsies. The forensic autopsies included 44 fresh male cadavers (21 black, 23 white) with an age span of 14 to 25 y. The range for weight was 66-76 kg and for height 169-182 cm. The PMA was initially measured in its entire length before measuring the diameter and circumference at each segmental level (L1-S1). At each segmental level, the calculated anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) was more than 3 times greater in the black group compared with the white (P < 0.001). The psoas minor muscle (PMI) was absent in 91% of the black subjects, but only in 13% of the white subjects. These data show that the PMA is markedly larger in black than white subjects. The marked race specific difference in the size of the PMA may have implications for hip flexor strength, spine function and race specific incidence in low back pathology, and warrants further investigation. (+info)Effects of inorganic phosphate on endothermic force generation in muscle. (6/205)
Using a rapid (ca. 0.2 ms) laser temperature jump technique, the rate of endothermic force generation was examined in single-skinned (rabbit psoas) muscle fibres when they were exposed to different levels of inorganic phosphate (a product released during ATP hydrolysis in active muscle). The steady force is reduced by increased phosphate but the apparent rate constant of force generation induced by a standard temperature jump (from ca. 9 degrees C to ca. 12 degrees C) increases two- to threefold when the phosphate added is increased from zero to ca. 25 mM. The increase in the apparent rate constant also exhibits saturation at higher phosphate levels and the relation is hyperbolic. Detailed examination of the data, particularly in relation to our pressure release experiments, leads to a scheme for the molecular steps involved in phosphate release and force generation in active muscle fibres, where phosphate release from attached cross-bridges involves three reversible and sequentially faster molecular steps. Step one is a moderately slow, pre-force generation step that probably represents a transition of cross-bridges from non-specific to stereospecific attached states. Step two is moderately fast and represents endothermic cross-bridge force generation (temperature sensitive) and step three is a very rapid phosphate release. Such a scheme accommodates findings from a variety of different studies, including pressure perturbation experiments and other studies where the effect of phosphate on muscle force was studied. (+info)Creatine kinase reaction in skinned rat psoas muscle fibers and their myofibrils. (7/205)
The aim of this study was to evaluate myofibrillar creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity on the background of the effect of substrate channeling by myosin ATPase and to compare it with creatine kinase (CK) activity of whole skinned fibers. In order to assess CK activity, skinned fibers were prepared from the rat psoas major muscles defined by light microscopy. The activity in permeabilized fibers after treatment with saponin, Triton X-100 and Ca(2+)-free medium reached 2.80, 6.97 and 3.32 micromol ATP min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively, when a coupled enzyme assay system with external hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was used. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a possible interference among activities of sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and mitochondrial CK from persisting structures. For evaluation of the myofibrillar CK itself, a pure myofibrillar fraction was prepared. Fraction purity was confirmed by TEM and by enzymatic assays for marker enzymes. Two procedures, i.e. the coupled enzyme assay and the evaluation of phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration before and after the CK reaction, were used for measurement of CK activity in this fraction. The procedures resulted in 3.2 nmol ATP min(-1) mg(-1) protein and 7.6 nmol PCr min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively. These alternative approaches revealed a discrepancy between the reacting portions of PCr by more than 50 %, which provides information about the size of the effect, generally described as substrate channeling. (+info)Hip and ankle range of motion and hip muscle strength in young female ballet dancers and controls. (8/205)
OBJECTIVES: To compare the hip and ankle range of motion and hip muscle strength in 8-11 year old novice female ballet dancers and controls. METHODS: Subjects were 77 dancers and 49 controls (mean (SD) age 9.6 (0.8) and 9.6 (0.7) years respectively). Supine right active hip external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) were measured using an inclinometer. A turnout protractor was used to assess standing active turnout range. The measure of ER achieved from below the hip during turnout (non-hip ER) was calculated by subtracting hip ER range from turnout range, and hip ER:IR was derived by dividing ER range by IR range. Range of right weight bearing ankle dorsiflexion was measured in a standing lunge using two methods: the distance from the foot to the wall (in centimetres) and the angle of the shank to the vertical via an inclinometer (in degrees). Right calf muscle range was measured in weight bearing using an inclinometer. A manual muscle tester was used to assess right isometric hip flexor, internal rotator, external rotator, abductor, and adductor strength. RESULTS: Dancers had less ER (p<0.05) and IR (p<0.01) range than controls but greater ER:IR (p<0.01). Although there was no difference in turnout between groups, the dancers had greater non-hip ER. Dancers had greater range of ankle dorsiflexion than controls, measured in both centimetres (p<0.01) and degrees (p<0.05), but similar calf muscle range. After controlling for body weight, controls had stronger hip muscles than dancers except for hip abductor strength which was similar. Regression analyses disclosed a moderate relation between turnout and hip ER (r = 0.40). There were no significant correlations between range of motion and training years and weekly training hours. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal follow up will assist in determining whether or not hip and ankle range in young dancers is genetically fixed and unable to be improved with further balletic training. (+info)The psoas muscles are a pair of muscles that are located in the lower lumbar region of the spine and run through the pelvis to attach to the femur (thigh bone). They are deep muscles, meaning they are located close to the body's core, and are surrounded by other muscles, bones, and organs.
The psoas muscles are composed of two separate muscles: the psoas major and the psoas minor. The psoas major is the larger of the two muscles and originates from the lumbar vertebrae (T12 to L5) and runs through the pelvis to attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur. The psoas minor, which is smaller and tends to be absent in some people, originates from the lower thoracic vertebrae (T12) and upper lumbar vertebrae (L1-L3) and runs down to attach to the iliac fascia and the pectineal line of the pubis.
The primary function of the psoas muscles is to flex the hip joint, which means they help to bring the knee towards the chest. They also play a role in stabilizing the lumbar spine and pelvis during movement. Tightness or weakness in the psoas muscles can contribute to lower back pain, postural issues, and difficulty with mobility and stability.
A psoas abscess is a localized collection of pus (infectious material) in the iliopsoas muscle compartment, which consists of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. These muscles are located in the lower back and pelvis, responsible for flexing the hip joint.
Psoas abscesses can be classified as primary or secondary:
1. Primary psoas abscess: This type is caused by hematogenous spread (dissemination through the blood) of a bacterial infection from a distant site, often involving the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, or skin. It is less common and typically seen in individuals with compromised immune systems.
2. Secondary psoas abscess: This type is caused by direct extension of an infection from a nearby anatomical structure, such as the spine, vertebral column, or retroperitoneal space (the area behind the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity). Common causes include spinal osteomyelitis (spinal bone infection), discitis (infection of the intervertebral disc), or a perforated viscus (a hole in an organ like the bowel).
Symptoms of a psoas abscess may include lower back pain, hip pain, fever, chills, and difficulty walking. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs, which can confirm the presence and extent of the abscess. Treatment usually consists of antibiotic therapy and drainage of the abscess, often through a percutaneous (through the skin) approach guided by imaging. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary for adequate drainage and management.
A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.
Skeletal muscle fibers, also known as striated muscle fibers, are the type of muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements of the body. These muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, meaning they contain multiple nuclei. They are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium, and many fibers are bundled together into fascicles, which are then surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.
Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are long, thread-like structures that run the length of the fiber. Myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers. Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.
Skeletal muscle fibers can be further classified into two main types based on their contractile properties: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch fibers have a high endurance capacity and are used for sustained, low-intensity activities such as maintaining posture. Fast-twitch fibers, on the other hand, have a higher contractile speed and force generation capacity but fatigue more quickly and are used for powerful, explosive movements.
Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.
However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.
A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit in a muscle fiber, and it's responsible for generating the force necessary for muscle contraction. It is composed of several proteins, including actin and myosin, which slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere during contraction. The sarcomere extends from one Z-line to the next in a muscle fiber, and it is delimited by the Z-discs where actin filaments are anchored. Sarcomeres play a crucial role in the functioning of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
Isometric contraction is a type of muscle activation where the muscle contracts without any change in the length of the muscle or movement at the joint. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle matches the external force opposing it, resulting in a balanced state with no visible movement. It is commonly experienced during activities such as holding a heavy object in static position or trying to push against an immovable object. Isometric contractions are important in maintaining posture and providing stability to joints.
Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.
Myosins are a large family of motor proteins that play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction and intracellular transport. They consist of heavy chains, which contain the motor domain responsible for generating force and motion, and light chains, which regulate the activity of the myosin. Based on their structural and functional differences, myosins are classified into over 35 classes, with classes II, V, and VI being the most well-studied.
Class II myosins, also known as conventional myosins, are responsible for muscle contraction in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. They form filaments called thick filaments, which interact with actin filaments to generate force and movement during muscle contraction.
Class V myosins, also known as unconventional myosins, are involved in intracellular transport and organelle positioning. They have a long tail that can bind to various cargoes, such as vesicles, mitochondria, and nuclei, and a motor domain that moves along actin filaments to transport the cargoes to their destinations.
Class VI myosins are also unconventional myosins involved in intracellular transport and organelle positioning. They have two heads connected by a coiled-coil tail, which can bind to various cargoes. Class VI myosins move along actin filaments in a unique hand-over-hand motion, allowing them to transport their cargoes efficiently.
Overall, myosins are essential for many cellular functions and have been implicated in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer.
Myofibrils are the basic contractile units of muscle fibers, composed of highly organized arrays of thick and thin filaments. They are responsible for generating the force necessary for muscle contraction. The thick filaments are primarily made up of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are mainly composed of actin. Myofibrils are surrounded by a membrane called the sarcolemma and are organized into repeating sections called sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle contraction.
Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:
1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.
Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.
Muscle relaxation, in a medical context, refers to the process of reducing tension and promoting relaxation in the skeletal muscles. This can be achieved through various techniques, including progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), where individuals consciously tense and then release specific muscle groups in a systematic manner.
PMR has been shown to help reduce anxiety, stress, and muscle tightness, and improve overall well-being. It is often used as a complementary therapy in conjunction with other treatments for conditions such as chronic pain, headaches, and insomnia.
Additionally, muscle relaxation can also be facilitated through pharmacological interventions, such as the use of muscle relaxant medications. These drugs work by inhibiting the transmission of signals between nerves and muscles, leading to a reduction in muscle tone and spasticity. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries.
Magnesium compounds refer to substances that contain magnesium (an essential mineral) combined with other elements. These compounds are formed when magnesium atoms chemically bond with atoms of other elements. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and it readily forms stable compounds with various elements due to its electron configuration.
Examples of magnesium compounds include:
1. Magnesium oxide (MgO): Also known as magnesia, it is formed by combining magnesium with oxygen. It has a high melting point and is used in various applications such as refractory materials, chemical production, and agricultural purposes.
2. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2): Often called milk of magnesia, it is a common antacid and laxative. It is formed by combining magnesium with hydroxide ions.
3. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with chlorine gas. It has various uses, including as a de-icing agent, a component in fertilizers, and a mineral supplement.
4. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4): Also known as Epsom salts, it is formed by combining magnesium with sulfur and oxygen. It is used as a bath salt, a laxative, and a fertilizer.
5. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide. It has various uses, including as a fire retardant, a food additive, and a dietary supplement.
These are just a few examples of the many different magnesium compounds that exist. Each compound has its unique properties and applications based on the elements it is combined with.
Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.
Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.
Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.
Troponin C is a subunit of the troponin complex, which is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction. In the heart, the troponin complex is found in the myofibrils of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). It is composed of three subunits: troponin C, troponin T, and troponin I.
Troponin C has the ability to bind calcium ions (Ca²+), which is essential for muscle contraction. When Ca²+ binds to troponin C, it causes a conformational change that leads to the exposure of binding sites on troponin I for another protein called actin. This interaction allows for the cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin, generating the force needed for muscle contraction.
In clinical settings, cardiac troponins (including troponin T and troponin I) are commonly measured in blood tests to diagnose and monitor heart damage, particularly in conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack). However, Troponin C is not typically used as a biomarker for heart injury because it is less specific to the heart than troponin T and troponin I. Increased levels of Troponin C in the blood can be found in various conditions involving muscle damage or disease, making it less useful for diagnosing heart-specific issues.
Photolysis is a term used in medical and scientific contexts to describe a chemical reaction that is initiated by the absorption of light or photons. In this process, a molecule absorbs a photon, which provides sufficient energy to break a bond within the molecule, leading to the formation of two or more smaller molecules or radicals. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in fields such as pharmacology and toxicology, where photolysis can alter the chemical structure and biological activity of drugs and other substances upon exposure to light.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. It is the main source of energy for most cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. ATP is composed of a base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between these phosphate groups contain a significant amount of energy, which can be released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process is known as hydrolysis and can be catalyzed by various enzymes to drive a wide range of cellular functions. ATP can also be regenerated from ADP through various metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, allowing for the continuous supply of energy to cells.
Paraspinal muscles are a group of muscles that run along the vertebral column, primarily on either side of the spine. These muscles play an essential role in providing stability, support, and mobility to the spine. They assist in movements such as bending, rotating, and extending the trunk, and help maintain proper posture.
There are several layers of paraspinal muscles, including:
1. Erector spinae: A set of three columns of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) that extend from the sacrum to the skull, helping to straighten and rotate the spine.
2. Multifidus: Deep muscles that attach directly to individual vertebrae, providing stability and limiting excessive movement between them.
3. Semispinalis: A group of muscles located more superficially than the multifidus but deeper than the erector spinae, which help extend the spine.
4. Rotators: Smaller muscles that assist in rotating and stabilizing the vertebral column.
Paraspinal muscle dysfunction or injury can lead to back pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. Proper care and conditioning of these muscles are crucial for maintaining a healthy spine and overall spinal function.
A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.
Muscle development, also known as muscle hypertrophy, refers to the increase in size and mass of the muscles through a process called myofiber growth. This is primarily achieved through resistance or strength training exercises that cause micro-tears in the muscle fibers, leading to an inflammatory response and the release of hormones that promote muscle growth. As the muscles repair themselves, they become larger and stronger than before. Proper nutrition, including adequate protein intake, and rest are also essential components of muscle development.
It is important to note that while muscle development can lead to an increase in strength and muscular endurance, it does not necessarily result in improved athletic performance or overall fitness. A well-rounded exercise program that includes cardiovascular activity, flexibility training, and resistance exercises is recommended for optimal health and fitness outcomes.
Phosphates, in a medical context, refer to the salts or esters of phosphoric acid. Phosphates play crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. They are essential components of bones and teeth, where they combine with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Phosphates also participate in energy transfer reactions as phosphate groups attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, they contribute to buffer systems that help maintain normal pH levels in the body.
Abnormal levels of phosphates in the blood can indicate certain medical conditions. High phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia) may be associated with kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive intake of phosphate-containing products. Low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) might result from malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or certain diseases affecting the small intestine or kidneys. Both hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia can have significant impacts on various organ systems and may require medical intervention.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells. It is a nucleotide, which consists of a adenosine molecule (a sugar molecule called ribose attached to a nitrogenous base called adenine) and two phosphate groups.
In the cell, ADP functions as an intermediate in the conversion of energy from one form to another. When a high-energy phosphate bond in ADP is broken, energy is released and ADP is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main energy currency of the cell. Conversely, when ATP donates a phosphate group to another molecule, it is converted back to ADP, releasing energy for the cell to use.
ADP also plays a role in blood clotting and other physiological processes. In the coagulation cascade, ADP released from damaged red blood cells can help activate platelets and initiate the formation of a blood clot.
Biophysical phenomena refer to the observable events and processes that occur in living organisms, which can be explained and studied using the principles and methods of physics. These phenomena can include a wide range of biological processes at various levels of organization, from molecular interactions to whole-organism behaviors. Examples of biophysical phenomena include the mechanics of muscle contraction, the electrical activity of neurons, the transport of molecules across cell membranes, and the optical properties of biological tissues. By applying physical theories and techniques to the study of living systems, biophysicists seek to better understand the fundamental principles that govern life and to develop new approaches for diagnosing and treating diseases.
Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:
Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.
Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.
Actomyosin is a contractile protein complex that consists of actin and myosin filaments. It plays an essential role in muscle contraction, cell motility, and cytokinesis (the process of cell division where the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells). The interaction between actin and myosin generates force and movement through a mechanism called sliding filament theory. In this process, myosin heads bind to actin filaments and then undergo a power stroke, which results in the sliding of one filament relative to the other and ultimately leads to muscle contraction or cellular movements. Actomyosin complexes are also involved in various non-muscle cellular processes such as cytoplasmic streaming, intracellular transport, and maintenance of cell shape.
Fast-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type II fibers, are a type of skeletal muscle fiber that are characterized by their rapid contraction and relaxation rates. These fibers have a larger diameter and contain a higher concentration of glycogen, which serves as a quick source of energy for muscle contractions. Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into two subcategories: type IIa and type IIb (or type IIx). Type IIa fibers have a moderate amount of mitochondria and can utilize both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, making them fatigue-resistant. Type IIb fibers, on the other hand, have fewer mitochondria and primarily use anaerobic metabolism, leading to faster fatigue. Fast-twitch fibers are typically used in activities that require quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is not strictly a medical definition, but it is a technique commonly used in the field of medical research and diagnostics. XRD is a form of analytical spectroscopy that uses the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction to investigate the crystallographic structure of materials. When a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal, it is scattered in specific directions and with specific intensities that are determined by the arrangement of atoms within the crystal. By measuring these diffraction patterns, researchers can determine the crystal structures of various materials, including biological macromolecules such as proteins and viruses.
In the medical field, XRD is often used to study the structure of drugs and drug candidates, as well as to analyze the composition and structure of tissues and other biological samples. For example, XRD can be used to investigate the crystal structures of calcium phosphate minerals in bone tissue, which can provide insights into the mechanisms of bone formation and disease. Additionally, XRD is sometimes used in the development of new medical imaging techniques, such as phase-contrast X-ray imaging, which has the potential to improve the resolution and contrast of traditional X-ray images.
Slow-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type I muscle fibers, are specialized skeletal muscle cells that contract relatively slowly and generate less force than fast-twitch fibers. However, they can maintain contraction for longer periods of time and have a higher resistance to fatigue. These fibers primarily use oxygen and aerobic metabolism to produce energy, making them highly efficient during prolonged, lower-intensity activities such as long-distance running or cycling. Slow-twitch muscle fibers also have an abundant blood supply, which allows for efficient delivery of oxygen and removal of waste products.
Troponin is a protein complex found in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells that plays a critical role in muscle contraction. It consists of three subunits: troponin C, which binds calcium ions; troponin I, which inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin in the absence of calcium; and troponin T, which binds to tropomyosin and helps anchor the complex to the muscle filament.
In clinical medicine, "troponin" usually refers to cardiac-specific isoforms of these proteins (cTnI and cTnT) that are released into the bloodstream following damage to the heart muscle, such as occurs in myocardial infarction (heart attack). Measurement of troponin levels in the blood is a sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Biophysics is a interdisciplinary field that combines the principles and methods of physics with those of biology to study biological systems and phenomena. It involves the use of physical theories, models, and techniques to understand and explain the properties, functions, and behaviors of living organisms and their constituents, such as cells, proteins, and DNA.
Biophysics can be applied to various areas of biology, including molecular biology, cell biology, neuroscience, and physiology. It can help elucidate the mechanisms of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels, such as protein folding, ion transport, enzyme kinetics, gene expression, and signal transduction. Biophysical methods can also be used to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools for medical applications, such as medical imaging, drug delivery, and gene therapy.
Examples of biophysical techniques include X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and computational modeling. These methods allow researchers to probe the structure, dynamics, and interactions of biological molecules and systems with high precision and resolution, providing insights into their functions and behaviors.
The retroperitoneal space refers to the area within the abdominal cavity that is located behind (retro) the peritoneum, which is the smooth serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. This space is divided into several compartments and contains vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, and vena cava.
The retroperitoneal space can be further categorized into two regions:
1. The posterior pararenal space, which is lateral to the psoas muscle and contains fat tissue.
2. The perirenal space, which surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and is filled with fatty connective tissue.
Disorders or conditions affecting the retroperitoneal space may include infections, tumors, hematomas, or inflammation, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the specific structures involved. Imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI are commonly used to diagnose and assess retroperitoneal pathologies.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Actin is a type of protein that forms part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, and is also found in various other cell types. It is a globular protein that polymerizes to form long filaments, which are important for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and the maintenance of cell shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments interact with another type of protein called myosin to enable muscle contraction. Actins can be further divided into different subtypes, including alpha-actin, beta-actin, and gamma-actin, which have distinct functions and expression patterns in the body.
Glycerol, also known as glycerine or glycerin, is a simple polyol (a sugar alcohol) with a sweet taste and a thick, syrupy consistency. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is slightly soluble in water and freely miscible with ethanol and ether.
In the medical field, glycerol is often used as a medication or supplement. It can be used as a laxative to treat constipation, as a source of calories and energy for people who cannot eat by mouth, and as a way to prevent dehydration in people with certain medical conditions.
Glycerol is also used in the production of various medical products, such as medications, skin care products, and vaccines. It acts as a humectant, which means it helps to keep things moist, and it can also be used as a solvent or preservative.
In addition to its medical uses, glycerol is also widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, thickening agent, and moisture-retaining agent. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.
Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:
1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.
Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.
Muscle fatigue is a condition characterized by a reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force or power, typically after prolonged or strenuous exercise. It is often accompanied by sensations of tiredness, weakness, and discomfort in the affected muscle(s). The underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue are complex and involve both peripheral factors (such as changes in muscle metabolism, ion handling, and neuromuscular transmission) and central factors (such as changes in the nervous system's ability to activate muscles). Muscle fatigue can also occur as a result of various medical conditions or medications that impair muscle function.
Myosin subfragments refer to the smaller components that result from the dissociation or proteolytic digestion of myosin, a motor protein involved in muscle contraction. The two main subfragments are called S1 and S2.
S1 is the "head" of the myosin molecule, which contains the actin-binding site, ATPase activity, and the ability to generate force and motion during muscle contraction. It has a molecular weight of approximately 120 kDa.
S2 is the "tail" of the myosin molecule, which has a molecular weight of about 350 kDa and is responsible for forming the backbone of the thick filament in muscle sarcomeres. S2 can be further divided into light meromyosin (LMM) and heavy meromyosin (HMM). HMM consists of S1 and part of S2, while LMM comprises the remaining portion of S2.
These subfragments are essential for understanding myosin's structure, function, and interactions with other muscle components at a molecular level.
Muscle denervation is a medical term that refers to the loss of nerve supply to a muscle or group of muscles. This can occur due to various reasons, such as injury to the nerves, nerve compression, or certain medical conditions like neuromuscular disorders. When the nerve supply to the muscle is interrupted, it can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy (wasting), and ultimately, paralysis.
In denervation, the communication between the nervous system and the muscle is disrupted, which means that the muscle no longer receives signals from the brain to contract and move. Over time, this can result in significant muscle wasting and disability, depending on the severity and extent of the denervation.
Denervation may be treated with various therapies, including physical therapy, medication, or surgical intervention, such as nerve grafting or muscle transfers, to restore function and prevent further muscle wasting. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the denervation.
The actin cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of filamentous (threadlike) proteins that provides structural support and shape to cells, allows for cell movement and division, and plays a role in intracellular transport. Actin filaments are composed of actin monomers that polymerize to form long, thin fibers. These filaments can be organized into different structures, such as stress fibers, which provide tension and support, or lamellipodia and filopodia, which are involved in cell motility. The actin cytoskeleton is constantly remodeling in response to various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing for changes in cell shape and behavior.
Rhodamines are not a medical term, but rather a class of chemical compounds that are commonly used as dyes and fluorescent tracers in various fields, including biology, chemistry, and material science. They absorb light at one wavelength and emit it at another, longer wavelength, which makes them useful for tracking and visualizing processes in living cells and tissues.
In a medical context, rhodamines may be used as part of diagnostic tests or procedures, such as in fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry, to label and detect specific cells or molecules of interest. However, they are not typically used as therapeutic agents themselves.
In medicine, elasticity refers to the ability of a tissue or organ to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which can stretch and recoil like rubber bands.
Elasticity is an important characteristic of many tissues, particularly those that are subjected to repeated stretching or compression, such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin. For example, the elasticity of the lungs allows them to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain normal blood pressure by allowing them to expand and constrict in response to changes in blood flow.
In addition to its role in normal physiology, elasticity is also an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. For example, decreased elasticity in the lungs can be a sign of lung disease, while increased elasticity in the skin can be a sign of aging or certain genetic disorders. Medical professionals may use techniques such as pulmonary function tests or skin biopsies to assess elasticity and help diagnose these conditions.
Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.
Examples of biological models include:
1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.
Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.
Smooth muscle myocytes are specialized cells that make up the contractile portion of non-striated, or smooth, muscles. These muscles are found in various organs and structures throughout the body, including the walls of blood vessels, the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the reproductive system.
Smooth muscle myocytes are smaller than their striated counterparts (skeletal and cardiac muscle cells) and have a single nucleus. They lack the distinctive banding pattern seen in striated muscles and instead have a uniform appearance of actin and myosin filaments. Smooth muscle myocytes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which allows them to contract and relax involuntarily.
These cells play an essential role in many physiological processes, such as regulating blood flow, moving food through the digestive tract, and facilitating childbirth. They can also contribute to various pathological conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Mitochondria in muscle, also known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, are organelles that play a crucial role in generating energy for muscle cells through a process called cellular respiration. They convert the chemical energy found in glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of energy used by cells.
Muscle cells contain a high number of mitochondria due to their high energy demands for muscle contraction and relaxation. The number and size of mitochondria in muscle fibers can vary depending on the type of muscle fiber, with slow-twitch, aerobic fibers having more numerous and larger mitochondria than fast-twitch, anaerobic fibers.
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to various muscle disorders, including mitochondrial myopathies, which are characterized by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and other symptoms related to impaired energy production in the muscle cells.
Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy, which is used to drive various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, transport of ions across membranes, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.
ATPases are classified into several types based on their structure, function, and mechanism of action. Some examples include:
1. P-type ATPases: These ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle and are involved in the transport of ions across membranes, such as the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps.
2. F-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and are responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP.
3. V-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in vacuolar membranes and endomembranes, and are involved in acidification of intracellular compartments.
4. A-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in the plasma membrane and are involved in various functions such as cell signaling and ion transport.
Overall, ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining the energy balance of cells and regulating various physiological processes.
Osmolar concentration is a measure of the total number of solute particles (such as ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution per liter of solvent (usually water), which affects the osmotic pressure. It is expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L). Osmolarity and osmolality are related concepts, with osmolarity referring to the number of osmoles per unit volume of solution, typically measured in liters, while osmolality refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent. In clinical contexts, osmolar concentration is often used to describe the solute concentration of bodily fluids such as blood or urine.
Neck muscles, also known as cervical muscles, are a group of muscles that provide movement, support, and stability to the neck region. They are responsible for various functions such as flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending of the head and neck. The main neck muscles include:
1. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle is located on either side of the neck and is responsible for rotating and flexing the head. It also helps in tilting the head to the same side.
2. Trapezius: This large, flat muscle covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper back. It is involved in movements like shrugging the shoulders, rotating and extending the head, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade).
3. Scalenes: These three pairs of muscles are located on the side of the neck and assist in flexing, rotating, and laterally bending the neck. They also help with breathing by elevating the first two ribs during inspiration.
4. Suboccipitals: These four small muscles are located at the base of the skull and are responsible for fine movements of the head, such as tilting and rotating.
5. Longus Colli and Longus Capitis: These muscles are deep neck flexors that help with flexing the head and neck forward.
6. Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis: These muscles are located at the back of the neck and assist in extending, rotating, and laterally bending the head and neck.
7. Levator Scapulae: This muscle is located at the side and back of the neck, connecting the cervical vertebrae to the scapula. It helps with rotation, extension, and elevation of the head and scapula.
The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:
1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.
These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.
Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.
Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.
In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.
Striated muscle, also known as skeletal or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle tissue that is characterized by the presence of distinct light and dark bands, or striations, when viewed under a microscope. These striations correspond to the arrangement of sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle fibers.
Striated muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated by signals from the nervous system. It is attached to bones via tendons and is responsible for producing movements of the body. Striated muscle fibers are multinucleated, meaning that they contain many nuclei, and are composed of numerous myofibrils, which are rope-like structures that run the length of the fiber.
The myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction. The thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. When a nerve impulse arrives at the muscle fiber, it triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which bind to troponin and cause a conformational change that exposes the binding sites on actin for myosin. The myosin heads then bind to the actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere, causing the muscle fiber to shorten and contract.
Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.
Muscle spindles are specialized sensory organs found within the muscle belly, which primarily function as proprioceptors, providing information about the length and rate of change in muscle length. They consist of small, encapsulated bundles of intrafusal muscle fibers that are interspersed among the extrafusal muscle fibers (the ones responsible for force generation).
Muscle spindles have two types of sensory receptors called primary and secondary endings. Primary endings are located near the equatorial region of the intrafusal fiber, while secondary endings are situated more distally. These endings detect changes in muscle length and transmit this information to the central nervous system (CNS) through afferent nerve fibers.
The activation of muscle spindles plays a crucial role in reflexive responses, such as the stretch reflex (myotatic reflex), which helps maintain muscle tone and joint stability. Additionally, they contribute to our sense of body position and movement awareness, known as kinesthesia.
Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.
Muscle weakness is a condition in which muscles cannot develop the expected level of physical force or power. This results in reduced muscle function and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, muscle diseases, or hormonal imbalances. Muscle weakness may manifest as difficulty lifting objects, maintaining posture, or performing daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of muscle weakness.
Papillary muscles are specialized muscle structures located in the heart, specifically in the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). They are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves' leaflets via tendinous cords, also known as chordae tendineae. The main function of papillary muscles is to prevent the backflow of blood during contraction by providing tension to the valve leaflets through these tendinous cords.
There are two sets of papillary muscles in the heart:
1. Anterior and posterior papillary muscles in the left ventricle, which are attached to the mitral (bicuspid) valve.
2. Three smaller papillary muscles in the right ventricle, which are attached to the tricuspid valve.
These muscle structures play a crucial role in maintaining proper blood flow through the heart and ensuring efficient cardiac function.
Psoas minor muscle
Psoas muscle abscess
Psoas major muscle
AKR1B1
Nerve plexus
Common iliac artery
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Iliolumbar ligament
Genitofemoral nerve
Asafa Powell
Iliopsoas
External iliac artery
Glossary of medicine
Iliac colon
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation
Ascending lumbar vein
Left colic artery
Ureter
Pott's disease
Sacrum
Iliac fascia
Iliopubic eminence
Hip fracture
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Internal iliac artery
Appendicitis
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Anterior compartment of thigh
Duodenojejunal flexure
Elsa García (gymnast)
Psoas minor muscle - Wikipedia
The Vital Psoas Muscle - North Atlantic Books
Get to Know Your Psoas - Breaking Muscle
Psoas Muscle Erectile Dysfunction [Herbs For Sex Drive]
Back Massager Psoas Muscle Massager Psoas Muscle Release Deep Tissue Massage Tool Psoas Back Hip Flexor Thigh Muscle Release...
Psoas muscle index at the time of diagnosis might reflect the prognosis of classical Hodgkinʼs lymphoma patients |...
How to Stretch the Psoas Muscle - SportsRec
psoas muscle Archives - Mobility Athlete
psoas muscle stretches Archives - KICKERS OF EARTH
The Vital Psoas Muscle | Niel Asher Education
Understanding the Psoas: Muscle of the Soul
Tai chi - Tor Yu and the Psoas Muscle
Psoas Muscle Release Tool | Adjustable Psoas Release Tool
Psoas Muscle is Connected to the Root and Sacral Chakras
The psoas muscle and anxiety: 5 ways they are related
Hippy Gatherings | Annual Official Hippy Gathering | Psoas Muscle Bonita Springs, FL
Julie Peters | Spirituality+Health
Psoas muscle, Solar Plexus & 'dharn' | Ayurveda + Western Medicine - Moon Over Mumbai
Julie Peters | Spirituality+Health
Work Out Psoas Muscle - Learn How This Helps You - Hip Flexors Fix
Your Psoas Muscle Is Key to Good Alignment and Fighting Back Pain
Benefits of the Pso-Rite - Etiquetado 'psoas muscle release'- Pso Rite Colombia
Yoga for Stuttering - North Atlantic Books
'Quickly Relieve Psoas Muscle Tightness with Simple 30-Second Fixes' - Upender and...
How To Rehab The Psoas Muscle - Learn How This Assists You - Hip Flexors Fix
Abdomen and retroperitoneum | 1.9 Retroperitoneum and great vessels : Case 1.9.2 Psoas muscle | Ultrasound Cases
Key Yoga Muscles: The Role of the Psoas in Yoga Asana and Postural Health - YogaUOnline
Dermatomes, Myotomes, And Associated Paresthesias - ProProfs Quiz
Bassett Collection - Lane Medical Library - Stanford University School of Medicine
Iliopsoas muscle7
- It is posteriolateral to the iliopsoas muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- A tight iliopsoas muscle can lock away key aspects of your athletic potential. (mobilityathlete.com)
- In her book, Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual , she refers to the iliopsoas muscle (iliacus and psoas) as the hidden prankster. (evokept.com)
- The Iliopsoas Muscle: Everything You Need To Know About Trigger And Pain Points When harboring trigger points or overly tightened, the iliopsoas muscle can cause back and thigh pain. (pso-rite.com.co)
- The psoas muscle, also known as the iliopsoas muscle, is a deep-seated muscle located in the lower part of the torso, stretching from the lumbar spine to the femur bone. (nielasher.com)
- The psoas muscle is made up of two distinct muscle groups, the iliacus muscle and the psoas major muscle, which originate from different parts of the pelvis but merge together to form the iliopsoas muscle. (nielasher.com)
- CT scan showed a large left lower quadrant mass appearing to arise from the iliopsoas muscle and encasing the left femoral nerve. (vesalius.com)
Tightens2
- Koch believes that our fast paced modern lifestyle (which runs on the adrenaline of our sympathetic nervous system) chronically triggers and tightens the psoas - making it literally ready to run or fight. (thechakras.org)
- In particular, the psoas muscle tightens when we feel anxious. (nomadrs.com)
Vital Psoas Muscle3
- The Vital Psoas Muscle demonstrates how to keep the muscle in balance through specific exercises designed to strengthen and utilize this amazing muscle, and discusses its vital role in the emotional and spiritual state of the human being. (northatlanticbooks.com)
- The Vital Psoas Muscle presents an in-depth look at the most important yet abused skeletal muscle in the human body. (nielasher.com)
- With detailed illustrations and key stretching and strengthening exercises, including complete chapters on the role of the psoas in Pilates and yoga, The Vital Psoas Muscle shows readers how to release this muscle to create balance, harmony, and freedom of movement. (nielasher.com)
Role of the psoas2
- Today we will be learning a little more about the role of the Psoas muscle and our daily activities. (dancedebut.com)
- The role of the psoas in long-term structural balance and back health. (yogauonline.com)
Importance of the psoas2
- Here is just a sprinkling of the research that Liz Koch and others have uncovered regarding the importance of the psoas to our health, vitality and emotional well-being. (thechakras.org)
- In this course (two lectures and yoga practice), yoga teacher and physical therapist Julie Gudmestad explores the importance of the psoas, and show how you can balance and harness this key muscle in your yoga practice to create greater structural balance and freedom of movement. (yogauonline.com)
Tightness6
- Sitting for hours at a time leaves the psoas in a contracted position -- habituating it into tightness. (sportsrec.com)
- In my morning yoga routine, I do reclined Cobbler's Pose, gently pressing my thighs away from my hips as my spine extends and psoas tightness is released. (thechakras.org)
- This tightness can cause hip flexor and hip extensor muscles to shorten and tighten, increasing tension in the pelvis, causing pain to radiate into the sacroiliac joint (SI joint), and into the leg itself. (nomadrs.com)
- Tightness in the muscle can cause compression of the lumbar spine, leading to pain and discomfort. (nielasher.com)
- Regular exercise, good posture, and avoiding prolonged periods of sitting can also help prevent tightness and strain in the muscle. (nielasher.com)
- During the Thomas Test, the examiner is looking for several key signs that can indicate tightness or weakness in the hip flexor muscles, including the psoas. (nielasher.com)
Flexors5
- I had begun to open and close my yoga practise with hip opening poses with the specific intention of releasing tension in my psoas and hip flexors. (thechakras.org)
- It's a muscle-or, more accurately, pair of muscles-that run from your lower back to your hip flexors, connecting into your femurs. (prairiespine.com)
- In addition to exploring the anatomy of the psoas and its role as the important interface between trunk and legs, will show key yoga asana sequences to strengthen and balance the psoas and other key hip flexors. (yogauonline.com)
- Why the psoas and hip flexors often become short and tight, and what to do about it. (yogauonline.com)
- If weakness in the hip flexors is identified, strengthening exercises may be recommended to improve muscle function and reduce the risk of injury. (nielasher.com)
Iliacus and psoas1
- the iliacus and psoas together are often referred to as the iliopsoas. (sportsrec.com)
Stretch the psoas2
- Slowly inch your foot along the floor, extending the left leg, to stretch the psoas. (sportsrec.com)
- Working against the wall helps you tilt the pelvis posteriorly to effectively stretch the psoas. (sportsrec.com)
Stretches5
- When I began a piece on the psoas, I hoped to write a catchy, simplistic article about a body part with some related stretches that anyone could do. (breakingmuscle.com)
- A simple kneeling lunge also stretches the psoas. (sportsrec.com)
- The psoas muscle is connected energetically to the Sacral Chakra, which is associated with our sexuality and moving into relationship (dancing and swimming are two exercises in addition to yoga stretches that are recommended to strengthen this chakra). (thechakras.org)
- The psoas muscle also extends down to the Root Chakra which grounds us and makes us feel secure and safe in the world (squatting in the garden to pull weeds is one of my favorite stretches to both ground my Root Chakra and release my psoas muscle). (thechakras.org)
- Aesthetically, you may notice skin starting to sag in the legs as it stretches to support hanging muscle. (livestrong.com)
Left psoas1
- We use the right psoas muscle to flex our knees (think of sitting at your desk or standing in line at the bank), while we use the left psoas muscle to extend our knees (think of walking down a steep hill). (nomadrs.com)
Posterior6
- Cords of the brachial plexus ( Medial, Posterior, and Lateral ) & Pectoralis major & minor muscles. (anatomytrains.com)
- They are composed of muscle that attaches to the costal cartilages and bone of ribs four through seven and xiphoid to the posterior, inferior occipital bone, anterior, inferior mandible and coracoid process of scapula. (posturalrestoration.com)
- The right brachial chain muscle is opposed by the right posterior back muscles (PEC), lower trap, serratus anterior, external rib rotators and left internal abdominal obliques. (posturalrestoration.com)
- The pattern that is most often prevalent involves the left anterior interior chain, right brachial chain and right posterior back muscles (PEC) of the body. (posturalrestoration.com)
- Other common, objective findings secondary to compensatory physical attempts to remain balanced over this unlevel pelvis include elevated anterior ribs on the left, lowered, depressed shoulder and chest on the right, posterior rib hump on the right, overdeveloped lower right back muscle, curvature of the spine and asymmetry of the head and face. (posturalrestoration.com)
- [ 1 ] or through a posterior approach (psoas compartment block). (medscape.com)
Originates3
- The psoas minor muscle originates from the vertical fascicles inserted on the last thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. (wikipedia.org)
- The Psoas Muscle originates from T12 to L5 (transverse processes of L1-5, bodies of T12-L5 and intervertebral discs below bodies of T12-L4) and inserts at the lesser trochanter of the femur. (evokept.com)
- The iliacus muscle originates from the iliac fossa, a concave surface on the inner surface of the hip bone, and the psoas major muscle originates from the lumbar vertebrae of the lower back. (nielasher.com)
Hips5
- A tight psoas can also compromise the range of motion you have in your low back, shoulders and hips. (sportsrec.com)
- This change in the psoas muscle is only one way that anxiety can affect your hips. (nomadrs.com)
- In this video, Dr. Rowe discusses the significance of the psoas muscle and how it connects to the lower back and hips. (upender-tilter.com)
- It is one of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body, and plays a vital role in stabilising the spine and allowing movement in the hips and lower back. (nielasher.com)
- Before making big demands on your hips, prime the surrounding muscles . (greatist.com)
Femur1
- The psoas muscle runs down the front of the spine and connects to the lesser trochanter of the femur bone in the hip joint, allowing it to be involved in flexion of the hip joint. (nielasher.com)
Diaphragm4
- T12 is also a key juncture for the trapezius muscles and the diaphragm. (breakingmuscle.com)
- Decreased energy or feelings of well-being can also be attributed to psoas dysfunction given its relationship between the psoas and diaphragm, psoas and sympathetic trunk and psoas and nearby organs. (evokept.com)
- The psoas is connected to the diaphragm through connective tissue or fascia which affects both our breath and fear reflex. (thechakras.org)
- These two tracts of muscles, one on each side of the interior thoraco-abdominal-pelvic cavity, are composed of the diaphragm and the psoas muscle. (posturalrestoration.com)
Strengthening Exercises3
- Eighty full-color illustrations depict anatomical details, and show the key stretching and strengthening exercises in this practical and comprehensive treatment of the most important skeletal muscle in the human body. (northatlanticbooks.com)
- Stretching and strengthening exercises can help improve the flexibility and strength of the psoas muscle, thereby reducing the risk of pain and injury. (nielasher.com)
- The following hip flexor strengthening exercises are designed to improve strength of the hip flexor muscles (Iliopsoas). (physioadvisor.com.au)
Strengthen2
- While you can attempt to strengthen the affected muscle, your efforts will be less than effective until pressure is relieved from the nerve. (livestrong.com)
- Stretch and strengthen your hip muscles with hip opening exercises. (greatist.com)
Discomfort3
- When we are in a state of anxiety, the muscles in our body tend to tighten up, which can cause pain and discomfort. (nomadrs.com)
- There are some other less-conservative ways that you can manage psoas discomfort, doctors say, like ice, heat, or a massage gun. (prairiespine.com)
- Many people overlook the tight psoas muscle as the cause of their discomfort, so Dr. Rowe provides insights into how to loosen this often-neglected muscle. (upender-tilter.com)
20211
- 21 - Back and pelvis", Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery (Second Edition), W.B. Saunders, pp. 419-456, ISBN 978-0-7020-4771-8, retrieved 2021-01-22 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psoas minor muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Abdominal3
- The appearance of a protruding belly can visually indicate a hypertonic psoas, which pulls the spine forward while pushing the abdominal contents outward. (evokept.com)
- A healthily functioning psoas stabilizes the spine and provides support through the trunk, forming a shelf for the vital organs of the abdominal core. (thechakras.org)
- With the iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles this chain provides the support and anchor for abdominal counter force, trunk rotation and flexion movement. (posturalrestoration.com)
Anterior7
- When present, it is located anterior to the psoas major muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- Located deep within the anterior hip joint and lower spine, the psoas major (usually just referred to as the psoas) is critical for optimal postural alignment, movement, and overall well being. (northatlanticbooks.com)
- Phrenic nerve relating to Anterior scalene muscle. (anatomytrains.com)
- These two tracks of muscles, one on each side of the sternum, are anterior to the medial/upper mediastinum and upper thoracic cavity. (posturalrestoration.com)
- They are composed of the triangular sterni, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, intercostals and muscles of the pharynx and anterior neck. (posturalrestoration.com)
- The lumbar plexus is formed within the substance of the psoas major muscle by the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 through L4 and some fibers from T12. (medscape.com)
- Infection may spread to the perinephric space and down the psoas muscle, sometimes causing an abscess on the anterior thigh. (msdmanuals.com)
Root chakra1
- The interconnection between the psoas and the root chakra is explored, along with yoga poses and postures that stimulate the psoas. (northatlanticbooks.com)
Spine to the legs3
- The illiopsoas muscle or psoas muscle for short, is the only muscle that connects the spine to the legs. (kickersofearth.com)
- The psoas joins these two major regions together, the central spine to the legs. (evokept.com)
- The Psoas is the only 'muscle' to connect the spine to the legs. (thechakras.org)
Kidneys1
- The psoas muscle lays right on top of the kidneys and adrenal glands, so it is connected to your emotional state and stress levels. (nomadrs.com)
Iliac1
- A competent study should include the visualisation of the psoas muscle and iliac vessels. (springer.com)
Tight15
- A way to determine if a psoas muscle is extremely tight is to lie on the floor with both legs extended in front of you. (sportsrec.com)
- Hug one knee into the chest and, if the other leg lifts off the floor, chances are that the psoas of the extended leg is overly tight. (sportsrec.com)
- This deep tissue massage in addition to Thrival's unique adjustability allow you to target tight back muscles that no other product can comfortably reach. (thrivalmusclerecovery.com)
- Just by understanding its attachments to the lumbar spine one can see how a tight and in spasm psoas can pull, compress and cause traction, creating back pain. (evokept.com)
- A psoas muscle that is tight or in spasm, unilaterally or bilaterally, can cause significant changes in posture that can cause pain anywhere in the upper or lower body. (evokept.com)
- if the psoas is tight and shortens it can pull the posture out of alignment. (evokept.com)
- A tight psoas not only creates structural problems, it constricts the organs, puts pressure on nerves, interferes with the movement of fluids, and impairs diaphragmatic breathing. (thechakras.org)
- When you are in a state of extreme anxiety, or have constantly been anxious throughout your life, then the psoas muscle may seem to be painful and tight. (nomadrs.com)
- Tight muscles are common in people with an anxiety disorder, making it hard to hold your posture straight. (nomadrs.com)
- It can be easy to dismiss a little creakiness, and a tight or inflamed psoas may not be the worst pain in the world in your day-to-day, it does impact your movement patterns which can then really mess you up in the long run. (prairiespine.com)
- runners are criticizing their terrific stride on those muscles, and also your clients are possibly complaining regarding their tight aware of you. (hipflexorsfix.com)
- This video is 1000 words in English and focuses on "How to Fix a Tight Psoas Muscle in 30 SECONDS. (upender-tilter.com)
- He highlights the common symptoms of a tight psoas muscle and demonstrates how to alleviate pain with a quick but effective stretch. (upender-tilter.com)
- The psoas muscle is often implicated in lower back pain, as it can become tight or strained due to poor posture, prolonged sitting, or excessive physical activity. (nielasher.com)
- Tight or weak hip muscles can mean you have a smaller range of motion, less stability , poor posture , or pain. (greatist.com)
Significance1
- We retrospectively investigated clinical and prognostic significance of psoas muscle index (PMI) calculated as total psoas muscle area at L3 vertebra level obtained from baseline computed tomography (CT) scans in 49 newly diagnosed classical Hodgkinʼs lymphoma (cHL) patients prior to specific treatment. (springermedizin.at)
Laterally1
- Growing out of both sides of the spine, the psoas spans laterally from the 12th thoracic vertebrae (T12) to each of the 5 lumbar vertebrae. (thechakras.org)
Connects the spine1
- The muscle that connects the spine and the legs, psoas muscle can be easily felt in the middle of both the front and back of your hip. (nomadrs.com)
Posture8
- And according to Koch, this situation is exacerbated by many things in our modern lifestyle, from car seats to constrictive clothing, from chairs to shoes that distort our posture, curtail our natural movements and further constrict our psoas. (thechakras.org)
- He or she can after that work with you to enhance those muscle mass and to restore the appropriate posture. (hipflexorsfix.com)
- A chiropractic physician will certainly be able to identify any problems in your posture or your hip flexor muscles. (hipflexorsfix.com)
- Off the mat, the psoas is an important muscle as well: As one of the key core muscles, it is essential for healthy posture, and a strong and balanced psoas helps stabilize the spine and prevent back issues. (yogauonline.com)
- The muscle is responsible for several important movements, including lifting the leg, walking, and maintaining proper posture. (nielasher.com)
- Conversely, weakness in the psoas muscle can also contribute to lower back pain, as it can result in an unstable spine and poor posture. (nielasher.com)
- The key to keeping them, and you, happy is to internalize the information so you become aware of what and where your psoas musces are, what they feel like, and how they are integral to low back posture. (yogaclass.com)
- The benefits of yoga are truly remarkable, and it is widely accepted that yoga can help you lose weight , build muscle and even fix your posture . (livescience.com)
Inguinal ligament1
- The tumor extended caudally in the psoas muscle under the inguinal ligament. (vesalius.com)
Imbalance2
- Even the most active of athletes can suffer from psoas imbalance and pain. (northatlanticbooks.com)
- Weakness, shortness, and imbalance between the R & L psoas muscles leads to low back pain, and can contribute to hip and knee problems. (yogaclass.com)
Exercises1
- Strength exercises that focus on the quadriceps, hamstrings and calf muscles will build muscle mass in the legs. (livestrong.com)
Weak4
- The psoas minor is a weak flexor of the lumbar vertebral column. (wikipedia.org)
- If the psoas is weak or out of balance, it affects the integrity of our core, and it can be a significant contributor to low back and pelvic pain. (yogauonline.com)
- While this is occurring, a physical therapist might use electrical stimulation to contract the weak muscles until they are functioning on their own. (livestrong.com)
- I was just wondering if there is any correlation between weak muscle/s and groin pain. (bonesmart.org)
Attaches1
- Simply put, the psoas attaches to the T12 and five lumbar vertebrae on the left and right sides of the spine. (breakingmuscle.com)
Nerves4
- citation needed] The psoas minor muscle is innervated by direct branches of the lumbar spinal nerves. (wikipedia.org)
- Nerves to the psoas , as well as the major parts of the lumbar plexus, have been exposed. (stanford.edu)
- Atrophy can occur more suddenly with illness or injury to the muscles or their nerves, and the muscles in the legs are among the first to weaken. (livestrong.com)
- A less common cause of atrophy of the leg muscles is injury or illness affecting the nerves that connect to the muscles. (livestrong.com)
Sedentary2
- As modern-day populations grow more sedentary, psoas-related lower back and hip pain, and the ailment of "sitting too much," are on the rise. (northatlanticbooks.com)
- Lack of activity for any reason - illness, injury, seated desk job, sedentary lifestyle - can lead to loss of leg muscle. (livestrong.com)
Medial1
- From there, it passes down onto the medial border of the psoas major, and is inserted to the innominate line and the iliopectineal eminence. (wikipedia.org)
Alleviate2
- Dr. Rowe demonstrates how to alleviate psoas muscle and hip flexor pain quickly. (upender-tilter.com)
- Dr. Rowe provides valuable insights and actionable tips to help alleviate tension in the psoas muscle. (upender-tilter.com)
Major8
- Muscle of the Soul is a term given to the psoas major muscles in the teachings of the Universal Healing Tao System. (evokept.com)
- Arbanas J, Starčević Klasan G, Nikolić M, Jerković R, Miljanović I, Malnar D. Fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle with regard to the level of its origin. (srce.hr)
- The aim of our study was to explore the fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle at different levels of its origin, from the first lumbar to the fourth lumbar vertebra, and to compare the muscle fibre size and distribution of different fibre types between levels with respect to its complex postural and dynamic function. (srce.hr)
- Our study showed that the human psoas major muscle was composed of type I, IIA and IIX muscle fibres. (srce.hr)
- Moreover, the fibre type composition of the psoas major muscle was different between levels of its origin starting from the first lumbar to the fourth lumbar vertebra. (srce.hr)
- We conclude that the fibre type composition of the psoas major muscle indicated its dynamic and postural functions, which supports the fact that it is the main flexor of the hip joint (dynamic function) and stabilizer of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints (postural function). (srce.hr)
- The cranial part of the psoas major muscle has a primarily postural role, whereas the caudal part of the muscle has a dynamic role. (srce.hr)
- Under ultrasound guidance, it appears as a hyperechoic structure that lies within the hypoechoic psoas major muscle (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Sciatic1
- [ 9 ] When combined with T12-L1 and sciatic nerve block, psoas compartment block can also be used in high-risk patients as the anesthetic technique for femoropopliteal bypass surgery. (medscape.com)
Extensor muscles1
- Radial nerve relating to Triceps, Supinator and Forearm extensor muscles. (anatomytrains.com)
Postural2
- Located deep within the front hip joint and lower spine, the psoas is critical for optimal postural alignment, movement, and overall well-being. (nielasher.com)
- Going about your day-to-day with a wonky psoas muscle can lead to a higher risk for other problems, ranging from postural changes to shortened stride length-which can really mess with running and walking. (prairiespine.com)
Conversely1
- The way that we use the psoas in our yoga practice can either help keep this key hip flexor healthy, strong, and flexible, or, conversely, it can perpetuate harmful imbalances. (yogauonline.com)
Obturator1
- A meta-analysis found that more success is achieved with the obturator nerve block with the psoas compartment block when compared to the Winnie technique. (medscape.com)
Physical Therapist1
- As a Manual Physical Therapist specializing in both Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Chronic Pain, treatment including the psoas is almost always a part of my treatment plan. (evokept.com)
Lateral3
- I've also found that setting the markers up in a zig-zag or lateral pattern can be great for building stabilizing muscles, or for team sport athletes. (stack.com)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuropathy and polio are nerve diseases that can cause muscle loss in the legs. (livestrong.com)
- They are composed of muscles that attach to the costal cartilage and bone of rib seven through 12 to the lateral patella, head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia. (posturalrestoration.com)
Core muscles1
- In addition to its theoretical benefits, this drill seems to acutely improve the reflexive firing ability of the glute, psoas and core muscles, and it has a very positive effect on speed output, such as 30-meter Fly performance. (stack.com)
Body14
- The psoas is the only muscle in the human organism that connects the upper body to the lower body, and its importance extends to the nerve complex and energy systems. (northatlanticbooks.com)
- The most important muscle in your body is one you probably have never thought about. (breakingmuscle.com)
- The psoas muscle connects the lower middle spine to the top of the leg, making it one of the most important muscles in your body. (sportsrec.com)
- is usually the first question many people ask when they start to find out about how the body works and then learn about the psoas. (kickersofearth.com)
- Physically, as the only muscle that connects the upper and lower body. (nielasher.com)
- The ability to release and coordinate this muscle with whole body movement can release tensions and anxiety throughout the systems. (dancedebut.com)
- The psoas release function is my favorite, and it helps keep my body feeling healthy and mobile. (thrivalmusclerecovery.com)
- The Psoas muscle (pronounced so-as) is the deepest muscle of the human body affecting our structural balance, muscular integrity, flexibility, strength, range of motion, joint mobility, and organ functioning. (thechakras.org)
- In fact, "The psoas is so intimately involved in such basic physical and emotional reactions, that a chronically tightened psoas continually signals your body that you're in danger, eventually exhausting the adrenal glands and depleting the immune system. (thechakras.org)
- Like other muscles, it plays a role in giving form to the body. (nomadrs.com)
- It's your deepest core muscle and the only muscle in your body that crosses the lumbar spine and the hip joint, doctors say. (prairiespine.com)
- For the past 40 years, Atom has dedicated his life to the continuous learning and teaching of Sun Sync Nutrition, Time Conscious Eating, Cosmo-Chemistry, Reflexology, Muscle Response Testing, Body Language Analysis, Iris Analysis, Lucid Dreaming, Meditation and many other sciences. (oneradionetwork.com)
- Alcoholism and malnutrition can also inhibit muscle growth and cause the body to use muscle proteins for energy. (livestrong.com)
- As muscle deterioration occurs and your legs get smaller, you will find it increasingly difficult to walk or hold the body in a standing position for extended periods. (livestrong.com)
Tissue4
- It has an average length of about 24 cm, of which about 7.1 cm is muscle tissue and about 17 cm is tendon. (wikipedia.org)
- Myofascia or Fascia is strong sheet of connective tissue that attach, enclose and separate muscles and organs. (evokept.com)
- Muscle atrophy in the legs is a loss of muscle tissue due to disuse, disease or injury. (livestrong.com)
- M psoas tissue: skeletal muscle and soft tissue with acute inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Lumbar spine1
- With unilateral contraction of the psoas, it contributes to side bending the lumbar spine and bilateral contraction helps to raise the trunk from supine. (evokept.com)
Pelvic floor1
- Do you feel any connection with the muscles in your pelvic floor? (breakingmuscle.com)
Trunk1
- This directional, rotational influence on the low back and spine to the right, mandates compulsive compensatory movement in one or more areas of the trunk, upper extremities and cervical-cranial-mandibular muscle. (posturalrestoration.com)
Alignment1
- How to locate the psoas in your yoga practice and key alignment principles to help, not hurt the psoas in your practice. (yogauonline.com)
Pelvis1
- The yoga pose of Warrior I, when you focus on not tilting the pelvis anteriorly, provides a solid stretch for the psoas. (sportsrec.com)
Often referred1
- This muscle is often referred to as the 'converging' muscle or pulls things together - hence it is closely connected to the central nervous system. (nomadrs.com)
Loins1
- muscles of the loins') is a long, slender skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Biceps1
- But just like you would work those biceps to get a nice pre-tank top tone, it's important that you're working the psoas in a similar fashion and giving it some time. (prairiespine.com)
Lower2
- This test is commonly used by healthcare professionals, such as physical therapists, manual therapists, and athletic trainers to evaluate muscle imbalances and diagnose conditions related to the hip and lower back. (nielasher.com)
- By providing insight into the patient's hip and lower back function, this test can help guide treatment decisions and improve outcomes for individuals with muscle imbalances or related conditions. (nielasher.com)
Yoga poses1
- The psoas is one of the most important muscles in yoga poses, but it is also one of the most misunderstood. (yogauonline.com)
Flexor muscle2
- Stretching this hip flexor muscle is simple and necessary if you participate in activities that regularly shorten it, such as sitting for long periods or sports including running and cycling. (sportsrec.com)
- A chiropractic physician will be able to determine any type of issues in your stance or your hip flexor muscle mass. (hipflexorsfix.com)