Also known as eczema or atopic eczema.

Dermatitis, Atopic is a common condition that affects people of all ages but is most prevalent in children. It is often associated with other atopic conditions such as asthma and allergies. The exact cause of dermatitis, atopic is not known, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Symptoms of Dermatitis, Atopic:

* Redness and dryness of the skin
* Scaling and flaking of the skin
* Itching and burning sensations
* Thickening and pigmentation of the skin
* Small blisters or weeping sores

Atopic dermatitis can occur anywhere on the body but is most commonly found on the face, neck, hands, and feet.

Treatment for Dermatitis, Atopic:

* Moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated and reduce dryness
* Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
* Antihistamines to relieve itching
* Phototherapy with ultraviolet light
* Oral immunomodulators for severe cases

It is important to note that dermatitis, atopic is a chronic condition, and treatment should be ongoing. Flare-ups may occur, and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary.

Prevention of Dermatitis, Atopic:

* Avoiding triggers such as soaps, detergents, and stress
* Keeping the skin well-moisturized
* Avoiding extreme temperatures and humidity
* Wearing soft, breathable clothing
* Using mild cleansers and avoiding harsh chemicals

Early diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis, atopic can help improve the quality of life for those affected. It is important to work with a healthcare professional to develop an appropriate treatment plan and manage symptoms effectively.

Types of Drug Eruptions:

1. Maculopapular exanthema (MPE): This is a common type of drug eruption characterized by flat, red patches on the skin that may be accompanied by small bumps or hives. MPE typically occurs within 1-2 weeks of starting a new medication and resolves once the medication is discontinued.
2. Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS): This is a more severe type of drug eruption that can cause blisters, skin sloughing, and mucosal lesions. SJS typically occurs within 2-4 weeks of starting a new medication and can be life-threatening in some cases.
3. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN): This is a severe, life-threatening type of drug eruption that can cause widespread skin death and mucosal lesions. TEN typically occurs within 2-4 weeks of starting a new medication and requires immediate hospitalization and treatment.

Causes of Drug Eruptions:

1. Allergic reactions to medications: This is the most common cause of drug eruptions. The body's immune system overreacts to certain medications, leading to skin symptoms.
2. Adverse effects of medications: Certain medications can cause skin symptoms as a side effect, even if the person is not allergic to them.
3. Infections: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections can cause drug eruptions, particularly if the medication is used to treat the infection.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Certain autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, can increase the risk of developing drug eruptions.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug Eruptions:

1. Medical history and physical examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination are essential to diagnose a drug eruption. The healthcare provider will look for patterns of skin symptoms that may be related to a specific medication.
2. Skin biopsy: In some cases, a skin biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis of a drug eruption and to rule out other conditions.
3. Medication history: The healthcare provider will ask about all medications taken by the patient, including over-the-counter medications and supplements.
4. Treatment: Depending on the severity of the drug eruption, treatment may include stopping the offending medication, administering corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications, and providing supportive care to manage symptoms such as itching, pain, and infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
5. Monitoring: Patients with a history of drug eruptions should be closely monitored by their healthcare provider when starting new medications, and any changes in their skin should be reported promptly.

Prevention of Drug Eruptions:

1. Allergy testing: Before starting a new medication, the healthcare provider may perform allergy testing to determine the patient's sensitivity to specific medications.
2. Medication history: The healthcare provider should take a thorough medication history to identify potential allergens and avoid prescribing similar medications that may cause an adverse reaction.
3. Gradual introduction of new medications: When starting a new medication, it is recommended to introduce the medication gradually in small doses to monitor for any signs of an adverse reaction.
4. Monitoring: Patients should be closely monitored when starting new medications, and any changes in their skin or symptoms should be reported promptly to their healthcare provider.
5. Avoiding certain medications: In some cases, it may be necessary to avoid certain medications that are more likely to cause a drug eruption based on the patient's medical history and other factors.

Conclusion:

Drug eruptions can present with various symptoms and can be challenging to diagnose. A thorough medical history and physical examination are essential to diagnose a drug eruption. Treatment depends on the severity of the reaction and may include stopping the offending medication, administering corticosteroids, and providing supportive care. Prevention is key, and healthcare providers should be aware of potential allergens and take steps to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. By being vigilant and proactive, healthcare providers can help prevent drug eruptions and ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients.

Some common types of skin diseases include:

1. Acne: a condition characterized by oil clogged pores, pimples, and other blemishes on the skin.
2. Eczema: a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin.
3. Psoriasis: a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin.
4. Dermatitis: a term used to describe inflammation of the skin, often caused by allergies or irritants.
5. Skin cancer: a type of cancer that affects the skin cells, often caused by exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds.
6. Melanoma: the most serious type of skin cancer, characterized by a mole that changes in size, shape, or color.
7. Vitiligo: a condition in which white patches develop on the skin due to the loss of pigment-producing cells.
8. Alopecia: a condition characterized by hair loss, often caused by autoimmune disorders or genetics.
9. Nail diseases: conditions that affect the nails, such as fungal infections, brittleness, and thickening.
10. Mucous membrane diseases: conditions that affect the mucous membranes, such as ulcers, inflammation, and cancer.

Skin diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as biopsies or blood tests. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, light therapy, or surgery.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of skin diseases include protecting the skin from UV radiation, using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding exposure to known allergens or irritants. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for many skin conditions.

There are several types of cholestasis, including:

1. Obstructive cholestasis: This occurs when there is a blockage in the bile ducts, preventing bile from flowing freely from the liver.
2. Metabolic cholestasis: This is caused by a problem with the metabolism of bile acids in the liver.
3. Inflammatory cholestasis: This occurs when there is inflammation in the liver, which can cause scarring and impair bile flow.
4. Idiopathic cholestasis: This type of cholestasis has no identifiable cause.

Treatment for cholestasis depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve bile flow, dissolve gallstones, or reduce inflammation. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent complications of cholestasis.

* Intensive itching or burning sensation on the skin
* Redness, inflammation, or scaling of the skin
* Small, raised bumps or blisters that may ooze fluid
* Skin thickening or pigmentation due to repeated scratching

Prurigo can be difficult to diagnose, as it can mimic other skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis. A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests such as skin scrapings, biopsies, or blood tests to determine the underlying cause of the condition.

Treatment for prurigo depends on the underlying cause, but it may include topical or oral medications, such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics. In severe cases, phototherapy or immunomodulatory therapy may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have prurigo, as the condition can lead to infection and scarring if left untreated.

Symptoms of ichthyosis can include:

* Thickened, scaly skin on the arms, legs, back, and chest
* Redness and itching
* Cracking and splitting of the skin
* Increased risk of infection
* Respiratory problems

Treatment for ichthyosis typically involves the use of topical creams and ointments to help soften and hydrate the skin, as well as oral medications to reduce inflammation and itching. In severe cases, phototherapy or systemic corticosteroids may be necessary.

In addition to these medical treatments, there are also several home remedies and lifestyle modifications that can help manage the symptoms of ichthyosis. These include:

* Moisturizing regularly with a fragrance-free moisturizer
* Avoiding harsh soaps and cleansers
* Using lukewarm water when showering or bathing
* Applying cool compresses to the skin to reduce redness and inflammation
* Wearing loose, breathable clothing to avoid irritating the skin
* Protecting the skin from extreme temperatures and environmental stressors.

Neurodermatitis can affect anyone, but it is most common in infants and children, and those with a family history of atopic conditions such as asthma, eczema, or allergies. The exact cause of neurodermatitis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Symptoms of neurodermatitis can vary in severity and may include:

* Itching, which can be intense and disrupt daily activities
* Redness and inflammation
* Dry, scaly skin that may ooze or crust over
* Thickening and pigmentation of the skin
* Sleep disturbances due to itching or discomfort

Neurodermatitis can be challenging to treat, but there are several effective therapies available. These include topical corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and anti-inflammatory medications, as well as lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers, using gentle skin care products, and keeping the skin moisturized.

In severe cases of neurodermatitis, complications such as infection, scarring, and emotional distress may arise. It is essential to seek medical advice if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper treatment and self-care, however, many people with neurodermatitis can experience significant improvement in their quality of life.

1. Somatic symptom disorder: This condition is characterized by persistent and excessive thoughts or concerns about physical symptoms, such as pain or gastrointestinal issues, despite medical evaluation and reassurance that no underlying medical condition exists.
2. Illness anxiety disorder: Formerly known as hypochondriasis, this disorder is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with the fear of having or acquiring a serious illness, despite evidence to the contrary.
3. Conversion disorder: This condition is characterized by symptoms that are not readily explainable by a medical or neurological condition, such as paralysis, blindness, or difficulty speaking. The symptoms are thought to be a manifestation of psychological conflicts or stressors.
4. Factitious disorder: Also known as Munchausen syndrome, this condition is characterized by the deliberate production or feigning of symptoms in order to gain attention, sympathy, or other forms of support.
5. Hypochondriasis: This condition is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with the fear of having or acquiring a serious illness, despite evidence to the contrary.
6. Health anxiety disorder: This condition is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with the fear of having or acquiring a serious illness, despite evidence to the contrary.
7. Medical phobia: This condition is characterized by an excessive fear of medical procedures or healthcare settings, which can lead to avoidance of necessary medical care and potential harm as a result.
8. Pain disorder: This condition is characterized by persistent and excessive pain that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or injury. The pain can have a significant impact on an individual's daily life and functioning.
9. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: These are seizures that are not caused by a medical or neurological condition, but rather by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or other forms of emotional distress.
10. Somatic symptom disorder: This condition is characterized by persistent and excessive preoccupation with physical symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, or gastrointestinal issues, despite medical evidence that the symptoms are not caused by a medical condition or injury.

It's important to note that while these conditions are distinct from one another, they can sometimes overlap or co-occur, and it may be necessary to rule out other potential causes of the patient's symptoms before making a diagnosis. Additionally, individuals with mental health conditions may be at higher risk for developing somatoform disorders due to the emotional distress and maladaptive coping strategies that can accompany these conditions.

Hemorrhoids are caused by increased pressure on the veins in the rectum and anus, which can be due to a variety of factors such as constipation, pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, and aging. The pressure causes the veins to swell and become irritated, leading to symptoms such as:

* Painless bleeding during bowel movements
* Pain or discomfort during bowel movements
* Itching or irritation in the anal area
* A lump near the anus
* Difficulty passing stool

There are several methods for treating hemorrhoids, including:

* Dietary changes: Eating a high-fiber diet can help soften stools and reduce pressure on the veins in the rectum and anus.
* Medications: Over-the-counter medications such as hydrocortisone creams and suppositories can help reduce itching and inflammation.
* Internal hemorrhoids: Self-care measures, such as increasing fiber intake and drinking plenty of fluids, may be sufficient to treat internal hemorrhoids. However, if symptoms persist or worsen, medical treatment may be necessary.
* External hemorrhoids: Treatment for external hemorrhoids may include warm compresses, elevation of the affected area, and pain management with medication. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

It is important to note that while hemorrhoids are not dangerous, they can be uncomfortable and disrupt daily life. If symptoms persist or worsen, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out other conditions and receive proper treatment.

* Pain during bowel movements
* Bleeding during bowel movements
* Itching or burning sensation around the anus
* Discharge of pus from the anus
* Redness and swelling around the anus

Fissure in ano can be caused by straining during bowel movements, constipation, diarrhea, or any other condition that puts pressure on the anal skin. Treatment for fissure in ano includes:

* Increasing fiber intake to soften stools and reduce constipation
* Drinking plenty of water to keep the stools soft
* Avoiding straining during bowel movements
* Using stool softeners or laxatives if necessary
* Applying a topical cream or ointment to reduce pain and promote healing
* In some cases, prescription medications may be used to treat fissure in ano.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of fissure in ano, as it can lead to complications such as infection or narrowing of the anus if left untreated. A healthcare professional can diagnose fissure in ano by examining the anus and performing a physical rectal examination.

In addition to medical treatment, there are some self-care measures that can help manage symptoms of fissure in ano, such as:

* Soaking in a warm bath for 10-15 minutes several times a day to reduce pain and promote healing
* Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the affected area to reduce pain and swelling
* Avoiding spicy or irritating foods and drinks
* Using stool softeners or laxatives as directed by a healthcare professional.

It is important to note that fissure in ano can be a recurring condition, so it is important to take steps to prevent recurrence, such as maintaining a high fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluids.

Flavivirus infections can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and skin rashes. In severe cases, these infections can lead to hemorrhagic fever, which can be fatal.

The transmission of flaviviruses is typically through the bite of an infected mosquito or other insect vectors, although some viruses can also be transmitted through blood transfusions or organ transplantation.

There is no specific treatment for flavivirus infections, but supportive care such as hydration, pain relief, and antipyretic medications may be provided to manage symptoms. Prevention includes avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites.

In addition, vaccines are available for some flaviviruses, such as yellow fever and dengue fever, which can provide protection against infection.

Overall, flavivirus infections are a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where these viruses are most commonly found.

Symptoms of dengue fever typically begin within 2-7 days after the bite of an infected mosquito and can include:

* High fever
* Severe headache
* Pain behind the eyes
* Severe joint and muscle pain
* Rash
* Fatigue
* Nausea
* Vomiting

In some cases, dengue fever can develop into a more severe form of the disease, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which can be life-threatening. Symptoms of DHF include:

* Severe abdominal pain
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Bleeding from the nose, gums, or under the skin
* Easy bruising
* Petechiae (small red spots on the skin)
* Black stools
* Decreased urine output

Dengue fever is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. Treatment for dengue fever is primarily focused on relieving symptoms and managing fluid and electrolyte imbalances. There is no specific treatment for the virus itself, but early detection and proper medical care can significantly lower the risk of complications and death.

Prevention of dengue fever relies on measures to prevent mosquito bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the breeding of mosquitoes. Vaccines against dengue fever are also being developed, but none are currently available for widespread use.

In summary, dengue is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe. Early detection and proper medical care are essential to prevent complications and death from dengue fever. Prevention of dengue relies on measures to prevent mosquito bites and eliminating standing water around homes and communities.

References:

1. World Health Organization. (2020). Dengue and severe dengue. Retrieved from
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Dengue fever: Background. Retrieved from
3. Mayo Clinic. (2020). Dengue fever. Retrieved from
4. MedlinePlus. (2020). Dengue fever. Retrieved from

A highly contagious and common eye infection caused by a virus, which inflames the conjunctiva, the membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It is also known as pinkeye or Madras eye. Symptoms include redness, discharge, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. Treatment includes antiviral medication, artificial tears, and good hygiene practices.

This definition of 'Conjunctivitis, Viral' is intended to be as accurate as possible, and is based on the current state of medical knowledge about the topic. It should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any questions or concerns about 'Conjunctivitis, Viral', please consult a qualified healthcare provider.