A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PROTEUS.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.
Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria isolated from individuals in LONG-TERM CARE facilities and HOSPITALS.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5.
Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.
A plant genus of the family NYCTAGINACEAE. Members contain Mirabilis antiviral protein (a ribosome-inactivating protein).
Bacterial variants, unable to form a complete cell wall, which are formed in cultures by various bacteria; granules (L bodies) appear, unite, and grow into amorphous bodies which multiply and give rise to bacterial cells morphologically indistinguishable from the parent strain.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.
Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Passage of a CATHETER into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney.
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.
The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, food, and clinical specimens. It is a prominent opportunistic pathogen for hospitalized patients.
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.
Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A species of MORGANELLA formerly classified as a Proteus species. It is found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.
Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.
Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in feces of humans and other animals, sewage, soil, water, and dairy products.
The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.
A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.
Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

The isoflavone genistein inhibits internalization of enteric bacteria by cultured Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes. (1/731)

The dietary isoflavone genistein is the focus of much research involving its role as a potential therapeutic agent in a variety of diseases, including cancer and heart disease. However, there is recent evidence that dietary genistein may also have an inhibitory effect on extraintestinal invasion of enteric bacteria. To study the effects of genistein on bacterial adherence and internalization by confluent enterocytes, Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes (cultivated for 15-18 d and 21-24 d, respectively) were pretreated for 1 h with 0, 30, 100, or 300 micromol/L genistein, followed by 1-h incubation with pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, or Escherichia coli. Pretreatment of Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes with genistein inhibited bacterial internalization in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.60-0.79). Compared to untreated enterocytes, 1-h pretreatment with 300 micromol/L genistein was generally associated with decreased bacterial internalization (P < 0. 05) without a corresponding decrease in bacterial adherence. Using Caco-2 cell cultures, decreased bacterial internalization was associated with increased integrity of enterocyte tight junctions [measured by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER)], with alterations in the distribution of enterocyte perijunctional actin filaments (visualized by fluorescein-labeled phalloidin), and with abrogation of the decreased TEER associated with S. typhimurium and E. coli incubation with the enterocytes (P < 0.01). Thus, genistein was associated with inhibition of enterocyte internalization of enteric bacteria by a mechanism that might be related to the integrity of the enterocyte tight junctions, suggesting that genistein might function as a barrier-sustaining agent, inhibiting extraintestinal invasion of enteric bacteria.  (+info)

Functional analysis of the evolutionarily conserved proline 53 residue in Proteus mirabilis glutathione transferase B1-1. (2/731)

The role of the evolutionarily conserved residue Pro-53 in Proteus mirabilis glutathione transferase B1-1 has been examined by replacing it with a serine residue using site-directed mutagenesis. The effect of the replacement on the activity, thermal stability and antibiotic binding capacity of the enzyme was examined. The results presented support the view that Pro-53 participates in the maintenance of the proper conformation of the enzyme fold rather than playing a direct role in the catalytic reaction. Furthermore, this residue appears to be an important determinant of the antibiotic binding to the enzyme. Experiments with wild type and mutated enzymes provide evidence that glutathione transferases may play an important role in antibiotic resistance exhibited by bacteria.  (+info)

A novel membrane protein influencing cell shape and multicellular swarming of Proteus mirabilis. (3/731)

Swarming in Proteus mirabilis is characterized by the coordinated surface migration of multicellular rafts of highly elongated, hyperflagellated swarm cells. We describe a transposon mutant, MNS185, that was unable to swarm even though vegetative cells retained normal motility and the ability to differentiate into swarm cells. However, these elongated cells were irregularly curved and had variable diameters, suggesting that the migration defect results from the inability of these deformed swarm cells to align into multicellular rafts. The transposon was inserted at codon 196 of a 228-codon gene that lacks recognizable homologs. Multiple copies of the wild-type gene, called ccmA, for curved cell morphology, restored swarming to the mutant. The 25-kDa CcmA protein is predicted to span the inner membrane twice, with its C-terminal major domain being present in the cytoplasm. Membrane localization was confirmed both by immunoblotting and by electron microscopy of immunogold-labelled sections. Two forms of CcmA were identified for wild-type P. mirabilis; they were full-length integral membrane CcmA1 and N-terminally truncated peripheral membrane CcmA2, both present at approximately 20-fold higher concentrations in swarm cells. Differentiated MNS185 mutant cells contained wild-type levels of the C-terminally truncated versions of both proteins. Elongated cells of a ccmA null mutant were less misshapen than those of MNS185 and were able to swarm, albeit more slowly than wild-type cells. The truncated CcmA proteins may therefore interfere with normal morphogenesis, while the wild-type proteins, which are not essential for swarming, may enhance migration by maintaining the linearity of highly elongated cells. Consistent with this view, overexpression of the ccmA gene caused cells of both Escherichia coli and P. mirabilis to become enlarged and ellipsoidal.  (+info)

Identification of protease and rpoN-associated genes of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis by negative selection in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. (4/731)

Proteus mirabilis, a motile gram-negative bacterium, is a principal cause of urinary tract infections in patients with functional or anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract or those with urinary catheters in place. Thus far, virulence factors including urease, flagella, haemolysin, various fimbriae, IgA protease and a deaminase have been characterized based on the phenotypic traits conferred by these proteins. In this study, an attempt was made to identify new virulence genes of P. mirabilis that may not have identifiable phenotypes using the recently described technique of signature-tagged mutagenesis. A pool of chromosomal transposon mutants was made through conjugation and kanamycin/tetracycline selection; random insertion was confirmed by Southern blotting of chromosomal DNA isolated from 16 mutants using the aphA gene as a probe. From the total pool, 2.3% (9/397) auxotrophic mutants and 3.5% (14/397) swarming mutants were identified by screening on minimal salts agar and Luria agar plates, respectively. Thirty per cent of the mutants, found to have either no tag or an unamplifiable tag, were removed from the input pool. Then 10(7) c.f.u. from a 96-mutant pool (approximately 10(5) c.f.u. of each mutant) were used as an input pool to transurethrally inoculate seven CBA mice. After 2 d infection, bacteria were recovered from the bladders and kidneys and yielded about 10(5) c.f.u. as an output pool. Dot blot analysis showed that two of the 96 mutants, designated B2 and B5, could not be hybridized by signature tags amplified from the bladder output pool. Interrupted genes from these two mutants were cloned and sequenced. The interrupted gene in B2 predicts a polypeptide of 37.3 kDa that shares amino acid similarity with a putative protease or collagenase precursor. The gene in B5 predicts a polypeptide of 32.6 kDa that is very similar to that encoded by ORF284 of the rpoN operon controlling expression of nitrogen-regulated genes from several bacterial species. The virulence of the two mutants was tested further by co-challenging CBA mice with each mutant and the parental strain. After 1 week of infection, the B2 and B5 mutants were recovered in numbers 100-fold and 1000-fold less than the parental strain, respectively. Using an in vitro assay, it was shown that the B2 mutant had significantly less (P = 0.0001) extracellular protease activity than the wild-type strain. These findings demonstrate that signature-tagged mutagenesis is a viable approach to identify bacterial genes associated with the ability to infect the urinary tract.  (+info)

Structural and serological studies on the O-antigen of Proteus mirabilis O14, a new polysaccharide containing 2-[(R)-1-carboxyethylamino]ethyl phosphate. (5/731)

An O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid degradation of Proteus mirabilis O14 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and found to contain D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glalactose, phosphate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-D-alanine (D-AlaEtn), and O-acetyl groups. Studies of the initial and O-deacetylated polysaccharides using one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, including COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, H-detected 1H,13C heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence, and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation experiments, demonstrated the following structure of the repeating unit: [equation: see text] This is the second bacterial polysaccharide reported to contain alpha-D-Galp6PAlaEtn, whereas the first one was the O-antigen of P. mirabilis EU313 taken erroneously as strain PrK 6/57 from the O3 serogroup [Vinogradov, E. V., Kaca, W., Shashkov, A.S., Krajewska-Pietrasik, D., Rozalski, A., Knirel, Y.A. & Kochetkov, N.K. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem., 188, 645-651]. Anti-(P. mirabilis O14) serum cross-reacted with LPS of P. mirabilis EU313 and vice versa in passive hemolysis and ELISA. Absorption of both O-antisera with the heterologous LPS decreased markedly but did not abolish the reaction with the homologous LPS. These and chemical data indicated that both strains have similar but not identical O-antigens. Therefore, we propose that P. mirabilis EU313 should belong to a new subgroup of the O14 serogroup.  (+info)

Differential expression of nonagglutinating fimbriae and MR/P pili in swarming colonies of Proteus mirabilis. (6/731)

The expression of nonagglutinating fimbriae (NAF) and mannose-resistant/Proteus-like (MR/P) pili in swarming colonies of Proteus mirabilis was investigated. Elongated swarmer cells do not express pili, and the relative number of bacteria expressing NAF during swarming and early consolidation phases was very low (<5%). Relative expression of NAF in a terrace increased to approximately 30% at 48 h. We also determined the expression of NAF and MR/P pili in two phenotypically distinguishable regions of each terrace. The expression of both NAF and MR/P pili was always higher in the region closer (proximal) to the middle of the colony than in the distal region of the terrace. The relative numbers of bacteria expressing NAF or MR/P pili in the proximal region were between 39.1 and 63% and between 5.9 and 7.7%, respectively. In the distal region, expression levels were between 20.8 and 27.3% and between 3.7 and 5. 6%, respectively. A time course experiment testing NAF expression in both the proximal and distal regions of a terrace indicated that NAF expression in the proximal regions was always higher than in the distal regions and increased to a plateau 40 to 50 h after the start of the swarming phase for any given terrace. These results indicate that expression of NAF or MR/P pili in swarming colonies of P. mirabilis is highly organized, spatially and temporally. The significance of this controlled differentiation remains to be uncovered.  (+info)

Cross-reactivity between the rheumatoid arthritis-associated motif EQKRAA and structurally related sequences found in Proteus mirabilis. (7/731)

Cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry may be one of the underlying mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Antiserum against the RA susceptibility sequence EQKRAA was shown to bind to a similar peptide ESRRAL present in the hemolysin of the gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis, and an anti-ESRRAL serum reacted with EQKRAA. There was no reactivity with either anti-EQKRAA or anti-ESRRAL to a peptide containing the EDERAA sequence which is present in HLA-DRB1*0402, an allele not associated with RA. Furthermore, the EQKRAA and ESRRAL antisera bound to a mouse fibroblast transfectant cell line (Dap.3) expressing HLA-DRB1*0401 but not to DRB1*0402. However, peptide sequences structurally related to the RA susceptibility motif LEIEKDFTTYGEE (P. mirabilis urease), VEIRAEGNRFTY (collagen type II) and DELSPETSPYVKE (collagen type XI) did not bind significantly to cell lines expressing HLA-DRB1*0401 or HLA-DRB1*0402 compared to the control peptide YASGASGASGAS. It is suggested here that molecular mimicry between HLA alleles associated with RA and P. mirabilis may be relevant in the etiopathogenesis of the disease.  (+info)

Requirement of MrpH for mannose-resistant Proteus-like fimbria-mediated hemagglutination by Proteus mirabilis. (8/731)

Two new genes, mrpH and mrpJ, were identified downstream of mrpG in the mrp gene cluster encoding mannose-resistant Proteus-like (MR/P) fimbriae of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Since the predicted MrpH has 30% amino acid sequence identity to PapG, the Galalpha(1-4)Gal-binding adhesin of Escherichia coli P fimbriae, we hypothesized that mrpH encodes the functional MR/P hemagglutinin. MR/P fimbriae, expressed in E. coli DH5alpha, conferred on bacteria both the ability to cause mannose-resistant hemagglutination and the ability to aggregate to form pellicles on the broth surface. Both a DeltamrpH mutant expressed in E. coli DH5alpha and an isogenic mrpH::aphA mutant of P. mirabilis were unable to produce normal MR/P fimbriae efficiently, suggesting that MrpH was involved in fimbrial assembly. Amino acid residue substitution of the N-terminal cysteine residues (C66S and C128S) of MrpH abolished the receptor-binding activity (hemagglutinating ability) of MrpH but allowed normal fimbrial assembly, supporting the notion that MrpH was the functional MR/P hemagglutinin. Immunogold electron microscopy of P. mirabilis HI4320 revealed that MrpH was located at the tip of MR/P fimbriae, also consistent with its role in receptor binding. The isogenic mrpH::aphA mutant of HI4320 was less able to colonize the urine, bladder, and kidneys in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection (P < 0.01), and therefore MR/P fimbriae contribute significantly to bacterial colonization in mice. While there are similarities between P. mirabilis MR/P and E. coli P fimbriae, there are more notable differences: (i) synthesis of the MrpH adhesin is required to initiate fimbrial assembly, (ii) MR/P fimbriae confer an aggregation phenotype, (iii) site-directed mutation of specific residues can abolish receptor binding but allows fimbrial assembly, and (iv) mutation of the adhesin gene abolishes virulence in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.  (+info)

Proteus mirabilis is a species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and water. In humans, P. mirabilis can be part of the normal gut flora but can also cause opportunistic infections, particularly in the urinary tract. It is known for its ability to produce urease, which can lead to the formation of urinary stones and blockages.

P. mirabilis infections are often associated with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or urinary catheterization. Symptoms of a P. mirabilis infection may include fever, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and pain or burning during urination. Treatment typically involves antibiotics that are effective against Gram-negative bacteria, although resistance to certain antibiotics is not uncommon in P. mirabilis isolates.

Proteus infections are caused by the bacterium Proteus mirabilis or other Proteus species. These bacteria are gram-negative, opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). Proteus infections are often associated with complicated UTIs, catheter-associated UTIs, and healthcare-associated infections. They can be difficult to treat due to their ability to produce enzymes that inactivate certain antibiotics and form biofilms.

Proteus infections can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, fatigue, and discomfort in the affected area. In UTIs, patients may experience symptoms like burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. Wound infections caused by Proteus can lead to delayed healing, increased pain, and pus formation. Bacteremia can cause sepsis, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Treatment for Proteus infections typically involves antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or carbapenems. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity and location of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health status and any underlying medical conditions. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected devices like catheters.

'Proteus' doesn't have a specific medical definition itself, but it is related to a syndrome in medicine. Proteus syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the overgrowth of various tissues and organs in the body. The name "Proteus" comes from the Greek god Proteus, who could change his form at will, reflecting the diverse and ever-changing nature of this condition's symptoms.

People with Proteus syndrome experience asymmetric overgrowth of bones, skin, and other tissues, leading to abnormalities in body shape and function. The disorder can also affect blood vessels, causing benign tumors called hamartomas to develop. Additionally, individuals with Proteus syndrome are at an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.

The genetic mutation responsible for Proteus syndrome is found in the AKT1 gene, which plays a crucial role in cell growth and division. This disorder is typically not inherited but instead arises spontaneously as a new mutation in the affected individual. Early diagnosis and management of Proteus syndrome can help improve patients' quality of life and reduce complications associated with the condition.

Proteus vulgaris is a species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in soil, water, and the human digestive tract. They are named after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape at will, as these bacteria are known for their ability to undergo various morphological changes.

Proteus vulgaris is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and can cause opportunistic infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. They can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, wound infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections).

Proteus vulgaris is also known for its ability to produce urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This can lead to the formation of urinary stones and contribute to the development of chronic urinary tract infections. Additionally, Proteus vulgaris can form biofilms, which can make it difficult to eradicate the bacteria from infected sites.

In a medical context, identifying Proteus vulgaris is important for determining appropriate antibiotic therapy and managing infections caused by this organism.

Proteus Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive overgrowth of skin, bones, muscles, and other tissues. It is caused by a mutation in the AKT1 gene, which regulates cell growth and division. The disorder is named after the Greek sea-god Proteus, who could change his shape at will, as people with this condition often have highly variable and asymmetric features.

The symptoms of Proteus Syndrome can vary widely from person to person, but may include:

1. Overgrowth of skin, which can lead to the formation of thickened, rough, or irregular areas of skin (known as "cerebriform" skin) and deep creases or folds.
2. Asymmetric overgrowth of bones, muscles, and other tissues, leading to differences in size and shape between the two sides of the body.
3. The formation of benign tumors (such as lipomas and lymphangiomas) and abnormal blood vessels.
4. Abnormalities of the brain, eyes, and other organs.
5. Increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.

Proteus Syndrome is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, medical imaging, and genetic testing. There is no cure for the disorder, but treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may involve surgery to remove tumors or correct bone deformities, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and medications to control pain and other symptoms.

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. Many species within this family are capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Some common examples of Enterobacteriaceae include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica.

These bacteria are typically characterized by their ability to ferment various sugars and produce acid and gas as byproducts. They can also be distinguished by their biochemical reactions, such as their ability to produce certain enzymes or resist specific antibiotics. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can range from mild to severe, depending on the species involved and the overall health of the infected individual.

Some infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and foodborne illnesses. Proper hygiene, such as handwashing and safe food handling practices, can help prevent the spread of these bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.

"Proteus penneri" is a gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including water and soil. It is a species within the genus Proteus, which are known for their ability to swarm and form spreading colonies on agar media. "Proteus penneri" is closely related to another species, "Proteus mirabilis," and was previously considered to be part of the same species.

"Proteus penneri" can cause a variety of infections in humans, including urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). It is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging. Proper identification of the organism through laboratory testing is important for guiding appropriate therapy.

It's worth noting that medical definitions can vary depending on the source and context, so it may be helpful to consult a reliable medical or scientific reference for more detailed information.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In medicine, urease is often associated with certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Helicobacter pylori, which can produce large amounts of this enzyme. The presence of urease in these infections can lead to increased ammonia production, contributing to the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

"Providencia" is a term that refers to a type of bacteria that can cause infections in humans. The scientific name for this bacterium is "Providencia stuartii." It is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family and is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals.

Providencia stuartii can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bloodstream infections. It is often resistant to many antibiotics, which can make it difficult to treat. People who are hospitalized, have weakened immune systems, or use catheters are at increased risk for Providencia infections.

It's important to note that while "Providencia" refers to a specific type of bacteria, the term is not typically used in medical diagnoses or treatment. Instead, healthcare providers would specify the type of infection and the name of the bacterium causing it.

"Mirabilis" is not a term commonly used in modern medical terminology. It does, however, refer to a genus of flowering plants known as "four o'clocks," which have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating gastrointestinal issues and skin conditions. The name "Mirabilis" comes from the Latin word "mirabilis," meaning "wonderful" or "strange."

In a historical context, it is possible that "Mirabilis" could be used in medical texts to refer to treatments derived from this plant genus. Still, it would not have a specific medical definition as such. Always consult with a healthcare professional for accurate medical information and treatment options.

"L-forms" is not a standard medical term, but it is used in microbiology to refer to a particular state that some bacteria can take. L-form bacteria are able to survive and replicate without maintaining their cell wall, which is usually necessary for bacterial survival and reproduction. This state can be induced in the laboratory by treating bacteria with antibiotics that target the cell wall synthesis, such as penicillin. However, there is some controversy over whether L-forms play a significant role in human disease or not.

Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, encapsulated, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria that are part of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are commonly found in the normal microbiota of the mouth, skin, and intestines, but can also cause various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common species and can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and wound infections. Other Klebsiella species, such as K. oxytoca, can also cause similar types of infections. These bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics, making them difficult to treat and a significant public health concern.

Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by certain bacteria that can break down and inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. This enzymatic activity makes the bacteria resistant to these antibiotics, limiting their effectiveness in treating infections caused by these organisms.

Beta-lactamases work by hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring, a structural component of these antibiotics that is essential for their antimicrobial activity. By breaking down this ring, the enzyme renders the antibiotic ineffective against the bacterium, allowing it to continue growing and potentially causing harm.

There are different classes of beta-lactamases (e.g., Ambler Class A, B, C, and D), each with distinct characteristics and mechanisms for breaking down various beta-lactam antibiotics. The emergence and spread of bacteria producing these enzymes have contributed to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, making it increasingly challenging to treat infections caused by these organisms.

To overcome this issue, researchers have developed beta-lactamase inhibitors, which are drugs that can bind to and inhibit the activity of these enzymes, thus restoring the effectiveness of certain beta-lactam antibiotics. Examples of such combinations include amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) and piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn).

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are derived from the fungus Acremonium, originally isolated from seawater and cow dung. They have a similar chemical structure to penicillin and share a common four-membered beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure.

Cephalosporins work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, which ultimately leads to bacterial death. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.

There are several generations of cephalosporins, each with different spectra of activity and pharmacokinetic properties. The first generation cephalosporins have a narrow spectrum of activity and are primarily used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Second-generation cephalosporins have an expanded spectrum of activity that includes some Gram-negative organisms, such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Third-generation cephalosporins have even broader spectra of activity and are effective against many resistant Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Fourth-generation cephalosporins have activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics. They are often reserved for the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Cephalosporins are generally well tolerated, but like penicillin, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillin is estimated to occur in 5-10% of patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Other potential adverse effects include gastrointestinal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Urinary catheterization is a medical procedure in which a flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. This may be done to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output, or obtain a urine sample for laboratory testing. It can be performed as a clean, intermittent catheterization, or with an indwelling catheter (also known as Foley catheter) that remains in place for a longer period of time. The procedure should be performed using sterile technique to reduce the risk of urinary tract infection.

Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the human gut and surrounding environment. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can occur when these bacteria enter parts of the body where they are not normally present, such as the bloodstream, urinary tract, or abdominal cavity.

Enterobacteriaceae infections can cause a range of symptoms depending on the site of infection. For example:

* Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Enterobacteriaceae may cause symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and lower abdominal pain.
* Bloodstream infections (bacteremia) caused by Enterobacteriaceae can cause fever, chills, and sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory response to infection.
* Pneumonia caused by Enterobacteriaceae may cause cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Intra-abdominal infections (such as appendicitis or diverticulitis) caused by Enterobacteriaceae can cause abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits.

Enterobacteriaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of these bacteria has made treatment more challenging in recent years. Preventing the spread of Enterobacteriaceae in healthcare settings and promoting good hygiene practices can help reduce the risk of infection.

Serology is a branch of medical laboratory science that involves the identification and measurement of antibodies or antigens in a serum sample. Serum is the liquid component of blood that remains after clotting and removal of cells. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an antigen, which can be a foreign substance such as bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms.

Serological tests are used to diagnose infectious diseases, monitor the progression of an infection, and determine the effectiveness of treatment. These tests can also help identify the presence of immune disorders or allergies. The results of serological tests are typically reported as a titer, which is the highest dilution of the serum that still shows a positive reaction to the antigen. Higher titers indicate a stronger immune response and may suggest a more recent infection or a greater severity of illness.

"Serratia marcescens" is a medically significant species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacillus bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is commonly found in soil, water, and in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. The bacteria are known for their ability to produce a red pigment called prodigiosin, which gives them a distinctive pink color on many types of laboratory media.

"Serratia marcescens" can cause various types of infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). It is also known to be an opportunistic pathogen, which means that it primarily causes infections in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with chronic illnesses or who are undergoing medical treatments that suppress the immune system.

In healthcare settings, "Serratia marcescens" can cause outbreaks of infection, particularly in patients who are hospitalized for extended periods of time. It is resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, which makes it difficult to treat and control the spread of infections caused by this organism.

In addition to its medical significance, "Serratia marcescens" has also been used as a model organism in various areas of microbiological research, including studies on bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance.

Gram-negative bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method, a standard technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.

The primary characteristic distinguishing Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria is the composition and structure of their cell walls:

1. Cell wall: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, making it more susceptible to damage and less rigid compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
2. Outer membrane: They possess an additional outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are endotoxins that can trigger strong immune responses in humans and animals. The outer membrane also contains proteins, known as porins, which form channels for the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
3. Periplasm: Between the inner and outer membranes lies a compartment called the periplasm, where various enzymes and other molecules are located.

Some examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Neisseria meningitidis. These bacteria are often associated with various infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Due to their complex cell wall structure, Gram-negative bacteria can be more resistant to certain antibiotics, making them a significant concern in healthcare settings.

"Klebsiella pneumoniae" is a medical term that refers to a type of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It's a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals.

"Klebsiella pneumoniae" is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a range of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. It's a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and wound infections.

The bacterium is known for its ability to produce a polysaccharide capsule that makes it resistant to phagocytosis by white blood cells, allowing it to evade the host's immune system. Additionally, "Klebsiella pneumoniae" has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat and a growing public health concern.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Urine is a physiological excretory product that is primarily composed of water, urea, and various ions (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and others) that are the byproducts of protein metabolism. It also contains small amounts of other substances like uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and various organic compounds. Urine is produced by the kidneys through a process called urination or micturition, where it is filtered from the blood and then stored in the bladder until it is excreted from the body through the urethra. The color, volume, and composition of urine can provide important diagnostic information about various medical conditions.

Bacterial fimbriae are thin, hair-like protein appendages that extend from the surface of many types of bacteria. They are involved in the attachment of bacteria to surfaces, other cells, or extracellular structures. Fimbriae enable bacteria to adhere to host tissues and form biofilms, which contribute to bacterial pathogenicity and survival in various environments. These protein structures are composed of several thousand subunits of a specific protein called pilin. Some fimbriae can recognize and bind to specific receptors on host cells, initiating the process of infection and colonization.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

"Morganella morganii" is a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is commonly found in the environment, including in soil, water, and associated with various animals. In humans, it can be part of the normal gut flora but can also cause infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or following surgical procedures. It is known to cause a variety of infections, such as urinary tract infections, wound infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia (bloodstream infection). The bacteria can produce a number of virulence factors, including enzymes that help it evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It is resistant to many antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging.

Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that involves the renal pelvis and the kidney parenchyma. It's typically caused by bacterial invasion, often via the ascending route from the lower urinary tract. The most common causative agent is Escherichia coli (E. coli), but other bacteria such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas can also be responsible.

Acute pyelonephritis can lead to symptoms like fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. If left untreated, it can potentially cause permanent kidney damage, sepsis, or other complications. Chronic pyelonephritis, on the other hand, is usually associated with underlying structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, urinalysis, and imaging studies, while treatment often consists of antibiotics tailored to the identified pathogen and the patient's overall health status.

Ampicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls, which are essential for their survival. This causes the bacterial cells to become unstable and eventually die.

The medical definition of Ampicillin is:

"A semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic, derived from the Penicillium mold. It is used to treat a variety of infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. It is commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, and endocarditis."

It's important to note that Ampicillin is not effective against infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or other bacteria that have developed resistance to penicillins. Additionally, overuse of antibiotics like Ampicillin can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance, which is a significant public health concern.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Polymyxins are a group of antibiotics derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa. They consist of polymyxin B and polymyxin E (also known as colistin), which have similar structures and mechanisms of action. Polymyxins bind to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, causing disruption of the membrane and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. These antibiotics are primarily used to treat serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, but their use is limited due to potential nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Enterobacter is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. These bacteria are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and are known to cause a variety of infections in humans, particularly in healthcare settings.

Enterobacter species are capable of causing a range of infections, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, and wound infections. They are often resistant to multiple antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging. Infections with Enterobacter are typically treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria.

It's worth noting that while Enterobacter species can cause infections, they are also a normal part of the microbiota found in the human gut and usually do not cause harm in healthy individuals. However, if the bacterium enters the bloodstream or other sterile sites in the body, it can cause infection and illness.

"O antigens" are a type of antigen found on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The "O" in O antigens stands for "outer" membrane. These antigens are composed of complex carbohydrates and can vary between different strains of the same species of bacteria, which is why they are also referred to as the bacterial "O" somatic antigens.

The O antigens play a crucial role in the virulence and pathogenesis of many Gram-negative bacteria, as they help the bacteria evade the host's immune system by changing the structure of the O antigen, making it difficult for the host to mount an effective immune response against the bacterial infection.

The identification and classification of O antigens are important in epidemiology, clinical microbiology, and vaccine development, as they can be used to differentiate between different strains of bacteria and to develop vaccines that provide protection against specific bacterial infections.

Hemolysins are a type of protein toxin produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and plants that have the ability to damage and destroy red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to their lysis or hemolysis. This results in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding environment. Hemolysins can be classified into two main categories:

1. Exotoxins: These are secreted by bacteria and directly damage host cells. They can be further divided into two types:
* Membrane attack complex/perforin-like proteins (MACPF): These hemolysins create pores in the membrane of red blood cells, disrupting their integrity and causing lysis. Examples include alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes.
* Enzymatic hemolysins: These hemolysins are enzymes that degrade specific components of the red blood cell membrane, ultimately leading to lysis. An example is streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes, which is a thiol-activated, oxygen-labile hemolysin.
2. Endotoxins: These are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause indirect hemolysis by activating the complement system or by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators from host cells.

Hemolysins play a significant role in bacterial pathogenesis, contributing to tissue damage, impaired immune responses, and disease progression.

Bacteriuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine. The condition can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and it can occur in various populations, including hospitalized patients, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying urologic abnormalities.

There are different types of bacteriuria, including:

1. Significant bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of a large number of bacteria in the urine (usually greater than 100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter or CFU/mL) and is often associated with urinary tract infection (UTI).
2. Contaminant bacteriuria: This occurs when bacteria from the skin or external environment enter the urine sample during collection, leading to a small number of bacteria present in the urine.
3. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine without any symptoms of UTI. It is more common in older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with diabetes or other underlying medical conditions.

The diagnosis of bacteriuria typically involves a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the type and quantity of bacteria present in the urine. Treatment depends on the type and severity of bacteriuria and may involve antibiotics to eliminate the infection. However, asymptomatic bacteriuria often does not require treatment unless it occurs in pregnant women or individuals undergoing urologic procedures.

Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that some types of cells use to move themselves around. They are made up of a protein called tubulin and are surrounded by a membrane. In bacteria, flagella rotate like a propeller to push the cell through its environment. In eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus), such as sperm cells or certain types of algae, flagella move in a wave-like motion to achieve locomotion. The ability to produce flagella is called flagellation.

Magnesium compounds refer to substances that contain magnesium (an essential mineral) combined with other elements. These compounds are formed when magnesium atoms chemically bond with atoms of other elements. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and it readily forms stable compounds with various elements due to its electron configuration.

Examples of magnesium compounds include:

1. Magnesium oxide (MgO): Also known as magnesia, it is formed by combining magnesium with oxygen. It has a high melting point and is used in various applications such as refractory materials, chemical production, and agricultural purposes.
2. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2): Often called milk of magnesia, it is a common antacid and laxative. It is formed by combining magnesium with hydroxide ions.
3. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with chlorine gas. It has various uses, including as a de-icing agent, a component in fertilizers, and a mineral supplement.
4. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4): Also known as Epsom salts, it is formed by combining magnesium with sulfur and oxygen. It is used as a bath salt, a laxative, and a fertilizer.
5. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide. It has various uses, including as a fire retardant, a food additive, and a dietary supplement.

These are just a few examples of the many different magnesium compounds that exist. Each compound has its unique properties and applications based on the elements it is combined with.

Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic information that occurs outside of the chromosomes, which are the structures in the cell nucleus that typically contain and transmit genetic material. This type of inheritance is relatively rare and can involve various types of genetic elements, such as plasmids or transposons.

In extrachromosomal inheritance, these genetic elements can replicate independently of the chromosomes and be passed on to offspring through mechanisms other than traditional Mendelian inheritance. This can lead to non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, where traits do not follow the expected dominant or recessive patterns.

One example of extrachromosomal inheritance is the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell rather than on the chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles that produce energy for the cell, and they contain their own small circular genome that is inherited maternally. Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases.

Overall, extrachromosomal inheritance is an important area of study in genetics, as it can help researchers better understand the complex ways in which genetic information is transmitted and expressed in living organisms.

A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.

Genetic conjugation is a type of genetic transfer that occurs between bacterial cells. It involves the process of one bacterium (the donor) transferring a piece of its DNA to another bacterium (the recipient) through direct contact or via a bridge-like connection called a pilus. This transferred DNA may contain genes that provide the recipient cell with new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or virulence factors, which can make the bacteria more harmful or difficult to treat. Genetic conjugation is an important mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance and other traits among bacterial populations.

P. mirabilis causes 90% of all Proteus infections in humans. It is widely distributed in soil and water. Proteus mirabilis can ... "Proteus mirabilis". BioMedHTC. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Bacteria of the species Proteus mirabilis are ... "Proteus mirabilis". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 584. Proteus Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database Type strain of Proteus ... In liquid culture, Proteus mirabilis exists as a vegetative cell that is approximately 2µm long and has four to ten ...
Proteus mirabilis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2021. pp. 97-108. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9601-8_10. ISBN 978-1-4939-9600- ...
Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. Urinary ...
Three Proteus species P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, and P. penneri are opportunistic human pathogens, most commonly resulting in ... "Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection". EcoSal Plus. 8 (1). doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0009-2017. PMC 5880328. PMID ... Proteus vulgaris is commonly found in the intestine in various animals, and is shed into manure and soil. About 10-15% of ... A number of Morganellaceae bacterial species are opportunistic human pathogens, including Proteus, Providencia, and ...
Although the majority of species can produce tendrils when swarming, some species like Proteus mirabilis do form concentric ... Rather, Philip N. (2005). "Swarmer cell differentiation in Proteus mirabilis". Environmental Microbiology. 7 (8): 1065-73. doi: ... Proteus, Vibrio and Escherichia. This multicellular behavior has been mostly observed in controlled laboratory conditions and ...
Proteus includes pathogens responsible for many human urinary tract infections. P. mirabilis causes wound and urinary tract ... The term Proteus signifies changeability of form, as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus, "the old man of the sea", who ... P. mirabilis, once attached to the urinary tract, infects the kidney more commonly than E. coli. P. mirabilis is often found as ... Cheese makers have found Proteus bacterium's species Proteus vulgaris, growing on cheese rinds in purple color, making the ...
A gene of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named zapA by three biologists from ... "Molecular Analysis of a Metalloprotease from Proteus mirabilis". Journal of Bacteriology. 177 (20): 5790-5798. doi:10.1128/jb. ... London: Proteus Books. ISBN 978-0-86276-146-2. James, Billy (2000). Necessity Is ...: The Early Years of Frank Zappa & The ...
"An inducible tellurite-resistance operon in Proteus mirabilis". Microbiology. 149 (Pt 5): 1285-1295. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25981-0 ...
Nosocomial infections P. mirabilis causes 9% of Proteus infections.[citation needed] A surveillance study conducted between ... Enterobacterales (of which Proteus is a member) and Pseudomonas species are the micro-organisms most commonly responsible for ... "Proteus Vulgaris." Thistle, Thistle.co, www.thistle.co.za/pdf_files/education/microbiology/microbiology_legends/Cycle_41/Cycle% ... Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped, nitrate-reducing, indole-positive and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, Gram- ...
Burkholderia cepacia Proteus mirabilis and P. vulgaris Enterobacter spp. Bacteroides spp. Fusobacterium spp. Notable organisms ... mirabilis) and cervical/urethral gonorrhea Gynecologic infections - e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, and pelvic ...
These are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. However, Proteus mirabilis is now considered a part ...
Proteus mirabilis, P. penneri, Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Serratia sp., Yersinia sp., and Rhizobium sp. The Indole test ... Proteus sp. (not P. mirabilis and P. penneri), Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella pneumotropica, ...
Center MS, Behal FJ (1968). "A cyclic phosphodiesterase with 3′-nucleotidase activity from Proteus mirabilis". J. Biol. Chem. ...
Little, Kristin; Gibbs, Karine A. (2019). "Analysis of Proteus mirabilis Social Behaviors on Surfaces". Proteus mirabilis. ... She was mentored by E. Peter Greenberg, and began studying the biofilm forming bacteria, Proteus mirabilis. P. mirabilis forms ... "The Complete Genome Sequence of Proteus mirabilis Strain BB2000 Reveals Differences from the P. mirabilis Reference Strain". ... Analysis of Proteus mirabilis Social Behaviors on Surfaces. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;2021:45-59. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9601-8_6 ...
Stock I (2003). "Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp., with special reference to P. mirabilis and P. penneri ... "Identification of Proteus penneri sp. nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup ... Loomes LM, Senior BW, Kerr MA (1990). "A proteolytic enzyme secreted by Proteus mirabilis degrades immunoglobulins of the ... The Proteus penneri group of bacteria was named in 1982. It reclassified a group of strains formerly known as Proteus vulgaris ...
... competition and territoriality in Swarming Proteus mirabilis" (PDF). J Bacteriol. 191 (12): 3892-900. doi:10.1128/JB.00975-08. ... Dienes phenomenon, when two identical Proteus cultures are inoculated at different points on the same plate of non-inhibitory ... When, however, two different strains of Proteus are inoculated, the spreading films of growth fail to coalesce and remain ...
Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Morganella morganii are the most common organisms isolated; less common organisms ... Specifically, urease-positive bacteria, such as Proteus mirabilis can produce the enzyme urease, which converts urea to ammonia ... Jones BD, Mobley HL (August 1988). "Proteus mirabilis urease: genetic organization, regulation, and expression of structural ...
"Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Causing Serratia Marcescens and Proteus Mirabilis Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection. Case ...
Common microbes involved in HAIs are Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Clostridium difficile. The most effective ... "Complicated Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis". Clinical Microbiology ...
... and oxidation of sulphide in proteus mirabilis". Archives of Microbiology. 105 (2): 135-142. doi:10.1007/BF00447128. ISSN 0302- ...
Chen, Chi-Yu; Chen, Yen-Hsu; Lu, Po-Liang; Lin, Wei-Ru; Chen, Tun-Chieh; Lin, Chun-Yu (10 June 2012). "Proteus mirabilis ... Myrtifolia were found to inhibit the growth of both Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli bacteria.[citation needed] Infection ... by the P. mirabilis bacterium is responsible for between 1-10% of urinary tract infections and has also been linked as a ...
Bactofilins have been implicated in cell shape regulation in other bacteria, including curvature of Proteus mirabilis cells, ... "A novel membrane protein influencing cell shape and multicellular swarming of Proteus mirabilis". Journal of Bacteriology. 181 ...
Furthermore, the bacteria Proteus mirabilis has been associated with higher levels of alpha-synuclein and an increase of motor ... January 2018). "Oral administration of Proteus mirabilis damages dopaminergic neurons and motor functions in mice". Scientific ...
"Whole-cell Proteus mirabilis urease inhibition by aminophosphinates for the control of struvite formation". Journal of Medical ...
... and Proteus mirabilis, whose scent is alternately described as putrid: 168 or like chocolate cake.: 124 Other distinctive ... like Proteus species, exhibit concentric waves of growth extending from the inoculation point.: 423 : 153 Colonial morphology ... 223 Proteus sp.: swarming behaviour on blood agar: 167 Serratia marcescens: red pigmentation: although considered ...
... and was awarded a PhD in 1976 for research on the bacterium Proteus mirabilis. She remained at UCL in the laboratory of Micheal ... Comparative biochemistry and physiology of the short and long forms of Proteus mirabilis (PhD thesis). University College ...
Urinary tract infections - pyelonephritis, cystitis caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella and ...
"Dehalogenation and deamination of l-2-amino-4-chloro-4-pentenoic acid by Proteus mirabilis". Agric. Biol. Chem. 51 (12): 3295- ...
... -positive pathogens include: Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris Ureaplasma urealyticum, a relative of Mycoplasma spp ... In humans the microbial urease, Proteus mirabilis, is the most common in infection induced urinary stones. Studies have shown ... an opportunistic fungus Helicobacter pylori Certain Enteric bacteria including Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Morganella, ...
... and characterization of a membrane bound d-amino acid dehydrogenase from Proteus mirabilis JN458". Biotechnology Letters. 39 ( ... and characterization of a membrane-bound d-amino acid dehydrogenase from Proteus mirabilis JN458". Biotechnology Letters. 39 ( ...
P. mirabilis causes 90% of all Proteus infections in humans. It is widely distributed in soil and water. Proteus mirabilis can ... "Proteus mirabilis". BioMedHTC. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Bacteria of the species Proteus mirabilis are ... "Proteus mirabilis". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 584. Proteus Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database Type strain of Proteus ... In liquid culture, Proteus mirabilis exists as a vegetative cell that is approximately 2µm long and has four to ten ...
Putative N-acetylneuraminate lyaseSULFATE ION
PROTEUS- proteus inconstans,proteus mirabilis,proteus morgani,proteus rettgeri,proteus vulgaris pellet. Number of versions: 3. ... PROTEUS- proteus inconstans,proteus mirabilis,proteus morgani,proteus rettgeri,proteus vulgaris pellet. If this SPL contains ... PROTEUS proteus inconstans,proteus mirabilis,proteus morgani,proteus rettgeri,proteus vulgaris pellet. ... Label: PROTEUS- proteus inconstans,proteus mirabilis,proteus morgani,proteus rettgeri,proteus vulgaris pellet. ...
In recent years, the number of multidrug-resistant ,i,P. mirabilis,/i, isolates, including the ones producing extended-spect,/ ... span,,i,Proteus mirabilis,/i, is a component of the normal intestinal microflora of humans and animals, but can cause urinary ... Multidrug-Resistant Proteus mirabilis Strain with Cointegrate Plasmid Andrey Shelenkov 1 , Lyudmila Petrova 2 , Valeria Fomina ... Multidrug-Resistant Proteus mirabilis Strain with Cointegrate Plasmid Andrey Shelenkov et al. Microorganisms. 2020. . ...
Your search for PROTEUS INCONSTANS OR PROTEUS MIRABILIS OR PROTEUS MORGANII OR PROTEUS RETTGERI OR PROTEUS VULGARIS did not ... Did you mean proteins INCONSTANS OR proteins MIRABILIS OR proteins organic OR proteins "rett geri" OR proteins VULGARIS? ...
... of Proteus mirabilis Z050 DNA may serve as an amplification or detection control for nucleic acid testing of Proteus mirabilis ... This DNA sample contains 10 μg of Proteus mirabilis culture DNA. Place an order with ZeptoMetrix. ...
The cases, bibliography and associated comments included in this website and database have been provided by experts worldwide and reviewed by voluntary editorial working groups. The data and information is not guaranteed to be complete or to be fully up to date at any particular moment and it reflects the knowledge and views of the experts participating, not those of the World Health Organisation or the Italian National Transplant Centre.. ...
The most predominant enzymes of Proteus mirabilis such as TEM, CTX-M ,VEB- and PER are less common. Proteus mirabilis express ... Proteus mirabilis as a pathogenic organism. Alamuri P, Mobley HLT. 2008. A novel autotransporter of uropathogenic Proteus ... Cytotoxicity of the HpmA hemolysin and urease of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris against cultured human renal proximal ... Proteus mirabilis as a pathogenic organism; IJB, V14, N3, March, P428-435. https://innspub.net/proteus-mirabilis-as-a- ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Proteus mirabilis. ... Now, Proteus mirabilis has a thin peptidoglycan layer, so it ... Proteus mirabilis Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... Ok, now Proteus mirabilis has a number of virulence factors, that are like assault weaponry that help it attack and destroy the ... First, Proteus mirabilis has flagella, which are lash-like appendages that comes out from the cell body, and confer the ...
Role of swarming in the formation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilms on urinary catheters. Journal of Medical ... Role of swarming in the formation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilms on urinary catheters ... The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the surface-associated swarming motility of P. mirabilis in the initiation ... The results showed that neither swarming nor swimming motility was required for the attachment of P. mirabilis to silicone. ...
Proteus mirabilis. 6. 2. 2. 0. 1. 11. Providencia§. 1. 8. 1. 0. 0. 10. ...
The agents chosen should cover E coli and Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species. Treatment for more serious infections ...
Proteus mirabilis. Proteus vulgaris. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Serratia liquefaciens. Serratia ...
Proteus mirabilis. Total no. reports. 868. 898. 911. 925. 984. 942. 1244. 1,131. 1,241. 1,145. ...
Proteus mirabilis swarmer cells. Our research. Research within the Infection and Immunity theme aims to address key questions ...
... and Proteus mirabilis. ...
Proteus. Proteus mirabilis. Proteus vulgaris. (or other species). Serratia. Serratia marcescens. or other species) ... Our process maps the wide variety of nonstandardized content in the incoming messages (e.g., among bacteria: "Prt mirabilis," " ...
Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris. It is recommended that initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections be ...
Proteus mirabilis. Proteus vulgaris. Serratia marcescens. Providencia stuartii. Providencia rettgeri. Salmonella enterica ...
Proteus mirabilis. 1-2. 1-10. Klebsiella spp. 1-2. 2-17 ...
A hospital outbreak caused by a chlorhexidine and antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis ... A hospital outbreak caused by a chlorhexidine and antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis ...
The authors report the first case of death due to Proteus mirabilis infection, with postmortem evidence of WFS. Patient ... The authors report the first case of death due to Proteus mirabilis infection, with postmortem evidence of WFS. Patient ... A unique fatal case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Proteus mirabilis in an immunocompetent subject Case report ... Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case of MOF with WFS due to P mirabilis infection. This case report suggests ...
Proteus mirabilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus species, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, or Prevotella bivia. INVANZ ...
Proteus mirabilis Many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli. AMPICILLIN does not resist destruction by penicillinase. ... Urinary Tract Infections caused by sensitive strains of E. coli and Proteus mirabilis. Gastrointestinal Infections caused by ... Gram-negative sepsis caused by E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella spp. responds to ampicillin. Endocarditis due to ...
Proteus mirabilis interkingdom swarming signals attract blow flies - (Peer Reviewed Journal) Ma, Q., Fonseca, A., Liu, W., ... Genome sequence of a Proteus mirabilis strain isolated from the salivary glands of larval Lucilia sericata - (Peer Reviewed ... Proteus mirabilis interkingdom swarming signals attract blow flies. The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial ... Genome sequence of a Proteus mirabilis strain isolated from the salivary glands of larval Lucilia sericata. American Society ...
Urinary tract infection with a bacteria called Proteus mirabilis. A high-protein diet can also raise the blood ammonia level. ...
Proteus mirabilis abscess involving the entire neural axis. J Clin Neurosci. 2016 Aug. 30:127-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Other unusual organisms, including Actinomyces, Listeria, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Histoplasma capsulatum, and the tapeworm ...
  • On September 22, the Florida Department of Health received notification of Escherichia coli , Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus mirabilis joint infections in four patients who had received injections of these same products at an orthopedic clinic during February 15-August 30, 2018, also for other than hematopoietic or immunologic reconstitution. (cdc.gov)
  • Urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris and Providencia species (including P. rettgeri). (rxlist.com)
  • FETROJA® is indicated in patients 18 years of age or older who have limited or no alternative treatment options for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), including pyelonephritis caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae complex. (globalrph.com)
  • Many labs have adopted CLSI recommendations and only attempted to detect ESBLs in Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , K. oxytoca , and Proteus mirabilis ( 8 ). (asm.org)
  • The most common pathogens are Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ampicillin is a second-generation penicillin that is active against many strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, and Haemophilus influenzae. (medscape.com)
  • P. mirabilis is generally susceptible to most antibiotics apart from tetracycline and nitrofurantoin, but 10-20% of P. mirabilis strains are also resistant to first-generation cephalosporins and ampicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The serotype of 320 strains of Proteus mirabilis from clinical material was determined. (bmj.com)
  • One of these effective strains, which has been identified as a stain of Proteus mirabilis using 16S rDNA, decolourised methyl red (a standard azo dye) effectively at optimal pH and temperature of 7 and 37OC respectively. (edu.ng)
  • Among the enterobacteria, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella dysenteriae, and two Salmonella strains were lysed by the phages. (cdc.gov)
  • The swarming capability of Proteus mirabilis is important because it is implicated in the pathogenesis of the bacteria and the swarming capability is associated with the bacteria's ability to express virulence factors Proteus mirabilis has a very characteristic bulls-eye appearance on an agar plate due to the regular periodic cycling between the vegetative and swarming state of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ok, now Proteus mirabilis has a number of virulence factors, that are like assault weaponry that help it attack and destroy the host cells, and evade the immune system . (osmosis.org)
  • In summary, our study demonstrates that coinfection of enterocytes with C. albicans and P. mirabilis can result in increased host cell damage which is mediated by bacterial virulence factors as a result of fungal niche modification via nutrient consumption and production of soluble factors. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Proteus mirabilis are Gram negative rods, show a wide range of pathogenesis based on arsenal of diverse virulence factors. (academicjournals.org)
  • Proteus mirabilis forms extensive crystalline biofilms on urethral catheters that occlude urine flow and frequently complicate the management of long-term-catheterized patients. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • Here, using random transposon mutagenesis in conjunction with in vitro models of the catheterized urinary tract, we elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the formation of crystalline biofilms by P. mirabilis. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • Overall, our findings provide fundamental new insight into crystalline biofilm formation by P. mirabilis, including the link between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in this organism, and indicate a potential role for efflux pump inhibitors in the treatment or prevention of P. mirabilis crystalline biofilms. (brighton.ac.uk)
  • The crystalline biofilms of Proteus mirabilis can seriously complicate the care of patients undergoing long-term indwelling urinary catheterisation. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Urease is a metalloenzyme known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and virulence of catheter-associated Proteus mirabilis infection. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Proteus mirabilis produces hydrogen sulfide, that reacts with the iron, and a black precipitate forms in the test tube . (osmosis.org)
  • It has been proposed that Proteus mirabilis senses a solid surface by the inhibition of its flagellum rotation, and it is this lack of freely rotating flagella that let the bacteria know it is on a solid surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • This pattern can be used to distinguish Proteus mirabilis from other species of swarming bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacillus which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae. (osmosis.org)
  • First, Proteus mirabilis has flagella, which are lash-like appendages that comes out from the cell body , and confer the bacteria its motility. (osmosis.org)
  • This case report suggests that P mirabilis should be added to the list of unusual bacteria causing WFS. (unime.it)
  • Now, when Proteus mirabilis comes in contact with solid surfaces, especially urinary catheters , it has the ability to differentiate from short swimmer cells into elongated swarm cells that express hundreds to thousands of flagella, and interact with each other to form multicellular rafts. (osmosis.org)
  • Proteus mirabilis can migrate across the surface of solid media or devices using a type of cooperative group motility called swarming. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, blood agar is always really cool for p. mirabilis, because the organism has a tendency to swarm across the agar (because of it's high motility), so that's cool to see. (microbiologyinfo.com)
  • P. mirabilis causes 90% of all Proteus infections in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteus mirabilis is most frequently associated with infections of the urinary tract, especially in complicated or catheter-associated urinary tract infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteus species can also cause wound infections, sepsis, and pneumonia, mostly in hospitalized patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • This synergistic effect was conserved across different P. mirabilis isolates and occurred also with non-albicans Candida species and C. albicans mutants defective in filamentation or candidalysin production. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Proteus mirabilis was isolated from the faeces of 84·5% of 84 patients with urinary infection and from none of 20 normal controls. (bmj.com)
  • proteus mirabilis skin infection. (viralodity.com)
  • The authors report the first case of death due to Proteus mirabilis infection, with postmortem evidence of WFS. (unime.it)
  • Microbiological blood analysis resulted positive for a P mirabilis infection. (unime.it)
  • Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case of MOF with WFS due to P mirabilis infection. (unime.it)
  • Using bacterial deletion mutants, we identified the P. mirabilis hemolysin HpmA to be the key effector for host cell destruction. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • Since chloramphenicol-sensitive Proteus mirabilis was cultured from the nails, this organism may have been responsible for the black pigment. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Also P. mirabilis produces a very distinct fishy odor. (wikipedia.org)
  • P. mirabilis is not pathogenic in guinea pigs or chickens[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, diclofenac significantly inhibited or decreased the P. mirabilis virulence which indicates its additional beneficial use in diabetic foot patients. (academicjournals.org)
  • RÉSUMÉ Cette étude prospective a été menée dans six hôpitaux d'Edmonton (Canada) a n de déterminer les facteurs associés à l'obtention d'expectorations à des ns de mise en culture et les effets de celle-ci sur la prise en charge des patients atteints de pneumonie communautaire (PC). (who.int)
  • Systematic Identification of Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylated Proteins in Proteus mirabilis . (bvsalud.org)
  • P mirabilis should be considered when a patient is seen with dark-brown or black nails. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The repetition of this cycle is what gives Proteus mirabilis its distinctive bulls-eye pattern when growing on solid media. (wikipedia.org)
  • When Proteus mirabilis encounters a solid surface, and other necessary conditions have been met, the cell will undergo the differentiation process into a swarmer cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated fungal-bacterial interactions by coinfecting enterocytes with the yeast Candida albicans and the Gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis resulting in enhanced host cell damage. (leibniz-hki.de)
  • This study presents a detailed analysis of clinical multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing P. mirabilis isolate using short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing, which allowed us to reveal possible horizontal gene transfer between Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. mirabilis plasmids and to locate the CRISPR-Cas system in the genome together with its probable phage targets, as well as multiple virulence genes. (nih.gov)
  • The Gram-negative bacilli were identified as Escherichia coli (49.4%), Proteus mirabilis (14.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.9%), Citrobacter freundii (5.9%) and the rest belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae. (scialert.net)
  • Burkholderia cepacia, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Sphingomonas paucimobilis ) have been recovered from used cartridges or machines. (cdc.gov)
  • 1999). Other urease-producing microbes include Proteus spp (which is reported to be the main cause of struvite stones in humans), Pseudomonas spp and Klebsiella spp. (vin.com)
  • Other common gram negative organisms include Kleibsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter and occasionally Pseudomonas. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, Enterobacter and Proteus species, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida organisms may also be present in healthcare-associated IAIs. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteus rettgeri (2) and Proteus mirabilis (1). (bvsalud.org)
  • Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus spp. (jpabs.org)
  • In recent years, the number of multidrug-resistant P. mirabilis isolates, including the ones producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), is increasing worldwide. (nih.gov)
  • 2006. CMY-16, a novel acquired AmpC-type b-lactamase of the CMY/LAT lineage in multifocal monophyletic isolates of Proteus mirabilis from Northern Italy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50, 618-624. (innspub.net)
  • Proteus mirabilis caused wounds infection, urinary tract infection, rheumatoid arthritis and meningitis in infants. (innspub.net)
  • 2000. Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection. (innspub.net)
  • The care of many patients undergoing long-term bladder catheterization is frequently complicated by infection with Proteus mirabilis. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • The authors report the first case of death due to Proteus mirabilis infection, with postmortem evidence of WFS. (unime.it)
  • Microbiological blood analysis resulted positive for a P mirabilis infection. (unime.it)
  • Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case of MOF with WFS due to P mirabilis infection. (unime.it)
  • P. mirabilis is not pathogenic in guinea pigs or chickens[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now, when Proteus mirabilis comes in contact with solid surfaces, especially urinary catheters , it has the ability to differentiate from short swimmer cells into elongated swarm cells that express hundreds to thousands of flagella, and interact with each other to form multicellular rafts. (osmosis.org)
  • Proteus is the member of family Enterobacteriaceae . (innspub.net)
  • . Proteus mirabilis are sensitive to most of β-lactams contaning antibiotics but also show resistance against broad spectrum β-lactamases, and AmpC enzymes when they acquired β-lactamases genes. (innspub.net)
  • Proteus mirabilis is a common pathogen in males and in children with kidney stones [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • An alkaline urine sample is a possible sign of P. mirabilis. (wikipedia.org)
  • This information about Proteus virulence will help to a better understanding of infectious processes and will allow to develop new effective procedure for prevention and clinical treatment. (innspub.net)
  • The most predominant enzymes of Proteus mirabilis such as TEM, CTX-M ,VEB- and PER are less common. (innspub.net)
  • When Proteus mirabilis encounters a solid surface, and other necessary conditions have been met, the cell will undergo the differentiation process into a swarmer cell. (wikipedia.org)