Saliva
Saliva, Artificial
Salivary Proteins and Peptides
Salivation
Parotid Gland
Salivary Glands
Submandibular Gland
Mouth
Immunoglobulin A, Secretory
Streptococcus mutans
Dental Plaque
Dental Pellicle
Dental Caries
Histatins
Actinomyces
Mouth Mucosa
Mucin-5B
Proline-Rich Protein Domains
Secretory Rate
Kallidin
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calcium
Encyclopedias as Topic
New Orleans
Asthma
Medical History Taking
Albuterol
Bronchodilator Agents
Forced Expiratory Volume
Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.
The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:
"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."
Artificial saliva is a synthetic solution that mimics the chemical composition and properties of natural saliva. It is often used for patients with dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, radiation therapy, or certain medications that reduce saliva production. Artificial saliva may contain ingredients like carboxymethylcellulose, mucin, and electrolytes to provide lubrication, moisture, and pH buffering capacity similar to natural saliva. It can help alleviate symptoms associated with dry mouth, such as difficulty speaking, swallowing, and chewing, as well as protect oral tissues from irritation and infection.
Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.
Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:
1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.
Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.
Salivation is the process of producing and secreting saliva by the salivary glands in the mouth. It is primarily a reflex response to various stimuli such as thinking about or tasting food, chewing, and speaking. Saliva plays a crucial role in digestion by moistening food and helping to create a food bolus that can be swallowed easily. Additionally, saliva contains enzymes like amylase which begin the process of digesting carbohydrates even before food enters the stomach. Excessive salivation is known as hypersalivation or ptyalism, while reduced salivation is called xerostomia.
The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.
Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.
Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.
Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.
The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.
In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.
The sublingual glands are a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and produce around 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. The sublingual glands secrete saliva containing electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), and antibacterial compounds that help in digestion, lubrication, and protection against microorganisms.
The sublingual glands' secretions are released through multiple small ducts called the ducts of Rivinus or minor sublingual ducts, as well as a larger duct called the duct of Wharton, which is a common excretory duct for both sublingual and submandibular glands.
Sublingual gland dysfunction can lead to conditions such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries, or oral infections.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Secretory is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes. These membranes line various body openings, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and serve to protect the body from potential pathogens by producing mucus.
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the primary immunoglobulin found in secretions of the mucous membranes, and it is produced by a special type of immune cell called plasma cells located in the lamina propria, a layer of tissue beneath the epithelial cells that line the mucosal surfaces.
SIgA exists as a dimer, consisting of two IgA molecules linked together by a protein called the J chain. This complex is then transported across the epithelial cell layer to the luminal surface, where it becomes associated with another protein called the secretory component (SC). The SC protects the SIgA from degradation by enzymes and helps it maintain its function in the harsh environment of the mucosal surfaces.
SIgA functions by preventing the attachment and entry of pathogens into the body, thereby neutralizing their infectivity. It can also agglutinate (clump together) microorganisms, making them more susceptible to removal by mucociliary clearance or peristalsis. Furthermore, SIgA can modulate immune responses and contribute to the development of oral tolerance, which is important for maintaining immune homeostasis in the gut.
Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.
Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic species of bacteria that's part of the normal microbiota of the oral cavity in humans. It's one of the primary etiological agents associated with dental caries, or tooth decay, due to its ability to produce large amounts of acid as a byproduct of sugar metabolism, which can lead to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. The bacterium can also adhere to tooth surfaces and form biofilms, further contributing to the development of dental caries.
Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.
The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.
The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.
The dental pellicle is a thin, acid-resistant salivary film that naturally forms on the surface of teeth. It begins to form within minutes after cleaning and is fully formed in about 2 hours. The pellicle is composed mainly of glycoproteins and helps protect the tooth enamel by acting as a barrier against acids and enzymes found in saliva and food, reducing the risk of dental erosion and caries. It also serves as a conditioning film that facilitates bacterial adhesion, which can lead to plaque formation if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices like brushing and flossing.
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.
The process of dental caries development involves several stages:
1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.
Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.
Histatins are a group of histidine-rich proteins that are produced by the salivary glands in humans and other mammals. They have various functions, including antibacterial, antifungal, and wound healing properties. Histatins are composed of 21-24 amino acids and are named based on their molecular weight. The most well-studied histatins are Histatin 1, Histatin 3, and Histatin 5. They play a crucial role in maintaining oral health by helping to prevent dental caries and oral candidiasis.
Actinomyces is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the human mouth, colon, and urogenital tract. Under certain conditions, such as poor oral hygiene or tissue trauma, these bacteria can cause infections known as actinomycosis. These infections often involve the formation of abscesses or granulomas and can affect various tissues, including the lungs, mouth, and female reproductive organs. Actinomyces species are also known to form complex communities called biofilms, which can contribute to their ability to cause infection.
The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.
Mucin-5B, also known as MUC5B, is a type of mucin protein that is heavily glycosylated and found in the respiratory tract. It is one of the major components of airway mucus, which helps to trap and remove inhaled particles and microorganisms from the lungs.
Mucin-5B is a large molecular weight gel-forming mucin that is produced by goblet cells and submucosal glands in the respiratory epithelium. It has a complex structure, consisting of a protein backbone with numerous oligosaccharide side chains that give it its gel-like properties.
Mutations in the MUC5B gene have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In particular, a common genetic variant in the MUC5B promoter region has been identified as a significant risk factor for developing IPF.
Proline-rich protein domains are segments within proteins that contain an unusually high concentration of the amino acid proline. These domains are often involved in mediating protein-protein interactions and can play a role in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene regulation, and protein folding. They are also commonly found in extracellular matrix proteins and may be involved in cell adhesion and migration. The unique chemical properties of proline, including its ability to form rigid structures and disrupt alpha-helices, contribute to the functional specificity of these domains.
Secretory rate refers to the amount or volume of a secretion produced by a gland or an organ over a given period of time. It is a measure of the productivity or activity level of the secreting structure. The secretory rate can be quantified for various bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, or milk, depending on the context and the specific gland or organ being studied.
In clinical settings, measuring the secretory rate might involve collecting and analyzing samples over a certain duration to estimate the production rate of the substance in question. This information can be helpful in diagnosing conditions related to impaired secretion, monitoring treatment responses, or understanding the physiological adaptations of the body under different circumstances.
Kallidin is a naturally occurring peptide in the body, consisting of 10 amino acids. It is a vasodilator and has been found to have a role in regulating blood pressure and inflammatory responses. Kallidin is derived from the decapeptide kininogen by the action of enzymes called kallikreins, hence its name. Once formed, kallidin can be further broken down into several other active compounds, including bradykinin, which also has various physiological effects on the body.
The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is the part of the autonomic nervous system that primarily controls vegetative functions during rest, relaxation, and digestion. It is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" activities including decreasing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, increasing digestive activity, and stimulating sexual arousal. The PNS utilizes acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter and acts in opposition to the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:
Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.
Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Orleans" is not a medical term. It is a place name, referring to the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States, and known for its distinctive French Creole and Spanish architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage.
If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.
When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.
There are several types of airway obstruction, including:
1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.
Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.
The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.
Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.
There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Medical history taking is the process of obtaining and documenting a patient's health information through a series of questions and observations. It is a critical component of the medical assessment and helps healthcare providers understand the patient's current health status, past medical conditions, medications, allergies, lifestyle habits, and family medical history.
The information gathered during medical history taking is used to make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and management plans for the patient's care. The process typically includes asking open-ended questions, actively listening to the patient's responses, clarifying any uncertainties, and documenting the findings in a clear and concise manner.
Medical history taking can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, or virtual consultations, and may be performed by physicians, nurses, or other healthcare professionals. It is essential to ensure that medical history taking is conducted in a private and confidential setting to protect the patient's privacy and maintain trust in the provider-patient relationship.
Albuterol is a medication that is used to treat bronchospasm, or narrowing of the airways in the lungs, in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a short-acting beta-2 agonist, which means it works by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe. Albuterol is available in several forms, including an inhaler, nebulizer solution, and syrup, and it is typically used as needed to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm. It may also be used before exercise to prevent bronchospasm caused by physical activity.
The medical definition of Albuterol is: "A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe."
Bronchodilators are medications that relax and widen the airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, making it easier to breathe. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle around the airways, which allows them to dilate or open up. This results in improved airflow and reduced symptoms of bronchoconstriction, such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
Bronchodilators can be classified into two main types: short-acting and long-acting. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for quick relief of symptoms and last for 4 to 6 hours, while long-acting bronchodilators are used for maintenance therapy and provide symptom relief for 12 hours or more.
Examples of bronchodilator agents include:
* Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol, levalbuterol, and pirbuterol
* Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) such as salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol
* Anticholinergics such as ipratropium, tiotropium, and aclidinium
* Combination bronchodilators that contain both a LABA and an anticholinergic, such as umeclidinium/vilanterol and glycopyrrolate/formoterol.
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.
FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.
There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.
Saliva
Saliva testing
Mosquito bite allergy
Protease inhibitor (biology)
Carbonic anhydrase VI
Perspiration
Effects of climate change on livestock
Horse
Philodryas patagoniensis
Biotic stress
PRB3
Histatin
Lacritin
Tetrasodium tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)ruthenium(II)
Lumbrokinase
Leech
BPIFA4P
Hypoallergenic dog breed
Oral mucosa
Proline-rich protein haeiii subfamily 2
Wells curve
CST4
Hirudo medicinalis
Tick
Sphynx cat
Anwesha Sarkar
PRH1
FDC-SP
Proline rich protein
C5orf46
Protein derived from tick saliva proves effec | EurekAlert!
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Allergic and Environmental Asthma: Overview, Patient History, Differential Diagnosis
Table - Bartonella DNA in Dog Saliva - Volume 13, Number 12-December 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Saliva - Wikipedia
Allergic and Environmental Asthma: Overview, Patient History, Differential Diagnosis
Human Saliva Heals?
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New wiki on salivary proteins may transform diagnostic testing and personalized medicine - University at Buffalo
Glen Scoles : USDA ARS
Saliva: Secret Ingredient in the Best Kisses | Live Science
Animal allergy: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and more
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Enzymes: Function, definition, and examples
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Top 10 Amazingly Strange Facts About Allergies - Listverse
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Recent evolution of the salivary mucin MUC7 | Scientific Reports
KEGG T01003: 64371
Whole saliva6
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of the total acid phosphatase (TAP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes, as well as the possible correlation in the serum and in unstimulated whole saliva of children. (bvsalud.org)
- The aim of the study was to evaluate the difference in sodium, potassium, total protein in whole saliva in diabetic smokers, diabetic nonsmokers and healthy controls. (jnsbm.org)
- Mean resting saliva output (whole saliva) is 0.4 mL/minute and is highest in the morning.2 Stimulated saliva output, which is driven by masticatory or gustatory signals, is between 1 to 2 mL/minute. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Study measurement the flow rate concenntration whole saliva of individuals with Down syndrome. (usp.br)
- The aim of this study was to measure the flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, sialic acid, total protein concentrations, amylase and peroxidase activities and sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and magnesium concentration whole saliva of individuals with Down syndrome aged 1 - 25 years. (usp.br)
- In individuals aged 1-5 years the whole saliva was collected under slight suction, while in the others individuals aged 6-10, 11-15, 15-20, 21-25 the whole saliva was collected with stimulation by chewing a piece of parafilm, for 10 minutes. (usp.br)
Urine5
- However, it may collect dander, saliva, and urine and carry other allergens, such as pollen or dust. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The protein exists in the cat's urine, skin, and saliva. (listverse.com)
- Rather, a protein found in the pet's saliva, dander (skin) and urine can cause allergies in some individuals. (healthywomen.org)
- This dander often ends up combined with other allergens, like the proteins found in the dog's urine, feces, and saliva. (akc.org)
- Cat allergens are tiny proteins found in cat skin, saliva, and urine. (medlineplus.gov)
Dander4
- Many people believe that cat or dog hair causes allergies, but a protein that is present in cat or dog dander is the actual cause of allergic reactions. (vetinfo.com)
- The therapy will consist of subcutaneous injections that contain the allergen - in this case, the protein in the dander and saliva that causes the negative reactions. (vetinfo.com)
- In most breeds, shed fur can carry proteins and dander all over your house. (akc.org)
- Dander and protein can also be directly transferred to you when you pet your dog or if your dog licks you. (akc.org)
Salivary protein7
- Recent studies indicate that total salivary protein and a-amylase is used as a biomarker for preventive measures and helps diagnose oral cavity disease (Caries Risk Assessment). (unair.ac.id)
- The authors would like to analyze the relationship between total salivary protein, a-amylase and oral cavity conditions of CP children. (unair.ac.id)
- In Phase I, a proof-of-principle has been established for a novel strategy of prophylaxis, targeting one salivary protein secreted in A. aegypti saliva, AgBR1, in which passively and actively immunized immunocompromised murine models were partially protected against Zika virus transmitted via mosquito bites. (sbir.gov)
- We will develop a vaccine candidate based on the A. aegypti salivary protein AgBR1 to control Zika virus infection and other related flaviviruses in the mouse model and in other rodent models such as guinea pigs and hamsters, which better resemble the human disease. (sbir.gov)
- During the transmission of the disease the Lyme bacterium known as Borrelia burgdorferi moves through the tick and is coated with a salivary protein known as Salp15. (stanford.edu)
- The evolutionary history of a salivary protein may point to interbreeding between humans and an enigmatic ancient relative. (disabled-world.com)
- The finding comes from a University at Buffalo-led research project that examined the evolutionary history of MUC7, a gene that codes for an important salivary protein of the same name. (disabled-world.com)
Bathed in human saliva1
- In the other dish, cells were bathed in human saliva. (medindia.net)
Present in the saliva2
- This protein is also present in the saliva of a cat or dog. (vetinfo.com)
- The most dramatic changes were present in the saliva samples of the participants who were experiencing the greatest amounts of stress and depression. (naturalnews.com)
Allergens2
- Asthma sufferers may have allergies to certain proteins, known as allergens, which are usually airborne and can trigger an attack. (healthywomen.org)
- Allergens in cats' saliva can trigger symptoms in people who are allergic. (medlineplus.gov)
Histatin4
- Specifically, scientists found that histatin, a small protein in saliva previously only believed to kill bacteria was responsible for the healing. (medindia.net)
- Using various techniques the researchers split the saliva into its individual components, tested each in their wound model, and finally determined that histatin was responsible. (medindia.net)
- Adsorption of the intrinsically disordered saliva protein histatin 5 to silica surfaces. (lu.se)
- Firstly, the saliva protein Histatin 5 (Hst5) is studied with SAXS, where a selection of coarse-grained models were evaluated using the SAXS data. (lu.se)
Composition of saliva2
- Diabetes mellitus is known to alter the composition of saliva. (jnsbm.org)
- Therefore, normal ranges for the composition of saliva need to be established to define the status of health, says Ruhl, who in 2020, co-authored research on how saliva is made, pinpointing the origins of proteins in human saliva back to its sources. (buffalo.edu)
Intrinsically disordered2
- Intrinsically disordered proteins are distinguished by a lack of distinct three-dimensional structure, existing instead as an ensemble of heterogenous structures. (lu.se)
- Atomistic modelling followed, which however did not perform better than the coarse-grained models, showing the importance of further developing these models to represent intrinsically disordered proteins. (lu.se)
Activity in saliva1
- ChE activity in plasma demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease, and ChE activity in saliva was extremely variable and demonstrated no dose relationship. (cdc.gov)
Food bolus3
- The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food and helping to create a food bolus. (wikipedia.org)
- The lubricative function of saliva allows the food bolus to be passed easily from the mouth into the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
- The major salivary glands and their ducts are strategically situated on either side of the dental occlusal planes to irrigate and saturate a food bolus with saliva during chewing. (medscape.com)
Parotid2
- Adults with no caries neutralize these acids better than adults with severe caries, and their parotid saliva possesses longer, less fragmented basic proline rich proteins, BPRPs (Ayad et al. (umich.edu)
- A diagram that shows the interconnectedness of the thousands of salivary proteins originating from blood plasma, parotid glands, and submandibular and sublingual glands. (buffalo.edu)
Bacteria5
- Since saliva aids in mechanically removing food debris and bacteria from the oral cavity and teeth, a diminished saliva flow will adversely affect the oral tissues. (dentistrytoday.com)
- It's also said to stimulate the production of saliva, which can help wash away cavity-causing bacteria. (healthline.com)
- The scientists came upon their findings while researching the purpose and origins of the MUC7 protein, which helps give spit its slimy consistency and binds to microbes, potentially helping to rid the body of disease-causing bacteria. (disabled-world.com)
- The normal flow of saliva though the duct prevents oral bacteria from ascending the duct to cause infection. (medscape.com)
- When nymphal ticks feed, the bacteria pass through the hemocoel to the salivary glands and are transmitted to a new host in the saliva after 2 days. (cdc.gov)
Total protein6
- Supernatant after centrifugation was used to determine the levels of sodium, potassium, and total protein by using semiautomatic analyzer. (jnsbm.org)
- There exists a statistical difference in the levels of potassium and total protein between diabetic smokers, nondiabetic smokers, and controls. (jnsbm.org)
- The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the levels of salivary potassium, sodium, and total protein in smoker diabetic patients and nondiabetic smokers and controls, and to explore potential of salivary electrolytes [Na+, K+] and total proteins as markers. (jnsbm.org)
- Based on immunological and mass spectrometric analysis, SALSA was estimated to constitute up to 4-10% of the total protein amount in meconium, making it one of the most abundant proteins. (researchgate.net)
- The sodium and total protein concentration and buffer capacity showed higher in the Down syndrome than in the control group. (usp.br)
- The researchers found that "humans produce a waterier saliva, containing less than half the total protein" than that of great apes. (creation.com)
Allergic2
- Allergic rhinitis happens when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless allergen, such as a specific animal protein, as a threat. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When somebody says they are allergic to cats, they are actually allergic to this protein. (listverse.com)
Caries2
- Saliva plays an important role of demineralizationremineralization, if there are any disorder will be potential for infectious disease (caries). (unair.ac.id)
- The association between caries experience/activity and the electrophoretic profiles of salivary proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme was evaluated. (pucrs.br)
Cerebrospinal fluid2
- Metronidazole appears in cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and human milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma. (nih.gov)
- Notable laboratory findings included a peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count of 11,000/uL (normal: 4000-10,000/uL), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein of 67 mg/dL (normal: less than 45 mg/dL), and CSF WBC count of 17/uL (normal: less than 5/uL). (cdc.gov)
Airborne3
- Proteins from animals may become airborne on microscopic particles. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Animal saliva may stick to furniture, clothing, and carpets and become airborne once dry. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- And all those allergy-triggering proteins can become airborne, particularly when your dog licks themself when grooming. (akc.org)
Extracellular2
- Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
- Six extracellular protein genes up-regulated in stomatitis were confirmed within the saliva using proteomic methods. (scienceblog.com)
Surface proteins1
- When combined with outer surface proteins of B. burgdorferi , the protection was even greater. (stanford.edu)
Digestive2
- The various digestive juices, saliva in the mouth, gastric juice in the stomach, bile, pancreatic juice and the Succusentericus or the intestinal juice in the intestines act upon the particles of food during their passage in the alimentary canal or digestive tube. (sivanandaonline.org)
- This protein functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. (medlineplus.gov)
Rich proteins2
- Due to the presence of histatins (proline-rich proteins including cystatins and statherin), calcium and phosphate are maintained in supersaturation and are available for remineralization of tooth structure. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Changes in the makeup of their saliva were also taking place, with Running observing that the levels of proline-rich proteins - which can bind to the bitter and/or astringent compounds in the milk - was increasing in the participants' saliva. (sciencealert.com)
Mechanically1
- Saliva coats the oral mucosa mechanically protecting it from trauma during eating, swallowing, and speaking. (wikipedia.org)
99.52
- Produced in salivary glands, human saliva comprises 99.5% water, but also contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
- Roughly 99.5 percent of human saliva is water, but the rest is an important chemical mixture of compounds that help to break food down and protect our teeth - and even to taste food itself. (sciencealert.com)
Humans7
- In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), enzymes (such as lipase and amylase), antimicrobial agents (such as secretory IgA, and lysozymes). (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, saliva is generated by 3 pairs of major and numerous minor salivary glands. (dentistrytoday.com)
- However, a study on the saliva of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas shows marked differences. (creation.com)
- They also discovered "unique protein profiles in humans that were distinct from those of nonhuman primates. (creation.com)
- Why would humans produce more-watery saliva? (creation.com)
- In saliva, scientists have found hints that a "ghost" species of archaic humans may have contributed genetic material to ancestors of people living in Sub-Saharan Africa today. (disabled-world.com)
- The scientists were interested in MUC7 because, in a previous study, they showed that the protein likely evolved to serve an important purpose in humans. (disabled-world.com)
Tissue2
- Detailed in an article published on Tuesday, May 25 in the Journal of Dental Research , the wiki provides researchers and clinicians with rich, unbiased evidence from multiple independent studies to help explore the dynamic and complex nature of saliva, as well as analytical tools to search for data by tissue type, disease and more. (buffalo.edu)
- Tendon tissue protein synthesis rate, expressed as fractional synthesis rate (FSR, %/d), will be measured for 7 days prior to surgery. (who.int)
Gene8
- Research about "Detection of Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein1 (NRAMP-1) Gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Methods From Saliva Extract" has been done. (adoc.pub)
- The purpose of this research to determine existence of NRAMP-1 gene in saliva using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). (adoc.pub)
- This can be seen clearly from DNA samples taken from saliva respondents, 100% amplified using gene-specific primers NRAMP-1 in D543N loci with a base length of 244 bp. (adoc.pub)
- Based on this results, it could be conclud that saliva contained NRAMP-1 gene revealed by amplification with specific primers in D543N loci with base length 244 bp. (adoc.pub)
- The CFTR gene provides instructions for making a protein called the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). (medlineplus.gov)
- Most of these mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the CFTR protein or delete a small amount of DNA from the CFTR gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- When we looked at the history of the gene that codes for the protein, we see the signature of archaic admixture in modern day Sub-Saharan African populations. (disabled-world.com)
- In some people, the gene that codes for MUC7 hold six copies of genetic instructions that direct the body to build parts of the corresponding protein. (disabled-world.com)
Digestion4
- The enzymes found in saliva are essential in beginning the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats. (wikipedia.org)
- Saliva contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene. (wikipedia.org)
- 3 In addition, saliva aids in maintaining mucosal integrity and aids in digestion as a result of enzymes in the fluid. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Saliva facilitates digestion, taste, swallowing and speech, and serves as the first line of defense against pathogens in the mouth, shielding the body from harmful microbes. (buffalo.edu)
Human10
- Opiorphin, a pain-killing substance found in human saliva Haptocorrin, a protein which binds to vitamin B12 to protect it against degradation in the stomach, before it binds to intrinsic factor. (wikipedia.org)
- Human Saliva Heals? (medindia.net)
- Scientists from the Netherlands say that a compound, which they have identified in human saliva, greatly speeds wound healing, according to their report published in The Journal of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). (medindia.net)
- This proved that human saliva contains a factor, which accelerates wound closure of oral cells. (medindia.net)
- The results of the PCR amplification of the samples that has been extracted with Boom Method and Oragene DNA, indicating that the NRAMP-1 genes is contained in human saliva. (adoc.pub)
- It is envisioned that a combination of biomonitoring compounds like TCPy in saliva coupled with computational modeling will form an approach to measure pesticide exposure to susceptible human populations such as agricultural workers. (cdc.gov)
- BUFFALO, N.Y. - To improve the development of new saliva-based diagnostic tests and personalized medicine, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) has supported the development of the Human Salivary Proteome Wiki , the first public platform that catalogs and curates data on each of the thousands of proteins within our saliva. (buffalo.edu)
- The Human Salivary Proteome Wiki will improve salivary sciences, saliva-based diagnostics, precision medicine and dentistry, and ultimately facilitate personalized treatment for both oral and systemic diseases," says Preethi Chander, PhD, program director of the NIDCR Salivary Biology and Immunology Program. (buffalo.edu)
- Human and ape saliva are drastically different! (creation.com)
- Effect of Processing Methods of Human Saliva on the Proteomic Profile and Protein-Mediated Biological Processes. (bvsalud.org)
Increases4
- Daily saliva output is in the range of 500 to 1,500 mL, although the average resting volume of saliva in the oral cavity at any one time is only 1 mL. 2,3 Saliva output may either be resting (basal) or stimulated, and stimulation increases the flow rate. (dentistrytoday.com)
- And you might make it a wet one, because scientists who are starting to understand the biochemistry of kisses say that saliva increases sex drive. (livescience.com)
- There is evidence that saliva has testosterone in it," said Rutgers University anthropologist Helen Fisher, and testosterone increases sex drive. (livescience.com)
- Salt also increases the pH of saliva, which may have an antibacterial effect. (healthline.com)
Concentrations1
- 2007). Experiments on wild animals using saliva for the determination of circulating hormone concentrations have been developed with increasing frequency in the past years, as this method is non-invasive and reduces interference from stressful situations (Cross & Rogers, 2004). (bvsalud.org)
Mucin1
- Our research traced the evolution of an important mucin protein called MUC7 that is found in saliva. (disabled-world.com)
Serum1
- The enzymatic activities of all the studied enzymes were higher in serum than in saliva. (bvsalud.org)
Found2
- A protein found in the saliva of ticks may spur the development of a new Lyme disease vaccine. (stanford.edu)
- Additionally, researchers have found that singing encourages the release of additional cytokines, which are proteins of the immune system. (naturalnews.com)
Ticks1
- Thus, relapsing fever spirochetes are efficiently trans- mitted in saliva by these fast-feeding ticks within minutes of their attachment to a mammalian host. (cdc.gov)
Enzymes1
- Proteolytic enzymes can break down proteins, including those in your pellicle layer. (healthline.com)
Antimicrobial2
- Aside from lubricating the tissues, saliva helps maintain a pH environment that promotes tooth remineralization via deposition of ionic minerals available in solution and serves an antimicrobial function as a result of the immunoglobulins and proteins present in the fluid. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Purpose: Saliva contains both specific and non-specific protective factors of the immune system, such as antimicrobial proteins, which can inhibit the adhesion and viability of cariogenic microorganisms. (pucrs.br)
Teeth2
- The malic acid could play a role in lightening your teeth and promoting saliva production. (healthline.com)
- Your teeth are covered with pellicle, or a layer of salivary proteins. (healthline.com)
Enamel1
- Current research has indicated a number of positive oral benefits to be realized from chewing gum, mainly focusing on the stimulation of saliva, control of oral pH, and remineralization of enamel. (dentistrytoday.com)
Constituents1
- Medically, constituents of saliva can noninvasively provide important diagnostic information related to oral and systemic diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies2
- Abcam: antibodies, proteins, kits. (abcam.com)
- Monoclonal antibodies are immune proteins made in a lab to target specific diseases or conditions in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Metabolite1
- Sensors have been developed for noninvasive biomonitoring of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), and previous studies have suggested consistent partitioning of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of CPF, into saliva after exposure to TCPy. (cdc.gov)
Compounds1
- It's early days, but the researchers want to find out more about what's going on here, looking at what kinds of particular compounds in food are eliciting changes in our salivary proteins, and investigating how long it takes for our taste buds to adapt to new, disliked tastes. (sciencealert.com)
Allergies1
- When people with allergies to animal proteins inhale them or have them touch their skin, the immune system may trigger a reaction. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Exposure1
- A total of 46 persons (four personal contacts and 42 health-care workers) received postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) because of possible percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to the patient's saliva or CSF. (cdc.gov)
Pesquisa1
- O objetivo do presente estudo foi condicionar um grupo de primatas Callithrix jacchus para coletas de saliva com finalidade de pesquisa. (bvsalud.org)
Importance2
- The importance of saliva is clearly observed after salivary flow is reduced. (dentistrytoday.com)
- We believe that it is likely that many arthropod-borne infection agents of medical importance use vector proteins as they move to the mammalian host. (stanford.edu)
Milk1
- Casein , a protein in milk, prevents staining too. (healthline.com)
Glands4
- Some caterpillars produce silk fiber from silk proteins stored in modified salivary glands (which are unrelated to the vertebrate ones). (wikipedia.org)
- The major salivary glands produce 93% of all saliva. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Saliva is formed in the acinar cells of the glands via an osmotic mechanism. (dentistrytoday.com)
- The mechanical squeezing and the parasympathetic nervous system, which analyzes a number of sensory inputs, cause the glands to inject an appropriate quantity and quality of saliva into the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
Swallow2
- While we might often think of saliva as something that helps us swallow food, it's no simple mouth lubricant. (sciencealert.com)
- During the next 2 days, he developed fever of 103.6 F (39.8 C), ocular motor paralysis, myoclonic tremors, and dysphagia, manifested by an inability to swallow his saliva. (cdc.gov)
Metabolism2
- CPF was measured in saliva only at the first time point sampled (0-15 min), indicating low partitioning and rapid metabolism. (cdc.gov)
- Saliva assists in digesting, diluting, and clearing dietary carbohydrates as well as buffering of acid that is a byproduct of the metabolism of sugar. (dentistrytoday.com)
Outer surface1
- Virtually all spirochetes in the midgut of an unfed nymph express outer surface protein (Osp) A. This protein is also the predominant surface antigen expressed by the spirochetes in vitro. (cdc.gov)
Findings1
- The second phase of the study consisted of experiments in transcriptomics (analyzing messenger RNA expression) and interactomics (analyzing the interaction between tumor cell proteins and Amblyomin-X) to see how signaling pathways were modulated by the treatment and, especially, to obtain molecular confirmation of previous findings from in vitro and in vivo experiments conducted by Chudzinski-Tavassi and her team. (eurekalert.org)
Protective1
- The facial surfaces of upper incisors have higher susceptibility to erosion as they are not prone to the protective action of saliva. (bvsalud.org)
Researchers4
- A protein derived from the saliva of the tick Amblyomma sculptum has been successfully used by researchers at the Butantan Institute in São Paulo, Brazil, to treat skin cancer (melanoma) in horses. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers used "omics" tools (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) to analyze the signaling pathways and proteins affected by the treatment of horse melanoma with Amblyomin-X. (eurekalert.org)
- Not until researchers can do something about feline saliva. (listverse.com)
- One day, these proteins might even be isolated and consumed as a separate food additive, to help eaters stick to healthy choices they still don't like the flavour of, researchers suggest . (sciencealert.com)
Rats2
- Previous research with rats demonstrated that when the animals were fed a diet of bitter food, the expression of these flavour proteins in the rodents' saliva was altered. (sciencealert.com)
- When the proteins changed, so did the rats' feeding behaviour. (sciencealert.com)
Skin1
- These pathogens are transmitted into the host skin together with saliva during feeding. (sbir.gov)
Equine1
- Her main research interests are bovine and equine inflammatory disease and acute phase proteins, the surgical stress response, joint disease and wound healing. (ku.dk)
Pathogens1
- citation needed] Saliva limits the growth of bacterial pathogens and is a major factor in sustaining systemic and oral health through the prevention of tooth decay and the removal of sugars and other food sources for microbes. (wikipedia.org)
Oral4
- Saliva also performs a lubricating function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of swallowing, and protecting the oral mucosa from drying out. (wikipedia.org)
- Adequate saliva is critical for good oral health. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Saliva has become an attractive body fluid for on-site, remote and real-time monitoring of oral and systemic health. (buffalo.edu)
- Saliva was analyzed by two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for proteomic identification of salivary proteins associated with oral Candidiasis. (scienceblog.com)
Participants1
- They took samples of saliva from the participants before and after an hour of singing. (naturalnews.com)
Methods1
- Extraction DNA from saliva was done with two methods, the Booms Method and Oragene DNA. (adoc.pub)
Tooth3
- Saliva also is integral to the formation of the pellicle, which protects the tooth after eruption (Table). (dentistrytoday.com)
- Following ingestion of a dietary sugar, the stimulated production of saliva ceases after the sugar clears the mouth, and salivary output returns to a resting state within a short time.5,6 The tooth is most susceptible to demineralization and white spot production during the period of lowered pH. (dentistrytoday.com)
- Saliva protects against tooth decay, a common cause of discoloration, by washing away food and debris. (healthline.com)
Pellicle1
- It also breaks down protein, which degrades your pellicle layer. (healthline.com)
Scientists1
- After 16 hours the scientists noticed that the saliva treated "wound" was almost completely closed. (medindia.net)