Protein transport. Medical search

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

A carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity. It also plays a role in the LYSOSOMES by protecting BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and NEURAMINIDASE from degradation. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.12.1 and EC 3.4.21.13.

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A 700-kDa cytosolic protein complex consisting of seven equimolar subunits (alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta). COATOMER PROTEIN and ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 are principle components of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I and are involved in vesicle transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)

A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.

A network of membrane compartments, located at the cytoplasmic side of the GOLGI APPARATUS, where proteins and lipids are sorted for transport to various locations in the cell or cell membrane.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A protein involved in transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

TRANSPORT VESICLES formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of COP (coat protein complex) proteins, either COPI or COPII. COPI coated vesicles transport backwards from the cisternae of the GOLGI APPARATUS to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH), while COPII coated vesicles transport forward from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

Proteins encoded by the CHLOROPLAST GENOME or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the CHOROPLASTS.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

Membranous cisternae of the CHLOROPLAST containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants.

A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A protein complex comprised of COATOMER PROTEIN and ADP RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1. It is involved in transport of vesicles between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

A type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where polyribosomes are present on the cytoplasmic surfaces of the ER membranes. This form of ER is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion and its principal function is to segregate proteins destined for export or intracellular utilization.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in vesicle transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS and through early Golgi compartments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Proteins that form the structure of the NUCLEAR PORE. They are involved in active, facilitated and passive transport of molecules in and out of the CELL NUCLEUS.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 is involved in regulating intracellular transport by modulating the interaction of coat proteins with organelle membranes in the early secretory pathway. It is a component of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.

A monomeric GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins into the nucleus and RNA into the cytoplasm. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Neuroendocrine cells in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY. They produce MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONES and other peptides from the post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

A subfamily of Q-SNARE PROTEINS which occupy the same position as syntaxin 1A in the SNARE complex and which also are most similar to syntaxin 1A in their AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. This subfamily is also known as the syntaxins, although a few so called syntaxins are Qc-SNARES.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

ATPases that are members of the AAA protein superfamily (ATPase family Associated with various cellular Activities). The NSFs functions, acting in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEINS (i.e. SNAPs, which have no relation to SNAP 25), are to dissociate SNARE complexes.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A class of monomeric, low molecular weight (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins that regulate a variety of intracellular processes. The GTP bound form of the protein is active and limited by its inherent GTPase activity, which is controlled by an array of GTPase activators, GDP dissociation inhibitors, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.

Proteins involved in the transport of specific substances across the membranes of the MITOCHONDRIA.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK.

The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A superfamily of small proteins which are involved in the MEMBRANE FUSION events, intracellular protein trafficking and secretory processes. They share a homologous SNARE motif. The SNARE proteins are divided into subfamilies: QA-SNARES; QB-SNARES; QC-SNARES; and R-SNARES. The formation of a SNARE complex (composed of one each of the four different types SNARE domains (Qa, Qb, Qc, and R)) mediates MEMBRANE FUSION. Following membrane fusion SNARE complexes are dissociated by the NSFs (N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FACTORS), in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEIN, i.e., SNAPs (no relation to SNAP 25.)

A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Transport of the OVUM or fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) from the mammalian oviduct (FALLOPIAN TUBES) to the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION in the UTERUS.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex that acts to induce elongation arrest of nascent presecretory and membrane proteins until the ribosome becomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of a 7S RNA and at least six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68, and 72K).

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting basic amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BASIC).

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A family of proteins involved in the transport of organic cations. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics, and their metabolites from the body.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. They facilitate passive diffusion of GLUCOSE across the CELL MEMBRANE.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. These proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

The means of moving persons, animals, goods, or materials from one place to another.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Agents that affect ION PUMPS; ION CHANNELS; ABC TRANSPORTERS; and other MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Passive or active movement of SPERMATOZOA from the testicular SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES through the male reproductive tract as well as within the female reproductive tract.

A novel in vivo assay for the analysis of protein-protein interaction. (1/21932)

The Ras Recruitment System (RRS) is a method for identification and isolation of protein-protein interaction. The method is based on translocation of cytoplasmic mammalian Ras protein to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane through protein-protein interaction. The system is studied in a temperature-sensitive yeast strain where the yeast Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor is inactive at 36 degrees C. Protein-protein interaction results in cell growth at the restrictive temperature. We developed a gene reporter assay for the analysis of protein-protein interaction in mammalian cells. Ras activation in mammalian cells induces the mitogen-activated kinase cascade (MAPK), which can be monitored using Ras-dependent reporter genes. This greatly extends the usefulness of the system and provides a novel assay for protein-protein interaction in mammalian cells. (+info)

Decisive structural determinants for the interaction of proline derivatives with the intestinal H+/peptide symporter. (2/21932)

To elucidate the decisive structural factors relevant for dipeptide-carrier interaction, the affinity of short amide and imide derivatives for the intestinal H+/peptide symporter (PEPT1) was investigated by measuring their ability to inhibit Gly-Sar transport in Caco-2 cells. Dipeptides with proline or alanine in the C-terminal position displayed affinity constants (Ki) of 0.15-1.2 mM and 0.08-9.5 mM, respectively. There was no clear relationship between hydrophobicity, size or ionization status of the N-terminal amino acid and the affinity of the dipeptides. However, analyzing the individual peptide bond conformations of Xaa-Pro dipeptides, a striking correlation between the cis/trans ratios (trans contents 24-70%) and the affinity constants was observed. After correcting the Ki values for the incompetent cis isomers, the Ki corr values of most dipeptides were in a small range of 0.1-0.16 mM. This result revealed the decisive role of peptide bond conformation even for a transport protein that is quite promiscuous in substrate translocation. When measuring affinity constants of Xaa-Pro and Xaa-Sar dipeptides, the cis/trans ratios cannot be ignored. Lower affinities of Lys-Pro, Arg-Pro and Pro-Pro indicate that additional molecular factors affect their binding at PEPT1. The Ki values obtained for the corresponding Xaa-Ala dipeptides support this conclusion. Potential substrates or inhibitors of peptide transport were found among Xaa-piperidides and Xaa-thiazolidides. Dipeptides with N-terminal proline displayed a very diverse affinity profile. However, in contrast to current knowledge, several Pro-Xaa dipeptides such as Pro-Leu, Pro-Tyr and Pro-Pro are recognized by PEPT1 with appreciable affinities. Binding seems mainly determined by the hydrophobicity of the C-terminal amino acid and the rigidity of the structure. (+info)

Involvement of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in platelet activation: tyrosine phosphorylation mostly dependent on alphaIIbbeta3 integrin and protein kinase C, translocation to the cytoskeleton and association with Shc through Grb2. (3/21932)

Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) (also known as RAFTK, CAKbeta or CADTK) has been identified as a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of protein-tyrosine kinases and it has been suggested that the mode of Pyk2 activation is distinct from that of FAK. In the present study we investigated the mode of Pyk2 activation in human platelets. When platelets were stimulated with thrombin, Pyk2, as well as FAK, was markedly tyrosine-phosphorylated, in a manner mostly dependent on alphaIIbbeta3 integrin-mediated aggregation. The residual Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation observed in the absence of platelet aggregation was completely abolished by pretreatment with BAPTA/AM [bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid acetoxymethyl ester]. The Pyk2 phosphorylation was inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors at concentrations that inhibited platelet aggregation. In contrast, direct activation of PKC with the active phorbol ester PMA induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 and FAK but only when platelets were fully aggregated with the exogenous addition of fibrinogen (the ligand for alphaIIbbeta3 integrin). Furthermore, PMA-induced Pyk2 (and FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation was also observed when platelets adhered to immobilized fibrinogen. The activation of the von Willebrand factor (vWF)--glycoprotein Ib pathway with botrocetin together with vWF failed to induce Pyk2 (and FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation. Most Pyk2 and FAK was present in the cytosol and membrane skeleton fractions in unstimulated platelets. When platelets were stimulated with thrombin, both Pyk2 and FAK were translocated to the cytoskeleton in an aggregation-dependent manner. In immunoprecipitation studies, Pyk2, as well as FAK, seemed to associate with Shc through Grb2. With the use of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing Shc-SH2, Grb2-SH2, and Grb2 N-terminal and C-terminal SH3 domains, it was implied that the proline-rich region of Pyk2 (and FAK) binds to the N-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2 and that the phosphotyrosine residue of Shc binds to the SH2 domain of Grb2. Although Pyk2 and FAK have been reported to be differentially regulated in many cell types, our results suggest that, in human platelets, the mode of Pyk2 activation is mostly similar to that of FAK, in terms of alphaIIbbeta3 integrin-dependent and PKC-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, Pyk2, as well as FAK, might have one or more important roles in post-aggregation tyrosine phosphorylation events, in association with the cytoskeleton and through interaction with adapter proteins including Grb2 and Shc. (+info)

Aut7p, a soluble autophagic factor, participates in multiple membrane trafficking processes. (4/21932)

Aut7p, a protein recently implicated in autophagic events in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, exhibits significant homology to a mammalian protein, p16, herein termed GATE-16 (Golgi-associated ATPase Enhancer of 16 kDa), a novel intra-Golgi transport factor. Here we provide evidence for the involvement of Aut7p in different membrane trafficking processes. Aut7p largely substitutes for the activity of GATE-16 in mammalian intra-Golgi transport in vitro. In vivo, AUT7 interacts genetically with endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi SNAREs, specifically with BET1 and SEC22. Aut7p interacts physically with the following two v-SNAREs: Bet1p, which is involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicular transport, and Nyv1p, implicated in vacuolar inheritance. We suggest that, in addition to its role in autophagocytosis, Aut7p has pleiotropic effects and participates in at least two membrane traffic events. (+info)

Targeting motifs and functional parameters governing the assembly of connexins into gap junctions. (5/21932)

To study the assembly of gap junctions, connexin--green-fluorescent-protein (Cx--GFP) chimeras were expressed in COS-7 and HeLa cells. Cx26-- and Cx32--GFP were targeted to gap junctions where they formed functional channels that transferred Lucifer Yellow. A series of Cx32--GFP chimeras, truncated from the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail, were studied to identify amino acid sequences governing targeting from intracellular assembly sites to the gap junction. Extensive truncation of Cx32 resulted in failure to integrate into membranes. Truncation of Cx32 to residue 207, corresponding to removal of most of the 78 amino acids on the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail, led to arrest in the endoplasmic reticulum and incomplete oligomerization. However, truncation to amino acid 219 did not impair Cx oligomerization and connexon hemichannels were targeted to the plasma membrane. It was concluded that a crucial gap-junction targeting sequence resides between amino acid residues 207 and 219 on the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of Cx32. Studies of a Cx32E208K mutation identified this as one of the key amino acids dictating targeting to the gap junction, although oligomerization of this site-specific mutation into hexameric hemichannels was relatively unimpaired. The studies show that expression of these Cx--GFP constructs in mammalian cells allowed an analysis of amino acid residues involved in gap-junction assembly. (+info)

Identification of mammalian TOM22 as a subunit of the preprotein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane. (6/21932)

A mitochondrial outer membrane protein of approximately 22 kDa (1C9-2) was purified from Vero cells assessing immunoreactivity with a monoclonal antibody, and the cDNA was cloned based on the partial amino acid sequence of the trypsin-digested fragments. 1C9-2 had 19-20% sequence identity to fungal Tom22, a component of the preprotein translocase of the outer membrane (the TOM complex) with receptor and organizer functions. Despite such a low sequence identity, both shared a remarkable structural similarity in the hydrophobicity profile, membrane topology in the Ncyt-Cin orientation through a transmembrane domain in the middle of the molecule, and the abundant acidic amino acid residues in the N-terminal domain. The antibodies against 1C9-2 inhibited the import of a matrix-targeted preprotein into isolated mitochondria. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of digitonin-solubilized outer membranes revealed that 1C9-2 is firmly associated with TOM40 in the approximately 400-kDa complex, with a size and composition similar to those of the fungal TOM core complex. Furthermore, 1C9-2 complemented the defects of growth and mitochondrial protein import in Deltatom22 yeast cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 1C9-2 is a functional homologue of fungal Tom22 and functions as a component of the TOM complex. (+info)

Inhibition of NFkappaB by methyl chlorogenate from Eriobotrya japonica. (7/21932)

Methylchlorogenic acid (MC) is one of the main components in the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. We previously reported that MC is the most potent antioxidant among several components of Eriobotrya japonica, and its antioxidant activity is stronger than that of chlorogenic acid. Antioxidants are expected to inhibit redox-sensitive NFkappaB activation since NFkappaB is readily influenced by cellular oxidative state. Based on these findings, in vivo experiments with MC were conducted to determine its ability to downregulate the NFkappaB activation in mouse liver. Results clearly showed that MC is a potent suppressor of BHP-induced NFkappaB activation. We observed a significant reduction by MC on BHP-induced translocation of p65 subunit of NFkappaB. This may be due to formation of p50/p65 heterodimer, which is mainly inducible NFkappaB. MC slightly blocked the BHP-induced IkappaB alpha degradation. There is a possibility of IkappaB alpha resynthesis via activated NFkappaB during a 5 h waiting period following BHP injection. The present results suggest that MC may inhibit NFkappaB activation, exhibiting its ability to downregulate the NFkappaB-dependent gene expression. Thus, it can be expected that MC may have potential for therapeutic intervention on various NFkappaB-dependent pathological conditions such as inflammatory or possibly mutagenic processes. (+info)

Functional and structural characterization of synthetic HIV-1 Vpr that transduces cells, localizes to the nucleus, and induces G2 cell cycle arrest. (8/21932)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Vpr contributes to nuclear import of the viral pre-integration complex and induces G(2) cell cycle arrest. We describe the production of synthetic Vpr that permitted the first studies on the structure and folding of the full-length protein. Vpr is unstructured at neutral pH, whereas under acidic conditions or upon addition of trifluorethanol it adopts alpha-helical structures. Vpr forms dimers in aqueous trifluorethanol, whereas oligomers exist in pure water. (1)H NMR spectroscopy allows the signal assignment of N- and C-terminal amino acid residues; however, the central section of the molecule is obscured by self-association. These findings suggest that the in vivo folding of Vpr may require structure-stabilizing interacting factors such as previously described interacting cellular and viral proteins or nucleic acids. In biological studies we found that Vpr is efficiently taken up from the extracellular medium by cells in a process that occurs independent of other HIV-1 proteins and appears to be independent of cellular receptors. Following cellular uptake, Vpr is efficiently imported into the nucleus of transduced cells. Extracellular addition of Vpr induces G(2) cell cycle arrest in dividing cells. Together, these findings raise the possibility that circulating forms of Vpr observed in HIV-infected patients may exert biological effects on a broad range of host target cells. (+info)

Examples of inborn errors of renal tubular transport include:

1. Cystinuria: This is a disorder that affects the reabsorption of cystine, an amino acid, in the renal tubules. It can lead to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys.
2. Lowe syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the transport of sodium and potassium ions across the renal tubules. It can cause a range of symptoms, including delayed development, intellectual disability, and seizures.
3. Glycine encephalopathy: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the transport of glycine, an amino acid, across the renal tubules. It can cause a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, developmental delays, and seizures.
4. Hartnup disease: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the transport of tryptophan, an amino acid, across the renal tubules. It can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, weight loss, and skin lesions.
5. Maple syrup urine disease: This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the transport of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) across the renal tubules. It can cause a range of symptoms, including seizures, developmental delays, and kidney damage.

Inborn errors of renal tubular transport can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment depends on the specific disorder and may include dietary modifications, medications, and dialysis. Early detection and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

... escort protein, acid transport protein, cation transport protein, or anion transport protein) is a protein that serves the ... A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein that acts as such a carrier. A vesicular transport ... Membrane+transport+proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Vesicular+Transport+Proteins ... There are several different kinds of transport proteins. Carrier proteins are proteins involved in the movement of ions, small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_protein

Membrane transport protein Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.543.990 --- vesicular transport proteins Vesicular+Transport+ ... v t e (Vesicular transport proteins, Peripheral membrane proteins, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ... such as the EHD protein family Rab proteins SNAREs Vesicular transport adaptor proteins e.g. Sorting nexins Synaptotagmin TRAPP ... A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_transport_protein

Often these redox proteins are not considered transport proteins. Every carrier protein, especially within the same cell ... Unlike channel proteins which only transport substances through membranes passively, carrier proteins can transport ions and ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Membrane transport proteins. "Transport protein" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ( ... such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins; that is they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein

An organic cation transport protein mediates the transport of organic cations across the cell membrane. These proteins are ... This family of proteins can also transport zwitterions and anions, though it is a different subfamily of solute carrier ... proteins than the organic anion transporters. (Solute carrier family, Transmembrane transporters, Transport proteins). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_cation_transport_protein

... , also known as tricarboxylate carrier protein and citrate transport protein ( ... The citrate transported out of the mitochondrial matrix by the tricarboxylate transport protein is catalyzed by citrate lyase ... The tricarboxylate transport protein exists in two states: a cytoplasmic state where it accepts malate from the cytoplasm and a ... The tricarboxylate transport protein is located within the inner mitochondria membrane. It provides a link between the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricarboxylate_transport_protein,_mitochondrial

Protein complexes, Protein families, Molecular evolution, Vesicular transport proteins). ... Vesicular transport adaptor proteins are proteins involved in forming complexes that function in the trafficking of molecules ... In the AP complexes, there are two large proteins (∼100 kD) and two smaller proteins. One of the large proteins is termed β ( ... Epsin and AP180 in the ANTH domain are other adaptor proteins that have been reviewed. An important transport complex, COPII, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_transport_adaptor_protein

"Protein-specific energy requirements for protein transport across or into thylakoid membranes. Two lumenal proteins are ... "Identification of the SecA protein homolog in pea chloroplasts and its possible involvement in thylakoidal protein transport". ... In enzymology, a chloroplast protein-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.52) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (chloroplast protein-importing). Cline K, Ettinger WF, Theg SM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_protein-transporting_ATPase

Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins, also known as mitochondrial carrier proteins, are proteins which exist in the ... Phosphate transport proteins are responsible for transport of phosphate across the inner membrane so it can be used in the ... The outer membrane consists of two types of integral proteins, including proteins with transmembrane β-barrel and proteins with ... Phosphate transport proteins are similar in structure and are both part of the same family of mitochondrial carriers. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_membrane_transport_protein

... is a phylogenetically-preserved transport protein responsible for mediating the exchange of ... Band 3 anion transport protein, also known as anion exchanger 1 (AE1) or band 3 or solute carrier family 4 member 1 (SLC4A1), ... Diego blood group system at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH Band+3+Protein at the US National ... The erythrocyte and kidney forms are different isoforms of the same protein. The erythrocyte isoform of AE1, known as eAE1, is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3_anion_transport_protein

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT46 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release ... "Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs". Genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraflagellar_transport_protein_46_homolog

... , also known as Na+-Pi cotransporter 2a (NaPi-2a), is a protein in humans that ... Transport of these chemicals out of the cell at the basolateral surface is not understood currently. The NaPi channels are ... Sodium-Phosphate+Cotransporter+Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Articles ... The sodium/phosphate cotransporter is a protein found in the proximal tubule of the nephron. It is responsible for reabsorbing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_phosphate_transport_protein_2A

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A1 gene. Solute carrier ... "Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding a human renal sodium phosphate transport protein and its assignment to chromosome 6p21.3 ... 2000). "p-aminohippuric acid transport at renal apical membrane mediated by human inorganic phosphate transporter NPT1". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_phosphate_transport_protein_1

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC34A3 gene. SLC34A3 contributes ... This gene is correlated closely with SLC34A1, an analogue sodium phosphate cotransporter protein. Symptoms include renal ... phosphate wasting in addition to increase levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (yields the hypercalcuria). SLC34A3+protein,+human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_phosphate_transport_protein_2C

Outer membrane transport proteins (OMPP1/FadL/TodX) family includes several proteins that are involved in toluene catabolism ... Wang Y, Rawlings M, Gibson DT, Labbé D, Bergeron H, Brousseau R, Lau PC (March 1995). "Identification of a membrane protein and ... This family also includes protein FadL involved in translocation of long-chain fatty acids across the outer membrane. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FadL_outer_membrane_protein_transport_family

... (NaPi2b) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC34A2 gene. Sodium- ... dependent phosphate transport protein 2b (NaPi2b) is a tumor-associated antigen. Solute carrier family Pulmonary alveolar ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 4, Solute carrier family, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ... "Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-dependent_phosphate_transport_protein_2B

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC27A4 gene. This membrane protein is ... "Tissue distribution and cDNA cloning of a human fatty acid transport protein (hsFATP4)". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ... "Genetic and structural evaluation of fatty acid transport protein-4 in relation to markers of the insulin resistance syndrome ... "Enzymatic properties of purified murine fatty acid transport protein 4 and analysis of acyl-CoA synthetase activities in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain_fatty_acid_transport_protein_4

... (FATP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC27A1 gene. The SLC27A1 gene ... "Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Meirhaeghe A, Cottel D, ... "A common polymorphism in the fatty acid transport protein-1 gene associated with elevated post-prandial lipaemia and ... "Expression cloning and characterization of a novel adipocyte long chain fatty acid transport protein". Cell. 79 (3): 427-36. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain_fatty_acid_transport_protein_1

... (FATPs, SLC27, SLC27A) are a family of trans-membrane transport proteins, which allow and enhance ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Protein families, Transport proteins). ... This subfamily is part of the solute carrier protein family. Within humans this family contains six very homologous proteins, ... which are expressed in all tissues of the body which use fatty acids: SLC27A1 (FATP1) Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_transport_proteins

Sodium-Glucose+Transport+Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Articles with short ... The SGLT proteins use the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient created by the ATPase pump to transport glucose across ... Homo sapiens Ensembl protein family ENSF00000000509 Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (January 2007). "Active sugar transport in ... In addition to SGLT1 and SGLT2, there are five other members in the human protein family SLC5A, several of which may also be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. Mutations in the ... "Differential influence of the 4F2 heavy chain and the protein related to b(0,+) amino acid transport on substrate affinity of ... Ahmed A, Yao PC, Brant AM, Peter GJ, Harper AA (1997). "Electrogenic L-Histidine Transport in Neutral and Basic Amino Acid ... directed currents induced by the transport of dibasic and neutral amino acids in Xenopus oocytes expressing the protein rBAT". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_basic_amino_acid_transport_protein_rBAT

Transport by molecular motor proteins (Kinesin, Dynein and unconventional Myosin) is essential for cell functioning and ... The mean-field model is useful for describing transport by a large group of motors. In mean-field description, fluctuation in ... Steady-state/mean-field model is useful for modeling transport by a large group of motors whereas stochastic model is useful ... Several models have been proposed in recent year to understand the transport by multiple motors. Models developed can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_by_multiple-motor_proteins

... and it transports protein complexes, nucleic acids and organelles towards the "plus" ends of microtubule tracks within cells. ... Kinesin-like protein KIF3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF3A gene. KIF3A is one subunit of the heterotrimeric ... "Identification of proteins that interact with the central coiled-coil region of the human protein kinase NEK1". Biochemistry. ... Aronov S, Aranda G, Behar L, Ginzburg I (2003). "Visualization of translated tau protein in the axons of neuronal P19 cells and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin-like_protein_KIF3A

... is a membrane transport protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC4A3 gene. AE3 is functionally ... Sterling D, Alvarez BV, Casey JR (2002). "The extracellular component of a transport metabolon. Extracellular loop 4 of the ... Sterling D, Reithmeier RA, Casey JR (2002). "A transport metabolon. Functional interaction of carbonic anhydrase II and ... similar to the Band 3 Cl−/HCO3− exchange protein but it is expressed primarily in brain neurons and in the heart. Like AE2 its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_protein_3

Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transport protein found in virtually all vertebrates. Hemoglobin A is the main type found in human ... Heme proteins are proteins that contain a heme prosthetic group. The heme group consists of a porphyrin ring coordinated with ... Iron-binding proteins are carrier proteins and metalloproteins that are important in iron metabolism and the immune response. ... Iron-sulfur proteins are those with an iron structure that includes sulfur. There are a variety of forms iron and sulfur can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-binding_proteins

It is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes. MBP has an approximate molecular ... The fusion protein binds to amylose columns while all other proteins flow through. The MBP-protein fusion can be purified by ... In these systems, the protein of interest is often expressed as a MBP-fusion protein, preventing aggregation of the protein of ... N-Terminal Fusion of Target Protein to Maltose-Binding Protein at Michigan Technological University maltose-binding+protein at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose-binding_protein

Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They ... In humans, 27% of all proteins have been estimated to be alpha-helical membrane proteins. Beta-barrel proteins are so far found ... A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. ... Membrane Proteins of known 3D Structure Elofsson, Arne; Heijne, Gunnar von (7 June 2007). "Membrane Protein Structure: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein

Membrane proteins, Transmembrane proteins, Transmembrane transporters, Transport proteins, Integral membrane proteins, All stub ... The proposed generalized reaction catalyzed by members of the GAP family is: PGL (in) → PGL (outer membrane). Transport Protein ... Tsu, Brian V.; Saier, Milton H. (2015-01-01). "The LysE Superfamily of Transport Proteins Involved in Cell Physiology and ... Tsu, Brian V.; Saier, Milton H. "The LysE Superfamily of Transport Proteins Involved in Cell Physiology and Pathogenesis". PLOS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycolipid_addressing_protein

... or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate ... Within the ER, the protein is first covered by a chaperone protein to protect it from the high concentration of other proteins ... Once folded, the protein is modified as needed (for example, by glycosylation), then transported to the Golgi for further ... Their transport may be based on a so-called "piggy-back" mechanism: such proteins associate with PTS1-possessing matrix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting

"Scaffolding Proteins in Transport Regulation". In Alpern RJ, Herbert SC (eds.). CHAPTER 12 - Scaffolding Proteins in Transport ... The dystrophin-associated protein complex is important for cell structure and cell signalling. It is one of two protein ... The dystrophin-associated protein complex also contains dystrophin-associated proteins. This includes a four subunit ... It is one of the two protein complexes that make up the costamere in striated muscle cells. The other complex is the integrin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin-associated_protein_complex

ASK1 will be transported to the nucleus when UV-irradiation is used to treat the cell. It is still unknown as to whether ASK1 ... Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene. Daxx, a Death domain- ... This protein also associates with centromeres in G2 phase. In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate ... It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-associated_protein_6

The disulfide bond (-S-S-) plays a major role in the conformation of proteins and in the catalytic activity of enzymes. Sulfide ... pipelines transporting soured oil, Kraft paper factories. Microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) or biogenic sulfide corrosion are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide

The drug has also been assessed at steroid hormone-associated carrier proteins, and shows very low binding to sex hormone- ... Pugeat MM, Dunn JF, Nisula BC (1981). "Transport of steroid hormones: interaction of 70 drugs with testosterone-binding ... Ulrich Westphal (6 December 2012). Steroid-Protein Interactions II. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 501-. ISBN 978-3-642 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7α-Thioprogesterone

2001). "Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein". Cell. 103 (4): 583-94. doi:10.1016/ ... 2002). "UNC-16, a JNK-signaling scaffold protein, regulates vesicle transport in C. elegans". Neuron. 32 (5): 787-800. doi: ... C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8IP3 gene. The protein ... "Entrez Gene: MAPK8IP3 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 3". Matsuura, Hiroshi; Nishitoh Hideki; Takeda ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK8IP3

Placentas vary with respect to the transport of nutrients and hormones, a variance that may influence epigenesis. For example, ... Leclerc RF, Regier JC (November 1993). "Choriogenesis in the Lepidoptera: morphogenesis, protein synthesis, specific mRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choriogenesis

Murphy CI, Lennick M, Lehar SM, Beltz GA, Young E (Oct 1990). "Temporal expression of HIV-1 envelope proteins in baculovirus- ... effects of monensin on glycosylation and transport". Journal of Virology. 63 (6): 2452-6. doi:10.1128/jvi.63.6.2452-2456.1989. ... Montefiori DC, Robinson WE, Mitchell WM (Dec 1988). "Role of protein N-glycosylation in pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 15, All stub articles, Protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GANC

A.21 Gerritsen, Vivienne Baillie (August 2004) "Snowy stardom". Protein Spotlight (SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics). ... Mañé then kept Snowflake at his home for four days before transporting him to Bata, where he was purchased by primatologist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_(gorilla)

The mature protein comprises around 165 residues, and contains a number of potential N-glycosylation sites. In vitro transport ... In molecular biology, the auxin binding protein family is a family of proteins which bind auxin. They are located in the lumen ... Palme K, Hesse T, Campos N, Garbers C, Yanofsky MF, Schell J (February 1992). "Molecular analysis of an auxin binding protein ... 2002). "Crystal structure of auxin-binding protein 1 in complex with auxin". EMBO J. 21 (12): 2877-85. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf291 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin_binding_protein

In India, haleem prepared in Hyderabad during the Ramadan month, is transported all over the world through a special courier ... Haleem Khichra A high-calorie dish, haleem provides protein from the meat and fibre and carbohydrates from the various ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleem

To prevent the salting out of proteins, H. salinarum encodes mainly acidic proteins. The average isoelectric point of H. ... which drives proton transport. The proton gradient formed thereby can then be used to generate chemical energy via ATP synthase ... salinarum proteins is 5.03. These highly acidic proteins are overwhelmingly negative in charge and are able to remain in ... These proteins form a lattice in the membrane. Sulfate residues are abundant on the glycan chains of the glycoprotein, giving ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell ... This is done in eukaryotes by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain. In ... The amino acids or sugars released by these extracellular enzymes are then pumped into cells by active transport proteins. ... Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... of breast and ovarian cancers the protein encoded by DIRAS3 is not expressed, suggesting that it functions as a tumor ... as genomic imprinting was thought to be associated with the evolution of viviparity and placental nutrient transport. Studies ... "DNA sequence polymorphisms within the bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gs subunit alpha (Gsα)-encoding (GNAS) genomic ... "A phylogenetic approach to test for evidence of parental conflict or gene duplications associated with protein-encoding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

Saier MH Jr (1998). "Molecular phylogeny as a basis for the classification of transport proteins from bacteria, archaea and ... In enzymology, a phosphate-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.27) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + H2O + ... Webb DC, Rosenberg H, Cox GB (1992). "Mutational analysis of the Escherichia coli phosphate-specific transport system, a member ... "Identification of a second Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene cluster encoding proteins of an ABC phosphate transporter". FEBS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-transporting_ATPase

"Deletion of fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) in the mouse liver changes the metabolic landscape by increasing the ... initial characterization and relationship to fatty acid transport protein". Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 60 (5-6 ... The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in ... cDNA cloning and characterization of a second enzymatically active protein". Mol. Genet. Metab. 68 (1): 32-42. doi:10.1006/mgme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_long-chain_acyl-CoA_synthetase

On 10 September an Air Madagascar Airbus plane transported Pope Francis from the Antananarivo International Airport and back to ... protein, and iron, among other nutrients, and could potentially fight altitude sickness- a popular reason for its use, but it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis

The structure of Φ29 is composed of seven main proteins: the terminal protein (p3), the head or capsid protein (p8), the head ... When pRNA is in this tetramer ring form, it works as a part of the DNA packaging motor to transport DNA molecules to their ... the portal or connector protein (p10), the tail tube or lower collar proteins (p11), and the tail fibers or appendage proteins ... Both 5' ends of the genome are capped with a covalently bonded terminal protein (p3) that complexes with DNA polymerase during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_virus_phi29

Substances that are transported or inactivated by these proteins, or interfere with them, can interact with velpatasvir. In ... Plasma protein binding is over 99.5%. It is slowly metabolised by the liver enzymes CYP2B6, CYP2C8 and CYP3A4. While ... Velpatasvir is both an inhibitor and a substrate of the transporter proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp), ABCG2, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. ... a protein necessary for hepatitis C virus replication and assembly. Velpatasvir reaches highest blood plasma levels three hours ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velpatasvir

There is also a group of tracers that consist of protein products that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the ... virus or protein can be locally injected, after which it is allowed to be transported anterogradely. Viral tracers can cross ... is taken into intracellular organelles and is transported by the endogenous neuronal transport system including kinesin-1, ... Norgren RB, McLean JH, Bubel HC, Wander A, Bernstein DI, Lehman MN (March 1992). "Anterograde transport of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing

2004). "Phylogeny as a guide to structure and function of membrane transport proteins". Mol Membr Biol. 21 (3): 171-181. doi: ... Phylogenetic studies of proteins expressed in bacteria revealed the existence of a superfamily of voltage-gated sodium channels ... Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the ... The main functional part of the voltage-sensitive protein domain of these channels generally contains a region composed of S3b ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTBP1 gene. This gene belongs to the ... with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. ... The protein encoded by this gene has four repeats of quasi-RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains that bind RNAs. This protein ... Kim JH, Hahm B, Kim YK, Choi M, Jang SK (May 2000). "Protein-protein interaction among hnRNPs shuttling between nucleus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTBP1

Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC27A6 gene. This gene encodes a ... 2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957-68. doi: ... "Characterization of a heart-specific fatty acid transport protein". J Biol Chem. 278 (18): 16039-44. doi:10.1074/jbc.M211412200 ... initial characterization and relationship to fatty acid transport protein". Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 60 (5-6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC27A6

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR007672 (Protein pages needing a picture, Protein ... The large number of Sec residues in the C-terminal portion of SelP suggests that it may be involved in selenium transport or ... This particular protein contains two domains: the C terminal and N terminal domain. The N-terminal domain is larger than the C ... Fujii M; Saijoh K; Kobayashi T; Fujii S; Lee MJ; Sumino K (October 1997). "Analysis of bovine selenoprotein P-like protein gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenoprotein_P

... (Nup85) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP85 gene. Bidirectional transport of macromolecules ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode:2005Natur. ... Doxsey SJ, Stein P, Evans L, Calarco PD, Kirschner M (Feb 1994). "Pericentrin, a highly conserved centrosome protein involved ... "Pivotal function for cytoplasmic protein FROUNT in CCR2-mediated monocyte chemotaxis". Nature Immunology. 6 (8): 827-35. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin_85

... amino acids and protein sources to animal feed manufacturers; food additives and ingredients for the treatment and flavoring of ... a dry bulk handling solution as well as equipment for transport, chemical, and precision engineering industries. This business ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebsen_&_Jessen_(SEA)

Dairy products contain nutrients such as calcium; phosphorus; riboflavin; protein; and vitamins A, D and B-12. Protein, a good ... As of 2011, public transport is not included in mapping tools. A food retailer is typically considered to be a healthful food ... Comparatively, only 29.8% of those polled lacked access to adequate protein. The lack of access to fruits and vegetables often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert

... and protein transport complexes. Two more TPR domains are found in the TTC39B protein: TPR1 which spans from amino acids 393 to ... Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC39B gene. TTC39B is also known as C9orf52 ... "Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B isoform 1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". "NCBI". Retrieved 9 May 2013.[permanent dead ... This article focuses on tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39B isoform 1, the longest of all of the proteins. When translated, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39B

This protein cleaves and activates caspases 3 and 7, and the protein itself is processed by caspase 8. Mutations in this gene ... 1975). "Renal phosphate transport: inhomogeneity of local proximal transport rates and sodium dependence". Pflügers Arch. 356 ( ... This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of ... Vincenz, C; Dixit V M (March 1997). "Fas-associated death domain protein interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme 2 (FLICE2), an ICE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase_10

... ions from the cell provides the driving force for several secondary active transporters such as membrane transport proteins, ... Protein-protein interactions play a very important role in Na⁺-K⁺ pump-mediated signal transduction. For example, the Na⁺-K⁺ ... this membrane protein can also relay extracellular ouabain-binding signalling into the cell through regulation of protein ... In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na⁺-K ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

... mutant huntingtin protein causes mitochondrial dysfunction involving inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport, higher ... mtDNA is packaged with proteins which appear to be as protective as proteins of the nuclear chromatin. Moreover, mitochondria ... InterMitoBase: an annotated database and analysis platform of protein-protein interactions for human mitochondria. (apparently ... an annotated database and analysis platform of protein-protein interactions for human mitochondria". BMC Genomics. 12: 335. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

In its structural role, zinc coordinates with certain protein domains, facilitating protein folding and producing structures ... A basic knowledge of the dynamics of zinc in soils, understanding of the uptake and transport of zinc in crops and ... In 2002 the zinc transporter protein ZIP4 was first identified as the mechanism for absorption of zinc in the gut across the ... Pra1 (pH regulated antigen 1) is a candida albicans protein that scavenges host zinc. Diagnosis is typically made based on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiency

... Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2018 Aug;53:52-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb. ... Thus, MCS provide an ideal location at which lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) can achieve the efficient transfer of individual ... classes of lipids from the ER to other organelles via non-vesicular transport. Here we provide an overview of emerging findings ... are locations at which the membrane es of two organelles are closely positioned to provide a microenvironment where proteins in ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29859321/?dopt=Abstract

Optogenetic tool that enables the nuclear export of selected proteins has been used to probe epigenetic dynamics ... "By the time you get your hands on a knockout mouse for a particular gene or protein, the cells that had that protein have ... A new technique for probing the functions of genes and proteins works by enabling the laser-directed movement of proteins from ... For instance, a researcher interested in whether a protein is important in cancer might remove the gene for that protein and ...

https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/laser-driven-protein-transport-reveals-epigenetic-dynamics/

Protein Interactions Governing Membrane Transport in Pulmonary Health and Disease (R01) PA-07-137. NHLBI ... of protein expression to identify and quantify the protein interaction networks and processes governing protein transport and ... Characterization of the protein interaction networks and pathways regulating transport and function in lung disease. ... Title: Protein Interactions Governing Membrane Transport in Pulmonary Health and Disease (R01) ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-07-137.html

copper transport protein ATOX1 [Mus musculus] copper transport protein ATOX1 [Mus musculus]. gi,6753136,ref,NP_033850.1, ... LSBio ATOX1 Proteins [LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc.] LSBio ATOX1 Proteins. LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc. ... Transcript/Protein Information [PANTHER Classification System] Transcript/Protein Information. PANTHER Classification System ... MODBASE, Database of Comparative Protein Structure Models (Sali Lab/UCSF) [MODBASE, Database of Comparat...] MODBASE, Database ...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_033850

Protein Interactions Governing Membrane Transport in Pulmonary Health and Disease (R01) PA-06-076. NHLBI ... of protein expression to identify and quantify the protein interaction networks and processes governing protein transport and ... Title: Protein Interactions Governing Membrane Transport in Pulmonary Health and Disease (R01) Announcement Type New ... Characterization of the protein interaction networks and pathways regulating transport and function in lung disease. ...

http://grants2.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-06-076.html

Transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils Kurt H Jacobson 1 , Seunghak Lee, Robert A Somerville, Debbie McKenzie ... Transport of the pathogenic prion protein through soils Kurt H Jacobson et al. J Environ Qual. 2010 Jul-Aug. ... Transport of the pathogenic prion protein through landfill materials. Jacobson KH, Lee S, McKenzie D, Benson CH, Pedersen JA. ... Protein molecular mass is indicated at the left as determined by use of pre-stained protein standards (Bio-Rad Precision Plus, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20830901

ATP6AP1L ATPase H+ transporting accessory protein 1 like (pseudogene) [Homo sapi... ATP6AP1L ATPase H+ transporting accessory ... ATPase H+ transporting accessory protein 1 like (pseudogene)provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:28091 See related. ... ATP6AP1L ATPase H+ transporting accessory protein 1 like (pseudogene) [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Gene ID: 92270, updated on 15- ... Model RNAs and proteins are also reported here.. Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly. Genomic * NC_000005.10 Reference GRCh38 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/92270

protein%20transport articles, stories, news and information. ...

https://chinese.engadget.com/tag/protein%20transport

TICed off with protein transport into Plasmodium apicoplasts. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal ... University of Cambridge , Talks.cam , Structural Biology group talks at Biochemistry , TICed off with protein transport into ... Protein Folding, Evolution and Interactions Symposium mTORC1 signaling coordinates different POMC neurons subpopulations to ...

http://talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/23877

Transport Proteins Some hormone transport proteins in plasma are highly selective, transporting only steroid or only thyroid ... Other hormone transport proteins are relatively non-selective, transporting almost any lipophilic molecule that enters the ... Albumin is a relatively non-selective transport protein found in all vertebrates. As the most abundant plasma protein, ... Unlike with sex hormone transport proteins, certain EDs, especially PCB breakdown products, easily bind to thyroid transport ...

http://e.hormone.tulane.edu/learning/delivery-transport-proteins.html

Access full-text academic articles: J-STAGE is an online platform for Japanese academic journals.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/gi1990/14/0/14_0_436/_article

Many membrane transport proteins (MTP) are essential for Plasmodium infection and gain importance as candidate drug targets in ... Towards functional assignment of Plasmodium membrane transport proteins: an experimental genetics study on four diverse ... Etliche Membran Transport Proteine (MTP) sind essentiell in den Plasmodium Blutstadien, und geraten zunehmend in den Fokus der ... We selected one conserved MTP called FT2, which was previously shown to transport folate, a P-type ATPase that is specific for ...

https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/23741

Serum amyloid A proteins bind retinol with nanomolar affinity, and do so by forming oligomers that create a hydrophobic pocket ... 1989) Retinol-binding protein: the serum transport protein for vitamin A Endocrine Reviews 10:308-316. ... 1993) Crystallographic studies on a family of cellular lipophilic transport proteins. Refinement of P2 myelin protein and the ... yet proteins that mediate retinol transport during infection have not been identified. Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/03206

Gurtovenko, Andrey A. and Anwar, Jamshed (2007) Ion transport through chemically induced pores in protein-free phospholipid ... in membranes and to promote a subsequent diffusive pore-mediated transport of salt ions. The findings are consistent with ... being able to induce the trafficking of salt ions and other solutes across cell membranes without the use of specific protein- ...

https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/62188/

... we use the yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation to show that tTG interacts with the nuclear transport protein ... Recently, nuclear localization of tTG has been reported indicating the potential of active nuclear transport. In this study ... These data suggest that importin-alpha3 could mediate active nuclear transport of tTG which may be important for the regulation ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/10100610-1157-interaction-of-tissue-transglutaminase-with-nuclear-transport-protein-importin-alpha3/

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are A globulins B transport proteins from BIO 152 at MCPHS University ... The most abundant proteins in blood plasma areA) globulins.B) transport proteins.C) albumins. ...

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p27i2n7s/The-most-abundant-proteins-in-blood-plasma-are-A-globulins-B-transport-proteins/

Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) Controls Efflux Transport of Hesperetin Sulfates in Sulfotransferase 1A3 ... Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) Controls Efflux Transport of Hesperetin Sulfates in Sulfotransferase 1A3 ... Transport of Hesperetin Sulfates by MRP4. Hua Sun, Xiao Wang, Xiaotong Zhou, Danyi Lu, Zhiguo Ma and Baojian Wu ... Transport of Hesperetin Sulfates by MRP4. Hua Sun, Xiao Wang, Xiaotong Zhou, Danyi Lu, Zhiguo Ma and Baojian Wu ...

https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/43/10/1430/tab-figures-data

Analysis of parasitophorous vacuole membrane protein in hemoglobin transport and metabolism of malarial parasites. Research ... Journal Article] Plasmodium falciparum Exported Protein 1 is localized to dense granules in merozoites2018. *. Author(s). Iriko ... Uptake and transport of hemoglobin by malarial parasites are carried out through parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), but ... In this study, I focused on the PVM protein (ETRAMP family) of P. falciparum and analyzed the localization in the membrane ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16K08760/

Drug binding to human fatty acid binding proteins: a mechanism of cellular transport for poorly water soluble drugs. *Porter, ... We have recently shown that drugs bind to fatty acid binding proteins which are abundant in the cytoplasm of these cells, and ... which physiologically play a role in the absorption and transport of endogenous lipophilic molecules such as fatty acids. The ... described in this application will examine the relationship between drug binding affinity for fatty acid binding protein and ...

https://research.monash.edu/en/projects/drug-binding-to-human-fatty-acid-binding-proteins-a-mechanism-of-

The pseudorabies virus protein, pUL56, enhances virus dissemination and virulence but is dispensable for axonal transport. In: ... The pUS9 protein is a critical viral effector of the anterograde axonal transport that underlies this process. We recently ... The pUS9 protein is a critical viral effector of the anterograde axonal transport that underlies this process. We recently ... The pUS9 protein is a critical viral effector of the anterograde axonal transport that underlies this process. We recently ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/the-pseudorabies-virus-protein-pul56-enhances-virus-dissemination

Evidence for a role of the polysaccharide capsule transport proteins in pertussis pathogenesis. ... Evidence for a role of the polysaccharide capsule transport proteins in pertussis pathogenesis. PLoS ONE 9 (12) : e115243. ...

https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/142580

Activities and Multimedia , Life:Magnified Online , Cells use bubblelike structures (vesicles, yellow) to transport proteins ... Cells use bubblelike structures (vesicles, yellow) to transport proteins and fats Tagline ... Cells use bubblelike structures called vesicles (yellow) to import, transport and export cargo and in cellular communication. A ...

https://nigms.nih.gov/education/activities-and-multimedia/life-magnified/Pages/5_bottommid_vesicles_svitki.aspx

The choroid plexus epithelium is the site of the organic anion transport protein in the brain. In: Proceedings of the National ... The choroid plexus epithelium is the site of the organic anion transport protein in the brain. Proceedings of the National ... The mRNA for organic anion transport protein (oatp) was previously shown to be present in abundance in liver and kidney, and in ... Dive into the research topics of The choroid plexus epithelium is the site of the organic anion transport protein in the brain ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-choroid-plexus-epithelium-is-the-site-of-the-organic-anion-tr-2

misfolded protein transport is_a intracellular protein transport (GO:0006886) Children of misfolded protein transport (GO: ... Parents of misfolded protein transport (GO:0070843) subject. relation. object. ... misfolded protein transport. Ontology. biological_process. Synonyms. None. Alternate IDs. None. Definition. The directed ... Link to all annotated objects annotated to misfolded protein transport. Link to all direct and indirect annotations to ...

https://browser.planteome.org/amigo/term/GO:0070843

Water Structure-Dependent Charge Transport in Proteins. Contributor(s):. Gascoyne, Peter R. C.. Pethig, Ronald. Proceedings of ... Proteins. Genre(s):. Archival Materials. Articles. Abstract:. Szent-Gyorgyis theory of cancer was based on his idea that the ... electron transport (charge transfer) essential to biological energy processes occurred via the structural proteins in cells. ... This study aimed to increase understanding of the electrical properties of pure proteins such as albumin, in the hydrated, ...

https://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101584924X152

... making protein dynamics an integral part of their prediction workflows. To help protein engineers to harness benefits of ... Next, we discussed the collective evolution towards more flexible protein design methods, including ensemble-based approaches, ... some of in silico tools and methods have started to apply the more realistic description of proteins as their conformational ... Computational prediction has become an indispensable aid in the processes of engineering and designing proteins for various ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/8/2713

Collection/Transport. Notes. Testing performed at University of Colorado Hospital. Click here for more information. ...

https://www.nationaljewish.org/for-professionals/diagnostic-testing/adx/tests/fldtp

In other words, the researchers found that the proteins traveled into the cytoplasm after photoactivation. (genengnews.com)
We have recently shown that drugs bind to fatty acid binding proteins which are abundant in the cytoplasm of these cells, and which physiologically play a role in the absorption and transport of endogenous lipophilic molecules such as fatty acids. (monash.edu)
TANGO1 proteins sometimes spread across various cell organelles and the cytoplasm. (bioengineer.org)
The asymmetrical distribution of Ran-GTP and Ran-GDP drives cargo transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm through karyopherins, a family of nuclear transport carrier proteins that bind to Ran-GTP. (nih.gov)

To get around, the hormones attach to water soluble proteins that shuttle them in the blood's aqueous environment. (tulane.edu)

Binding of viral nuclear localization signal peptides to importin-α nuclear transport protein. (bvsalud.org)

Other hormone transport proteins are relatively non-selective, transporting almost any lipophilic molecule that enters the bloodstream, including steroid and thyroid hormones, plant-derived flavonoids, retinoids (vitamin A), fatty acids, and antibiotics. (tulane.edu)
The studies described in this application will examine the relationship between drug binding affinity for fatty acid binding protein and drug permeability across the absorptive epithelial cell in an attempt to better understand the mechanisms of drug absorption and transport. (monash.edu)

As the most abundant plasma protein, albumin's blood concentration often far exceeds even the flavonoids that flood the bloodstream after fruits and vegetables are eaten. (tulane.edu)

Predicted to be part of plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex. (nih.gov)
We selected one conserved MTP called FT2, which was previously shown to transport folate, a P-type ATPase that is specific for P. falciparum as well as two essential MTPs, CRT and ATP4. (hu-berlin.de)

Szent-Gyorgyi's theory of cancer was based on his idea that the electron transport (charge transfer) essential to biological energy processes occurred via the structural proteins in cells. (nih.gov)
A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter ) is a membrane protein [ 1 ] involved in the movement of ions , small molecules , or macromolecules , such as another protein across a biological membrane . (en-academic.com)

The optogenetic technique involves the use of a three-part light switch, a construct comprising the photosensitive AsLOV2 protein, a short amino acid sequence that acts as a kind of shipping label, and a fluorescent protein. (genengnews.com)
Made up of more than 1,000 amino acids, these proteins are very large indeed. (bioengineer.org)

Thus, MCS provide an ideal location at which lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) can achieve the efficient transfer of individual classes of lipids from the ER to other organelles via non-vesicular transport. (nih.gov)
When the TANGO1 protein detects a maturating collagen, it supports the formation of a tunnel-like lipid connection that transports the collagen from its place of manufacture to its site of action. (bioengineer.org)
Such research on the basics of cholesterol transport in animal models could lend insight into potential therapies for humans with high cholesterol and other lipid disorders. (nih.gov)

A new technique for probing the functions of genes and proteins works by enabling the laser-directed movement of proteins from one cellular location to another. (genengnews.com)
According to Dr. Kuhlman, the light switch demonstrates the value of a technique that can rapidly probe the function of genes and proteins. (genengnews.com)
We are using CRISPR/Cas9 to construct cell lines in which sequences encoding AIDs are inserted into both alleles of targeted genes of human tissue-culture cells that stably express the Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1) protein. (nih.gov)

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are strongly induced in the liver by systemic infection and in the intestine by bacterial colonization, but their exact functions remain unclear. (elifesciences.org)
Serum retinol binding protein transports ingested retinol from the intestine to the liver and other tissues. (elifesciences.org)
It had been suggested that Serum Amyloid A (SAA) proteins, a family of proteins made by some liver and intestinal cells, could be involved in the response to infection, because these proteins' levels increase during infection. (elifesciences.org)

Albumin is a relatively non-selective transport protein found in all vertebrates. (tulane.edu)
This study aimed to increase understanding of the electrical properties of pure proteins such as albumin, in the hydrated, rather than dry state. (nih.gov)

Retinol must bind to specific proteins to be able to move through the bloodstream and be transported around the body. (elifesciences.org)

Retinol plays a vital role in the immune response to infection, yet proteins that mediate retinol transport during infection have not been identified. (elifesciences.org)
These data suggest that importin-alpha3 could mediate active nuclear transport of tTG which may be important for the regulation of critical cellular processes. (nih.gov)

Etliche Membran Transport Proteine (MTP) sind essentiell in den Plasmodium Blutstadien, und geraten zunehmend in den Fokus der Wirkstoffentwicklung. (hu-berlin.de)
Many membrane transport proteins (MTP) are essential for Plasmodium infection and gain importance as candidate drug targets in malaria therapy, whereas the physiological functions often remain enigmatic. (hu-berlin.de)

Cells use bubblelike structures called vesicles (yellow) to import, transport and export cargo and in cellular communication. (nih.gov)
Ran is a Ras-family GTPase that plays critical roles in many cellular processes, including nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope assembly, and mitotic spindle assembly. (nih.gov)

Second, an endocrine disrupter can attach to the transport protein, denature it, and destroy its ability to bind to other molecules. (tulane.edu)
went on to solve the crystal structure of a mouse SAA protein, and showed that four SAA molecules bind together to form a 'pocket' that can hold a retinol molecule. (elifesciences.org)

Aster proteins facilitate nonvesicular plasma to ER cholesterol transport in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)

The tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match Prosite patterns in protein sequences. (nih.gov)

The pUS9 protein is a critical viral effector of the anterograde axonal transport that underlies this process. (northwestern.edu)
Our analyses indicate that the VEEV coreNLS sequence is virtually unique among human and viral proteins interacting with imp α making it a potential target for VEEV-specific inhibitors. (bvsalud.org)

The mRNA for organic anion transport protein (oatp) was previously shown to be present in abundance in liver and kidney, and in small amounts in brain. (elsevier.com)

Some hormone transport proteins in plasma are highly selective, transporting only steroid or only thyroid hormones. (tulane.edu)
Certain endocrine disrupting compounds (EDs) interfere with hormone delivery by binding to the selective steroid hormone or thyroid hormone transport proteins. (tulane.edu)
To better address the role of individual nucleoporins, we adapted AID strategies for selective and rapid degradation of individual proteins. (nih.gov)
TIR1 acts as a subunit of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, so that the AID-tagged fusion proteins undergo rapid, selective degradation upon addition of the plant hormone auxin. (nih.gov)

The findings indicate that pUL56 is a virulence factor that supports virus dissemination in vivo, yet along with pUS9, is dispensable for axonal transport. (northwestern.edu)
The lab's latest findings involve Aster proteins. (nih.gov)

that is they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. (en-academic.com)
The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport . (en-academic.com)

Interaction of tissue transglutaminase with nuclear transport protein importin-alpha3. (nih.gov)
Recently, nuclear localization of tTG has been reported indicating the potential of active nuclear transport. (nih.gov)
In this study we use the yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation to show that tTG interacts with the nuclear transport protein importin-alpha3. (nih.gov)
nuclear transport protein. (bvsalud.org)
Using all-atom replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations , we mapped the mechanisms of binding of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) capsid protein to importin -α ( imp α) transport protein . (bvsalud.org)
However, the abundance and unusual stability of these proteins requires an extended interval for their depletion, so that many phenotypes could be indirect consequences of disrupted nuclear trafficking as the number and quality of NPCs decline. (nih.gov)
Using these cell lines, we will study the role of nucleoporins in nuclear organization and function, mitosis, nuclear transport, transcription and overall nuclear architecture. (nih.gov)

The third component, the fluorescent protein, allows protein movements to be tracked in real time. (genengnews.com)
In general, we also add a fluorescent tag to the targeted proteins, allowing the degradation to be monitored visually as well as biochemically. (nih.gov)

Through biochemical and cell biology experiments, Tontonoz's team showed that Aster proteins help to shuttle HDL between the cell membrane and the ER. (nih.gov)

Third, an endocrine disruptor could change how quickly or slowly the transport protein unloads hormone molecules. (tulane.edu)

With the tremendous progress in more powerful computer hardware and more efficient algorithms, some of in silico tools and methods have started to apply the more realistic description of proteins as their conformational ensembles, making protein dynamics an integral part of their prediction workflows. (mdpi.com)

A comprehensive spatio-temporal expression analysis of transgenic parasites expressing mCherry-tagged proteins revealed expression beyond blood infection, indicative of functions in additional parasite stages. (hu-berlin.de)
Our results thus identify SAAs as a family of microbe-inducible retinol binding proteins, reveal a unique protein architecture involved in retinol binding, and suggest how retinol is circulated during infection. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we examine the role of a related pseudorabies virus protein, pUL56, during neuronal infection. (northwestern.edu)

These transport proteins deliver the hormones to their target cells and protect them from being chemically altered, inactivated, and eliminated from the body by the liver and kidneys. (tulane.edu)
These chemicals can out compete thyroid hormones for binding to thyroid hormone transport proteins (specifically TTR) allowing the liver and kidney to dispose of the free-floating hormone too quickly. (tulane.edu)
found that mice fed a diet poor in vitamin A produced fewer SAA proteins in their liver and intestinal cells. (elifesciences.org)

The technique, a form of optogenetics, has already been used to export an epigenetically active protein from the nucleus. (genengnews.com)
These two components give the light switch the ability to drive proteins out of the nucleus, provided the light switch is both attached to a protein of interest and also illuminated by laser light. (genengnews.com)
This article described what happened when the researchers embedded their light switches into two proteins called LexA and Bre1 that act on DNA and thus normally reside in the nucleus. (genengnews.com)

Whey protein might decrease how well some antibiotics work. (medlineplus.gov)
To avoid this interaction, take antibiotics at least 2 hours before or 4-6 hours after whey protein. (medlineplus.gov)

Uptake and transport of hemoglobin by malarial parasites are carried out through parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), but the molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. (nii.ac.jp)

An abnormally folded form of the prion protein (designated PrP(TSE)) is typically associated with TSE infectivity and may constitute the major, if not sole, component of the infectious agent. (nih.gov)

We address the possibility of being able to induce the trafficking of salt ions and other solutes across cell membranes without the use of specific protein-based transporters or pumps. (lancs.ac.uk)

Therefore, the researchers are planning to apply their new optogenetic tool to study the function of different proteins and examine how the "behavior" of these proteins changes depending on both time and space. (genengnews.com)

Computational prediction has become an indispensable aid in the processes of engineering and designing proteins for various biotechnological applications. (mdpi.com)

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by t he National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health (NIH), solicits research grant applications to delineate t he protein interactions and pathways governing membrane trafficking pathways operative in pulmonary health and disease and develop novel therapeutic interventions. (nih.gov)
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute invites research grant applications to delineate the protein interactions and pathways governing membrane trafficking pathways operative in pulmonary health and disease and develop novel therapeutic interventions. (nih.gov)

In the result, ETRAMP10.3 was found to be localized to the PVM, cytostorm and hemoglobin transport vesicles, and to be an indicator of hemoglobin transport during gametocyte stage. (nii.ac.jp)

In this study, I focused on the PVM protein (ETRAMP family) of P. falciparum and analyzed the localization in the membrane structure involved in hemoglobin transport. (nii.ac.jp)

Collagen is a huge protein that is produced in the so-called endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle inside cells. (bioengineer.org)

Combined, this evidence suggests that SAAs are the retinol binding proteins that transport retinol during infections. (elifesciences.org)
Our results provide compelling evidence that the small amphiphilic solute DMSO is able to induce transient defects (water pores) in membranes and to promote a subsequent diffusive pore-mediated transport of salt ions. (lancs.ac.uk)
Whey protein is also used for asthma, diabetes, weight loss, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses. (medlineplus.gov)

The directed movement of misfolded proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell. (planteome.org)

Symporters transport two or more ions together in the same direction, antiporters in the opposite direction. (en-academic.com)

Here we show that mouse and human SAAs are retinol binding proteins. (elifesciences.org)

Whey protein might improve the nutrient content of the diet and also have effects on the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)

His lab uses such mice to understand how cholesterol transport works. (nih.gov)

We report the results of saturated column experiments designed to evaluate PrP(TSE) transport through five soils with relatively high sand or silt contents and low organic carbon content. (nih.gov)
This localization of oatp is consistent with previous experiments showing vectorial transport of organic anions between the choroid plexus and the cerebrospinal fluid. (elsevier.com)

Proteins can play different roles at different stages of development, in different parts of an organism, and during various disease states. (genengnews.com)

An Infant Formula with Partially Hydrolyzed Whey Protein Supports Adequate Growth and Is Safe and Well-Tolerated in Healthy, Term Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Equivalence Trial. (medlineplus.gov)

Currently, the overall consequences of disrupted sex steroid hormone transport are unknown. (tulane.edu)

A family of proteins known as TANGO1 is responsible for identifying and transporting the collagen. (bioengineer.org)

View conserved domains detected in this protein sequence using CD-search. (nih.gov)

The name is an acronym for the total of four proteins that adopt exactly this structure: MIA, Otoraplin, TALI/TANGO1 homology," explains Raphael Stoll. (bioengineer.org)
The group discovered that these proteins reside inside a specialized structure in the cell known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (nih.gov)

as such it is unclear how retinol is transported when the body is under attack from pathogens. (elifesciences.org)
Whey protein might decrease how much levodopa the body absorbs. (medlineplus.gov)

Pentachlorophenol, a persistent organohalogen used as an herbicide, pesticide, and product additive, greatly slows down testosterone unloading from the sex steroid transport protein at the target cell. (tulane.edu)

MCS are locations at which the membrane es of two organelles are closely positioned to provide a microenvironment where proteins in one membrane can interact with the opposite membrane. (nih.gov)

Anatomy37

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs120

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes56

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care1

A novel in vivo assay for the analysis of protein-protein interaction. (1/21932)

Decisive structural determinants for the interaction of proline derivatives with the intestinal H+/peptide symporter. (2/21932)

Involvement of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in platelet activation: tyrosine phosphorylation mostly dependent on alphaIIbbeta3 integrin and protein kinase C, translocation to the cytoskeleton and association with Shc through Grb2. (3/21932)

Aut7p, a soluble autophagic factor, participates in multiple membrane trafficking processes. (4/21932)

Targeting motifs and functional parameters governing the assembly of connexins into gap junctions. (5/21932)

Identification of mammalian TOM22 as a subunit of the preprotein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane. (6/21932)

Inhibition of NFkappaB by methyl chlorogenate from Eriobotrya japonica. (7/21932)

Functional and structural characterization of synthetic HIV-1 Vpr that transduces cells, localizes to the nucleus, and induces G2 cell cycle arrest. (8/21932)

Protein Transport

Biological Transport

Golgi Apparatus

Biological Transport, Active

Membrane Transport Proteins

Brefeldin A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Vesicular Transport Proteins

Membrane Proteins

Intracellular Membranes

Carrier Proteins

Axonal Transport

Cathepsin A

Transport Vesicles

Molecular Sequence Data

Coatomer Protein

Amino Acid Sequence

Ion Transport

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Vacuoles

Cell Membrane

Fungal Proteins

Peas

Cyclopentanes

trans-Golgi Network

Protein Sorting Signals

Kinetics

rab2 GTP-Binding Protein

Mutation

rab GTP-Binding Proteins

Cell Compartmentation

Models, Biological

COP-Coated Vesicles

Chloroplast Proteins

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Thylakoids

beta-Fructofuranosidase

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Chloroplasts

Coated Vesicles

Proteins

Endosomes

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Coat Protein Complex I

Cell Line

Electron Transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough

Cytoplasm

Organelles

rab1 GTP-Binding Proteins

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Microscopy, Electron

Protein Binding

ADP-Ribosylation Factors

Carboxypeptidases

Plant Proteins

Bacterial Proteins

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Protein Precursors

Membrane Glycoproteins

Sodium

Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins

Adenosine Triphosphate

Cloning, Molecular

Escherichia coli Proteins

Escherichia coli

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Endocytosis

Base Sequence

ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1

Molecular Chaperones

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus

Temperature

Masoprocol

ran GTP-Binding Protein

Genes, Fungal

Melanotrophs

Protein Structure, Tertiary