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Protein Sorting SignalsSignal TransductionMolecular Sequence DataSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedAmino Acid SequenceNuclear Localization SignalsBase SequenceCell LinePhosphorylationMutationModels, BiologicalCells, CulturedRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, MessengerMembrane ProteinsCloning, MolecularAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingSignal Detection, PsychologicalNuclear Export SignalsDNA-Binding ProteinsTransfectionTime FactorsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticProtein Structure, TertiarySequence Homology, Amino AcidProtein TransportBacterial ProteinsAnimal CommunicationCell NucleusGene Expression RegulationCalciumSTAT3 Transcription FactorEnzyme ActivationRecombinant ProteinsCalcium SignalingEscherichia coliCell MembraneNeuronsCytoplasmCell DifferentiationMice, Inbred C57BLCarrier ProteinsBinding SitesKineticsProteinsApoptosisPlasmidsAlgorithmsProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalGene ExpressionBlotting, WesternBrainPhotic StimulationDNA, ComplementaryTyrosineCOS CellsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesDNASequence AlignmentMice, KnockoutProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesMicroscopy, FluorescenceReceptors, Cell SurfaceGreen Fluorescent ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticCell DivisionIn Situ HybridizationActive Transport, Cell NucleusBiological TransportMutagenesis, Site-DirectedEndoplasmic ReticulumAmino Acid MotifsMembrane GlycoproteinsLigandsImage Processing, Computer-AssistedTumor Cells, CulturedHeLa CellsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionEnzyme InhibitorsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMice, TransgenicPhenotypeProtein PrecursorsPhosphoproteinsModels, NeurologicalNuclear ProteinsCell Line, TumorElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyT-LymphocytesReproducibility of ResultsArabidopsisArtifactsComputer SimulationMAP Kinase Signaling SystemPeptidesMicroscopy, ConfocalLightBrain MappingRats, Sprague-DawleySaccharomyces cerevisiaeLuminescent ProteinsCell ProliferationSTAT1 Transcription FactorPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesProtein BiosynthesisEscherichia coli ProteinsImmunohistochemistryModels, MolecularPlant ProteinsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyGenes, ReporterLymphocyte ActivationProtein Kinase CAntigens, CDGene Expression Regulation, PlantCricetinaeCell SurvivalProtein ConformationFluorescent DyesPolymerase Chain ReactionArabidopsis ProteinsSequence DeletionGene Expression ProfilingAction PotentialsCercopithecus aethiopsSensitivity and SpecificityNF-kappa B3T3 CellsGTP-Binding ProteinsSTAT5 Transcription FactorCell CompartmentationMutagenesisDrosophilaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellCyclic AMPSerine EndopeptidasesBody PatterningReceptors, G-Protein-CoupledBlotting, NorthernHedgehog ProteinsCell MovementFeedback, PhysiologicalRepressor ProteinsImmunoblottingDose-Response Relationship, DrugOxygenGenes, BacterialReaction TimeOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisStructure-Activity RelationshipCytosolUp-RegulationCell CommunicationCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesEmbryonic InductionQuorum SensingType C PhospholipasesVocalization, AnimalTranscriptional ActivationReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearNerve Tissue ProteinsFlow CytometrySaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsB-LymphocytesImage EnhancementKaryopherinsPrecipitin TestsPhylogenyCHO CellsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidConserved SequenceFungal ProteinsFibroblastsMesodermSequence Analysis, DNAEmbryo, NonmammalianAcoustic StimulationMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1DimerizationWnt ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsChemotaxisMice, Inbred BALB CProto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt4-ButyrolactoneBone Morphogenetic ProteinsIsoenzymesMovementExtracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinasesras ProteinsJurkat CellsSound SpectrographyCuesProtein IsoformsCell AdhesionPheromonesTransforming Growth Factor betaBiosensing TechniquesSpecies Specificity
Protein Sorting Signals: Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted: Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Nuclear Localization Signals: Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesSignal Detection, Psychological: Psychophysical technique that permits the estimation of the bias of the observer as well as detectability of the signal (i.e., stimulus) in any sensory modality. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)Nuclear Export Signals: Specific amino acid sequences present in the primary amino acid sequence of proteins which mediate their export from the CELL NUCLEUS. They are rich in hydrophobic residues, such as LEUCINE and ISOLEUCINE.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Animal Communication: Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.STAT3 Transcription Factor: A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Mice, Inbred C57BLCarrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Active Transport, Cell Nucleus: Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Endoplasmic Reticulum: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Image Processing, Computer-Assisted: A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Protein PrecursorsPhosphoproteinsModels, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.MAP Kinase Signaling System: An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Brain Mapping: Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.STAT1 Transcription Factor: A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS.Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Protein Kinase C: An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Sequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)NF-kappa B: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.GTP-Binding Proteins: Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.STAT5 Transcription Factor: A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to a variety of CYTOKINES. Stat5 activation is associated with transcription of CELL CYCLE regulators such as CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P21 and anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL-2 GENES. Stat5 is constitutively activated in many patients with acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.Cell Compartmentation: A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.Mutagenesis: Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Cyclic AMP: An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.Body Patterning: The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled: The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Hedgehog Proteins: A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Feedback, Physiological: A mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. Physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Cytosol: Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases: A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)Embryonic Induction: The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).Quorum Sensing: A phenomenon where microorganisms communicate and coordinate their behavior by the accumulation of signaling molecules. A reaction occurs when a substance accumulates to a sufficient concentration. This is most commonly seen in bacteria.Type C Phospholipases: A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.Vocalization, Animal: Sounds used in animal communication.Transcriptional Activation: Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.Nerve Tissue ProteinsFlow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Image Enhancement: Improvement of the quality of a picture by various techniques, including computer processing, digital filtering, echocardiographic techniques, light and ultrastructural MICROSCOPY, fluorescence spectrometry and microscopy, scintigraphy, and in vitro image processing at the molecular level.Karyopherins: A family of proteins involved in NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT. Karyopherins are heteromeric molecules composed two major types of components, ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and BETA KARYOPHERINS, that function together to transport molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Several other proteins such as RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN and CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN bind to karyopherins and participate in the transport process.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Acoustic Stimulation: Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.Wnt Proteins: Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.Mice, Inbred BALB CProto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases: A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.ras Proteins: Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Jurkat Cells: A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.Sound Spectrography: The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.Pheromones: Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.Biosensing Techniques: Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The Drosophila kismet gene is related to chromatin-remodeling factors and is required for both segmentation and segment identity. (1/4265)

The Drosophila kismet gene was identified in a screen for dominant suppressors of Polycomb, a repressor of homeotic genes. Here we show that kismet mutations suppress the Polycomb mutant phenotype by blocking the ectopic transcription of homeotic genes. Loss of zygotic kismet function causes homeotic transformations similar to those associated with loss-of-function mutations in the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced and Abdominal-B. kismet is also required for proper larval body segmentation. Loss of maternal kismet function causes segmentation defects similar to those caused by mutations in the pair-rule gene even-skipped. The kismet gene encodes several large nuclear proteins that are ubiquitously expressed along the anterior-posterior axis. The Kismet proteins contain a domain conserved in the trithorax group protein Brahma and related chromatin-remodeling factors, providing further evidence that alterations in chromatin structure are required to maintain the spatially restricted patterns of homeotic gene transcription.  (+info)

Molecular and evolutionary analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi 297 circular plasmid-encoded lipoproteins with OspE- and OspF-like leader peptides. (2/4265)

We previously described two OspE and three OspF homologs in Borrelia burgdorferi 297 (D. R. Akins, S. F. Porcella, T. G. Popova, D. Shevchenko, S. I. Baker, M. Li, M. V. Norgard, and J. D. Radolf, Mol. Microbiol. 18:507-520, 1995; D. R. Akins, K. W. Bourell, M. J. Caimano, M. V. Norgard, and J. D. Radolf, J. Clin. Investig. 101:2240-2250, 1998). In this study, we characterized four additional lipoproteins with OspE/F-like leader peptides (Elps) and demonstrated that all are encoded on plasmids homologous to cp32 and cp18 from the B31 and N40 strains, respectively. Statistical analysis of sequence similarities using the binary comparison algorithm revealed that the nine lipoproteins from strain 297, as well as the OspE, OspF, and Erp proteins from the N40 and B31 strains, fall into three distinct families. Based upon the observation that these lipoproteins all contain highly conserved leader peptides, we now propose that the ancestors of each of the three families arose from gene fusion events which joined a common N terminus to unrelated proteins. Additionally, further sequence analysis of the strain 297 circular plasmids revealed that rearrangements appear to have played an important role in generating sequence diversity among the members of these three families and that recombinational events in the downstream flanking regions appear to have occurred independently of those within the lipoprotein-encoding genes. The association of hypervariable regions with genes which are differentially expressed and/or subject to immunological pressures suggests that the Lyme disease spirochete has exploited recombinatorial processes to foster its parasitic strategy and enhance its immunoevasiveness.  (+info)

Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel angiopoietin family protein, angiopoietin-3. (3/4265)

Using homology-based PCR, we have isolated cDNA encoding a novel member (491 amino acids) of the angiopoietin (Ang) family from human adult heart cDNA and have designated it angiopoietin-3 (Ang3). The NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal portions of Ang-3 contain the characteristic coiled-coil domain and fibrinogen-like domain that are conserved in other known Angs. Ang3 has a highly hydrophobic region at the N-terminus (approximately 21 amino acids) that is typical of a signal sequence for protein secretion. Ang3 mRNA is most abundant in adrenal gland, placenta, thyroid gland, heart and small intestine in human adult tissues. Additionally, Ang3 is a secretory protein, but is not a mitogen in endothelial cells.  (+info)

A novel plasmid recombination mechanism of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. (4/4265)

We describe a novel mechanism of site-specific recombination in the unicellular marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. The specific recombination sites on the smallest plasmid pAQ1 were localized by studying the properties of pAQ1-derived shuttle-vectors. We found that a palindromic element, the core sequence of which is G(G/A)CGATCGCC, functions as a resolution site for site-specific plasmid recombination. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the element show that the site-specific recombination in the cyanobacterium requires sequence specificity, symmetry in the core sequence and, in part, the spacing between the elements. Interestingly, this element is over-represented not only in pAQ1 and in the genome of the cyanobacterium, but also in the accumulated cyanobacterial sequences from Synechococcus sp. PCC6301, PCC7942, vulcanus and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 within GenBank and EMBL databases. Thus, these findings strongly suggest that the site-specific recombination mechanism based on the palindromic element should be common in these cyanobacteria.  (+info)

Role of ribosome release in regulation of tna operon expression in Escherichia coli. (5/4265)

Expression of the degradative tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by catabolite repression and tryptophan-induced transcription antitermination. In cultures growing in the absence of added tryptophan, transcription of the structural genes of the tna operon is limited by Rho-dependent transcription termination in the leader region of the operon. Tryptophan induction prevents this Rho-dependent termination, and requires in-frame translation of a 24-residue leader peptide coding region, tnaC, that contains a single, crucial, Trp codon. Studies with a lacZ reporter construct lacking the spacer region between tnaC and the first major structural gene, tnaA, suggested that tryptophan induction might involve cis action by the TnaC leader peptide on the ribosome translating the tnaC coding region. The leader peptide was hypothesized to inhibit ribosome release at the tnaC stop codon, thereby blocking Rho's access to the transcript. Regulatory studies with deletion constructs of the tna operon of Proteus vulgaris supported this interpretation. In the present study the putative role of the tnaC stop codon in tna operon regulation in E. coli was examined further by replacing the natural tnaC stop codon, UGA, with UAG or UAA in a tnaC-stop codon-tnaA'-'lacZ reporter construct. Basal level expression was reduced to 20 and 50% when the UGA stop codon was replaced by UAG or UAA, respectively, consistent with the finding that in E. coli translation terminates more efficiently at UAG and UAA than at UGA. Tryptophan induction was observed in strains with any of the stop codons. However, when UAG or UAA replaced UGA, the induced level of expression was also reduced to 15 and 50% of that obtained with UGA as the tnaC stop codon, respectively. Introduction of a mutant allele encoding a temperature-sensitive release factor 1, prfA1, increased basal level expression 60-fold when the tnaC stop codon was UAG and 3-fold when this stop codon was UAA; basal level expression was reduced by 50% in the construct with the natural stop codon, UGA. In strains with any of the three stop codons and the prfA1 mutation, the induced levels of tna operon expression were virtually identical. The effects of tnaC stop codon identity on expression were also examined in the absence of Rho action, using tnaC-stop codon-'lacZ constructs that lack the tnaC-tnaA spacer region. Expression was low in the absence of tnaC stop codon suppression. In most cases, tryptophan addition resulted in about 50% inhibition of expression when UGA was replaced by UAG or UAA and the appropriate suppressor was present. Introduction of the prfA1 mutant allele increased expression of the suppressed construct with the UAG stop codon; tryptophan addition also resulted in ca. 50% inhibition. These findings provide additional evidence implicating the behavior of the ribosome translating tnaC in the regulation of tna operon expression.  (+info)

Secretion, localization, and antibacterial activity of TasA, a Bacillus subtilis spore-associated protein. (6/4265)

The synthesis and subcellular localization of the proteins that comprise the Bacillus subtilis spore are under a variety of complex controls. To better understand these controls, we have identified and characterized a 31-kDa sporulation protein, called TasA, which is secreted into the culture medium early in sporulation and is also incorporated into the spore. TasA synthesis begins approximately 30 min after the onset of sporulation and requires the sporulation transcription factor genes spo0H and spo0A. The first 81 nucleotides of tasA encode a 27-amino-acid sequence that resembles a signal peptide and which is missing from TasA isolated from a sporulating cell lysate. In B. subtilis cells unable to synthesize the signal peptidase SipW, TasA is not secreted, nor is it incorporated into spores. Cells unable to produce SipW produce a 34-kDa form of TasA, consistent with a failure to remove the N-terminal 27 amino acids. In cells engineered to express sipW and tasA during exponential growth, TasA migrates as a 31-kDa species and is secreted into the culture medium. These results indicate that SipW plays a crucial role in the export of TasA out of the cell and its incorporation into spores. Although TasA is dispensable for sporulation under laboratory conditions, we find that TasA has a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. We discuss the possibility that during the beginning of sporulation as well as later, during germination, TasA inhibits other organisms in the environment, thus conferring a competitive advantage to the spore.  (+info)

Isolation and characterization of drosocrystallin, a lens crystallin gene of Drosophila melanogaster. (7/4265)

We have cloned the drosocrystallin gene (dcy) of Drosophila melanogaster, which encodes a major protein of the corneal lens, previously described in part by Komori et al. (1992, J. Cell Sci. 102, 191-201). Synthesis of the DCY protein starts weakly in 2-day-old pupae, reaches a peak at day 3 and day 4 of pupal development, and decreases very fast in young adults. The dcy mRNA is detected in the compound eyes as well as in the ocelli. The presence of a putative signal peptide and the extracellular location of DCY suggest that DCY is a secreted protein. Interestingly, the dcy gene shows sequence similarities to some insect cuticular proteins and is detected as well in two closely related Drosophila species, D. sechellia and D. simulans, and in one more distantly related species, D. virilis. This finding supports the hypothesis that Drosophila used the same strategy as vertebrates and mollusks, namely, recruiting a multifunctional protein for refraction in the lens, by a gene-sharing mechanism. Furthermore, it supports our intercalary evolution hypothesis, which suggests that the development of an elaborate structure (for example, a compound eye) from an original primitive form (an ancestral photoreceptor organ) can be achieved by recruiting novel genes into the original developmental pathway.  (+info)

Nuclear export of LIM-kinase 1, mediated by two leucine-rich nuclear-export signals within the PDZ domain. (8/4265)

LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates cofilin and regulates actin-filament dynamics. LIMK1, which contains two LIM domains and a single PDZ domain, localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm, but its mutant, deleted with the PDZ domain, localizes mainly in the nucleus, thereby indicating that the PDZ domain plays a role in the cytoplasmic localization of LIMK1. Here we provide evidence that the PDZ domain of LIMK1 contains two functional leucine-rich nuclear-export signals (NESs). The PDZ domain of LIMK1 fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST-PDZ), when injected into the nucleus, was rapidly excluded from the nucleus, but its mutant with replacements of conserved hydrophobic residues in two putative NESs by alanines remained in the nucleus. The nuclear export of GST-PDZ was sensitive to leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of nuclear export mediated by leucine-rich NESs. Malfunctional mutation of two NESs or LMB treatment prevented the nuclear export of full-length LIMK1 and induced its nuclear accumulation. These results suggest that the predominant localization of LIMK1 in the cytoplasm is supported by two NESs within the PDZ domain and that LIMK1 normally shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We also provide evidence that a short basic cluster sequence within the protein-kinase domain is involved in the nuclear import of LIMK1.  (+info)

Proteolytic processing of Escherichia coli twin-arginine signal peptides by LepB - Research Database, The University of DundeeProteolytic processing of Escherichia coli twin-arginine signal peptides by LepB - Research Database, The University of Dundee
TY - JOUR. T1 - Proteolytic processing of Escherichia coli twin-arginine signal peptides by LepB. AU - Luke,Iris. AU - Handford,Jennifer I.. AU - Palmer,Tracy. AU - Sargent,Frank. PY - 2009/12. Y1 - 2009/12. N2 - The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) apparatus is a protein targeting system found in the cytoplasmic membranes of many prokaryotes. Substrate proteins of the Tat pathway are synthesised with signal peptides bearing SRRxFLK twin-arginine amino acid motifs. All Tat signal peptides have a common tripartite structure comprising a polar N-terminal region, followed by a hydrophobic region of variable length and a polar C-terminal region. In Escherichia coli, Tat signal peptides are proteolytically cleaved after translocation. The signal peptide C-terminal regions contain conserved AxA motifs, which are possible recognition sequences for leader peptidase I (LepB). In this work, the role of LepB in Tat signal peptide processing was addressed directly. Deliberate repression of lepB ...
Wild type and mutant signal peptides of Escherichia coli outer membrane lipoprotein interact with equal efficiency with...Wild type and mutant signal peptides of Escherichia coli outer membrane lipoprotein interact with equal efficiency with...
The signal peptide of the outer membrane lipoprotein (OMLP) of Escherichia coli was shown to be capable of promoting protein translocation across mammalian microsomal membranes in vitro. We assayed translocation of a fusion protein containing the OMLP signal peptide and nine amino acids of OMLP fused in frame to beta-lactamase. The efficiency with which the mammalian translocation machinery recognizes and accepts the OMLP signal peptide as substrate is indistinguishable from that of mammalian secretory proteins. Upon translocation mammalian signal peptidase processes the pre-OMLP-beta-lactamase protein at different sites than are utilized in vivo by E. coli OMLP signal peptidase (signal peptidase II) but that can be predicted as mammalian signal peptidase cleavage sites. Mutants in the OMLP signal peptide were tested for their ability to promote translocation of the fusion protein in this assay system. It has been shown previously that mutants in the positively charged amino acids at the amino ...
Intramembrane proteolysis and post-targeting functions of signal peptides | Biochemical Society TransactionsIntramembrane proteolysis and post-targeting functions of signal peptides | Biochemical Society Transactions
Signal sequences are the addresses of proteins destined for secretion. In eukaryotic cells, they mediate targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and insertion into the translocon. Thereafter, signal sequences are cleaved from the pre-protein and liberated into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. We have recently reported that some liberated signal peptides are further processed by the intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease signal peptide peptidase. Cleavage in the membrane-spanning portion of the signal peptide promotes the release of signal peptide fragments from the lipid bilayer. Typical processes that include intramembrane proteolysis is the regulatory or signalling function of cleavage products. Likewise, signal peptide fragments liberated upon intramembrane cleavage may promote such post-targeting functions in the cell.. ...
Analysis of Tat targeting function and twin-arginine signal peptide activity in Escherichia coli. - Oxford NeuroscienceAnalysis of Tat targeting function and twin-arginine signal peptide activity in Escherichia coli. - Oxford Neuroscience
The Tat system is a protein export system dedicated to the transport of folded proteins across the prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane and the thylakoid membrane of plant chloroplasts. Proteins are targeted for export by the Tat system via N-terminal signal peptides harbouring an S-R-R-x-F-L-K twin-arginine motif. In this chapter qualitative and quantitative assays for native Tat substrates in the model organism Escherichia coli are described. Genetic screening methods designed to allow the rapid positive selection of Tat signal peptide activity and the first positive selection for mutations that inactivate the Tat pathway are also presented. Finally isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) methods for measuring the affinity of twin-arginine signal peptide-chaperone interactions are discussed.
A plant secretory signal peptide targets plastome-encoded recombinant proteins to the thylakoid membrane | IRIS Università...A plant secretory signal peptide targets plastome-encoded recombinant proteins to the thylakoid membrane | IRIS Università...
Plastids are considered promising bioreactors for the production of recombinant proteins, but the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating foreign protein folding, targeting, and accumulation in these organelles is still incomplete. Here we demonstrate that a plant secretory signal peptide is able to target a plastome-encoded recombinant protein to the thylakoid membrane. The fusion protein zeolin with its native signal peptide expressed by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) transplastomic plants was directed into the chloroplast thylakoid membranes, whereas the zeolin mutant devoid of the signal peptide, Dzeolin, is instead accumulated in the stroma. We also show that zeolin folds in the thylakoid membrane where it accumulates as trimers able to form disulphide bonds. Disulphide bonds contribute to protein accumulation since zeolin shows a higher accumulation level with respect to stromal Dzeolin, whose folding is hampered as the protein accumulates at low amounts in a monomeric form and it is not ...
Signal Peptide DatabaseSignal Peptide Database
N-terminal signal sequences mediate targeting of nascent secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a signal recognition particle (SRP)-dependent manner. Signal sequences have a tripartite structure, consisting of a hydrophobic core region (h-region) flanked by an n- and c-region. The latter contains the signal peptidase (SPase) consensus cleavage site. Usually, signal sequences are cleaved off co-translationally so that signal peptides and mature proteins are generated. Signal sequences are extremely variable in length and amino acid composition. This variability suggests that ER targeting and the steps beyond like protein insertion and SPase cleavage are affected by the signal sequence ...
New prediction server for signal peptidesNew prediction server for signal peptides
New prediction server avaliable: Sigfind - Signal Peptide Prediction Server (Human) at http://www.stepc.gr/~synaptic/sigfind.html (C)opyright 2001 by Martin Reczko (martin at stepc.gr) This software (SIGFIND) predicts signal peptides at the start of protein sequences. A novel neural network learning algorithm is used for prediction. It is trained on the human protein data used for the SIGNALP system described in H.Nielsen, J.Engelbrecht, S.Brunak, and G.von Heijne: Identification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal peptides and prediction of their cleavage sites Protein Engineering, vol. 10 no. 1 pp. 1-6, 1997 The SIGNALP data is derived from A.Bairoch and B.Boeckmann: The SWISS-PROT protein sequence data bank: current status, Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3578-3580 (1994). Using the same fivefold crossvalidation as SIGNALP, the 5 networks of SIGFIND (avgerage Mathews correlation coefficiant 0.98) perform better than SIGNALP (avgerage Mathews correlation coefficiant 0.96). It should be noted that ...
Modular assembly of synthetic proteins that span the plasma membrane in mammalian cells | BMC Biotechnology | Full TextModular assembly of synthetic proteins that span the plasma membrane in mammalian cells | BMC Biotechnology | Full Text
To achieve synthetic control over how a cell responds to other cells or the extracellular environment, it is important to reliably engineer proteins that can traffic and span the plasma membrane. Using a modular approach to assemble proteins, we identified the minimum necessary components required to engineer such membrane-spanning proteins with predictable orientation in mammalian cells. While a transmembrane domain (TM) fused to the N-terminus of a protein is sufficient to traffic it to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an additional signal peptidase cleavage site downstream of this TM enhanced sorting out of the ER. Next, a second TM in the synthetic protein helped anchor and accumulate the membrane-spanning protein on the plasma membrane. The orientation of the components of the synthetic protein were determined through measuring intracellular Ca2+ signaling using the R-GECO biosensor and through measuring extracellular quenching of yellow fluorescent protein variants by saturating acidic and salt
Finding secretion signals in protein sequencesFinding secretion signals in protein sequences
Background and aims: Signal peptides are central to biological processes in that they direct proteins to their proper destination after synthesis. If the signal sequence in a nascent was changed, the protein could end up in a wrong cellular location. Some proteins known to be secreted have had their signal peptides unpredicted by existing signal peptide prediction tools. The aim of this study is to pre-process these proteins in order to optimize their start sites and apply a combined set of tools to finding their signal peptides ...
PelB Leader Sequence Cleavage: post #1PelB Leader Sequence Cleavage: post #1
PelB Leader Sequence Cleavage - posted in Protein and Proteomics: I have designed a fusion peptide that is being inserted into pET22b at the MscI restriction site. It would appear that the PelB signal peptide cleavage site has been removed in my design process. What is the consequence of not removing the leader sequence in protein expression? If it is to be a problem then I would like to know as soon as possible so I can by a new primer and add the necessary sequence bac...
Idealized signal sequences: The role of charge and hydrophobicity in by Jennifer Winslow Izard"Idealized signal sequences: The role of charge and hydrophobicity in " by Jennifer Winslow Izard
Exported prokaryotic proteins typically contain an amino-terminal extension called the signal peptide. Although signal sequences display little primary sequence homology, they share features which promote secretion through the same pathway. These characteristics include a net positive charge in the amino-teminus, a hydrophobic core with $\alpha$-helical propensity, and a cleavage region which contains small side chain residues in the $-$1 and $-$3 positions. The goals of this research are to further analyze the requirement for each property, to determine whether the different features operate at concurrent steps and, ultimately, to correlate the physical features with their functional role(s).^ The alkaline phosphatase signal sequence represents a typical signal peptide and serves as a prototype for designing mutants with simplified sequences that facilitate the delineation of the required physical features. A series of signal sequences varying in amino terminal charge and core region hydrophobicity
TatP 1.0 ServerTatP 1.0 Server
... predicts the presence and location of Twin-arginine signal peptide cleavage sites in bacteria. The method incorporates a prediction of cleavage sites and a signal peptide/non-signal peptide prediction based on a combination of two artificial neural networks. A postfiltering of the output based on regular expressions is possible. View the version history of this server. All the previous versions are available on line, for comparison and reference ...
Optimization of Heavy Chain and Light Chain Signal Peptides for High Level Expression of Therapeutic Antibodies in CHO CellsOptimization of Heavy Chain and Light Chain Signal Peptides for High Level Expression of Therapeutic Antibodies in CHO Cells
Translocation of a nascent protein from the cytosol into the ER mediated by its signal peptide is a critical step in protein secretion. The aim of this work was to develop a platform technology to optimize the signal peptides for high level production of therapeutic antibodies in CHO cells. A database of signal peptides from a large number of human immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (HC) and kappa light chain (LC) was generated. Most of the HC signal peptides contain 19 amino acids which can be divided into three domains and the LC signal peptides contain 22 amino acids. The signal peptides were then clustered according to sequence similarity. Based on the clustering, 8 HC and 2 LC signal peptides were analyzed for their impacts on the production of 5-top selling antibody therapeutics, namely, Herceptin, Avastin, Remicade, Rituxan, and Humira. The best HC and LC signal peptides for producing these 5 antibodies were identified. The optimized signal peptides for Rituxan is 2-fold better compared to its
Identification and analysis of the cleavage site in a signal peptide using SMOTE, dagging, and feature selection methods -...Identification and analysis of the cleavage site in a signal peptide using SMOTE, dagging, and feature selection methods -...
The cleavage site of a signal peptide located in the C-region can be recognized by the signal peptidase in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and the signal peptides are typically cleaved off during or after the translocation of the target protein. The identification of cleavage sites remains challenging because of
PPIA-like Cyps with signal peptide. Domain architecture | Open-iPPIA-like Cyps with signal peptide. Domain architecture | Open-i
PPIA-like Cyps with signal peptide. Domain architecture and genomic organization of Cyps with signal peptide are shown. Species are abbreviated as in Fig. 1. Cy
Long Signal Flags | Kull IndustriesLong Signal Flags | Kull Industries
Long Exam Room Signs by Kull Industries are used to indicate to personnel an exam rooms status at a glance. Long Signal Flags are offered in several numerical sets and colors.
32nd week of 2011 patent applcation highlights part 3632nd week of 2011 patent applcation highlights part 36
SET OF SEQUENCES FOR TARGETING EXPRESSION AND CONTROL OF THE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF A RECOMBINANT POLYPEPTIDE - The present invention provides new tools useful for controlling the post-translational modifications of recombinant polypeptides. These tools are particular signal peptides allowing the targeting of recombinant polypeptides during their synthesis in a host cell to specific sub-cellular compartments and a specific designing of said recombinant polypeptides within said sub-cellular compartments. These signal peptides are SEQ ID no 1 to SEQ ID no 31 disclosed herein. The present invention relates therefore also to a process for producing a recombinant polypeptide, in particular to a post-translationally modified polypeptide comprising the steps of transfecting or transforming a cell with at least one numleic acid vector encoding a recombinant protein which is the polypeptide before being post-translationally modified or a recombinant protein different to said polypeptide, said ...
OSA | Using optical mapping of the internal signal to test the function of the visual cerebral cortex in mammalsOSA | Using optical mapping of the internal signal to test the function of the visual cerebral cortex in mammals
Optical mapping of the internal signal is a unique method of studying the brain and makes it possible to investigate the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex with high spatial resolution. Modern modifications of this method make it possible to shorten the time to obtain individual functional maps, and this opens up new prospects of using the given approach in neurophysiological experiments. It is shown to be possible in principle to use optical mapping of the internal signal to objectively test the visual function: As the contrast of the visual stimulus changes, changes have been observed in both the amplitude of the metabolic response in the cortex and in the structure of the functional maps.. © 2011 OSA. PDF Article ...
Browsing IBERS Research papers by Author Kaderbhai, Naheed N.Browsing IBERS Research papers by Author "Kaderbhai, Naheed N."
A chimeric mammalian globular cytochrome b(5) fused to Escherichia coil alkaline phosphatase signal sequence (SS) was used as a model probe to investigate the influence of substituting each one of the standard 20 amino ...
Team:UCSF/Project/Arsenal - 2010.igem.orgTeam:UCSF/Project/Arsenal - 2010.igem.org
Concept and experimental design We hypothesized that fusing address tags from proteins that are naturally sent to the granule may work to send GFP to the granule as well. 1. N-terminal signal peptides Proteins should be translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) first in order to be further sorted to granule. Since it is not sure whether the signal sequence would play some role in the granule sorting, we decided to use the signal sequences from the granzymes. Each Granzyme has an individual signal peptide sequence that delivers it to the Endo Reticulum. Every signal sequence is distinct in size and amino acid content. 2. C-terminal "address tag" sequences We have two strategies to send our cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the granule: 1. Directly fuse our cargo to the granule specific transporters. 2. Fuse our cargo to some address tag which can bind to the transporter. Strategy 1 The proteins listed below all have granule localization motif on their cytoplasmic tails. Y-motif: ...
SIGNAL PROCESSING APPARATUS, SIGNAL PROCESSING METHOD, SIGNAL PROCESSING PROGRAM, COMPUTER-READABLE RECORDING MEDIUM...SIGNAL PROCESSING APPARATUS, SIGNAL PROCESSING METHOD, SIGNAL PROCESSING PROGRAM, COMPUTER-READABLE RECORDING MEDIUM...
0024] (12) According to an aspect of the embodiments, a medium includes a computer-readable recording medium storing a signal processing program for causing, in a signal processing apparatus for predicting a value of an input time series signal after predetermined time, a computer to implement a prediction function is recorded, the signal processing program causing the computer to implement a cycle fluctuation analysis function for assuming a certain component of an input time series signal as a time series signal whose cycle varies with respect to time to carry out a correlation analysis between part of the input time series signal and the input time series signal, estimating a cycle fluctuation of the input time series signal and reliability of the cycle fluctuation using a result of the correlation analysis, predicting a cycle of the input time series signal after predetermined time using the cycle fluctuation and the reliability of the cycle fluctuation and calculating, using the result of ...
Patent US8055204 - Methods for detecting and classifying signals transmitted over a radio ... - Google PatentsPatent US8055204 - Methods for detecting and classifying signals transmitted over a radio ... - Google Patents
A method for classifying a signal is disclosed. The method can be used by a station or stations within a network to classify the signal as non-cooperative (NC) or a target signal. The method performs classification over channels within a frequency spectrum. The percentage of power above a first threshold is computed for a channel. Based on the percentage, a signal is classified as a narrowband signal. If the percentage indicates the absence of a narrowband signal, then a lower second threshold is applied to confirm the absence according to the percentage of power above the second threshold. The signal is classified as a narrowband signal or pre-classified as a wideband signal based on the percentage. Pre-classified wideband signals are classified as a wideband NC signal or target signal using spectrum masks.
Getting Started with Signal Processing ToolboxGetting Started with Signal Processing Toolbox
Find Periodicity Using Frequency Analysis. Spectral analysis helps characterize oscillatory behavior in data and measure the different cycles.. Detect a Distorted Signal in Noise. Use frequency analysis to characterize a signal embedded in noise.. Measure the Power of a Signal. Estimate the width of the frequency band that contains most of the power of a signal. For distorted signals, determine the power stored in the fundamental and the harmonics.. Compare the Frequency Content of Two Signals. Identify similarity between signals in the frequency domain.. Detect Periodicity in a Signal with Missing Samples. Use the Lomb-Scargle periodogram to study the periodicity of an irregularly sampled signal.. ...
NT3 Protein - NBP1-46102-5-5 | acris-antibodies.comNT3 Protein - NBP1-46102-5-5 | acris-antibodies.com
NT3 Protein, 5 µg. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), also known as nerve growth factor-2 (NGF2) or hippocampus-derived neurotrophic factor (HDNF), is a 257 amino acid precursor protein with a secretory signal sequence of 16 amino acids, a pro-peptide of 122 amino
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Events/B - CommonJS Spec WikiEvents/B - CommonJS Spec Wiki
gets the internal signal or creates and sets the internal signal for the given name and calls the observe method of that signal with the given callback ...
Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS) | American Council of the BlindAccessible Pedestrian Signals (APS) | American Council of the Blind
The Seeing Eye. The most recent recommendations for accessible pedestrian signals (APS) are based on an entirely different type of device and installation than the overhead cuckoo-chirp type signals that have been installed in many parts of the US. You may be more familiar with the cuckoo-chirp type signals, but they are no longer the recommended standard in the US. This is based on research completed since 1988, including an ACB survey in 1998, evaluating different types of APS systems. First, we learned that the cuckoo-chirp signals resulted in incorrect decisions about which street had the walk signal. People had difficulty remembering which tone was for which direction, often didnt know which direction they were traveling, and birds sometimes mimicked the chirp sound. In general, this was found to be true for "two-tone" systems of signals; people made incorrect decisions. There was no advantage to overhead mounted signals, in terms of providing directional guidance for crossing, and they ...
Moving image signal coding system - Patent # 4837618 - PatentGeniusMoving image signal coding system - Patent # 4837618 - PatentGenius
A system of coding moving image signals produces a predictive error signal by a predictive coding based on inter-frame correlation and quantizing the predictive error signal for each block of a picture frame constituted by N lines of M pixels. The system includes a block coding/non-coding decision unit for calculating a first evaluation value Sm of the predictive error signal for each block of the picture frame. This unit decides that block non-coding is applicable when the first evaluation value Sm is less than a first threshold value T.sub.1 and that block coding is applicable when the first evaluation value Sm is greater than the first threshold value T.sub.1. The predictive error signal is not transmitted when the result of the decision is for block non-coding, and the predictive error signal is quantized and transmitted when the result of the decision is for block coding.
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Ive been fighting with this for a while, too. However, its not as simple as using sigaction (or sigvec) in place of signal where possible. Some systems dont return EINTR from select even when a signal is set with the SA_RESTART (or SA_INTERRUPT) flag set in these two calls. The issue is that some systems set the signal, and the first thread to notice the signal will service it. If the thread that has called select is not the thread to pick up the signal, the select call will not return with EINTR ...
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Signal weights corresponding to an initial system of equations with a block coefficient matrix T|sub|0 |/sub|can be obtained from the solution to a system of equations with a block coefficient matrix
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Metabolic cleavage and translocation efficiency of selected cell penetrating peptides: a comparative study with epithelial cell...Metabolic cleavage and translocation efficiency of selected cell penetrating peptides: a comparative study with epithelial cell...
We investigated the metabolic stability of four cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), namely SAP, hCT(9-32)-br, [Palpha] and [Pbeta], when in contact with either subconfluent HeLa, confluent MDCK or Calu-3 epithelial cell cultures. Additionally, through analysis of their cellular translocation efficiency, we evaluated possible relations between metabolic stability and translocation efficiency. Metabolic degradation kinetics and resulting metabolites were assessed using RP-HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Translocation efficiencies were determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Between HeLa, MDCK and Calu-3 we found the levels of proteolytic activities to be highly variable. However, for each peptide, the individual degradation patterns were quite similar. The metabolic stability of the investigated CPPs was in the order of CF-SAP = CF-hCT(9-32)-br , [Pbeta]-IAF , [Palpha] and we identified specific cleavage sites for each of the ...
Many random sequences functionally replace the secretion signal sequence of yeast invertase | ScienceMany random sequences functionally replace the secretion signal sequence of yeast invertase | Science
In the process of protein secretion, amino-terminal signal sequences are key recognition elements; however, the relation between the primary sequence of an amino-terminal peptide and its ability to function as an export signal remains obscure. The limits of variation permitted for functional signal sequences were determined by replacement of the normal signal sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase with essentially random peptide sequences. Since about one-fifth of these sequences can function as an export signal the specificity with which signal sequences are recognized must be very low.. ...
Structural basis of signal-sequence recognition by the signal recognition particleStructural basis of signal-sequence recognition by the signal recognition particle
The signal recognition particle (SRP) recognizes and binds the signal sequence of nascent proteins as they emerge from the ribosome. We present here the 3.0-Å structure of a signal sequence bound to the Methanococcus jannaschii SRP core. Structural comparison with the free SRP core shows that signal-sequence binding induces formation of the GM-linker helix and a 180° flip of the NG domain-structural changes that ensure a hierarchical succession of events during protein targeting.. ...
Synthetic signal sequences that enable efficient secretory protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus | Microbial...Synthetic signal sequences that enable efficient secretory protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus | Microbial...
To generate a simplified signal sequence, we substituted a part of the yGLuc hydrophobic core with repeats of a single amino acid. The VLFALICI sequence was initially substituted to contain an eight residue repeat of a single amino acid (Figure 3). L8, M8, W8, and F8 increased secreted protein activity but repeats containing other residues (I, T, S, Q, Y, A, V, and C) did not. This result indicated that a complex amino acid sequence such as VLFALICI can be substituted with a repeat of select, single amino acids. Furthermore, although eight residue repeats of the residues I, T, S, Q, Y, A, V, and C, appeared not to be suitable, or too weak for a hydrophobic core; in fact, a hydrophobic core consisting of I12 and I13 was able to function as a signal sequence (Figure 5a). Therefore, the hydrophobic core in a signal sequence can be determined by the number of hydrophobic amino acids without including charged amino acids such as E, D, R, and K. Moreover, the efficiency of secretory production can be ...
Accurately cleavable goat β-lactoglobulin signal peptide efficiently guided translation of a recombinant human plasminogen...Accurately cleavable goat β-lactoglobulin signal peptide efficiently guided translation of a recombinant human plasminogen...
The utilization of highly heterologous secreted lactoprotein signal peptides to guide the recombinant proteins to translocation and secretion in mammary gland bioreactors has rarely been reported. The first step in the synthesis of secretory proteins is generation of a signal peptide containing 15-30 hydrophobic amino acid residues in the cell matrix. When the polypeptide chain extends to approximately 80 amino acids, the signal peptide directs the synthesizing polypeptide chain into the lumen of the ER. The signal peptidase on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) then cleaves the signal peptide and continues to extend the polypeptide chain until synthesis of the entire polypeptide chain is completed [33-35]. The translocation of secretory proteins into the lumen of the ER constitutes the limiting step within the classical secretory pathway [36]. The secretion of t-PA from vascular endothelial cells to blood is mediated by its native signal peptide at a low yield [37,38]. However, we report here the ...
SignalP/SignalP4 API Comments | ProgrammableWebSignalP/SignalP4 API Comments | ProgrammableWeb
The service provides predictions of genetic structures based on neural network algorithms and Markov statistical models. It analyzes data about the frequency of amino acid sequences for various organisms and generates likely existence and locations of signal peptide cleavage sites to be expected in their genetic structures. Organism groups covered include gram-positive and gram-negative prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. The same provider maintains an [[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/ws/ws.php?entry=SignalP4 alternative service]], as well. API methods support submission of the amino acid sequence to be analyzed along with an organism type, preferred prediction method, and desired statistical prediction certainty threshold. Methods also support monitoring the service processing queue and retrieving the completed analytical result ...
Signal peptide peptidase functions in ERAD to cleave the unfolded protein response regulator XBP1u | The EMBO JournalSignal peptide peptidase functions in ERAD to cleave the unfolded protein response regulator XBP1u | The EMBO Journal
Intramembrane proteases cleave peptide bonds within cellular membranes and thereby control important processes ranging from transcription regulation to growth factor secretion (Lemberg, 2011). The largest and most diverse group of these unusual enzymes is formed by the GxGD aspartyl proteases including presenilin/γ‐secretase as well as signal peptide peptidase (SPP) (Wolfe, 2009; Lichtenthaler et al, 2011). SPP localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it cleaves signal peptides that have been removed from precursors of secretory and membrane proteins (Weihofen et al, 2002). Like for most characterized intramembrane proteases, this release is part of a two‐step mechanism: First signal peptidase cleaves off the substrate proteins ectodomains, which enables the subsequent SPP‐catalyzed intramembrane cut (Lemberg & Martoglio, 2002). So far, known functions of SPP include generation of signal peptide‐derived bioactive peptides in immune surveillance and proteolytic maturation of ...
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the 19 kDa protein of signal recognition particle (SRP): expression and...Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the 19 kDa protein of signal recognition particle (SRP): expression and...
Signal recognition particle (SRP) consists of a 7SL RNA molecule and 6 protein subunits. We have isolated and characterized cDNA clones from human liver which encode the 19kDa protein subunit (SRP19). This subunit binds to the RNA directly and mediates binding of a second polypeptide, the 54kDa subunit which is involved in signal sequence recognition. Amino acid sequences deduced from the human cDNA sequence were identical to amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides from canine pancreatic SRP19. In vitro transcription and translation of the human cDNA resulted in a protein product the same size as canine SRP19 which could be immunoprecipitated by an antiserum raised against canine SRP19. SRP19 synthesized in a cell-free system specifically bound to 7SL RNA. The sequence of SRP19 is discussed with respect to its binding to 7SL RNA.. ...
Stress in the Powerhouse of the CellStress in the Powerhouse of the Cell
Cells need powerhouses known as mitochondria to utilize the energy stored in our food. Most of the proteins required for this powerhouse function are encoded in the nucleus and transported into the mitochondria after they have been synthesized in the cytosol. Signal sequences are needed to allow the protein to enter the mitochondria. Once the protein has arrived there, the signal sequences are, however, removed. Up until now, researchers did not fully understand the importance of this removal of signal sequences. It was also unclear why flawed removal leads to a number of illnesses, such as diseases of the heart or brain. Together with her working group, Dr. Nora Vögtle of the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Freiburg has discovered that errors in the removal of signal sequences lead to an aggregation of these proteins so that they clump together inside the mitochondria. They have presented their findings in the current issue of the scientific journal ...
A retained secretory signal peptide mediates high density lipoprotein (HDL) assembly and function of haptoglobin-related...A retained secretory signal peptide mediates high density lipoprotein (HDL) assembly and function of haptoglobin-related...
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [John M Harrington, Tuiumkan Nishanova, Savannah Rose Pena, Matthew Hess, Chris L Scelsi, Justin Widener, Stephen L Hajduk].
The effect of α-mating factor secretion signal mutations on recombinan by Geoff P. Lin-Cereghino, Carolyn Stark et al."The effect of α-mating factor secretion signal mutations on recombinan" by Geoff P. Lin-Cereghino, Carolyn Stark et al.
The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, has been genetically engineered to produce many heterologous proteins for industrial and research purposes. In order to secrete proteins for easier purification from the extracellular medium, the coding sequence of recombinant proteins is initially fused to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-mating factor secretion signal leader. Extensive site-directed mutagenesis of the prepro-region of the α-mating factor secretion signal sequence was performed in order to determine the effects of various deletions and substitutions on expression. Though some mutations clearly dampened protein expression, deletion of amino acids 57-70, corresponding to the predicted 3rd alpha helix of α-mating factor secretion signal, increased secretion of reporter proteins horseradish peroxidase and lipase at least 50% in small-scale cultures. These findings raise the possibility that the secretory efficiency of the leader can be further enhanced in the future.
An in vitro assay using overexpressed yeast SRP demonstrates that cotranslational translocation is dependent upon the J-domain...An in vitro assay using overexpressed yeast SRP demonstrates that cotranslational translocation is dependent upon the J-domain...
TY - JOUR. T1 - An in vitro assay using overexpressed yeast SRP demonstrates that cotranslational translocation is dependent upon the J-domain of Sec63p. AU - Willer, Martin. AU - Jermy, Andrew J.. AU - Steel, Gregor J.. AU - Garside, Helen J.. AU - Carter, Stephanie. AU - Stirling, Colin J.. PY - 2003. Y1 - 2003. N2 - The signal recognition particle (SRP) is required for co-translational targeting of polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once at the membrane, the precursor interacts with a complex proteinaceous machinery that mediates its translocation across the bilayer. Genetic studies in yeast have identified a number of genes whose products are involved in this complex process. These mutants offer a potentially valuable resource with which to analyze the biochemical role played by each component in the pathway. However, such analyses have been hampered by the failure to reconstitute an efficient in vitro assay for SRP-dependent translocation. We report the construction of two ...
RNA-mediated interaction between the peptide-binding and GTPase domains of the signal recognition particleRNA-mediated interaction between the peptide-binding and GTPase domains of the signal recognition particle
The signal recognition particle (SRP) targets nascent proteins to cellular membranes for insertion or secretion by recognizing polypeptides containing an N-terminal signal sequence as they emerge from the ribosome. GTP-dependent binding of SRP to its receptor protein leads to controlled release of t …
Specific Targeting of the EBV Lytic Phase Protein BNLF2a to the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Results in...Specific Targeting of the EBV Lytic Phase Protein BNLF2a to the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Results in...
The ER-resident MHC class I PLC forms a key target for viral immune evasion. When analyzing the subcellular distribution of BNLF2a, we observed strict membrane association and colocalization with TAP and the ER markers calnexin and PDI (Figs. 1⇑, 2⇑, 6⇑D, and 7B), reminiscent of two other TAP inhibitors, HCMV US6 (35, 36) and BHV-1 UL49.5 (33). The latter two represent integral type I membrane proteins with cleavable signal sequences at their N termini for cotranslational membrane insertion, as well as transmembrane domains toward their C termini. In contrast, BNLF2a lacks an obvious N-terminal signal sequence (Fig. 1⇑A). Still, the EBV-encoded TAP inhibitor is membrane associated and, even in the absence of TAP, localizes to the ER (Fig. 6⇑D). In this respect, BNLF2a differs from HSV ICP47, which also lacks a signal sequence but has been detected primarily as a cytosolic protein with small amounts associating with membranes (26, 31). ICP47 is unstructured in aqueous solutions but ...
Sandwalk: Professor Alex Palazzo Is Coming to Toronto!!!Sandwalk: Professor Alex Palazzo Is Coming to Toronto!!!
In eukaryotic cells, most mRNAs are exported from the nucleus by the transcription export (TREX) complex, which is loaded onto mRNAs after their splicing and capping. We have studied in mammalian cells the nuclear export of mRNAs that code for secretory proteins, which are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by hydrophobic signal sequences. The mRNAs were injected into the nucleus or synthesized from injected or transfected DNA, and their export was followed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. We made the surprising observation that the signal sequence coding region (SSCR) can serve as a nuclear export signal of an mRNA that lacks an intron or functional cap. Even the export of an intron-containing natural mRNA was enhanced by its SSCR. Like conventional export, the SSCR-dependent pathway required the factor TAP, but depletion of the TREX components had only moderate effects. The SSCR export signal appears to be characterized in vertebrates by a low content of adenines, as ...
Team:Kyoto/Project - 2012.igem.orgTeam:Kyoto/Project - 2012.igem.org
The Twin Arginate Translocation pathway(Tat) is one of the secretion systems E.coli originally has. This system can carry proteins that have TorA signal at N terminal. TatA, TatB and TatC compose Tat complex on inner membrane. Tat complex recognizes TorA signal peptide and then it transports proteins (with TorA) from cytoplasm to periplasm with maintaining their folding. In short, proteins secreted via Tat pathway can keep active. In this experiment, we wanted to design a applicable TorA signal device to meet various needs and to check the function of signal sequence. TorA signal was, actually,submitted by Canbrige 2011(BBa_K233307) cause a stop codon between signal peptide and target coding sequence(CDS) when you assemble them by standard or 3A assembly. For these reasons, all of other teams make an effort to combine TorA signal to targets, such as using Gibson assembly. Thats too trouble! To avoid appearing a stop codon in scar sequence between TorA signal and a target protein CDS, we made ...
Patent US7315574 - System and method for generating a jittered test signal - Google PatentsPatent US7315574 - System and method for generating a jittered test signal - Google Patents
A multi-speed jittered signal generator (216, 400) that generates a full-speed jittered signal (404) by scaling a low-speed jittered signal (420) using a frequency scaler (428). The low-speed jittered signal is created by injecting a modulation signal (416) into a reference signal (412) using a jitter injector (432). Injecting jitter into a low-speed reference signal allows the full-speed jittered signal to be of higher quality than conventional jitter signals created by injecting jitter information into a full-speed reference signal. The multi-speed jittered signal generator may be used as part of a testing system (208) for testing various circuitry, such as high-speed serializer/deserializer circuitry (220).
pSF-T7-NH2-OmpA SP-NcoI (OG165) Bacterial Secretion PlasmidpSF-T7-NH2-OmpA SP-NcoI (OG165) Bacterial Secretion Plasmid
Bacterial secretory signal peptide expression plasmid with the T7 promoter upstream to drive gene expression (Frame 1 - NcoI site aligned).
Signalünerträger und Aktivator der Transkription 5BSignalünerträger und Aktivator der Transkription 5B
Fang P et al. (2006) A mutant signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b, associated with growth hormone insensitivity and insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency, cannot function as a signal transducer or transcription factor.. [^] ...
Patent US20040107408 - Method of optimizing signal lines within circuit, optimizing apparatus ... - Google PatentsPatent US20040107408 - Method of optimizing signal lines within circuit, optimizing apparatus ... - Google Patents
A method for designing an integrated circuit such as a VLSI circuit, in particular optimizing delay of a signal transmitting through signal lines connecting a signal supplying source to each of elements, whereby skew can be decreased. The method can include determining whether the signal source satisfies a fan-out restriction if the signal source supplies a signal to all of the driven elements which are directly connected to the signal source, dividing the elements into groups so that the fan-out restriction is satisfied in each of the groups and each of the groups has the same or substantially same load capacity, when the signal source does not satisfy the fan-out restriction, and inserting into each group, a buffer having a size which makes the groups of elements satisfy the fan-out restriction. The dividing and the buffer inserting are repeated until a positive determination is delivered on the fan-out restriction.
Matrix-targeting immunotherapy controls tumor growth and spread by switching macrophage phenotype - ImmunologyMatrix-targeting immunotherapy controls tumor growth and spread by switching macrophage phenotype - Immunology
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you click Continue well assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you wont see this message again. Click Find out more for information on how to change your cookie settings ...
Patent US7706570 - Encoding and decoding auxiliary signals - Google PatentsPatent US7706570 - Encoding and decoding auxiliary signals - Google Patents
This disclosure describes methods and systems for encoding and decoding signals from a host signal such as audio, video or imagery. One claim recites a method comprising: receiving a host signal carrying an auxiliary signal; extracting data representing at least some features of the host signal, said extracting utilizes one or more processors; using the data representing at least some features of the host signal to determine a key; and detecting the auxiliary signal in a transform domain associated with the key, the detecting utilizes one or more processors. Other claims and combinations are provided as well.
Isolation amplifier with precise timing of signals coupled across isolation barrier - Patent # 4748419 - PatentGeniusIsolation amplifier with precise timing of signals coupled across isolation barrier - Patent # 4748419 - PatentGenius
A low cost, high frequency isolation amplifier includes a first voltage-to-frequency converter producing a first pair of complementary pulses in response to an analog input signal and applying them to a pair of low capacitance capacitors constituting the isolation barrier. The isolation barrier differentiates edges of the first pair of pulse signals and applies the resulting signals to inputs of a sense amplifier including a differential amplifier, a pair of comparators, and a flip-flop to precisely reconstruct the first pair of complementary pulse signals, which then are fed into a decoder circuit including a phase locked loop. The phase locked loop includes a phase detector receiving the reconstructed pair of complementary pulse signals and a second pair of complementary pulse signals produced by a second voltage-to-frequency converter. The output of the phase detector is integrated by a filter circuit, the output of which produces a voltage that
SAUSA300 RS01830 - AureoWikiSAUSA300 RS01830 - AureoWiki
Genetic information processingProtein fateProtein and peptide secretion and traffickingTat (twin-arginine translocation) pathway signal sequence (TIGR01409; HMM-score: 25.5) ...
Development/Architecture/DCOP - KDE TechBaseDevelopment/Architecture/DCOP - KDE TechBase
Sometimes a component wants to send notifications via DCOP to other components but does not know which components will be interested in these notifications. One could use a broadcast in such a case but this is a very crude method. For a more sophisticated method DCOP signals have been invented. DCOP signals are very similair to Qt signals, there are some differences though. A DCOP signal can be connected to a DCOP function. Whenever the DCOP signal gets emitted, the DCOP functions to which the signal is connected are being called. DCOP signals are, just like Qt signals, one way. They do not provide a return value. A DCOP signal originates from a DCOP Object/DCOP Client combination (sender). It can be connected to a function of another DCOP Object/DCOP Client combination (receiver). There are two major differences between connections of Qt signals and connections of DCOP signals. In DCOP, unlike Qt, a signal connections can have an anonymous sender and, unlike Qt, a DCOP signal connection can be ...
Five Tips on Choosing a Forex Signals Provider - Action ForexFive Tips on Choosing a Forex Signals Provider - Action Forex
Five Tips on Choosing a Forex Signals Provider. Using a forex signals provider can be exciting for some. For others, having used a forex signals service already and having met with some disappointments, one can get skeptical about using such a service already. This brings the question whether one should use a forex signals service. It also prompts the question whether a forex signals provider can generate profits or equity growth for you.
Cellular Signal Processing: An Introduction to the Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Transduction (9780815345343) : Friedrich...Cellular Signal Processing: An Introduction to the Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Transduction (9780815345343) : Friedrich...
9780815345343: Cellular Signal Processing: An Introduction to the Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Transduction, Friedrich Marks, Ursula Klingmüller, Karin Müller-Decker - Cellular Signal Processing offers a unifying view of cell signaling based on the conc
Context: Bilinear signal synthesis using polarization diversityContext: Bilinear signal synthesis using polarization diversity
Bilinear synthesis of nonstationary signals impinging on a multiantenna receiver has been recently introduced. The distinction in the spatial signatures of the sources provides a vehicle to reduce noise and source signal interactions in the time-frequency domain, and hence improves signal synthesis..... Full description. ...
Category:Signal transduction - wikidocCategory:Signal transduction - wikidoc
Signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Processes referred to as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. ...
Patent US20090299739 - Systems, methods, and apparatus for multichannel signal balancing - Google PatentsPatent US20090299739 - Systems, methods, and apparatus for multichannel signal balancing - Google Patents
A method for processing a multichannel audio signal may be configured to control the amplitude of one channel of the signal relative to another based on the levels of the two channels. One such example uses a bias factor, which is based on a standard orientation of an audio sensing device relative to a directional acoustic information source, for amplitude control of information segments of the signal.
Vary Phase Of Signal During SimulationVary Phase Of Signal During Simulation
Use the docid:simrf_ref.bveln7s-1 block to shift the phase of a sine wave to 180 degrees.Use Repeating Sequence Stair block as a Simulink control signal to control the phase of the signal. To see the variation in phase to 180 degrees, first open and run the model. During simulation, change the value of the Simulink control signal to 90 degrees and see a change in phase in the Output Scope.. ...
Signals & sensorsSignals & sensors
Emergent CAS agents can use the ability to respond differently to different signal strengths to create models of their local environments. In effect when the signals vary with range across the local environment they provide the coordinates of a map. This can be used to coordinate the responses of neighboring cells, via the schematic models that associate particular cascades with the local environmental state ...
Histogram of log2 average C3B signal. Histogram of log2 | Open-iHistogram of log2 average C3B signal. Histogram of log2 | Open-i
Histogram of log2 average C3B signal. Histogram of log2 average C3B signal for the Stratagene Total Human RNA using the 1,288 genes in common among the three pl
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AP1M1AP1M1
AP2M1AP2M1
LAMP1LAMP1
Ubiquitin ligaseUbiquitin ligase
AP1M2AP1M2
TGOLN2TGOLN2
SLC39A1SLC39A1
Multiple Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domains 8Multiple Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domains 8
PBDC1PBDC1
C7orf43C7orf43
KIAA0825KIAA0825
TMEM106ATMEM106A
PSORTPSORT
BTF3BTF3
NACA (gene)NACA (gene)
SCARB2SCARB2
B2-adapt-app CB2-adapt-app C
Alanine aminopeptidaseAlanine aminopeptidase
AAK1AAK1
ArchaeosortaseArchaeosortase
Peng LohPeng Loh
AP3S1AP3S1
Hussein NaimHussein Naim
Fam158aFam158a
C-terminusC-terminus
Tex36Tex36
SortaseSortase
UDP-glucose 4-epimeraseUDP-glucose 4-epimerase
Bulk movementBulk movement
Carboxypeptidase ECarboxypeptidase E
IndinavirIndinavir
Chloroplast DNAChloroplast DNA
OctopusOctopus
WhaleWhale
BioarchaeologyBioarchaeology
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
List of atheists in science and technologyList of atheists in science and technology
ClathrinClathrin
AutophagyAutophagy
NeuroscienceNeuroscience
Tumor necrosis factor alphaTumor necrosis factor alpha
AutophagyAutophagy
TomatoTomato
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicityAntibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
P-selectinP-selectin
Single cell sequencingSingle cell sequencing
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Messenger RNAMessenger RNA
Phenolic content in winePhenolic content in wine
اکسیژن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاداکسیژن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
AmphibianAmphibian
RetinaRetina
Horse breedingHorse breeding
HerbivoreHerbivore
PEX13 - ويكيبيدياPEX13 - ويكيبيديا
Inflammatory breast cancerInflammatory breast cancer
Intracellular transportIntracellular transport
Female sperm storageFemale sperm storage
Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide
RofecoxibRofecoxib
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Protein Sorting SignalsSignal TransductionMolecular Sequence DataSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedAmino Acid SequenceNuclear Localization SignalsBase SequenceCell LinePhosphorylationMutationModels, BiologicalCells, CulturedRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, MessengerMembrane ProteinsCloning, MolecularAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingSignal Detection, PsychologicalNuclear Export SignalsDNA-Binding ProteinsTransfectionTime FactorsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticProtein Structure, TertiarySequence Homology, Amino AcidProtein TransportBacterial ProteinsAnimal CommunicationCell NucleusGene Expression RegulationCalciumSTAT3 Transcription FactorEnzyme ActivationRecombinant ProteinsCalcium SignalingEscherichia coliCell MembraneNeuronsCytoplasmCell DifferentiationMice, Inbred C57BLCarrier ProteinsBinding SitesKineticsProteinsApoptosisPlasmidsAlgorithmsProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalGene ExpressionBlotting, WesternBrainPhotic StimulationDNA, ComplementaryTyrosineCOS CellsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesDNASequence AlignmentMice, KnockoutProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesMicroscopy, FluorescenceReceptors, Cell SurfaceGreen Fluorescent ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticCell DivisionIn Situ HybridizationActive Transport, Cell NucleusBiological TransportMutagenesis, Site-DirectedEndoplasmic ReticulumAmino Acid MotifsMembrane GlycoproteinsLigandsImage Processing, Computer-AssistedTumor Cells, CulturedHeLa CellsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionEnzyme InhibitorsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMice, TransgenicPhenotypeProtein PrecursorsPhosphoproteinsModels, NeurologicalNuclear ProteinsCell Line, TumorElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyT-LymphocytesReproducibility of ResultsArabidopsisArtifactsComputer SimulationMAP Kinase Signaling SystemPeptidesMicroscopy, ConfocalLightBrain MappingRats, Sprague-DawleySaccharomyces cerevisiaeLuminescent ProteinsCell ProliferationSTAT1 Transcription FactorPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesProtein BiosynthesisEscherichia coli ProteinsImmunohistochemistryModels, MolecularPlant ProteinsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyGenes, ReporterLymphocyte ActivationProtein Kinase CAntigens, CDGene Expression Regulation, PlantCricetinaeCell SurvivalProtein ConformationFluorescent DyesPolymerase Chain ReactionArabidopsis ProteinsSequence DeletionGene Expression ProfilingAction PotentialsCercopithecus aethiopsSensitivity and SpecificityNF-kappa B3T3 CellsGTP-Binding ProteinsSTAT5 Transcription FactorCell CompartmentationMutagenesisDrosophilaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellCyclic AMPSerine EndopeptidasesBody PatterningReceptors, G-Protein-CoupledBlotting, NorthernHedgehog ProteinsCell MovementFeedback, PhysiologicalRepressor ProteinsImmunoblottingDose-Response Relationship, DrugOxygenGenes, BacterialReaction TimeOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisStructure-Activity RelationshipCytosolUp-RegulationCell CommunicationCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesEmbryonic InductionQuorum SensingType C PhospholipasesVocalization, AnimalTranscriptional ActivationReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearNerve Tissue ProteinsFlow CytometrySaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsB-LymphocytesImage EnhancementKaryopherinsPrecipitin TestsPhylogenyCHO CellsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidConserved SequenceFungal ProteinsFibroblastsMesodermSequence Analysis, DNAEmbryo, NonmammalianAcoustic StimulationMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1DimerizationWnt ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsChemotaxisMice, Inbred BALB CProto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt4-ButyrolactoneBone Morphogenetic ProteinsIsoenzymesMovementExtracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinasesras ProteinsJurkat CellsSound SpectrographyCuesProtein IsoformsCell AdhesionPheromonesTransforming Growth Factor betaBiosensing TechniquesSpecies Specificity
Modular assembly of synthetic proteins that span the plasma membrane in mammalian cells | BMC Biotechnology | Full TextModular assembly of synthetic proteins that span the plasma membrane in mammalian cells | BMC Biotechnology | Full Text
Team:UCSF/Project/Arsenal - 2010.igem.orgTeam:UCSF/Project/Arsenal - 2010.igem.org
TOR signaling links Golgi quality control and vacuolar protein sorting | Department of molecular geneticsTOR signaling links Golgi quality control and vacuolar protein sorting | Department of molecular genetics
The presence of an ER exit signal determines the protein sorting upon ER exit in yeast | Biochemical JournalThe presence of an ER exit signal determines the protein sorting upon ER exit in yeast | Biochemical Journal
Mitochondrial protein import in plants - Signals, Sorting, Targeting, Processing and Regulation, Plant Molecular Biology | 10...Mitochondrial protein import in plants - Signals, Sorting, Targeting, Processing and Regulation, Plant Molecular Biology | 10...
Concepts of protein sorting or targeting signals and membrane topology in undergraduate teaching | ScholarBank@NUSConcepts of protein sorting or targeting signals and membrane topology in undergraduate teaching | [email protected]
A bipartite sorting signal ensures specificity of retromer complex in membrane protein recycling | Journal of Cell Biology |...A bipartite sorting signal ensures specificity of retromer complex in membrane protein recycling | Journal of Cell Biology |...
Protein Sorting Signals | REACHProtein Sorting Signals | REACH
Signals for sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomesSignals for sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes
CiteSeerX - Citation Query A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.CiteSeerX - Citation Query A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.
Protein targeting pathways and sorting signals in epithelial cells<...Protein targeting pathways and sorting signals in epithelial cells<...
Frontiers | Role of Adaptor Proteins in Secretory Granule Biogenesis and Maturation | EndocrinologyFrontiers | Role of Adaptor Proteins in Secretory Granule Biogenesis and Maturation | Endocrinology
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression cloning: powerful tools in functional genomics. - PubMed - NCBIRetrovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression cloning: powerful tools in functional genomics. - PubMed - NCBI
Decoding of sorting signals by coatomer through a GTPase switch in the COPI coat complexDecoding of sorting signals by coatomer through a GTPase switch in the COPI coat complex
SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. - PubMed - NCBISignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. - PubMed - NCBI
Protein subcellular localization prediction - WikipediaProtein subcellular localization prediction - Wikipedia
Phosphorylation of the AP2 μ subunit by AAK1 mediates high affinity binding to membrane protein sorting signals<...Phosphorylation of the AP2 μ subunit by AAK1 mediates high affinity binding to membrane protein sorting signals<...
Category:Proteins - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Proteins - Wikimedia Commons
A Neuronal Form of the Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Contains a Tyrosine-Based Signal Required for Sorting to the Axonal Growth...A Neuronal Form of the Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Contains a Tyrosine-Based Signal Required for Sorting to the Axonal Growth...
Protein Sorting Flashcards & Quizzes | BrainscapeProtein Sorting Flashcards & Quizzes | Brainscape
Structure of the TatC core of the twin-arginine protein transport system.Structure of the TatC core of the twin-arginine protein transport system.
Tight Junctions - 2nd Edition - Marcelino Cereijido - James M. AnderTight Junctions - 2nd Edition - Marcelino Cereijido - James M. Ander
Lysosomal localization of GLUT8 in the testis - the EXXXLL motif of GLUT8 is sufficient for its intracellular sorting via AP1-...Lysosomal localization of GLUT8 in the testis - the EXXXLL motif of GLUT8 is sufficient for its intracellular sorting via AP1-...
Keystone Symposia | Scientific Conferences on Biomedical and Life Science TopicsKeystone Symposia | Scientific Conferences on Biomedical and Life Science Topics
Targeting and function of CAH1 : Characterization of a novel protein pathway to the plant cell chloroplastTargeting and function of CAH1 : Characterization of a novel protein pathway to the plant cell chloroplast
Find Publications - Aalborg Universitys Research PortalFind Publications - Aalborg University's Research Portal
Keystone Symposia | Scientific Conferences on Biomedical and Life Science TopicsKeystone Symposia | Scientific Conferences on Biomedical and Life Science Topics
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Protein Sorting SignalsSignal TransductionMolecular Sequence DataSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedAmino Acid SequenceNuclear Localization SignalsBase SequenceCell LinePhosphorylationMutationModels, BiologicalCells, CulturedRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, MessengerMembrane ProteinsCloning, MolecularAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingSignal Detection, PsychologicalNuclear Export SignalsDNA-Binding ProteinsTransfectionTime FactorsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticProtein Structure, TertiarySequence Homology, Amino AcidProtein TransportBacterial ProteinsAnimal CommunicationCell NucleusGene Expression RegulationCalciumSTAT3 Transcription FactorEnzyme ActivationRecombinant ProteinsCalcium SignalingEscherichia coliCell MembraneNeuronsCytoplasmCell DifferentiationMice, Inbred C57BLCarrier ProteinsBinding SitesKineticsProteinsApoptosisPlasmidsAlgorithmsProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalGene ExpressionBlotting, WesternBrainPhotic StimulationDNA, ComplementaryTyrosineCOS CellsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesDNASequence AlignmentMice, KnockoutProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesMicroscopy, FluorescenceReceptors, Cell SurfaceGreen Fluorescent ProteinsPromoter Regions, GeneticCell DivisionIn Situ HybridizationActive Transport, Cell NucleusBiological TransportMutagenesis, Site-DirectedEndoplasmic ReticulumAmino Acid MotifsMembrane GlycoproteinsLigandsImage Processing, Computer-AssistedTumor Cells, CulturedHeLa CellsReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionEnzyme InhibitorsIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMice, TransgenicPhenotypeProtein PrecursorsPhosphoproteinsModels, NeurologicalNuclear ProteinsCell Line, TumorElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyT-LymphocytesReproducibility of ResultsArabidopsisArtifactsComputer SimulationMAP Kinase Signaling SystemPeptidesMicroscopy, ConfocalLightBrain MappingRats, Sprague-DawleySaccharomyces cerevisiaeLuminescent ProteinsCell ProliferationSTAT1 Transcription FactorPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesProtein BiosynthesisEscherichia coli ProteinsImmunohistochemistryModels, MolecularPlant ProteinsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyGenes, ReporterLymphocyte ActivationProtein Kinase CAntigens, CDGene Expression Regulation, PlantCricetinaeCell SurvivalProtein ConformationFluorescent DyesPolymerase Chain ReactionArabidopsis ProteinsSequence DeletionGene Expression ProfilingAction PotentialsCercopithecus aethiopsSensitivity and SpecificityNF-kappa B3T3 CellsGTP-Binding ProteinsSTAT5 Transcription FactorCell CompartmentationMutagenesisDrosophilaReceptors, Antigen, T-CellCyclic AMPSerine EndopeptidasesBody PatterningReceptors, G-Protein-CoupledBlotting, NorthernHedgehog ProteinsCell MovementFeedback, PhysiologicalRepressor ProteinsImmunoblottingDose-Response Relationship, DrugOxygenGenes, BacterialReaction TimeOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisStructure-Activity RelationshipCytosolUp-RegulationCell CommunicationCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesEmbryonic InductionQuorum SensingType C PhospholipasesVocalization, AnimalTranscriptional ActivationReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearNerve Tissue ProteinsFlow CytometrySaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsB-LymphocytesImage EnhancementKaryopherinsPrecipitin TestsPhylogenyCHO CellsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidConserved SequenceFungal ProteinsFibroblastsMesodermSequence Analysis, DNAEmbryo, NonmammalianAcoustic StimulationMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1DimerizationWnt ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsChemotaxisMice, Inbred BALB CProto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt4-ButyrolactoneBone Morphogenetic ProteinsIsoenzymesMovementExtracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinasesras ProteinsJurkat CellsSound SpectrographyCuesProtein IsoformsCell AdhesionPheromonesTransforming Growth Factor betaBiosensing TechniquesSpecies Specificity
IntracellularTarget proteinsTransmembranePlasma membraneMammalian cellsPeptidaseMembrane-spanninVesiclesAssemblePathwaysTransductionEndocytosisLocalizationEndocyticReceptorKinaseMechanismsMediateEpithelial CellsMammalianRegulationIntracellular proteinRecognitionCytosolic domainsYeastGeneMoleculesGolgiMembrane proteinPeptideVacuolar proteinMitochondrialVesicleArabidopsisTyrosine-based sortinInternalizationEndoplasmic reticulumCytosolRegulateTransmembrane proteinMitochondriaAmino-acidMachineryLipidsLysosomal proteinsInteractionsPrecursor proteinsExtracellularIntegralTranslocationInteracts
Intracellular2
Target proteins1
  • While the minimum sequences required to target specific proteins such as the respiratory syncytial virus F protein [ 18 ] and the SNARE protein SNAP-25 [ 19 ] have been elucidated in independent studies previously, these specific minimum sequences could differ between target proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Transmembrane2
Plasma membrane2
Mammalian cells1
Peptidase1
Membrane-spannin1
Vesicles1
Assemble1
Pathways20
Transduction11
Endocytosis15
Localization36
Endocytic5
Receptor30
Kinase6
  • We now find that the btn1Δ genotype phenocopies nutrient-limiting conditions, whereby functional Golgi proteins are recognized as Golgi quality control (GQC) substrates and redistribute to the vacuole in wild-type cells upon the turn-off of the TOR kinase signaling [ Dobzinski et al 2015 ]. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • AP-1A recruitment to membranes can be modulated by Phosphofurin Acidic Cluster Sorting protein 1 (PACS-1), a cytosolic protein which interacts with both AP-1A and cargo that has been phosphorylated by casein kinase II. (frontiersin.org)
  • We previously found that increases in cellular PIP 2 mediated by overexpression of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type Iβ (PI5KIβ) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells stimulated delivery kinetics of a subset of apical membrane proteins ( 18 ). (physiology.org)
  • Boulton TG, Yancopoulos GD, Gregory JS, Slaughter C. Moomaw C, Hsu J, Cobb MH (1990) An insulin-stimulated protein kinase similar to yeast kinases involved in cell cycle control. (springer.com)
  • Since then, the Shiloh laboratory has expanded its studies to the mode of action of the ATM gene product - the ATM protein kinase - and the extensive signaling network that it activates in response to DNA damage. (asbmb.org)
  • Phosphorylation by c-abl (9) and protein kinase Cδ (10) is important for this activity. (aacrjournals.org)
Mechanisms10
Mediate3
Epithelial Cells4
  • Owing to the similarities between polarized epithelial cells and melanocytes, we evaluated the expression of polarizing sorting elements in melanocytic cells and their relation to the sorting of melanosomal proteins. (biologists.org)
  • Polarized epithelial cells accomplish vectorial functions of transport, absorption, and secretion based on their morphologically and functionally distinct apical and basolateral cell surface domains that contain different protein and lipid compositions ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
  • Ion channels of ubiquitous expression have remained relatively unexplored as substrates of the protein sorting machinery in polarized epithelial cells ( 16 - 18 ). (pnas.org)
  • The high-conductance, voltage-dependent, Ca 2+ -sensitive potassium channel (K V,Ca ) expressed in a variety of epithelial cells and neurons ( 19 ) is an interesting model system to address yet poorly understood aspects of polarized protein sorting, including the role of N-glycans in polytopic membrane proteins. (pnas.org)
Mammalian5
Regulation6
  • Given that manipulation of the intracellular pH is sufficient to modulate the expression of ABA biosynthesis genes, including NCED3 , and ABA accumulation, we propose that intracellular pH changes caused by osmotic stress may play a signaling role in regulating ABA biosynthesis and that this regulation is dependent on functional VSR1. (plantphysiol.org)
  • I speculate that sustained up-regulation and/or acute activation of dynamin-1 in cancer cells contributes to a program of "adaptive" CME that alters signaling to enhance cancer cell survival, migration, and proliferation. (rupress.org)
  • Cloning, characterization and regulation of a protein disulfide isomerase from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (curehunter.com)
  • This negative regulation requires an intact di-leucine endosomal sorting motif in the cytoplasmic tail of HLA-DOβ. (jimmunol.org)
  • Indeed approximately one-third of the proteins identified in the soluble fractions are associated predominantly to one of the three tissues, indicating a tissue-dependent regulation of mitochondrial proteins. (mcponline.org)
  • These molecules are contributing to a better understanding of the activity and regulation of apoptotic proteins and also are setting the basis for the discovery of effective drugs to combat important diseases related to apoptosis. (jove.com)
Intracellular protein2
Recognition4
Cytosolic domains2
Yeast13
  • In yeast, there are at least two vesicle populations upon ER (endoplasmic reticulum) exit, one containing Gap1p (general aminoacid permease) and a glycosylated α-factor, gpαF (glycosylated proα-factor), and the other containing GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored proteins, Gas1p (glycophospholipid-anchored surface protein) and Yps1p. (biochemj.org)
  • In addition, we have made predictions on all 6.3 million proteins in the Yeast Resource Center (YRC) database. (psu.edu)
  • Crystal structure of the yeast Phox homology (PX) domain protein Grd19p complexed to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Retromer comprises five proteins in yeast, Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p and Vps17p, which are conserved in mammals (with the exception of Vps17p that has no clear homologue) (reviewed by Seaman, 2005 ). (biologists.org)
  • One of the many transmembrane proteins that follow this route of transport in yeast is the chitin synthase enzyme Chs3. (frontiersin.org)
  • Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy Xiaowen Wang 1 , MacMillan Mbantenkhu 1 , Sara Wierzbicki 1 , Xin Jie Chen 1 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University The yeast mitochondrial nucleoid protein, Mgm101, is a Rad52-type recombination protein that forms large oligomeric rings. (jove.com)
  • Scientists in the 24-member team first conducted a yeast-two-hybrid screen to map protein interactions in the TGF-β network. (the-scientist.com)
  • In yeast and mammals, many plasma membrane (PM) proteins destined for degradation are tagged with ubiquitin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yeast permeases, that act as transporters for nutrients including amino acids, nucleobases and metals, provide a powerful model system for dissecting the physiological control of membrane protein trafficking. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Phospholipid flippases Lem3p-Dnf1p and Lem3p-Dnf2p are involved in the sorting of the tryptophan permease Tat2p in yeast. (semanticscholar.org)
  • These include the Xenopus protein importin and its yeast homolog, SRP1 (a suppressor of certain temperature-sensitive mutations of RNA polymerase I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which bind to the NLS. (cancerindex.org)
  • To gain new mechanistic insight into ER homeostasis and the biogenesis of secretory proteins, we screened a genomewide collection of yeast mutants for defective intracellular retention of the ER chaperone, Kar2p. (genetics.org)
  • Broek D, Samiy N, Fasano O, Fujiyama A, Tamanoi F, Northrup J, Wigler M (1985) Differential activation of yeast adenylate cyclase by wild-type and mutant RAS proteins. (springer.com)
Gene18
  • AP-1 complex subunit mu-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1M1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is the medium chain of the trans-Golgi network clathrin-associated protein complex AP-1. (wikipedia.org)
  • During the transition from endosymbiont to organelle most of the cyanobacterial genes were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host cell, resulting in a chloroplast with a much reduced genome that requires massive import of gene products (proteins) back to the organelle. (diva-portal.org)
  • We also show that mutant plants with disrupted CAH1 gene expression have reduced rates of CO 2 uptake and accumulate lower amounts of starch compared to wild-type plants, indicating an important function of the CAH1 protein for the photosynthetic capacity of Arabidopsis. (diva-portal.org)
  • RNA polymerase II is a specific RNA polymerase that usually is the key part of the catalysis process that produces each RNA from the DNA gene or isoform to ultimately make a protein. (wikiversity.org)
  • Both approaches led to the identification of a polymorphic multicopy gene family with predicted amino acid homology to the major sheath protein of Treponema denticola. (nih.gov)
  • One of the members of this gene family, tpr K, codes for a protein that is predicted to have a cleavable signal peptide and be located in the outer membrane of the bacterium. (nih.gov)
  • SLC39A1 (Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 1) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
  • We show for the first time that these signals work by influencing insect gene expression. (usda.gov)
  • While mutations throughout the 970 amino acid protein encoded by the OCRL1 gene can result in Lowe syndrome, cell extracts from fibroblasts cultured from Lowe syndrome patients universally exhibit a markedly reduced ability to dephosphorylate PIP 2 ( 29 , 44 ). (physiology.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • Further characterization of the 73 nonessential Kar2p retention mutants revealed roles for a number of novel gene products in protein glycosylation, GPI-anchor attachment, ER quality control, and retrieval of escaped ER residents. (genetics.org)
  • Analysis of the structural gene among various E. faecalis isolates reveals the existence of alternate forms of expression of the Esp protein. (asm.org)
  • The Drosophila Pat1 gene (CG10695) is located on the X chromosome and encodes a predicted protein of 686 amino acids that shows 42% identity and 55% similarity with its human homolog. (biologists.org)
  • Rigorous comparison of RNA and protein expression afforded removal of the false positive identifications and redundant entries but rescued the proteins identified by a single high scoring peptide, resulting in the final identification of 6471 unique gene products among which 98% of the corresponding transcripts were detected with high probability. (mcponline.org)
  • HRAD9B encodes a protein that is 414 amino acids long and is 55% similar and 35% identical to the HRAD9 gene product. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Our results demonstrate for the first time that HRAD9 and Mrad9 are part of a gene family and reveal a new genetic element encoding a product that interacts with multiple, known cell cycle checkpoint control proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The encoded protein is structurally related to the HHUS1 gene product and can coimmunoprecipitate with tagged HRAD9, HRAD1, and HHUS1. (aacrjournals.org)
Molecules2
  • This allowed the extension of the technique to molecules having dozens, hundreds, or thousands of separate atoms arranged in 3-D space, giant repeating units of the sort found in protein crystals and those of other biomolecules (just the discovery that proteins could actually be crystallized got a share of the 1946 Chemistry Nobel). (sciencemag.org)
  • While studies have identified changes in transcription leading to the synthesis and secretion of new proteins to facilitate hyphal growth, effective maintenance of hyphae also requires concomitant removal or relocalization of other cell surface molecules. (asm.org)
Golgi3
  • We have identified a protein in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , CAH1, that is trafficked via the endomembrane system (ER/Golgi apparatus) to the chloroplast instead of using the Toc-Tic machinery. (diva-portal.org)
  • Vi har identifierat ett protein i modellväxten Arabidopsis thaliana (CAH1) som istället för att använda Toc-Tic tranporteras via det endomembrana systemet (ER/Golgi). (diva-portal.org)
  • An aspect under intense scrutiny deals with the hypothesis that N-glycans are ubiquitous apical sorting signals presumably recognized by cellular lectins at the trans-Golgi network ( 1 , 13 - 15 ). (pnas.org)
Membrane protein2
Peptide11
  • Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been successfully applied to the tasks of transmembrane protein topology prediction and signal peptide prediction. (psu.edu)
  • Our model, Philius, is inspired by a previously published HMM, Phobius, and combines a signal peptide submodel with a transmembrane submodel. (psu.edu)
  • This large-scale study provides an overall picture of the relative numbers of proteins that include a signal-peptide and/or one or more transmembrane segments as well as a valuable resource for the scientific community. (psu.edu)
  • removal of the signal peptide by signal peptidase yields the prohormone. (frontiersin.org)
  • SorLA binds several ligands, including neurotensin, platelet-derived growth factor-bb, and lipoprotein lipase, and via complex-formation with the amyloid precursor protein it downregulates generation of Alzheimer's disease-associated Aβ-peptide. (asm.org)
  • Two other family members, SKI-1/S1P and PCSK9, cleave regulator proteins involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis at nonbasic peptide bonds. (springer.com)
  • Furthermore, signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b mainly localized in the nuclei, and induced Sprouty2 without activating ERK in the mesencephalon. (bireme.br)
  • Signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b could not induce Pax2 expression. (bireme.br)
  • Motivated by the idea that the cleavage site position and the amino acid composition of the signal peptide are correlated, new features have been included as input to the neural network. (dtu.dk)
  • The accuracy of cleavage site prediction has increased in the range from 6-17 % over the previous version, whereas the signal peptide discrimination improvement mainly is due to the elimination of false positive predictions, as well as the introduction of a new discrimination score for the neural network. (dtu.dk)
  • A central feature of Alzheimer's disease is the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) by the β-secretase and γ-secretase enzymes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Vacuolar protein2
Mitochondrial8
Vesicle3
Arabidopsis4
  • Vi visar också att muterade växter som inte kan uttrycka genen som kodar för CAH1 uppvisar lägre upptag av CO 2 , samt ackumulerar mindre stärkelse än vildtypplantor, vilket antyder att CAH1 har en viktig funktion för den fotosyntetiska förmågan hos Arabidopsis. (diva-portal.org)
  • Here, we identified the Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) Vacuolar Sorting Receptor1 (VSR1) as a unique regulator of ABA biosynthesis. (plantphysiol.org)
  • We report here that HAPLESS13 (HAP13), the Arabidopsis µ1 adaptin, is essential for protein sorting at the TGN / EE . (plantphysiol.org)
  • Expression in Arabidopsis cells of cDNAs encoding each of these KATs fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) at their C-termini showed that three are targeted to peroxisomes while the fourth is apparently cytosolic. (deepdyve.com)
Tyrosine-based sortin1
Internalization5
  • How select SV proteins are targeted for internalization has remained elusive. (rupress.org)
  • Mutation of K783, Y784, and E785 to alanine within this stonin 2 β strand results in failure of the mutant stonin protein to associate with synaptotagmin, to accumulate at synapses, and to facilitate synaptotagmin internalization. (rupress.org)
  • To this end, we established cell lines stably expressing different carboxy-terminally truncated versions of PrV gB by deleting either (i) one predicted intracytoplasmic α-helical domain encompassing putative YQRL and dileucine internalization signals, (ii) two predicted intracytoplasmic α-helical domains, (iii) the complete intracytoplasmic domain, or (iv) the intracytoplasmic domain and the transmembrane anchor region. (asm.org)
  • Trans-complementation studies with a gB-deleted PrV (PrV-gB − ) demonstrated that the 29-aa truncated form lacking the putative internalization signals and the C-terminal α-helical domain (gB-008) was efficiently incorporated into PrV-gB − virions and efficiently complemented infectivity and cell-to-cell spread. (asm.org)
  • Proteins and/or lipids on the viral particle promote attachment to the cell surface and internalization. (springermedizin.at)
Endoplasmic reticulum3
Cytosol1
  • The majority of these proteins are translated in the cytosol as pre-proteins containing targeting information that directs them to a translocon complex in the chloroplast envelope, the Toc-Tic system, through which these proteins are transported. (diva-portal.org)
Regulate2
  • Consequently, the growth cone is well positioned as the major site of action of L1, where in response to extracellular ligand binding, L1 generates intracellular signals and interacts with the cytoskeleton to regulate axonal growth ( Kamiguchi and Lemmon, 1997 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Our study is the first to demonstrate that VPS33B is negatively regulated by LMP-1 and nicotine and thus suppresses the proliferation of NPC cells by interacting with NESG1 to regulate EGFR/PI3K/AKT/c-Myc/P53/miR-133a-3p signaling in NPC cells. (nature.com)
Transmembrane protein1
Mitochondria5
Amino-acid1
  • ZmCHC1 encodes a 1693-amino acid-protein including 29 exons and 28 introns, and ZmCHC2 encodes a 1746-amino acid-protein including 28 exons and 27 introns. (mdpi.com)
Machinery3
Lipids1
  • In addition to these protein-oriented events, the ER is also an important site of lipid biosynthesis, housing a suite of enzymes that function in various steps of fatty acid elongation and desaturation, ergosterol synthesis, and attachment of glycosylphospho-inositol (GPI) lipids to a class of lipid-tethered membrane proteins. (genetics.org)
Lysosomal proteins1
Interactions2
Precursor proteins1
  • Tim44 and Ssc1p, a member of heat shock proteins of 70 kDa (hsp70) in the matrix, interact with each other and drive the inward movement of precursor proteins through the inner membrane ( 6 , 7 ). (pnas.org)
Extracellular1
Integral2
Translocation2
Interacts2
  • KPNA2 protein interacts with the NLSs of DNA helicase Q1 and SV40 T antigen and may be involved in the nuclear transport of proteins. (cancerindex.org)
  • Using a combination of genetic, biochemical and motor-tracking studies, we show that PAT1, an APP-binding protein, interacts with Kinesin-1, functions in the transport of oskar mRNA and Dynein and is required for the efficient motility of KHC along microtubules. (biologists.org)