Protein kinases. Medical search

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.

Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

A serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by DNA, phosphorylates several DNA-binding protein substrates including the TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and a variety of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in particulate subcellular fractions. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type II-specific regulatory subunits.

Highly conserved protein-serine threonine kinases that phosphorylate and activate a group of AGC protein kinases, especially in response to the production of the SECOND MESSENGERS, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,-biphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3).

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

Benzo-indoles similar to CARBOLINES which are pyrido-indoles. In plants, carbazoles are derived from indole and form some of the INDOLE ALKALOIDS.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

A 195-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for MAP KINASE KINASES. It is found localized in the CYTOSKELETON and can activate a variety of MAP kinase-dependent pathways.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A family of calcium/calmodulin-dependent PROETIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. They are ubiquitously expressed in adult and embryonic mammalian tissues, and their functions are tightly related to the early stages of eukaryotic programmed cell death.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in SMOOTH MUSCLE tissues and plays a role in regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Two isoforms, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, of the type I protein kinase exist due to alternative splicing of its mRNA.

Compounds of four rings containing a nitrogen. They are biosynthesized from reticuline via rearrangement of scoulerine. They are similar to BENZYLISOQUINOLINES. Members include chelerythrine and sanguinarine.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A regulatory calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 1; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 2; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 4; and PROTEIN KINASE B. It is a monomeric enzyme that is encoded by at least two different genes.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A structurally-diverse family of intracellular-signaling adaptor proteins that selectively tether specific protein kinase A subtypes to distinct subcellular sites. They play a role in focusing the PROTEIN KINASE A activity toward relevant substrates. Over fifty members of this family exist, most of which bind specifically to regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE II such as CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA or CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIBETA.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for a subset of P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES that includes MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 12; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 13; and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 14.

Four carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

A 38-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase that is abundantly expressed in a broad variety of cell types. It is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses as well as the control of proliferation and survival of many cell types. The kinase activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the pyridinyl-imidazole compound SB 203580.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 48 and 54 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in a broad variety of mammalian cell types. Its expression is regulated by the action of CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. Several isoforms of this enzyme subtype are encoded by distinct genes.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Compounds or factors that act on a specific enzyme to increase its activity.

A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in neuronal tissues; T-LYMPHOCYTES and TESTIS. The activity of this enzyme is regulated by its phosphorylation by CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIBETA SUBUNIT.

A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A 110-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that is activated in response to cellular stress and by GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS-mediated pathways.

The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A eukayrotic protein serine-threonine phosphatase subtype that dephosphorylates a wide variety of cellular proteins. The enzyme is comprised of a catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit. Several isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. A large number of proteins have been shown to act as regulatory subunits for this enzyme. Many of the regulatory subunits have additional cellular functions.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and PHOSPHORYLASE B to ADP and PHOSPHORYLASE A.

A casein kinase that was originally described as a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 30-40 kDa. Several ISOENZYMES of casein kinase I have been found which are encoded by separate genes. Many of the casein kinase I isoenzymes have been shown to play distinctive roles in intracellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. (Thromb Res 1992;67(4):345-54 & Cancer Res 1993;53(2):239-41)

Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to CYTOKINES.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Specific enzyme subunits that form the active sites of the type I and type II cyclic-AMP protein kinases. Each molecule of enzyme contains two catalytic subunits.

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

A 97-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 levels increase during cellular differentiation, while in proliferating cells the enzyme is degraded rapidly via the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA SUBUNIT. Binding of this subunit by A KINASE ANCHOR PROTEINS may play a role in the cellular localization of type II protein kinase A.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is expressed primarily in the BRAIN; OSTEOBLASTS; and LYMPHOID CELLS. In the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM focal adhesion kinase 2 modulates ION CHANNEL function and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES activity.

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/16369)

The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review. (+info)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (2/16369)

BACKGROUND: The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell proliferation and apoptosis, but its function seems to depend on the cell type and inducing signal. In T cells, JNK has been implicated in both antigen-induced activation and apoptosis. RESULTS: We generated mice lacking the JNK2 isozymes. The mutant mice were healthy and fertile but defective in peripheral T-cell activation induced by antibody to the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex - proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were reduced. The proliferation defect was restored by exogenous IL-2. B-cell activation was normal in the absence of JNK2. Activation-induced peripheral T-cell apoptosis was comparable between mutant and wild-type mice, but immature (CD4(+) CD8(+)) thymocytes lacking JNK2 were resistant to apoptosis induced by administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. The lack of JNK2 also resulted in partial resistance of thymocytes to anti-CD3 antibody in vitro, but had little or no effect on apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, dexamethasone or ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. CONCLUSIONS: JNK2 is essential for efficient activation of peripheral T cells but not B cells. Peripheral T-cell activation is probably required indirectly for induction of thymocyte apoptosis resulting from administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. JNK2 functions in a cell-type-specific and stimulus-dependent manner, being required for apoptosis of immature thymocytes induced by anti-CD3 antibody but not for apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, UVC or dexamethasone. JNK2 is not required for activation-induced cell death of mature T cells. (+info)

The Jun kinase 2 isoform is preferentially required for epidermal growth factor-induced transformation of human A549 lung carcinoma cells. (3/16369)

We have previously found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) mediates growth through the Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. As observed here, EGF treatment also greatly enhances the tumorigenicity of A549 cells, suggesting an important role for JNK in cancer cell growth (F. Bost, R. McKay, N. Dean, and D. Mercola, J. Biol. Chem. 272:33422-33429, 1997). Several isoforms families of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, have been isolated; they arise from alternative splicing of three different genes and have distinct substrate binding properties. Here we have used specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides targeted against the two major isoforms, JNK1 and JNK2, to discriminate their roles in EGF-induced transformation. Multiple antisense sequences have been screened, and two high-affinity and specific candidates have been identified. Antisense JNK1 eliminated steady-state mRNA and JNK1 protein expression with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of <0.1 microM but did not alter JNK2 mRNA or protein levels. Conversely, antisense JNK2 specifically eliminated JNK2 steady-state mRNA and protein expression with an EC50 of 0.1 microM. Antisense JNK1 and antisense JNK2 inhibited by 40 and 70%, respectively, EGF-induced total JNK activity, whereas sense and scrambled-sequence control oligonucleotides had no effect. The elimination of mRNA, protein, and JNK activities lasted 48 and 72 h following a single Lipofectin treatment with antisense JNK1 and JNK2, respectively, indicating sufficient duration for examining the impact of specific elimination on the phenotype. Direct proliferation assays demonstrated that antisense JNK2 inhibited EGF-induced doubling of growth as well as the combination of active antisense oligonucleotides did. EGF treatment also induced colony formation in soft agar. This effect was completely inhibited by antisense JNK2 and combined-antisense treatment but not altered by antisense JNK1 alone. These results show that EGF doubles the proliferation (growth in soft agar as well as tumorigenicity in athymic mice) of A549 lung carcinoma cells and that the JNK2 isoform but not JNK1 is utilized for mediating the effects of EGF. This study represents the first demonstration of a cellular phenotype regulated by a JNK isoform family, JNK2. (+info)

A novel genetic screen for snRNP assembly factors in yeast identifies a conserved protein, Sad1p, also required for pre-mRNA splicing. (4/16369)

The assembly pathway of spliceosomal snRNPs in yeast is poorly understood. We devised a screen to identify mutations blocking the assembly of newly synthesized U4 snRNA into a functional snRNP. Fifteen mutant strains failing either to accumulate the newly synthesized U4 snRNA or to assemble a U4/U6 particle were identified and categorized into 13 complementation groups. Thirteen previously identified splicing-defective prp mutants were also assayed for U4 snRNP assembly defects. Mutations in the U4/U6 snRNP components Prp3p, Prp4p, and Prp24p led to disassembly of the U4/U6 snRNP particle and degradation of the U6 snRNA, while prp17-1 and prp19-1 strains accumulated free U4 and U6 snRNA. A detailed analysis of a newly identified mutant, the sad1-1 mutant, is presented. In addition to having the snRNP assembly defect, the sad1-1 mutant is severely impaired in splicing at the restrictive temperature: the RP29 pre-mRNA strongly accumulates and splicing-dependent production of beta-galactosidase from reporter constructs is abolished, while extracts prepared from sad1-1 strains fail to splice pre-mRNA substrates in vitro. The sad1-1 mutant is the only splicing-defective mutant analyzed whose mutation preferentially affects assembly of newly synthesized U4 snRNA into the U4/U6 particle. SAD1 encodes a novel protein of 52 kDa which is essential for cell viability. Sad1p localizes to the nucleus and is not stably associated with any of the U snRNAs. Sad1p contains a putative zinc finger and is phylogenetically highly conserved, with homologues identified in human, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidospis, and Drosophila. (+info)

Jun kinase phosphorylates and regulates the DNA binding activity of an octamer binding protein, T-cell factor beta1. (5/16369)

POU domain proteins have been implicated as key regulators during development and lymphocyte activation. The POU domain protein T-cell factor beta1 (TCFbeta1), which binds octamer and octamer-related sequences, is a potent transactivator. In this study, we showed that TCFbeta1 is phosphorylated following activation via the T-cell receptor or by stress-induced signals. Phosphorylation of TCFbeta1 occurred predominantly at serine and threonine residues. Signals which upregulate Jun kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase activity also lead to association of JNK with TCFbeta1. JNK associates with the activation domain of TCFbeta1 and phosphorylates its DNA binding domain. The phosphorylation of recombinant TCFbeta1 by recombinant JNK enhances the ability of TCFbeta1 to bind to a consensus octamer motif. Consistent with this conclusion, TCFbeta1 upregulates reporter gene transcription in an activation- and JNK-dependent manner. In addition, inhibition of JNK activity by catalytically inactive MEKK (in which methionine was substituted for the lysine at position 432) also inhibits the ability of TCFbeta1 to drive inducible transcription from the interleukin-2 promoter. These results suggest that stress-induced signals and T-cell activation induce JNK, which then acts on multiple cis sequences by modulating distinct transactivators like c-Jun and TCFbeta1. This demonstrates a coupling between the JNK activation pathway and POU domain proteins and implicates TCFbeta1 as a physiological target in the JNK signal transduction pathway leading to coordinated biological responses. (+info)

Functions of cyclin A1 in the cell cycle and its interactions with transcription factor E2F-1 and the Rb family of proteins. (6/16369)

Human cyclin A1, a newly discovered cyclin, is expressed in testis and is thought to function in the meiotic cell cycle. Here, we show that the expression of human cyclin A1 and cyclin A1-associated kinase activities was regulated during the mitotic cell cycle. In the osteosarcoma cell line MG63, cyclin A1 mRNA and protein were present at very low levels in cells at the G0 phase. They increased during the progression of the cell cycle and reached the highest levels in the S and G2/M phases. Furthermore, the cyclin A1-associated histone H1 kinase activity peaked at the G2/M phase. We report that cyclin A1 could bind to important cell cycle regulators: the Rb family of proteins, the transcription factor E2F-1, and the p21 family of proteins. The in vitro interaction of cyclin A1 with E2F-1 was greatly enhanced when cyclin A1 was complexed with CDK2. Associations of cyclin A1 with Rb and E2F-1 were observed in vivo in several cell lines. When cyclin A1 was coexpressed with CDK2 in sf9 insect cells, the CDK2-cyclin A1 complex had kinase activities for histone H1, E2F-1, and the Rb family of proteins. Our results suggest that the Rb family of proteins and E2F-1 may be important targets for phosphorylation by the cyclin A1-associated kinase. Cyclin A1 may function in the mitotic cell cycle in certain cells. (+info)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (7/16369)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV. (+info)

Herpes virus induced proteasome-dependent degradation of the nuclear bodies-associated PML and Sp100 proteins. (8/16369)

The PML protein is associated to nuclear bodies (NBs) whose functions are as yet unknown. PML and two other NBs-associated proteins, Sp100 And ISG20 are directly induced by interferons (IFN). PML and Sp100 proteins are covalently linked to SUMO-1, and ubiquitin-like peptide. PML NBs are disorganized in acute promyelocytic leukemia and during several DNA virus infections. In particular, the HSV-1 ICP0 protein is known to delocalize PML from NBs. Thus, NBs could play an important role in oncogenesis, IFN response and viral infections. Here, we show that HSV-1 induced PML protein degradation without altering its mRNA level. This degradation was time- and multiplicity of infection-dependent. Sp100 protein was also degraded, while another SUMO-1 conjugated protein, RanGAP1 and the IFN-induced protein kinase PKR were not. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 abrogated the HSV-1-induced PML and Sp100 degradation and partially restored their NB-localization. HSV-1 induced PML and Sp100 degradation constitutes a new example of viral inactivation of IFN target gene products. (+info)

Allende JE, Allende CC (1995). "Protein kinases. 4. Protein kinase CK2: an enzyme with multiple substrates and a puzzling ... "Characterization of protein interaction among subunits of protein kinase CKII in vivo and in vitro". Mol. Cells. 8 (1): 43-8. ... a novel pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein that interacts with protein kinase CK2". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (19): 14295- ... Faust M, Montenarh M (2001). "Subcellular localization of protein kinase CK2. A key to its function?". Cell Tissue Res. 301 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNK2A2

Proteins with this domain are subunits of a multimer protein kinase. The negatively-charged region within the middle of the ... proteins can bind to modify the protein's function. SUMO proteins may modify proteins to perform many functions, including ... The protein kinase dimerization domain within C8orf34 in combination with its presence in the nucleus may indicate that it is a ... including zinc-finger proteins. C8orf34 protein undergoes few modifications following translation. C8orf34 protein is not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8orf34

The protein is also predicted to have a polo-box domain (PBD) of polo-like kinase 4 (plk4), which has predicted conservation in ... This analysis indicates C5orf34 as a phosphoprotein and supports structural predictions of it being a kinase protein. The ... The protein is serine and threonine rich. The charge distribution of the protein is equally dispersed per there are no positive ... Retrieved 2015-05-09.[permanent dead link] Matthews, Harry R.; Huebner, Verena D. (1984-03-01). "Nuclear protein kinases". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5orf34

Hanks SK, Hunter T (May 1995). "Protein kinases 6. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: kinase (catalytic) domain ... B-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of growth signal transduction protein kinases. This protein plays a role in ... while the protein is more formally known as serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf. The B-Raf protein is involved in sending ... Once B-Raf is activated, a conserved protein kinase catalytic core phosphorylates protein substrates by promoting the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAF_(gene)

... , a Golgi localized protein kinase, is a serine kinase that phosphorylates both casein and other highly acidic proteins ... FAM20C is a secretory kinase, responsible for the phosphorylation of all secreted proteins, from milk to bone proteins. ... Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA, Dixon JE (Mar 2013). "Secreted protein kinases". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 38 (3): 121-30. doi ... "Secreted kinase phosphorylates extracellular proteins that regulate biomineralization". Science. 336 (6085): 1150-3. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM20C

... and opposing the action of the tyrosine kinases were 108 protein phosphatases that can remove phosphate from P.Tyr in proteins ... SH2 domain proteins may have a variety of functions, including adaptor proteins to recruit other signaling proteins, enzymes ... Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate group from ATP to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine ... Receptor tyrosine kinases are type I transmembrane proteins possessing an N-terminal extracellular domain, which can bind ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_phosphorylation

Hz2V110 is homologous to serine/threonine protein kinase (S_TPK). S_TPK catalyzes phosphorylation of serine and threonine ... Edelman AM, Blumenthal DK, Krebs EG (June 1987). "Protein serine/threonine kinases". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 56 (1): 567 ... "Choristoneura fumiferana Granulovirus p74 protein, a highly conserved baculoviral envelope protein". Journal of Biochemistry ... Of the 113 ORFs that are likely to encode proteins, 66 are on the forward strand of DNA, the other 47 on the reverse. All of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea_nudivirus_2

Hao, Nan (June 6, 2008). "Regulation of cell signaling dynamics by the protein kinase-scaffold Ste5". Molecular Cell. 30 (5): ... Fus3 is a MAPK protein involved in the mating decision of yeast. The dissociation of Fus3 from scaffold protein Ste5 results in ... It has been shown that while Fus3 and Kss1 are functionally redundant, the substrates of the Fus3 protein may or may not be ... Ste5 causes autophosphorylation of one of two locations modulated by the MAPK kinase Ste7 (the main activator of Fus3). This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus3

"Docking sites on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, MAPK phosphatases and the Elk-1 transcription factor compete ... Wu, J. J.; Zhang, L.; Bennett, A. M. (16 May 2005). "The Noncatalytic Amino Terminus of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase ... Wu, J. J.; Zhang, L.; Bennett, A. M. (16 May 2005). "The Noncatalytic Amino Terminus of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase ... Camps, M. (22 May 1998). "Catalytic Activation of the Phosphatase MKP-3 by ERK2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase". Science. 280 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK_phosphatase

Lu demonstrated that glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) acts as a protein kinase and phosphorylates histone H3 to ... "Metabolic Kinases Moonlighting as Protein Kinases". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 43 (4): 301-310. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2018.01 ... In addition to the findings that metabolic enzymes of PKM2, PGK1, KHK-A, and PCK1 can function as protein kinases, he ... fructose kinase KHK-A is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by alternate splicing and acts as a protein kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhimin_Lu

... a novel kinase inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-1 and MEK ... Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAP2Ks) are substrates for direct phosphorylation by the MAP3K1 protein kinase. The ... Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) is a signal transduction enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ... "MAP3K1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP3K1

"Fluid shear stress activation of focal adhesion kinase. Linking to mitogen-activated protein kinases". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (48 ... Corbalan-Garcia S, Yang SS, Degenhardt KR, Bar-Sagi D (1996). "Identification of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ... nucleotide exchange protein Sos and a 75-kDa protein that is a substrate for T cell antigen receptor-activated tyrosine kinases ... Genetic analysis indicated that CDC25 is essential for activation of RAS proteins. In Drosophila, the protein encoded by the ' ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS1

There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases. Substrate-specific CAM Kinases ... β CAMKIIδ CAMKIIγ CAMKIII CAMKIV CAMKV CaM kinase like vesicle associated SCAMK Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase ... a portrait of protein kinase dynamics". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1697 (1-2): 259-69. doi: ... This group of proteins includes CAMK III. More on CAMKIII can be found following this link. Multi-functional CAM Kinases have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK

... calmodulin-modulated myosin light chain kinase; RAF/MEK/Mitogen-activated protein kinases; PKC/Ca2+/Calcineurin/Nuclear factor ... to activate the Rho family of GTPases signaling proteins and Gi-Gβγ G proteins to activateRaf/MEK/mitogen-activated kinase ... regulation of proliferation by activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase ... phospholipase C/IP3/cell Ca2+ mobilization/diacylglycerol/protein kinase Cs; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor

"Protein kinases A and C phosphorylate..." www.diagnosticpathology.eu. Retrieved 2022-04-07. Weis F, Beiras-Fernandez A, Hauer D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflurane

Norbury C (1995). "Cdk2 protein kinase (vertebrates)". In Hardie DG, Hanks S (eds.). Protein kinase factsBook. Boston: Academic ... CDK interacting protein/Kinase inhibitory protein) family and the INK4a/ARF (Inhibitor of Kinase 4/Alternative Reading Frame) ... Nigg EA (June 1995). "Cyclin-dependent protein kinases: key regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle". BioEssays. 17 (6): 471-80 ... Originally, a green fluorescent protein, mAG, was fused to hGem(1/110) and an orange fluorescent protein (mKO2) was fused to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

A PERK inhibitor is a small molecule compound that unlike any existing drug inhibits the expression of protein kinase RNA-like ... Unfolded protein response Charlie Cooper (2013-07-29). "Alzheimer's treatment breakthrough: British scientists pave way for ... In mice with prion disease, inhibiting PERK restored translation of proteins that protect brain cells, renewed normal ... endoplasmic reticulum kinase. The (first such) inhibitor demonstrated the ability to halt brain cell death in mice with prion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PERK_inhibitors

... of antigen receptor induces Syk-dependent activation of p70S6 kinase through protein kinase C and phosphoinositol 3-kinase". ... Latour S, Veillette A (June 2001). "Proximal protein tyrosine kinases in immunoreceptor signaling". Current Opinion in ... Activatory motifs (ITAMs) bind kinases, such as Syk family kinases (e.g. ZAP70 for T-cell receptor) that phosphorylate a range ... If the kinase is associated with an NTR, aggregation brings two or more SFK into close proximity, which allows them to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-catalytic_tyrosine-phosphorylated_receptor

... mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8". Arthur JS, Ley SC (Sep 2013). "Mitogen-activated protein kinases in ... Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K8 gene. The gene was ... The encoded protein is a member of the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family. This kinase can activate ERK1, ERK2 and ... This kinase was shown to activate IkappaB kinases, and thus induce the nuclear production of NF-kappaB. This kinase was also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP3K8

The Src-family kinases are examples of proteins that utilize autophosphorylation to sustain their activated states. Src kinases ... Protein kinases, many of which are regulated by autophosphorylation, are vital in controlling the cellular proliferation, ... Jacobs MD, Caron PR, Hare BJ (Mar 2008). "Classifying protein kinase structures guides use of ligand-selectivity profiles to ... Wang J, Wu JW, Wang ZX (Dec 2011). "Structural insights into the autoactivation mechanism of p21-activated protein kinase". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophosphorylation

The encoded protein with a mass of 101.7 kDa has a length of 897 amino acids and includes a protein serine/threonin kinase ... the kinase-independent recruitment of downstream Atg proteins (i.e. PAS organization) and a kinase-dependent function in ... In a non-kinase role it is - through complex formation with Atg13 and Atg17 - directly controlled by the TOR kinase, a sensor ... In addition to TORC1, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibits autophagy through the phosphorylation of Atg1 and Atg13. PKA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atg1

Janus kinase inhibitor, a type of Janus kinases-blocking drugs used for cancer therapy. Signal transducing adaptor protein, a ... Secondly, a protein activated by the MAPK/ERK pathway, called MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), can phosphorylate STATs ... proteins. There are seven STAT proteins: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6. STAT proteins contain many ... but by other receptor-bound kinases. So, if one of the kinases (either JAK or the alternative SH2-containing kinase) cannot ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway

Scaffold (disambiguation) Protein kinase Chemotherapy Thrombolysis Cancer research (CS1: long volume value, Protease inhibitors ... Smith JA, Francis SH, Corbin JD (November 1993). "Autophosphorylation: a salient feature of protein kinases". Mol. Cell. ... PCI contains a small cysteine-rich module, called a T-knot scaffold, that is shared by several different protein families, ... a Lin SL, Nussinov R (October 1995). "A disulphide-reinforced structural scaffold shared by small proteins with diverse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_carboxypeptidase_inhibitor

... which is a part of the regulatory mechanism that enables the SR proteins to control RNA splicing. This protein kinase is ... "The Clk2 and Clk3 dual-specificity protein kinases regulate the intranuclear distribution of SR proteins and influence pre-mRNA ... Dual specificity protein kinase CLK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CLK2 gene. This gene encodes a member of the ... Hanes J, von der Kammer H, Klaudiny J, Scheit KH (Dec 1994). "Characterization by cDNA cloning of two new human protein kinases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLK2

... protein tyrosine kinases and protein serine/threonine kinases. Dual-specificity kinases are subclass of the tyrosine kinases. ... PIKKs have four domains at the protein level, which distinguish them from other protein kinases. From the N-terminus to the C- ... mTOR is a kinase within the family of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-related kinases (PIKKs), which is a family of serine/ ... threonine protein kinases, with a sequence similarity to the family of lipid kinases, PI3Ks. These kinases have different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR_inhibitors

Burkewitz K, Weir HJ, Mair WB (2016). "AMPK as a Pro-longevity Target". AMP-activated Protein Kinase. Experientia Supplementum ... Kitada M, Ogura Y, Monno I, Koya D (May 2019). "The impact of dietary protein intake on longevity and metabolic health". ... Capurso C (July 2021). "Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to ... Warman DJ, Jia H, Kato H (February 2022). "The Potential Roles of Probiotics, Resistant Starch, and Resistant Proteins in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension

Li, Jin; Zhong, Liping; Wang, Fengzhong; Zhu, Haibo (May 2017). "Dissecting the role of AMP-activated protein kinase in human ... Wang, Zhiyu; Wang, Neng; Liu, Pengxi; Xie, Xiaoming (2016). "AMPK and Cancer". AMP-activated Protein Kinase. Springer ... The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase". Cancer Prevention Research. 2 (4): 301-309. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0166. Skuli, Sarah ... AMP-activated Protein Kinase. 107: 327-350. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43589-3_13. "Diet, healthy eating and cancer". info. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_and_cancer

"A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases." The EMBO Journal 11.8 (1992): 2909. Whyte, Peter, Nicola M. Williamson, and E ... Meyerson, M (1992). "A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases". EMBO J. 11: 2909-17. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05360 ... Among Harlow's discoveries was the demonstration that the retinoblastoma protein interacts with viral transforming proteins, ... "The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle." Cell 58.6 (1989): 1097-1105. van den ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harlow

A-kinase anchor protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AKAP5 gene. The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a ... 1995). "Association of protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2B with a common anchoring protein". Science. 267 (5194): 108- ... "A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 facilitates the phosphorylation of GABA(A) receptors by cAMP-dependent protein kinase via ... "Localization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the postsynaptic densities by A-kinase anchoring proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKAP5

November 2000). "Analysis of yeast protein kinases using protein chips". Nat Genet. 26 (3): 283-89. doi:10.1038/81576. PMID ... They demonstrated many novel biological activities of protein kinases and other yeast proteins and showed they can be useful ... They demonstrated many novel biological activities of protein kinases and other yeast proteins and showed they can be useful ... the Snyder lab was also the first to set up protein and proteome microarrays for the large-scale characterization of protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_P._Snyder

"Characterization of the interactions between the active site of a protein tyrosine kinase and a divalent metal activator": 25। ... Saylor, P.; Wang, C. (১৯৯৮)। "A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain of the oncoprotein v-Fps ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/অ্যাডিনোসিন_ট্রাইফসফেট

During fasting (no glucose available), glucagon activates protein kinase A which phosphorylates pyruvate kinase to inhibit it.[ ... Allosteric inhibition and activation by Protein-protein interactions (PPI).[28] Indeed, some proteins interact with and ... PFK2 is phosphorylated by protein kinase A. The phosphorylation inactivates PFK2, and another domain on this protein becomes ... Main article: Pyruvate kinase. The final step of glycolysis is catalysed by pyruvate kinase to form pyruvate and another ATP. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Hemicholinium-3 is a more general inhibitor, but also moderately inhibits choline kinases. More specific choline kinase ... In humans, choline is absorbed from the intestines via the SLC44A1 (CTL1) membrane protein via facilitated diffusion governed ... Choline can also be produced by the CDP-choline route, cytosolic choline kinases (CK) phosphorylate choline with ATP to ... Morgane PJ, Mokler DJ, Galler JR (June 2002). "Effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on the hippocampal formation". ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline

IL-6 activates the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and a downstream target of this pathway is the protein kinase B ( ... Protein superfamily[edit]. Interleukin is the main member of the IL-6 superfamily (Pfam PF00489), which also includes G-CSF, ... As IL-6 interacts with its receptor, it triggers the gp130 and IL-6R proteins to form a complex, thus activating the receptor. ... At the cellular level, SP is noted to increase expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) through PI-3K, p42/44 and p38 MAP kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6

... (CCKBR ili CCK2) je protein[1] koji je kod ljudi kodiran CCKBR genom.[2] ... Src-family tyrosine kinases in activation of ERK-1 and p85/p110-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by G/CCKB receptors.". J. Biol. ... Ovaj gen kodira G protein-spregnuti receptor za gastrin i holecistokinin (CCK),[3][4][5] regulatorne peptide mozga i ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holecistokininski_receptor_B

... in cell signaling proteins like protein tyrosine kinases and the growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2).[24]. * ... To test protein-protein interaction, the targeted protein cDNA and query protein cDNA were immobilized in a same coated slide. ... protein A is inactivated by protein B then the phenotypes will differ depending on which protein is inhibited (inhibit protein ... forms a protein-protein interaction with the ribonuclease protein. The contacts between the two proteins are shown as coloured ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

"a manually curated database of protein-protein interactions for mammalian TRP channels.. ... calmodulin, PI3 kinase TRPV2 osmo- and noxious heat thermosensor (52 °C) CNS, spleen and lung 3:1 TRPV1 ... other associated proteins 1 TRPV1 vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor and noxious thermosensor (43 °C) CNS and PNS 9:1 TRPV2, TRPV3 ... TRPV proteins respond to the taste of garlic (allicin). TRPV1 contributes to heat and inflammation sensations and mediates the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV

Ia dan mitranya kemudian menunjukkan bahwa siklin berikatan dan mengaktifkan segolongan protein kinase, kini disebut kinase ... yang telah membuat terobosan penting dalam pencetusan pembelahan sel dengan mempersempit penyebab mitosis ke sistem 3 protein. ... tahun 2001 bersama dengan Leland Hartwell dan Sir Paul Nurse untuk penemuan atas pengaturan siklus sel oleh siklin dan kinase ... bergantung protein, salah satu darinya telah dikenali sebagai pengatur siklus sel penting oleh Paul Maxime Nurse. ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Timothy_Hunt

The oligomers are toxic to nerve cells.[4] The other protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease, tau protein, also forms such ... CDK5 kinase phosphorylates APP at threonine 568 which stimulates Aβ peptide accumulation, and CDK5 activities also affect the ... and β-secretases which generate Aβ from its precursor protein, APP (amyloid precursor protein).[43][44][45][46] Aβ circulates ... a protein fold shared by other peptides such as the prions associated with protein misfolding diseases. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_amyloid

Other proteins such as coactivators, chromatin remodelers, histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylases, kinases, and ... homeodomain proteins, which are encoded by homeobox genes, are transcription factors. Homeodomain proteins play critical roles ... In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate ... The most common GTFs are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID (see also TATA binding protein), TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH.[20] The preinitiation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors

... the CaM-binding protein kinase in tobacco acts as a negative regulator of flowering. However, these CaM-binding protein kinase ... S-locus receptor kinase (SRK) is another protein kinase that interacts with CaM. SRK is involved in the self-incompatibility ... CMLs (CaM-related proteins)Edit. Plants contain CaM-related proteins (CMLs) apart from the typical CaM proteins. The CMLs have ... bind only to the Ca2+-bound protein, whereas some proteins, such as NaV channels and IQ-motif proteins, also bind to calmodulin ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin

Wang T, Li H, Xiang J, Wei B, et al «Identification of a novel nonsense mutation of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor ... UniProt «Transthyretin» (en anglès). Protein knowledgebase. UniProt Consortium, 2019 Gen 16; P02766 (TTHY_HUMAN) (rev), pàgs: ...

https://ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innervació

... as little as 5 mJ were needed to induce release of creatine kinase, a marker for muscle cell damage.[11] Obviously, this figure ... but probably related to the activation of mechanosensitive proteins, ion channels. These trigger extra electrical excitation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commotio_cordis

... a useful intermediate for the preparation of both dopamine receptor agonists and protein kinase inhibitors". Monatshefte für ... There are two families of dopamine receptors, D2-like and D1-like, and they are all G protein-coupled receptors. D1- and D5- ... The protein binding is 90% and the drug is mainly metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. The major route of excretion ... The drug has high protein binding, ranging from 90-96% bound to serum albumin. Bromocriptine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_agonist

Calmodulin may activate the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, or may act directly on other effector proteins.[14] ... This type of release increases the activation of protein kinase, and is seen in cardiac muscle where it causes excitation- ... Many cell surface receptors, including G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, activate the PLC enzyme. ... DAG attaches to the plasma membrane and recruits protein kinase C (PKC). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_signaling

... is a heat-sensitive protein that is used in studies on protein denaturation, testing the protective capacities of ... Luciferase can also be used to detect the level of cellular ATP in cell viability assays or for kinase activity assays.[18][19] ... "Reporter gene imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 18 (1): 31-37. doi ... is closely associated with a luciferin-binding protein as well as a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Calcium triggers release ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase

... affects gene expression[22] and is an enzyme activity regulator, such as for protein kinase C (PKC) - which plays a ... Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is coded by the TTPA gene on chromosome 8. The binding site for RRR-α-tocopherol is a ... Upon reaching the liver, RRR-alpha-tocopherol is preferentially taken up by alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). All ... "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin E and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_E

It is a recombinant form of the protein Interferon alpha-2 that was originally sequenced and produced recombinantly in E. coli[ ... FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L). *Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) ... Weissmann, Charles (2001). "Recombinant interferon - the 20th anniversary". In Buckel, Peter (ed.). Recombinant Protein Drugs. ... but the period of usefulness is limited by the production of antibodies against this foreign protein.[9] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_alfa-2b

... and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways". The Biochemical Journal. 365 (Pt 1): 119-26. doi:10.1042/BJ20020075. PMC ... October 2001). "Antifungal proteins and other mechanisms in the control of sorghum stalk rot and grain mold". Journal of ... Specifically, Cts1 expression has to be activated in daughter cells during late mitosis and the protein has to localize at the ... Muthukrishnan S, Liang GH, Trick HN, Gill BS (2001). "Pathogenesis-related proteins and their genes in cereals". Plant Cell, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinase

"A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, XA21". Science. 270 (5243): 1804-1806. Bibcode: ... "LEA proteins prevent protein aggregation due to water stress". Biochemical Journal. 388 (Part 1): 151-157. doi:10.1042/ ... protein expression is induced by stresses and protects other proteins from aggregation as a result of desiccation and freezing. ... Plants protect themselves from frost and dehydration stress with antifreeze proteins, heat-shock proteins and sugars (sucrose ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants

Konopacka, Agnieszka; Konopacki, Filip A.; Albrecht, Jan (2009). "Protein Kinase G Is Involved in Ammonia-induced Swelling of ... "Protein Engineering Design and Selection. 24 (9): 633-34. doi:10.1093/protein/gzr012.. ... within the cells which leads to Protein Kinase G-mediated (PKG) cytoskeletal modifications.[46] The resultant effect of this ... It is this intracellular calcium increase that activates protein kinase C (PKC), which manifests as learning deficits in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

arestinom posredovana desenzitizacija signalnog puta G-protein spregnutog receptora. • ugljeno hidratni metabolički proces. • ... Direct binding of activated c-Src to the beta 3-adrenergic receptor is required for MAP kinase activation.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 ... Guan XM, Amend A, Strader CD (1995). „Determination of structural domains for G protein coupling and ligand binding in beta 3- ... Mahmoudian M (1994). „The complex of human Gs protein with the beta 3 adrenergic receptor: a computer-aided molecular modeling ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergički_receptor

Protein ingkang dipunaktifaken fosforilasi punika ngéwahi DNA kanggé damel protéin énggal, mindhahaken langkung kathah reseptor ... ingkang wonten ing giliranipun ngaktifaken protéin kinase A, ingkang ngesangaken utawi mbrasta fungsi protéin sans lumantar ...

https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard

Blethrow J., Zhang C., Shokat K.M., Weiss E.L. (May 2004). "Design and use of analog-sensitive protein kinases". Curr Protoc ...

https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/化學生物學

MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2, dodekamer, Human Identifikatori EC broj 2.7.11.1 ... Protein kinaza C (EC 2.7.11.13). Protein kinaza C, Protein kinaza Cζ, PKC alfa, PRKCB1, PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCH, PRKCG, PRKCI, ... Receptor protein serin/treonin kinaza (EC 2.7.11.30). Koštani morfogenetski proteinski receptori (BMPR1, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2 ... Više od 125 od 500+ poznatih ljudskih protein kinaza su serin/treonin kinaze (STK).[1] ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serin/treonin-specifična_proteinska_kinaza

Two such classes are the kinase family, involved in adding phosphate groups to proteins and the phosphatase family, involved ... Phosphatidylinositold 3-kinases (PIK3CA) gene encodes for lipid kinases that commonly contain mutations in colorectal, breast, ... an internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase gene, which activates kinase signaling and is associated ... Another example is the BRAF gene, one of the first to be implicated in melanomas.[70] BRAF encodes a serine/threonine kinase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

... (symbol Thr or T)[2] is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group ( ... In many organisms it is O-phosphorylated by a kinase preparatory to further metabolism. This is especially important in ... "Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington ... As an essential amino acid, threonine is not synthesized in humans, and needs to be present in proteins in the diet. Adult ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine

This will show the presence of clusters of differentiation, cell surface proteins - namely CD30, with CD19, CD20 and CD22, and ... such as against acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific kinase), and CT scan to detect thymoma or thymectomy.[20] With ... T cells that attack the body's own proteins are eliminated in the thymus, called "negative selection".[12] Epithelial cells in ... and not against proteins of the body (called negative selection). The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is often used in genetics as a marker. Many substances, such as proteins, have significant ... B irradiation-induced G2 cell cycle arrest in human keratinocytes by inhibitory phosphorylation of the cdc2 cell cycle kinase ... Many enzymes and proteins involved in modern mitosis and meiosis are similar to repair enzymes, and are believed to be evolved ... The evolution of early reproductive proteins and enzymes is attributed in modern models of evolutionary theory to ultraviolet ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation

Checkpoint Proteins can be separated into four groups: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like protein kinase, proliferating ... induced checkpoints responses is a pair of large protein kinases belonging to the first group of PI3K-like protein kinases-the ... the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on serine 10 in response to double- ... In E. coli , the proteins involved are the Mut class proteins: MutS, MutL, and MutH. In most Eukaryotes, the analog for MutS is ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

Atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCι) is a serine/threonine kinase that has been implicated in both epithelial polarity and ... Differentiating protein kinase C iota functions through multiple PKCι-partner complexes ... Proteomic screens have identified RIPR-dependent PKCι interacting proteins, amongst which two protein families, MTA and FARP, ... FERM, RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 1 and 2 (FARP1, 2) are Cdc42/Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors ( ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.790802

... Alistair RR Forrest1, Timothy Ravasi2, Darrin Taylor, ... This approach identified 561 candidate protein kinases and 162 candidate protein phosphatases. This cohort was then analysed ... This approach allowed us to 1) distinguish between true members of the protein kinase and phosphatase families and enzymes of ... In this paper we have undertaken a computational approach to identify and classify all the protein kinases and phosphatases ...

https://www.iscb.org/cms_addon/conferences/ismb2003/posters/a.forrestATimb.uq.edu.au_413.html

Marine Derived Hamacanthins as Lead for the Development of Novel PDGFRβ Protein Kinase Inhibitors by Boris Pinchuk ... Interests: design; synthesis and biological evaluation of protein kinase inhibitors. Special Issues, Collections and Topics in ... Then, the marine-derived antiangiogenic protein kinase inhibitors will be focused on. And finally, the clinical trials of the ... All the compounds were evaluated for their potential inhibitory activity against eight different protein kinases involved in ...

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/protein-kinase

Proteins and Peptides. By product type. Proteomics tools. Agonists, activators, antagonists and inhibitors. Cell lines and ... Amyloid Precursor Protein+Tau+VEGF Receptor 1+Alpha-synuclein+Natriuretic Peptide Receptor A/GC-A+Ni (1). ...

https://www.abcam.com/products?selected.researchAreas=Signal+Transduction--Protein+Phosphorylation--Tyrosine+Kinases--Receptor+Tyrosine+Kinases

General protein information Go to the top of the page Help Preferred Names. serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein ... mRNA and Protein(s) * NM_011499.3 → NP_035629.2 serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein ... serine/threonine kinase receptor associated proteinprovided by MGI. Primary source. MGI:MGI:1329037 See related. Ensembl: ... Serine threonine kinase receptor associated protein regulates early follicle development in the mouse ovary. Sharum IB, et al. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=20901

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - Procognia said today that GlaxoSmithKline will use its protein arrays to profile kinase kits in ... Under the agreement, GSK will use Procognias protein array technology with its own kinase inhibitors in profiling studies to ... GSK to Test-Run Procognias Protein Arrays for Kinase-Screening Studies Mar 23, 2007 ... Procognia also said its protein arrays are used for biomarker discovery, protein interaction, and in identifying substrates. ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/gsk-test-run-procognia%E2%80%99s-protein-arrays-kinase-screening-studies

Tissue distribution of the AMP-activated protein kinase, and lack of activation by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, studied ... Purification and characterization of the AMP-activated protein kinase. Copurification of acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase and 3- ... Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. Gaochao Zhou,1 Robert Myers,1 Ying Li,1 Yuli Chen,1 ... AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol 1999. 277:E1-E10. View ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/13505?content_type=full

... Published: 08th May 2020 ... To arise in the very same client inhabitants and upon application of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibi. ...

http://www.articlealley.com/roscovitine-a-particular-inhibitor-of-cyclin-dependent-kinases-and-cycloheximide-a-protein-synthesis-2444087.html

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (human). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/2QD9_A

S.P. Davies et al., Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors, Biochemical Journal ... Cited in 191 papers) In signal transduction research, protein kinase inhibitors help scientists tease out the vagaries of ... S.P. Davies et al., "Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors," Biochemical Journal ... Researchers Are Getting Specific About Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Data derived from the Science Watch/Hot Papers database and ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/hot-paper/researchers-are-getting-specific-about-protein-kinase-inhibitors-52870

View and buy high purity products active at Death-Associated Protein Kinase (DAPK) from Tocris Bioscience. ... Death-Associated Protein Kinase. The death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family contains three closely-related members: DAPK ... Death-Associated Protein Kinase Gene Data. Gene Species Gene Symbol Gene Accession No. Protein Accession No. ... Literature for Death-Associated Protein Kinase. Tocris offers the following scientific literature for Death-Associated Protein ...

https://www.tocris.com/pharmacology/death-associated-protein-kinase

It is a multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase capable of phosphorylating protein substrates, such as AMPA ... Importance of spatial localization to kinase action. Protein kinases, including CaMKII, can be pre-positioned near their ... polyadenylation element binding protein-dependent protein synthesis is regulated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ... Synaptic vesicle-associated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is a binding protein for synapsin I. Nature 359: 417- ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/39/8399

Protein kinase inhibitors market size, demand & analysis, by type (serine/ threonine, tyrosine, histidine), by therapy ( ... the protein kinase inhibitors market share is segmented into Serine/Threonine kinases, Tyrosine Kinases, Histidine Kinases, and ... Protein kinases are enzymes that have the potential to modify or alter proteins by attaching phosphate groups to threonine, ... Protein kinases then send signals from the cell membrane into the interior of the cell, and this activation of the signaling ...

https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/protein-kinase-inhibitors-market

Timeline for Protein Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase LacC from c.72.1.1: Ribokinase-like: *Protein Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase LacC ... Lineage for Protein: Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase LacC. *Root: SCOPe 2.08 *. Class c: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) [51349] (148 ... Protein Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase LacC from c.72.1.1: Ribokinase-like appears in SCOPe 2.07. ... More info for Protein Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase LacC from c.72.1.1: Ribokinase-like. ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=142710

Structural Mechanisms in Protein Kinase Regulation. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal ...

http://talks.cam.ac.uk/talk/index/59453

May be used to phosphorylate target proteins or for in vitro enzymological studies of neural and hormonal signal transduction ... 40kDa protein purified from a recombinant E. coli strain expressing the catalytic subunit of bovine PKA ... May be used to phosphorylate target proteins or for in vitro enzymological studies of neural and hormonal signal transduction ... Intracellular targets include ion channels, transcriptional activator proteins, and regulatory enzymes of glycogen metabolism ...

https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/promega-camp-dependent-protein-kinase-catalytic-subunit-2/PRZV5161?tab=document

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 [MAPK6])-MAPK-activated protein kinase 5 ... kinase family of serine/threonine kinases. The human ERK3 protein is made of 721 amino acids and contains a typical kinase ... Schematic representation of the ERK3 protein structure. Kinase, catalytic kinase domain; C34 conserved region in ERK3 and ERK4 ... The catalytic activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 is required to sustain ...

https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/43349/mapk6

... as well as the phosphorylating or dephosphorylating activity of a kinase or phosphatase. ... immunoassay to determine the amount of substrate that is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated during the course of a kinase or ... The invention relates to novel fluorescence-based assays for protein kinases and phosphatases which can be used in high ... involving proteins, peptides or amino acids. 6803. General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or ...

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1999029894

Octahedral ruthenium complexes as protein kinase inhibitors A new strategy for the design of selective protein kinase ... A new strategy for the design of selective protein kinase inhibitors has been initiated with chemically inert metallo- ... this thesis had the goal to develop octahedral ruthenium complexes as protein kinase inhibitors.. ... alkaloid structure was replaced with simple metal complex to match the shape of the ATP-binding site of protein kinases (Figure ...

https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ubfind/Record/urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2010-0762

protein coding gene. Chr4:132965290-132980240 (+). 129S1/SvImJ MGP_129S1SvImJ_G0028889. protein coding gene. Chr4:135475570- ... protein coding gene. Chr4:144001082-144013134 (+). DBA/2J MGP_DBA2J_G0028700. protein coding gene. Chr4:130230935-130242988 (+) ... protein coding gene. Chr4:133492776-133504830 (+). BALB/cJ MGP_BALBcJ_G0028871. protein coding gene. Chr4:130431492-130443541 ... protein coding gene. Chr4:133744389-133756443 (+). C57BL/6NJ MGP_C57BL6NJ_G0029313. protein coding gene. Chr4:140346661- ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1855691

... of kinetochore protein kinases KKT10/KKT19 was used to show that XL-BioID provides a spatially focussed view of protein kinase ... Protein kinase signalling at the Leishmania kinetochore captured by XL-BioID. View ORCID ProfileVincent Geoghegan, View ORCID ... consisting of proximity biotinylation followed by protein cross-linking (XL-BioID). This was applied to protein kinases of the ... Protein kinase signalling at the Leishmania kinetochore captured by XL-BioID Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.451598v1

Human mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase mediates the stress-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ... Cloning of a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, MEKK4, that selectively regulates the c-Jun amino terminal ... Loss of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MEKK4) results in enhanced apoptosis and defective neural tube ... Loss of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MEKK4) results in enhanced apoptosis and defective neural tube ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/4216.html

... the enzyme Fructosamine-3-kinase is responsible for catalyzing phosphorylation of fructosamines constructed by glycation. The ... About Fructosamine 3 Kinase \ FN3K:. Fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ... FN3K phosphorylates protein-bound or low-molecular-mass fructosmaines on the third carbon. Protein-bound fructoselysine becomes ... Fructosamine 3 Kinase Interaction. There is said to be an association between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/fructosamine_3_kinase

... subunits with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Conventional reagents that universally disrupt PKA anchoring are patterned ... Engineering A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-selective regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PKA) through structure-based ... Keywords: AKAP; Cell Biology; Compartmentalization; Peptide Arrays; Phage Display; Protein Kinase A (PKA); Structure-based ... subunits with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Conventional reagents that universally disrupt PKA anchoring are patterned ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23625929/

Butyrate-mediated Signal Transduction in Colonocytes: Role of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase. ...

https://www.aicr.org/research/projects/butyrate-mediated-signal-transduction-in-colonocytes-role-of-camp-dependent-protein-kinase/

Protein Kinases - Xanthomonas citri pv. ...

https://www.kegg.jp/brite/xfu01001.keg

The present study explored the potential roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) and β-arrestin 2 (ARRB2) that ... Genetic association between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6/β-arrestin 2 and dopamine supersensitivity psychosis in ... Tang W, Cai J, Yi Z, Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhang C. Association study of common variants within the G protein-coupled receptor kinase ... G protein-coupled receptor kinase/beta-arrestin systems and drugs of abuse: psychostimulant and opiate studies in knockout mice ...

https://www.dovepress.com/genetic-association-between-g-protein-coupled-receptor-kinase-6beta-ar-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

Crystal structure of death-associated protein kinase 1 in complex with the dietary compound resveratrol ... Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a large multidomain protein with an N-terminal serine/threonine protein kinase ... To date, the ATPase activities of mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase kinase 2 (MEKK2), MEK1, protein kinase C (PKC), dual- ... the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway and the phospho-inositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway ...

https://journals.iucr.org/m/issues/2021/01/00/lz5042/index.html

The human Cdk-activating protein kinase (Cak1) is itself a Cdc2-related cyclin-dependent protein kinase that associates with ... The activation of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) is dependent upon site-specific phosphorylation and dephosphorylation ... Immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled human osteosarcoma cells revealed a number of Cak1-associated proteins, including ... enabling studies of kinase autophosphorylation and comparative substrate utilization. Immunoaffinity-purified Cak1 ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Biochemical-Characterization-of-the-Human-Protein-Yee-Wu/38f78ad6da05dbe51ab7dc76766a699eee0c663c

... from Soybean Calcium-dependent Protein Kinase-alpha (CDPK) ... Calcium-dependent protein kinase SK5. A. 87. Glycine max. ... Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are vital Ca(2+)-signaling proteins in plants and protists which have both a kinase ... Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are vital Ca(2+)-signaling proteins in plants and protists which have both a kinase ... A calcium-dependent protein kinase with a regulatory domain similar to calmodulin. Harper, J.F., Sussman, M.R.,& ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1s6j

Anatomy18

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs172

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes40

Information Science3

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/16369)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (2/16369)

The Jun kinase 2 isoform is preferentially required for epidermal growth factor-induced transformation of human A549 lung carcinoma cells. (3/16369)

A novel genetic screen for snRNP assembly factors in yeast identifies a conserved protein, Sad1p, also required for pre-mRNA splicing. (4/16369)

Jun kinase phosphorylates and regulates the DNA binding activity of an octamer binding protein, T-cell factor beta1. (5/16369)

Functions of cyclin A1 in the cell cycle and its interactions with transcription factor E2F-1 and the Rb family of proteins. (6/16369)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (7/16369)

Herpes virus induced proteasome-dependent degradation of the nuclear bodies-associated PML and Sp100 proteins. (8/16369)

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Protein Kinase C

Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Phosphorylation

MAP Kinase Signaling System

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Enzyme Activation

Protein Kinase C-alpha

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Protein Kinase C-delta

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Signal Transduction

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

Protein Kinase C-epsilon

Protein Kinase C beta

Isoenzymes

src-Family Kinases

Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Enzyme Inhibitors

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Molecular Sequence Data

Cyclic AMP

Casein Kinase II

Cell Line

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2

Amino Acid Sequence

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases

Cells, Cultured

Kinetics

eIF-2 Kinase

p21-Activated Kinases

MAP Kinase Kinase 1

Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

Calcium

Serine

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Casein Kinases

Transfection

Protein Binding

Blotting, Western

MAP Kinase Kinase 4

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Phosphoproteins

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Diglycerides

Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate

Substrate Specificity

Mutation

Staurosporine

Isoquinolines

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine

Phorbol Esters

Maleimides

Base Sequence

Creatine Kinase

DNA-Activated Protein Kinase

Indoles

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3

Recombinant Proteins

RNA, Messenger

Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II

3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases

Pyruvate Kinase

Apoptosis

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Flavonoids

Binding Sites

Tumor Cells, Cultured