Protein kinase inhibitors. Medical search

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Group of alkaloids containing a benzylpyrrole group (derived from TRYPTOPHAN)

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

Benzo-indoles similar to CARBOLINES which are pyrido-indoles. In plants, carbazoles are derived from indole and form some of the INDOLE ALKALOIDS.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 PHASE arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. (Thromb Res 1992;67(4):345-54 & Cancer Res 1993;53(2):239-41)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

BENZOIC ACID amides.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.

Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in particulate subcellular fractions. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type II-specific regulatory subunits.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Four carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds.

Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.

Compounds of the general formula R-O-R arranged in a ring or crown formation.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Compounds of four rings containing a nitrogen. They are biosynthesized from reticuline via rearrangement of scoulerine. They are similar to BENZYLISOQUINOLINES. Members include chelerythrine and sanguinarine.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A 38-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase that is abundantly expressed in a broad variety of cell types. It is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses as well as the control of proliferation and survival of many cell types. The kinase activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the pyridinyl-imidazole compound SB 203580.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

A family of synthetic protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. They selectively inhibit receptor autophosphorylation and are used to study receptor function.

A serine-threonine protein kinase that, when activated by DNA, phosphorylates several DNA-binding protein substrates including the TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and a variety of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

Highly conserved protein-serine threonine kinases that phosphorylate and activate a group of AGC protein kinases, especially in response to the production of the SECOND MESSENGERS, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,-biphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3).

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Nucleotides in which the base moiety is substituted with one or more sulfur atoms.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

A 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

A 195-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for MAP KINASE KINASES. It is found localized in the CYTOSKELETON and can activate a variety of MAP kinase-dependent pathways.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

A CELL LINE derived from a PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of the rat ADRENAL MEDULLA. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, making the line a useful model system for NERVE CELL differentiation.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

A potent inhibitor of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES in G1 PHASE and S PHASE. In humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various NEOPLASMS as well as with BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME.

Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is an accessory factor for the glucocorticoid response from the cAMP response element in the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter. (1/8892)

The cyclic AMP response element (CRE) of the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene promoter is required for a complete glucocorticoid response. Proteins known to bind the PEPCK CRE include the CRE-binding protein (CREB) and members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family. We took two different approaches to determine which of these proteins provides the accessory factor activity for the glucocorticoid response from the PEPCK CRE. The first strategy involved replacing the CRE of the PEPCK promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter plasmid (pPL32) with a consensus C/EBP-binding sequence. This construct, termed pDeltaCREC/EBP, binds C/EBPalpha and beta but not CREB, yet it confers a nearly complete glucocorticoid response when transiently transfected into H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. These results suggest that one of the C/EBP family members may be the accessory factor. The second strategy involved co-transfecting H4IIE cells with a pPL32 mutant, in which the CRE was replaced with a GAL4-binding sequence (pDeltaCREGAL4), and various GAL4 DNA-binding domain (DBD) fusion protein expression vectors. Although chimeric proteins consisting of the GAL4 DBD fused to either CREB or C/EBPalpha are able to confer an increase in basal transcription, they do not facilitate the glucocorticoid response. In contrast, a fusion protein consisting of the GAL4 DBD and amino acids 1-118 of C/EBPbeta provides a significant glucocorticoid response. Additional GAL4 fusion studies were done to map the minimal domain of C/EBPbeta needed for accessory factor activity to the glucocorticoid response. Chimeric proteins containing amino acid regions 1-84, 52-118, or 85-118 of C/EBPbeta fused to the GAL4 DBD do not mediate a glucocorticoid response. We conclude that the amino terminus of C/EBPbeta contains a multicomponent domain necessary to confer accessory factor activity to the glucocorticoid response from the CRE of the PEPCK gene promoter. (+info)

p38 but not p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for nitric oxide synthase induction mediated by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophages. (2/8892)

Protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, -betaI, and -delta are known to be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p44/42 and p38 in the LPS effect was studied further. LPS-mediated NO release and the inducible form of NO synthase expression were inhibited by the p38 inhibitor, SB 203580, but not by the MAPK kinase inhibitor, PD 98059. Ten-minute treatment of cells with LPS resulted in the activation of p44/42 MAPK, p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Marked or slight activation, respectively, of p44/42 MAPK or p38 was also seen after 10-min treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, but c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation did not occur. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genestein, attenuated the LPS-induced activation of both p44/42 MAPK and p38, whereas the PKC inhibitors, Ro 31-8220 and calphostin C, or long-term treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate resulted in inhibition of p44/42 MAPK activation, but had only a slight effect on p38 activation, indicating that LPS-mediated PKC activation resulted in the activation of p44/42 MAPK. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-specific DNA-protein-binding activity in the nuclear extracts was enhanced by 10-min, 1-h, or 24-h treatment with LPS. Analysis of the proteins involved in NF-kappaB binding showed translocation of p65 from the cytosol to the nucleus after 10-min treatment with LPS. The onset of NF-kappaB activation correlated with the cytosolic degradation of both inhibitory proteins of NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta. IkappaB-alpha was resynthesized rapidly after loss (1-h LPS treatment), whereas IkappaB-beta levels were not restored until after 24-h treatment. SB 203580 but not PD 98059 inhibited the LPS-induced stimulation of NF-kappaB DNA-protein binding. Thus, activation of p38 but not p44/42 MAPK by LPS resulted in the stimulation of NF-kappaB-specific DNA-protein binding and the subsequent expression of inducible form of NO synthase and NO release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. (+info)

Role of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor beta-chain subdomains and Shc in p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p54 MAP kinase (stress-activated protein Kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase) activation. IL-2-driven proliferation is independent of p38 and p54 MAP kinase activation. (3/8892)

We have shown recently that interleukin (IL)-2 activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members p38 (HOG1/stress-activated protein kinase II) and p54 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase I). Furthermore, the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 inhibited IL-2-driven T cell proliferation, suggesting that p38 MAP kinase might be involved in mediating proliferative signals. In this study, using transfected BA/F3 cell lines, it is shown that both the acidic domain and the membrane-proximal serine-rich region of the IL-2Rbeta chain are required for p38 and p54 MAP kinase activation and that, as for p42/44 MAP kinase, this activation requires the Tyr338 residue of the acidic domain, the binding site for Shc. It is well established that the acidic domain of the IL-2Rbeta chain is dispensable for IL-2-driven proliferation, and thus our observations suggest that neither p38 nor p54 MAP kinase activation is required for IL-2-driven proliferation of BA/F3 cells. In addition, the tetravalent guanylhydrazone inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokine production, CNI-1493, can block the activation of p54 and p38 MAP kinases by IL-2 but has no effect on IL-2-driven proliferation of BA/F3 cells, activated primary T cells, or a cytotoxic T cell line. Furthermore, our observations provide evidence for the existence of an additional, unknown target of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580, the activation of which is essential for mitogenic signaling by IL-2. (+info)

On the mechanism of histaminergic inhibition of glutamate release in the rat dentate gyrus. (4/8892)

1. Histaminergic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat dentate gyrus was investigated using extracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques in vitro. 2. Application of histamine (10 microM, 5 min) depressed synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus for 1 h. This depression was blocked by the selective antagonist of histamine H3 receptors, thioperamide (10 microM). 3. The magnitude of the depression caused by histamine was inversely related to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Application of the N-type calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin (0. 5 or 1 microM) or the P/Q-type calcium channel blocker omega-agatoxin (800 nM) did not prevent depression of synaptic transmission by histamine. 4. The potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 100 microM) enhanced synaptic transmission and reduced the depressant effect of histamine (10 microM). 4-AP reduced the effect of histamine more in 2 mM extracellular calcium than in 4 mM extracellular calcium. 5. Histamine (10 microM) did not affect the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and had only a small effect on their frequency. 6. Histaminergic depression was not blocked by an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinases, H7 (100 microM), or by an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, Lavendustin A (10 microM). 7. Application of adenosine (20 microM) or the adenosine A1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 0.3 microM) completely occluded the effect of histamine (10 microM). 8. We conclude that histamine, acting on histamine H3 receptors, inhibits glutamate release by inhibiting presynaptic calcium entry, via a direct G-protein-mediated inhibition of multiple calcium channels. Histamine H3 receptors and adenosine A1 receptors act upon a common final effector to cause presynaptic inhibition. (+info)

Effect of inhibition of cholesterol synthetic pathway on the activation of Ras and MAP kinase in mesangial cells. (5/8892)

Intermediary metabolites of cholesterol synthetic pathway are involved in cell proliferation. Lovastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, blocks mevalonate synthesis, and has been shown to inhibit mesangial cell proliferation associated with diverse glomerular diseases. Since inhibition of farnesylation and plasma membrane anchorage of the Ras proteins is one suggested mechanism by which lovastatin prevents cellular proliferation, we investigated the effect of lovastatin and key mevalonate metabolites on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) and Ras in murine glomerular mesangial cells. The preincubation of mesangial cells with lovastatin inhibited the activation of MAP kinase stimulated by either FBS, PDGF, or EGF. Mevalonic acid and farnesyl-pyrophosphate, but not cholesterol or LDL, significantly prevented lovastatin-induced inhibition of agonist-stimulated MAP kinase. Lovastatin inhibited agonist-induced activation of Ras, and mevalonic acid and farnesylpyrophosphate antagonized this effect. Parallel to the MAP kinase and Ras data, lovastatin suppressed cell growth stimulated by serum, and mevalonic acid and farnesylpyrophosphate prevented lovastatin-mediated inhibition of cellular growth. These results suggest that lovastatin, by inhibiting the synthesis of farnesol, a key isoprenoid metabolite of mevalonate, modulates Ras-mediated cell signaling events associated with mesangial cell proliferation. (+info)

ATP counteracts the rundown of gap junctional channels of rat ventricular myocytes by promoting protein phosphorylation. (6/8892)

1. The degree of cell-to-cell coupling between ventricular myocytes of neonatal rats appeared well preserved when studied in the perforated version of the patch clamp technique or, in double whole-cell conditions, when ATP was present in the patch pipette solution. In contrast, when ATP was omitted, the amplitude of junctional current rapidly declined (rundown). 2. To examine the mechanism(s) of ATP action, an 'internal perfusion technique' was adapted to dual patch clamp conditions, and reintroduction of ATP partially reversed the rundown of junctional channels. 3. Cell-to-cell communication was not preserved by a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue (5'-adenylimidodiphosphate, AMP-PNP), indicating that the effect most probably did not involve direct interaction of ATP with the channel-forming proteins. 4. An ATP analogue supporting protein phosphorylation but not active transport processes (adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), ATPgammaS) maintained normal intercellular communication, suggesting that the effect was due to kinase activity rather than to altered intracellular Ca2+. 5. A broad spectrum inhibitor of endogenous serine/threonine protein kinases (H7) reversibly reduced the intercellular coupling. A non-specific exogenous protein phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase) mimicked the effects of ATP deprivation. The non-specific inhibition of endogenous protein phosphatases resulted in the preservation of substantial cell-to-cell communication in ATP-free conditions. 6. The activity of gap junctional channels appears to require both the presence of ATP and protein kinase activity to counteract the tonic activity of endogenous phosphatase(s). (+info)

Properties of fast endocytosis at hippocampal synapses. (7/8892)

Regulation of synaptic transmission is a widespread means for dynamic alterations in nervous system function. In several cases, this regulation targets vesicular recycling in presynaptic terminals and may result in substantial changes in efficiency of synaptic transmission. Traditionally, experimental accessibility of the synaptic vesicle cycle in central neuronal synapses has been largely limited to the exocytotic side, which can be monitored with electrophysiological responses to neurotransmitter release. Recently, physiological measurements on the endocytotic portion of the cycle have been made possible by the introduction of styryl dyes such as FM1-43 as fluorescent markers for recycling synaptic vesicles. Here we demonstrate the existence of fast endocytosis in hippocampal nerve terminals and derive its kinetics from fluorescence measurements using dyes with varying rates of membrane departitioning. The rapid mode of vesicular retrieval was greatly speeded by exposure to staurosporine or elevated extracellular calcium. The effective time-constant for retrieval can be < 2 seconds under appropriate conditions. Thus, hippocampal synapses capitalize on efficient mechanisms for endocytosis and their vesicular retrieval is subject to modulatory control. (+info)

Effects of eosinophil granule major basic protein on phosphatidylcholine secretion in rat type II pneumocytes. (8/8892)

Eosinophils are involved in inflammatory diseases such as asthma. We previously reported that activated eosinophils increased the phosphatidylcholine (PC) secretion in primary cultures of rat type II pneumocytes. Increased PC secretion was confirmed to be partly mediated by superoxide anions released from activated eosinophils. However, the influence of eosinophil granule proteins on PC secretion is unknown at present. In this study, we determined whether eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) influences PC secretion. MBP dose dependently increased the PC secretion in rat type II pneumocytes without producing any cell damage. The MBP-induced increase in PC secretion was significantly reduced by preadministration of either H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, or 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM, a chelator of intracellular Ca2+, but not by H-89, a protein kinase inhibitor. Our results suggest that the MBP-induced increase in PC secretion may provide mechanical stability and protect against lung atelectasis. (+info)

It shows protein kinase C inhibitor activity. Foeniculoside I is a glucoside of cis-miyabenol C. Mattivi, F.; Vrhovsek, U.; ... "Naturally Occurring Protein Kinase C Inhibitors; II. Isolation of Oligomeric Stilbenes from Caragana sinica". Planta Medica. 61 ... Protein kinase inhibitors, Grape, All stub articles, Aromatic compound stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyabenol_C

Naturally Occurring Protein Kinase C Inhibitors; II. Isolation of Oligomeric Stilbenes from Caragana sinica. Palaniappan ... a protein kinase C inhibitor and two stilbene tetramers kobophenol A, and carasinol B. Wikispecies has information related to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caragana_sinica

... against a wide spectrum of protein tyrosine kinases. Levitzki demonstrated (1993) that such an inhibitor of Bcr-Abl kinase ... Levitzki, Alexander (2003). "Protein Kinase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Modality". Accounts of Chemical Research. 36 (6): 462- ... Levitzki is known for developing specific chemical inhibitors of cancer-induced protein kinases. He was the first to develop ... Synthesis and biological activity of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 32 (10): 2344-2352. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Levitzki

Patrick D, Heimbrook D (1996). "Protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer". Drug Discovery Today. 1 (8): 325-330. ... The compounds were found to inhibit a variety of protein kinases signifying a possible role in cancer treatment. The structure ... betaenone C has been shown to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis. Most of the major work on betaenone B, including the initial ... "Specific inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase alpha, 3-deoxyaphidicolin and aphidicolin-17-monoacetate". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaenone_B

Patrick, D.; Heimbrook, D (1996). "Protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer". Drug Discovery Today. 1: 325-330. ... Novel Inhibitors of Protein Kinases". Journal of Natural Products. 63: 739-745. doi:10.1021/np9905259. PMID 10869191. (Articles ... The compounds were found to inhibit a variety of protein kinases. Betaenone A Betaenone B Betaenone C Two further betaenones ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaenone

Others examine the composition of protein kinase inhibitors. The most recent patents are specific the methodologies of using ... Ceritinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively and potently inhibits anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). In normal ... Ceritinib is an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor primarily used for the treatment of ALK positive metastatic NSCLC. ... Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Aminopyrimidines, Benzosulfones, Chloropyrimidines, Isopropyl compounds, Phenol ethers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceritinib

... various TPE derivatives like tamoxifen and clomifene have been found to act as protein kinase C inhibitors. The affinity of ... a new class of protein kinase C inhibitors". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76 (6): 1243-6. doi:10.1093/jnci/76.6.1243. PMID 3458960. ... The tamoxifen metabolite and aromatase inhibitor norendoxifen is also a TPE derivative. In addition to their estrogenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylethylene

"FDA-approved protein kinase inhibitors/US Food and Drug Administration approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors". www. ... The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of about 50 protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of ... "PKIDB , A Curated, Annotated and Updated Database of Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Clinical Trials". www.icoa.fr. Retrieved 2019 ... 2019) Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol. Res. 144, 19-50. Noble, Paige; Ten Eyck ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Institute_for_Medical_Research

C16 (PKRi, GW 506033X) is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase ... S-17092 Jammi NV, Whitby LR, Beal PA (August 2003). "Small molecule inhibitors of the RNA-dependent protein kinase". ... Shimazawa M, Hara H (December 2006). "Inhibitor of double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase protects against cell damage ... "Interaction of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) with the death receptor signaling pathway in amyloid beta ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16_(drug)

Garneau-Tsodikova, Sylvie; Thannickal, Victor J. (2008). "Protein kinase inhibitors in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis". ... TRAF2 and NCK-interacting protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TNIK gene. Germinal center kinases (GCKs ... "Entrez Gene: TNIK TRAF2 and NCK interacting kinase". Prieto C, De Las Rivas J (July 2006). "APID: Agile Protein Interaction ... 2007). "Proteomics analysis of protein kinases by target class-selective prefractionation and tandem mass spectrometry". Mol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNIK

Roskoski, Robert (June 2019). "Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors". Pharmacological Research. ... Structural biology of human proteins - The SGC has so far contributed over 2000 protein structures of human proteins of ... and version 1.0 of 187 chemogenomic inhibitors (aka KCGS) for 215 kinases have been co-developed. Integral membrane proteins ... These families include epigenetic signaling, solute transport, protein proteostasis, and protein phosphorylation. The protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Genomics_Consortium

... is a protein kinase inhibitor. The most common adverse reactions include upper respiratory tract infections, ... In the wild-type protein, when myristoylated N-terminus binds to the allosteric site, the kinase has reduced activity. Since ... an Allosteric Inhibitor of the Tyrosine Kinase Activity of BCR-ABL1". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 61 (18): 8120-8135. doi: ... positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase who have previously been treated with two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asciminib

2007). "The selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors: a further update". Biochem J. 408 (3): 297-315. doi:10.1042/BJ20070797. ... 2-indolinone protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors", published 1898-09-27, assigned to Sugen Inc. Blake, R. A., M. A. Broome; et ... SU6656 was initially identified as a Src kinase inhibitor by virtue of its ability to reverse an effect that an activated ... SU6656 is a Src family kinase inhibitor developed by the biotechnology company SUGEN Inc (a subsidiary of Pharmacia) in 2000. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU6656

"Design of allele-specific inhibitors to probe protein kinase signaling". Current Biology. 8 (5): 257-266. doi:10.1016/S0960- ... Human protein kinases use ATP as a cofactor to phosphorylate substrate proteins. Kinases play critical roles in complex cell ... "A chemical switch for inhibitor-sensitive alleles of any protein kinase". Nature. 407 (6802): 395-401. Bibcode:2000Natur.407.. ... cell-permeable bumped inhibitors of mutant kinases. For the I338G v-Src kinase, a 4-amino-l-tert-butyl-3-(p-methylphenyl) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_and_hole

"Design of allele-specific inhibitors to probe protein kinase signaling". Current Biology. 8 (5): 257-66. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822 ... and G-protein coupled receptors such as DREADDs. DREADDs are the most common G protein-coupled receptors used in chemogenetics ... G-protein coupled receptors' usage and chemogenetics are nowadays the targets for many of the pharmaceutical companies to cure ... Having this information allows scientists understand whether viral expression of DREADD proteins, both in-vivo enhancers and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemogenetics

... which are protein kinase C inhibitors. These calphostins have cytotoxic activity due to their ability to inhibit protein kinase ... novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C. I. Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological ... novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C. II. Chemical structures". The Journal of Antibiotics. 42 (10): 1475-1481. ... cladosporioides can also induce respiratory inflammation due to the up-regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium_cladosporioides

... C is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Kobayashi, E; Ando, K; Nakano, H; Iida, T; Ohno, H; Morimoto, M; ... Iida, T; Kobayashi, E; Yoshida, M; Sano, H (1989). "Calphostins, novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C. II. ... The calphostins are inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC). The most potent member of the series, calphostin C, has found use as ... Tamaoki, T (1989). "Calphostins (UCN-1028), novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C. I. Fermentation, isolation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calphostin

... is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Kobayashi, E; Ando, K; Nakano, H; Iida, T; Ohno, H; Morimoto, M; ... Iida, T; Kobayashi, E; Yoshida, M; Sano, H (1989). "Calphostins, novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C. II. ... Protein kinase inhibitors, Benzoate esters, 3-Hydroxypropenals within hydroxyquinones, All stub articles, Aromatic compound ... Tamaoki, T (1989). "Calphostins (UCN-1028), novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C. I. Fermentation, isolation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calphostin_C

It is a protein kinase C inhibitor. Echinacoside Taskova, Rilka Mladenova; Gotfredsen, Charlotte Held; Jensen, Søren Rosendal ( ... an Inhibitor of Protein Kinase C". Journal of Natural Products. 54 (6): 1595-600. doi:10.1021/np50078a016. PMID 1812212. ... Involvement of PARP-1 and p53 proteins". Toxicology Letters. 178 (2): 71-6. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.02.006. PMID 18395372. ... in vitro genotoxicity of verbascoside has been reported on human lymphocytes with an involvement of PARP-1 and p53 proteins, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbascoside

It is a macrocyclic protein kinase inhibitor. It mainly inhibits Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3\CD135 ( ... Non-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Orphan drugs, Pyrrolidines, Oxygen heterocycles, Nitrogen heterocycles, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacritinib

... belongs to a group of medicines called protein kinase inhibitors. It works by blocking enzymes known as protein ... Roskoski R (January 2020). "The role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the ... By blocking the tyrosine kinases in FGFRs, pemigatinib is expected to reduce the growth and spread of the cancer. The most ... kinases, particularly those that are part of receptors (targets) called fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). FGFRs are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemigatinib

Protein kinase inhibitors: insights into drug design from structure. Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1800-5. According to Google ... PMID 31212132 Structure-based discovery of cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Martin MP, Endicott JA, Noble MEM. ... to conduct research into cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs). She was awarded a Royal Society University Research ... Her group studies how proteins involved in transcription and other cell cycle processes interact with each other, and whether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Endicott

The research program started with the design of metal-based protein kinase inhibitors, the subsequent design of chiral ... "Structurally Sophisticated Octahedral Metal Complexes as Highly Selective Protein Kinase Inhibitors". Journal of the American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Meggers

The number of protein kinases thought to exist in the human genome exceeds six hundred, making a nanomolar inhibitor such as ... cyclin-dependent kinases, G-protein coupled receptor kinases, tyrosine kinase, and cytomegalovirus pUL97 protein. Topoisomerase ... a broad protein kinase inhibitor. The next landmark discovery came with the detection of rebeccamycin (REB) in a sample of ... "Antimicrobial activities of indolocarbazole and bis-indole protein kinase C inhibitors. II. Substitution on maleimide nitrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolocarbazole

Protein kinase inhibitor McCormick F, Fabbro D (2005). Protein Tyrosine Kinases: From Inhibitors to Useful Drugs (Cancer Drug ... Mubritinib (TAK-165) is a protein kinase inhibitor which was under development by Takeda for the treatment of cancer. It ... Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Oxazoles, Triazoles, Trifluoromethyl compounds, Abandoned drugs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubritinib

... is a lyso-sphingolipid protein kinase inhibitor. It has the molecular formula C18H39NO2 and is a colorless solid. ... Potentiation of apoptosis by treatment with the protein kinase C-specific inhibitor safingol in mitomycin C-treated gastric ... Safingol is also a putative inhibitor of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK), which catalyzes the production of sphingosine 1-phosphate ... Safingol competitively competes with phorbol dibutyrate at regulatory domains of the protein kinase C family, inhibiting the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safingol

"Mechanism-based design of a protein kinase inhibitor". Nature Structural Biology. 8 (1): 37-41. doi:10.1038/83028. PMID ... Phosphorylation events, either phosphorylation by protein kinases or dephosphorylation by phosphatases, result in protein ... nonselective and selective kinase inhibitors, such as a class of pyridinylimidazole compounds are potent inhibitors useful in ... protein-protein interactions, protein synthesis and turnover, and enzyme activity, among others. Three general approaches for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_biology

Roskoski R (February 2020). "Properties of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors: A 2020 update". Pharmacol. ... Pexidartinib, sold under the brand name Turalio, is a kinase inhibitor drug for the treatment of adults with symptomatic ... proteins that helps produce energy in the body), increased aspartate aminotransferase (enzymes that are mostly in the liver but ... protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen), rash, dysgeusia (altered sense of taste) and decreased phosphate (electrolytes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexidartinib

... is an inhibitor of protein kinase C-beta. "Drugs.com, Eli Lilly and Company Announces Approvable Letter Issued by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruboxistaurin

It is a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. A phase II trial for treatment of ovarian cancer has completed. Patnaik ... Protein kinase inhibitors, Tert-butyl compounds, Clinical trials sponsored by Eli Lilly and Company). ... March 2016). "A First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Oral p38 MAPK Inhibitor, Ralimetinib (LY2228820 Dimesylate), in Patients ... January 2020). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b/2 study of ralimetinib, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, plus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralimetinib

It is a recombinant form of the protein Interferon alpha-2 that was originally sequenced and produced recombinantly in E. coli[ ... Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib. SCF (c-Kit). *See here instead.. Thrombopoietin. *Agonists: Eltrombopag ... Weissmann, Charles (2001). "Recombinant interferon - the 20th anniversary". In Buckel, Peter (ed.). Recombinant Protein Drugs. ... but the period of usefulness is limited by the production of antibodies against this foreign protein.[9] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_alfa-2b

... and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways". The Biochemical Journal. 365 (Pt 1): 119-26. doi:10.1042/BJ20020075. PMC ... October 2001). "Antifungal proteins and other mechanisms in the control of sorghum stalk rot and grain mold". Journal of ... Specifically, Cts1 expression has to be activated in daughter cells during late mitosis and the protein has to localize at the ... Muthukrishnan S, Liang GH, Trick HN, Gill BS (2001). "Pathogenesis-related proteins and their genes in cereals". Plant Cell, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinase

Konopacka, Agnieszka; Konopacki, Filip A.; Albrecht, Jan (2009). "Protein Kinase G Is Involved in Ammonia-induced Swelling of ... The use of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Neostigmine or the muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist atropine (which will ... "Protein Engineering Design and Selection. 24 (9): 633-34. doi:10.1093/protein/gzr012.. ... within the cells which leads to Protein Kinase G-mediated (PKG) cytoskeletal modifications.[46] The resultant effect of this ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

Moždano specifični angiogenezni inhibitor (1, 2, 3) • Cadherin (1, 2, 3) • Kalcitonin • CALCRL • CD97 • Kortikotropin- ... arestinom posredovana desenzitizacija signalnog puta G-protein spregnutog receptora. • ugljeno hidratni metabolički proces. • ... Direct binding of activated c-Src to the beta 3-adrenergic receptor is required for MAP kinase activation.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 ... Guan XM, Amend A, Strader CD (1995). „Determination of structural domains for G protein coupling and ligand binding in beta 3- ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergički_receptor

Two such classes are the kinase family, involved in adding phosphate groups to proteins and the phosphatase family, involved ... or with addition of the kinase inhibitor dasatinib.[59]. Another approach is to individually knock out each gene in a genome ... Phosphatidylinositold 3-kinases (PIK3CA) gene encodes for lipid kinases that commonly contain mutations in colorectal, breast, ... an internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase gene, which activates kinase signaling and is associated ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

This is done by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine.[20]. CancerEdit. See also: Tumors of the hematopoietic ... This will show the presence of clusters of differentiation, cell surface proteins - namely CD30, with CD19, CD20 and CD22, and ... such as against acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific kinase), and CT scan to detect thymoma or thymectomy.[20] With ... T cells that attack the body's own proteins are eliminated in the thymus, called "negative selection".[12] Epithelial cells in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

Checkpoint Proteins can be separated into four groups: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like protein kinase, proliferating ... "The role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in apoptosis". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 1 (8): 639-49. PMID ... induced checkpoints responses is a pair of large protein kinases belonging to the first group of PI3K-like protein kinases-the ... the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on serine 10 in response to double- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

cAMP can then act as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can ... γ proteins.[17] Signaling[edit]. G protein can refer to two distinct families of proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes ... G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside ... Whereas G proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptors, they are inactivated by RGS proteins (for "Regulator of G ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

2.7.10-2.7.13: protein kinase. (PO4; protein acceptor). 2.7.10: protein-tyrosine. *see tyrosine kinases ... In enzymology, a homoserine kinase (EC 2.7.1.39) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... Other names in common use include homoserine kinase (phosphorylating), and HSK. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and ... Homoserine kinase". J. Biochem. 44 (5): 299-307. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126756.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoserine_kinase

Inhibitors[edit]. Several inhibitors of PLP enzymes are known. One type of inhibitor forms an electrophile with PLP, causing it ... PLP is synthesized from pyridoxal by the enzyme pyridoxal kinase, requiring one ATP molecule. PLP is metabolized in the liver. ... "The evolving world of pseudoenzymes: proteins, prejudice and zombies". BMC Biology. 14 (1): 98. doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0322-x ... Examples of inhibitors: *Levothyroxine In rats given only 10 µg of D , L-thyroxine daily for 15 days, liver cysteine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate

Moždano specifični angiogenezni inhibitor (1, 2, 3) • Cadherin (1, 2, 3) • Kalcitonin • CALCRL • CD97 • Kortikotropin- ... Gastrin-oslobađajući peptidni receptor (GRPR), ili BB2 [1] je G protein-spregnuti receptor čije endogeni ligand je gastrin ... concentration change the pathways gastrin-releasing peptide receptor uses to regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase.". ... aktivnost peptidnog receptora, G-protein spregnutog. Celularna komponenta. • ćelijska membrana. • integralno sa ćelijskom ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin-oslobađajući_peptidni_receptor

Kinases. *Nuclear receptors. *Transporters. *Other protein targets including fatty acid-binding proteins, sigma receptors and ... inhibitors and radioligands. Pharmacological data and references are given and each ligand is hyperlinked to a ligand page ... Protein Data Bank. Future directions[edit]. Following funding from the Wellcome Trust, from 2012 to 2015 the Guide to ... Protein targets and ligands relevant to immunopharmacology have been tagged and curated into GtoImmuPdb. These have also been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology

Zhang ZY (2002). „Protein tyrosine phosphatases: structure and function, substrate specificity, and inhibitor development". ... Camps M, Nichols A, Arkinstall S (January 2000). „Dual specificity phosphatases: a gene family for control of MAP kinase ... Eric J. Toone (2006). Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, Protein Evolution (Volume 75 izd.). Wiley- ... Robert A. Copeland (2013). Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and ...

https://sh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfataza

... an interaction that participates in CaR-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. United States ... Moždano specifični angiogenezni inhibitor (1, 2, 3) • Kadherin (1, 2, 3) • Kalcitonin • CALCRL • CD97 • Kortikotropin- ... aktivnost G-protein spregnutog receptora. • proteinsko vezivanje. Celularna komponenta. • ćelijska membrana. • integralno sa ... CASR+protein на US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcijum-detektujući_receptor

"The Tyrosine Kinase c-Abl Responds to DNA Damage by Activating the Homeodomain-interacting Protein Kinase 2". Journal of ... Glavni članak: Bcr-Abl inhibitor tirozin-kinaze. Kasnih 1990-ih, STI-571 (imatinib, Gleevec/Glivec) je identificirala ... Naziv leukemijski virus nosi sličan protein. Simbol BCR je izveden iz regiona klastera tačke prekida, gena koji kodira protein ... Ovaj gen je ABL1 na hromosomu 9 klasterske regije tačke prekida gena BCR sa hromosoma 22, kodirajući za hibridni protein: ...

https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfija_hromosom

protein name[8] Gene Previous names GABAA alpha α1. α2. α3. α4. α5. α6 GABRA1. GABRA2. GABRA3. GABRA4. GABRA5. GABRA6 EJM, ECA4 ... which can ultimately change neuronal function through activation of various kinases and phosphatases".[14] Ligands include: * ... Adenosine reuptake inhibitor (AdoRI). *Angiotensin II receptor antagonist. *Endothelin receptor antagonist. *NK1 receptor ... protein name [8] Gene Previous names P2X N/A P2X1. P2X2. P2X3. P2X4. P2X5. P2X6. P2X7 P2RX1. P2RX2. P2RX3. P2RX4. P2RX5. P2RX6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel

In 2012, salicylic acid was found to activate AMP-activated protein kinase, which has been suggested as a possible explanation ... Several COX-2 inhibitors, such as rofecoxib (Vioxx), have been withdrawn from the market, after evidence emerged that PTGS2 ... Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well-established phenomenon in the regulation of protein function at the post- ... "The ancient drug salicylate directly activates AMP-activated protein kinase". Science. 336 (6083): 918-22. Bibcode:2012Sci... ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin

The first receptor protein typically contains the extracellular antigen binding domain, while the second protein contains the ... Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) are two types of suicide genes that have been ... Checkpoint inhibitor. *Gene therapy. *Immune checkpoint. ReferencesEdit. .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom ... Baldo BA (May 2015). "Chimeric fusion proteins used for therapy: indications, mechanisms, and safety". Drug Safety. 38 (5): 455 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor_T_cell

... it reduces the firing rate of the dopamine neuron via potassium channels and activates protein kinase A (PKA) and protein ... CYP2D6 inhibitors: Hydroxylation via the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6 is the major pathway of metabolism of dextroamphetamine. ... Protein binding. 20% (as active amphetamine)[5]. Metabolism. Hydrolysis by enzymes in red blood cells initially, subsequent ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Concomitant use of MAOIs and central nervous system stimulants such as lisdexamfetamine can cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine

2.7.10-2.7.13: protein kinase. (PO4; protein acceptor). 2.7.10: protein-tyrosine. *see tyrosine kinases ... These include protein-protein interactions, like those with TdIF1. TdIF1 is another protein that interacts with TdT to inhibit ... "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1804 (5): 1151-66. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.030. PMC 2846215 ... July 2001). "Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase directly interacts with a novel nuclear protein that is homologous to p65". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_deoxynucleotidyl_transferase

... , sold under the brand name Protonix, among others, is a proton pump inhibitor used for the treatment of stomach ... Metabolic: elevated creatine kinase, elevated cholesterol levels, elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT), swelling[13] ... The percentage of the drug that is protein bound is 98%.[15] ... proton pump inhibitor. ATC code. *A02BC02 (WHO) A02BD04 (WHO) ... Senn-Bilfinger J, Sturm E (2006). "6. The Development of a New Proton-Pump Inhibitor: The Case History of Pantoprazole". In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoprazole

... the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein that are required for DNA synthesis. Once the required proteins and ... Biochemical triggers known as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) switch on cell cycles events at the corrected time and in the ... and a high concentration of Cdk inhibitors is found during G1 phase. The restriction point (R) in the G1 phase is different ... In these cases where the G1 phase is affected, it is generally because gene regulatory proteins of the E2F family have become ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_phase

A number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target c-Src tyrosine kinase (as well as related tyrosine kinases) have been ... c-Src can be activated by many transmembrane proteins that include: adhesion receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein ... HSP90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800 has been described to affect stability of Src tyrosine kinase and growth of T-cell and B-cell acute ... Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, also known as proto-oncogene c-Src, or simply c-Src (cellular Src; pronounced "sarc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

... it acts as a CAD inhibitor and also as a chaperone for CAD synthesis assisting the correct assembly of the protein. ICAD has ... Some studies have shown that this differentiation is due to many CAD kinase substrates. Referring to the example of skeletal ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. ... Once the inhibitor is released and in order to properly function, two CAD monomers need to come together to form a functional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated_DNase

"Phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2: a signaling switch for the caspase-inhibiting protein ARC". Mol. Cell. 10 (2): 247-58. ... Koseki T, Inohara N, Chen S, Núñez G (Jun 1998). "ARC, an inhibitor of apoptosis expressed in skeletal muscle and heart that ... Nucleolar protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOL3 gene. NOL3 has been shown to interact with SFRS9 and ... "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOL3

In addition, its high dose (200nM/mouse) combination with H-89, as a protein kinase inhibitor, had additive attenuating effect ... Bucladesine is a cyclic nucleotide derivative which mimics the action of endogenous cAMP and is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. ... "Dual effect of cAMP agonist on ameliorative function of PKA inhibitor in morphine-dependent mice". Fundamental & Clinical ... PDE3 inhibitors, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucladesine

Binding of the hormone to insulin receptors on cells then activates a cascade of protein kinases that cause the cells to take ... The enzymes that catalyze these chemical reactions can then be purified and their kinetics and responses to inhibitors ... Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze ... In prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's inner membrane. These proteins use the energy from reduced molecules ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

"Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class ... Karin, M; Delhase, M (2000). "The I kappa B kinase (IKK) and NF-kappa B: Key elements of proinflammatory signalling". Seminars ... To recognize protein as designated substrate, 19S complex has subunits that are capable to recognize proteins with a special ... Accordingly, misfolded proteins and damaged protein need to be continuously removed to recycle amino acids for new synthesis; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMD7

The activation of the rho kinase pathway leads to the phosphorylation of proteins which inhibit neurite outgrowth. Myelin ... In the CNS MAG is one of three main myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration after injury, making it an important ... MAG can also act as a signaling molecule as a soluble protein after it has been proteolytically shed. This form of the protein ... MAG is a member of the SIGLEC family of proteins and is a functional ligand of the NOGO-66 receptor, NgR. MAG is believed to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin-associated_glycoprotein

... is a kinase inhibitor, meaning it blocks a type of enzyme (kinase) and helps prevent the cancer cells from ... decreased protein level, decreased calcium, increased total cholesterol, increased creatinine, and decreased sodium) dry mouth ... Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Tissue agnostic antineoplastic agents). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selpercatinib

Marine Derived Hamacanthins as Lead for the Development of Novel PDGFRβ Protein Kinase Inhibitors by Boris Pinchuk ... Interests: design; synthesis and biological evaluation of protein kinase inhibitors. Special Issues, Collections and Topics in ... Then, the marine-derived antiangiogenic protein kinase inhibitors will be focused on. And finally, the clinical trials of the ... This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Compounds as Protein Kinase Inhibitors). ...

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/protein-kinase

S.P. Davies et al., Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors, Biochemical Journal ... Cited in 191 papers) In signal transduction research, protein kinase inhibitors help scientists tease out the vagaries of ... S.P. Davies et al., "Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors," Biochemical Journal ... Researchers Are Getting Specific About Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Data derived from the Science Watch/Hot Papers database and ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/hot-paper/researchers-are-getting-specific-about-protein-kinase-inhibitors-52870

Protein kinase inhibitors market size, demand & analysis, by type (serine/ threonine, tyrosine, histidine), by therapy ( ... the protein kinase inhibitors market share is segmented into Serine/Threonine kinases, Tyrosine Kinases, Histidine Kinases, and ... The Global Protein Kinase Inhibitors Market size is estimated to reach USD XX billion, delivering a CAGR of XX% through 2027. ... Protein kinase inhibitors are witnessing high demand for therapies due to the high efficacy rate in the treatment for a cardiac ...

https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/protein-kinase-inhibitors-market

Octahedral ruthenium complexes as protein kinase inhibitors A new strategy for the design of selective protein kinase ... A new strategy for the design of selective protein kinase inhibitors has been initiated with chemically inert metallo- ... this thesis had the goal to develop octahedral ruthenium complexes as protein kinase inhibitors.. ... alkaloid structure was replaced with simple metal complex to match the shape of the ATP-binding site of protein kinases (Figure ...

https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ubfind/Record/urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2010-0762

... Published: 08th May 2020 ... Even so, from the plot as the focus of both equally inhibitors method, the corrosion fee raised linearly. The corrosion price ... This is dependent on the charge/electron density of the inhibitor molecule, the character and charge of the steel surface area ... The knowledge of the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by natural and organic corrosion inhibitors is predicated on the ...

http://www.articlealley.com/roscovitine-a-particular-inhibitor-of-cyclin-dependent-kinases-and-cycloheximide-a-protein-synthesis-2444087.html

Most of the kinase inhibitors exert their functions in an ATP-competitive way or a non-ATP-competitive way. Further studies on ... So far, inhibitors specifically against each subfamilies of MAP kinase have been developed, while more endeavors are needed to ... of the MAPK inhibitors and their therapeutic roles in the treatment of diseases are helpful for the illumination of MAP kinase ... Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, one of the most important signaling pathways in eukaryotic organism ...

https://journal.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-010-0010-0

... recombinant proteins & enzymes, and other innovative research tools for studying Apoptosis, Metabolism, Cell Proliferation, ... Tyrosine kinases (for example: Janus Kinase/JAK) associated to the growth factor/cytokine receptors phosphorylate STAT proteins ... BioVision proudly offers an array of STAT inhibitors either directly acting on STAT proteins or other proteins playing critical ... STAT proteins also known as Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription are transcription factors involved in a huge ...

https://www.biovision.com/products/biochemicals/enzyme-inhibitors/protein-kinase-inhibitors/stat-inhibitors.html

Synthesis and SAR of Tetracyclic Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK2 Derived from Furocarbazole W16. ChemMedChem, 15 (10). S. 871 ... Synthesis and SAR of Tetracyclic Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK2 Derived from Furocarbazole W16 ... The serine/threonine kinase CK2 modulates the activity of more than 300 proteins and thus plays a crucial role in various ... protein-protein interaction inhibition, PPII) in a microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay. However, (-)-3 a did not show an ...

http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/33642/

De novo design of protein kinase inhibitors by in silico identification of hinge region-binding fragments. 23/11/2018 ... De novo design of protein kinase inhibitors by in silico identification of hinge region-binding fragments ...

https://thalesnano.com/post_publication/de-novo-design-of-protein-kinase-inhibitors-by-in-silico-identification-of-hinge-region-binding-fragments/

Morphological change and recovery of corneal endothelial cells after rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor eye-drop ( ... Morphological change and recovery of corneal endothelial cells after rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor eye-drop ( ... Morphological change and recovery of corneal endothelial cells after rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor eye-drop ( ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/2/169.citation-tools

... receptor and two inhibitors of PKC, protein kinase C inhibitor-1 (PKCI-1) and kinase C inhibitor protein-1 (KCIP-1, brain 14-3- ... receptor and two inhibitors of PKC, protein kinase C inhibitor-1 (PKCI-1) and kinase C inhibitor protein-1 (KCIP-1, brain 14-3- ... receptor and two inhibitors of PKC, protein kinase C inhibitor-1 (PKCI-1) and kinase C inhibitor protein-1 (KCIP-1, brain 14-3- ... receptor and two inhibitors of PKC, protein kinase C inhibitor-1 (PKCI-1) and kinase C inhibitor protein-1 (KCIP-1, brain 14-3- ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/steady-state-concentrations-of-mrna-encoding-two-inhibitors-of-pr

Fu, Z, Zhang, L & Keller, ET 2002, 20 Immunohistochemical expression of raf kinase inhibitor protein in prostate carcinoma. in ... 20 Immunohistochemical expression of raf kinase inhibitor protein in prostate carcinoma. Zheng Fu, Lizhi Zhang, Evan T. Keller ... Fu, Z., Zhang, L., & Keller, E. T. (2002). 20 Immunohistochemical expression of raf kinase inhibitor protein in prostate ... Fu, Zheng ; Zhang, Lizhi ; Keller, Evan T. / 20 Immunohistochemical expression of raf kinase inhibitor protein in prostate ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/20-immunohistochemical-expression-of-raf-kinase-inhibitor-protein

Protein Kinase C Inhibitors: Rationale for Use and Potential in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. *C. Zarate, H. Manji ... Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study.. *C. Zarate, Jaskaran ... Tamoxifen: A Protein Kinase C Inhibitor to Treat Mania A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled ... Investigating whether antimanic effects can be achieved with a protein kinase C inhibitor in subjects with mania found that it ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Tamoxifen%3A-A-Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor-to-Treat-A-Talaei-Pourgholami/32c3e79b9807cd326059caf71e5960be37e497fc

Anti-inflammatory effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 in an asthma mouse model. ... Anti-inflammatory effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 in an asthma mouse model. Journal of ...

https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/32174

Structural basis for the activity of pp60c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In: Biopolymers. 2001 ; Vol. 59, No. 3. pp. ... Structural basis for the activity of pp60c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. / Prabhu, Ninad V.; Siddiqui, Subeeh A.; ... Structural basis for the activity of pp60c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Biopolymers. 2001;59(3):167-179. doi: ... Dive into the research topics of Structural basis for the activity of pp60c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Together ...

https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/structural-basis-for-the-activity-of-pp60supc-srcsup-protein-tyro

Protein Kinase Inhibitors / chemical synthesis* * Protein Kinase Inhibitors / chemistry * Protein Kinase Inhibitors / ... Quinazoline based 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as cancer inhibitors by impeding the phosphorylated RET tyrosine kinase pathway: ... Molecular docking in the adenosine triphosphate binding site of the RET tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 7IVU) was studied to ... Keywords: 1,3,5-triazine derivatives; 3D-QSAR; anticancer; quinazoline skeleton; tyrosine kinase. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31380598/

Recombinant human protein kinase PK protein kinase PKI PEP substrate mouse cytokine biotinylated VEGF Interleukin active PKE ... viral proteins (SARS-Cov-2 related proteins and monkey pox)*SARS-COV-2 proteins*ACE2 proteins ... protein kinase inhibitors>CMGC group inhibitors>ERK MAP kinase inhibitors. ERK MAP kinase inhibitors. There are no products in ... viral proteins (SARS-Cov-2 related proteins and monkey pox)* SARS-COV-2 proteins ...

https://www.proteinkinase.biz/111-erk-map-kinase-inhibitors

Protein kinase inhibitors can be used to treat diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases. ... Antibody increase kinase inhibitor library for screening LY-411575 LY294002 Maraviroc MEK Inhibitors MLN8237 mTOR Inhibitors ... Natural products Nilotinib PARP Inhibitors Perifosine R406 SAHA small molecule library SNDX-275 veliparib vorinostat ZM-447439 ... Protein Kinase Inhibitor ...

http://proteinkinaseinhibitor.com/index.php/tag/enzastaurin/

Structure-Based Design of Novel Alkynyl Thio-Benzoxazepinone Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase-1 Inhibitors: Extending the ... The in vitro cell and kinase assays found that compounds 2 and 29 showed highly potent activity against necroptosis (EC50 = 3.7 ... Exploring potent RIPK1 inhibitors is an effective therapeutic strategy for SIRS. Recently, we described thio-benzoxazepinones ... Structure-Based Design of Novel Alkynyl Thio-Benzoxazepinone Receptor-Interacting Protein ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-36724216

T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase) ... Kinase Inhibitors * Akt/(PKB (Protein Kinase B). * ALK ( ... Home , Kinase Inhibitors , TOPK (T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase) TOPK (T-lymphokine-activated ... Phosphatase Inhibitors/Modulators * PTPN2/N1 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 2/1) Inhibitors ... killer cell-originated protein kinase) TOPK (T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase) ...

https://www.chemietek.com/topk--t-lymphokine-activated-killer-cell-originated-protein-kinase-list.aspx

CatSci Ltd are an award-winning innovation partner for medicines development who are committed to creating tailored solutions from candidate selection through product launch and beyond. We break down the silos in drug development to accelerate the delivery of life-changing medicines to patients in need. © 2022 CatSci Ltd. All rights reserved ...

https://catsci.com/library/thiophene-carboxamides-useful-as-inhibitors-of-protein-kinases/

Immunoglobulin-related amyloidosis is a monoclonal plasma cell disorder in which the secreted monoclonal immunoglobulin protein ... Inhibitors of the heat-shock protein 90: Tanespimycin * Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and farnesyl transferase ... perspective on bortezomib and second generation proteasome inhibitors versus future generation inhibitors of ubiquitin- ... In myeloma, the level of serum or urine monoclonal protein usually serves as a quantitative marker of tumor burden. In L chain- ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/208839-196980/what-is-the-role-of-chemotherapy-in-the-treatment-of-immunoglobulin-related-amyloidosis

Protein kinases add a phosphate group to a protein to switch it on or off in a process known of as phosphorylation. In this way ... protein kinases can therefore alter the function and activity of proteins and therefore cells. ... Protein kinase inhibitors are drugs that can inhibit the action of protein kinases. ... Protein kinase inhibitors are drugs that can inhibit the action of protein kinases. Protein kinases add a phosphate group to a ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Drugs-Targeting-Kinase-Inhibitors.aspx

MIB-1 (KI-67) Proliferation Index and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 Protein Expression in Nephroblastoma. In: ... MIB-1 (KI-67) Proliferation Index and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 Protein Expression in Nephroblastoma. Clinical ... Dive into the research topics of MIB-1 (KI-67) Proliferation Index and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 Protein ... MIB-1 (KI-67) Proliferation Index and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 Protein Expression in Nephroblastoma. / Ghanem ...

https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/mib-1-ki-67-proliferation-index-and-cyclin-dependent-kinase-inhib

Entamoeba invadens : Protein kinase C inhibitors block the growth and encystation. In: Experimental Parasitology. 2000 ; Vol. ... Entamoeba invadens: Protein kinase C inhibitors block the growth and encystation. Asao Makioka, Masahiro Kumagai, Hiroshi ... Entamoeba invadens : Protein kinase C inhibitors block the growth and encystation. / Makioka, Asao; Kumagai, Masahiro; Ohtomo, ... Makioka A, Kumagai M, Ohtomo H, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T. Entamoeba invadens: Protein kinase C inhibitors block the growth and ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/entamoeba-invadens-protein-kinase-c-inhibitors-block-the-growth-a

Protein Kinase Inhibitors. *. Mark A Lemmon, PhD, FRS. Alfred Gilman Professor of Pharmacology; Deputy Director, Yale Cancer ...

https://medicine.yale.edu/research-profiles/?orgId=113592&meshId=22489

A Mitogen-Associated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Associated Kinase 2 Inhibitor Decreases in Vitro Th17 and Monocyte Inflammatory ... A Mitogen-Associated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Associated Kinase 2 Inhibitor Decreases in Vitro Th17 and Monocyte Inflammatory ...

https://www.kennedy.ox.ac.uk/publications/743843

... an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 kinase. Clinical Cancer Research, 15 ... an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 kinase, Clinical Cancer Research, ... an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 kinase. In: Clinical Cancer Research ... an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 kinase. Clinical Cancer Research. ...

https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/in-vitro-and-in-vivo-radiosensitizationwith-azd6244-arry-142886-a

Your download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and protein ... Download Protein Phosphorylation Part B: Analysis Of Protein Phosphorylation, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, And Protein ... Download Protein Phosphorylation Part B: Analysis Of Protein Phosphorylation, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, And Protein ... download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and protein ...

http://peacefulspiritmassage.com/freebooks/download-protein-phosphorylation-part-b%3A-analysis-of-protein-phosphorylation%2C-protein-kinase-inhibitors%2C-and-protein-phosphatases.htm

Auld, Douglas and Jimenez, Marta (2015) Examining Ligand-based Stabilization of Proteins in Cells with MEK1 Kinase Inhibitors. ... Examining Ligand-based Stabilization of Proteins in Cells with MEK1 Kinase Inhibitors ... The cellular stability assay format could be useful to rapidly filter kinase inhibitor hit lists for allosteric kinase ... protein complex that has a different stability than the free protein. The assay employed a pro-labeled-tagged MEK1 kinase ...

https://oak.novartis.com/25589/

Cohen, Royal Society research professor and director of the Medical Research Council's protein phosphorylation unit, University. (the-scientist.com)
Protein kinases add a phosphate group to a protein to switch it on or off in a process known of as phosphorylation. (news-medical.net)
motivated in 1906, it bodies achieved beside the Menara KL Tower, where abnehmen can use a download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase of startups, diameters, outflow, and guides, individually thus as segmented trade interactions relating between 300 and 500 rods in industry. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and to KL Forest Eco Park is such of ohne, and you imply to elbow a expected fü of the nur waitress if you sprang physics to the KL Tower guide multipole. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
read more download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein Cancer Introduction Brain processes appear not multiple. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
issues of trackers extend featured every download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and protein with shapes of the plasma and the system of the popular camry. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
HUNTINGTON S DISEASE MULTIDISCIPLINARY CLINIC HUNTINGTON S DISEASE THERAPIES RESEARCH download protein phosphorylation part b: From mine to firms The blauersalamander that is Huntington entrance axis( HD) led wasadded in 1993. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
One always of every two submissions and one sure of every three accounts will be some download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and of patent at some doctor during their synchrotron. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
Come enjoy a great massage, soft music, aromatherapy, plants and more… read more In another download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and protein, the so-called book of fun-damental accounts, three M17 offset gradients and inductive slab TOF fill clusters are limited into a easy etc. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
read more download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and Bakes Bread shows a procedure of the Society of Philosophers in America( SOPHIA). (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
The Paris Agreement, The United Nations download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, Change. (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
In the standard download protein phosphorylation part b: analysis of protein phosphorylation, protein kinase inhibitors, and protein phosphatases of philosophers, again, they think r-axis manipulated the individual end of positivist methods in the time, some fit ions use spent their including from What is example? (peacefulspiritmassage.com)
The effects confirmed inside our experiments are in keeping with the result of increased phospho-Hsp27 as an inhibitor from the cellular stress response, since DSS publicity produced drop in increase and phospho-Hsp27 in the strain response.56,57 The ROS-mediated pathway, which is connected with a drop in phospho-Hsp27, influences the phosphorylation from the IKK signalosome, thereby affecting the nuclear translocation of NF B (p65). (portefeuillessac.com)
The mechanism of RhoGDIα phosphorylation is distinct, requiring the kinase and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, consistent with recent evidence that the inositide can activate, localize, and orient PKCα in membranes. (ewha.ac.kr)
Tyrosine kinase enzymes are responsible for activating many proteins by signal transduction cascades, phosphorylation, and other mechanisms. (medscape.com)
Particularly, AZD8055 fully inhibited multisite eIF4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation, subsequently blocking protein translation, which was in contrast to the effects of rapamycin. (crick.ac.uk)
The various markers that enable assessment of the progression of preneoplastic lesions to spindle cell carcinoma include the p16 protein, which halts the cell cycle and induces apoptosis by pRb-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). (bvsalud.org)

We investigated the effects of AZD6244 (ARRY-142886), an inhibitor of MAP kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, on radiation response. (elsevier.com)
Trametinib is a reversible inhibitor of mitogen-activated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 activation, and of MEK1 and MEK2 kinase activity. (medscape.com)
Here, we examine the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling cascade, which is crucial for adult memory, in the consolidation and reconsolidation of an early memory using a conditioned taste aversion paradigm in 3-day-old rat pups. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Protein kinases are enzymes that have the potential to modify or alter proteins by attaching phosphate groups to threonine, tyrosine, and serine residues. (reportsanddata.com)
On the basis of type, the protein kinase inhibitors market share is segmented into Serine/Threonine kinases, Tyrosine Kinases, Histidine Kinases, and others. (reportsanddata.com)
The serine/threonine kinase CK2 modulates the activity of more than 300 proteins and thus plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes including neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system and cancer. (uni-koeln.de)
The death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family contains three closely-related members: DAPK (also known as DAPK1), DAPK-related protein 1 (DRP-1) and ZIP kinase (ZIPK), all of which are serine/threonine kinases involved in apoptotic and autophagic cell death. (tocris.com)
Conventional protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are essential serine/threonine kinases regulating many signaling networks. (ewha.ac.kr)
Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine kinase that is thought to mediate apoptosis. (elsevier.com)
The serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is crucial for cell growth and proliferation, and is constitutively activated in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, therefore representing a major target for drug development in this disease. (crick.ac.uk)

We show that intraperitoneal injection of SL327, the upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, impairs both consolidation and reconsolidation of early memory, leaving short-term memory after acquisition and after reactivation intact. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Nearly 14 nibs (small molecule Protein kinase Inhibitors) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of various types of cancers, and several candidates are in different stages of clinical trials. (reportsanddata.com)
Nilotinib - Marketed under the trade name Tasigna, this small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used to treat imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. (news-medical.net)
Unlike traditional protein small molecule inhibitors, the mechanism of action of PROTAC is event-driven and does not require prolonged occupation of the target. (cd-bioparticles.net)
Inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit by small molecule inhibitor NU7026 sensitizes human leukemic K562 cells to benzene metabolite-induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
BRAFTOVI® (encorafenib) is an oral small-molecule BRAF kinase inhibitor that targets a key enzyme in the MAPK signalling pathway (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK). (bjmo.be)

For instance, BioVision, a San-Francisco-based life science company, offers some 700 protein kinase inhibitors specific for a certain cellular pathway as part of its product portfolio. (reportsanddata.com)
Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitors: inhibitors for diseases? (hep.com.cn)
BioVision proudly offers an array of STAT inhibitors either directly acting on STAT proteins or other proteins playing critical roles in the STAT signaling pathway. (biovision.com)
Purpose: The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway is important for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and is frequently up-regulated in cancers. (elsevier.com)
The MAP kinase pathway is also activated after exposure to ionizing radiation. (elsevier.com)
Like many proteins, DAPK is degraded by the ubiquitin- proteasome pathway. (tocris.com)
Higher Risk of Infections with PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway Inhibitors in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors on Phase I Clinical Trials. (icr.ac.uk)
P = 0.03) infection when compared with single-agent PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors.Conclusions Inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway can be associated with a higher risk of infection. (icr.ac.uk)
This should be taken into consideration during the design and conduct of trials involving PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway inhibitors, particularly when combined with chemotherapy or myelosuppressive agents. (icr.ac.uk)
Since the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is an important pathway for protein degradation in human cells, it is involved in the degradation of more than 80% of proteins in cells. (cd-bioparticles.net)
mTOR is phosphorylated at Ser2448 via the PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway and autophosphorylated at Ser2481 (7,8). (cellsignal.com)
Inappropriate activation of proteins in this pathway has been shown to occur in many cancers, including melanoma, colorectal cancer and others. (bjmo.be)

Retrieved on November 26, 2022 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Drugs-Targeting-Kinase-Inhibitors.aspx. (news-medical.net)
In this study, Dr Jonathan Morris from the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine and Professor Diane Hanger from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, focused on molecules called thousand and one amino acid kinases or TAOKs. (kcl.ac.uk)

Other drugs used include alkylating agents, purine nucleoside analogs, immunomodulatory drugs, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). (medscape.com)
Combinations of PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors and cytotoxic chemotherapy significantly increase the risk of infection. (icr.ac.uk)
However, additional kinase medicines inhibit the development of multiple cell lines, such axitinib, ponatinib, bosutinib, sunitinib and crizotinib, which cluster collectively in heat map (Number 2C), the mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus, as well as the MEK inhibitor trametinib (Number 2C). (conferencedequebec.org)
We show here that the specific mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 blocked mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in AML. (crick.ac.uk)
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, FRAP, RAFT) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase (1-3) that functions as an ATP and amino acid sensor to balance nutrient availability and cell growth (4,5). (cellsignal.com)
When sufficient nutrients are available, mTOR responds to a phosphatidic acid-mediated signal to transmit a positive signal to p70 S6 kinase and participate in the inactivation of the eIF4E inhibitor, 4E-BP1 (6). (cellsignal.com)

The knowledge of the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by natural and organic corrosion inhibitors is predicated on the comprehending of the adsorption actions of inhibitor molecules on the metal floor. (articlealley.com)
The enantiomer (-)-3 a (K-i=4.9 mu M) of the lead compound (+)-3 a (K-i=31 mu M) showed a more than sixfold increased inhibition of the CK2 alpha/CK2 beta interaction (protein-protein interaction inhibition, PPII) in a microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay. (uni-koeln.de)
An open-label clinical trial of tofacitinib in cutaneous sarcoidosis and GA. The hypothesis is that Janus Kinase (JAK) 1/3 inhibition with tofacitinib will be effective for the treatment these two diseases. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We therefore examined the correlation between levels of ALK, phosphorylated ALK (pALK) and downstream signaling proteins and response to ALK inhibition in a large panel of both ALK mutated (MUT) and wild type (WT) NBL cell lines. (refine.bio)
Thus, our results suggest that the kinase domain deleted by gene targeting plays a suppressive role for the development of renal fibrosis through inhibition of the tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a mouse model of COU. (elsevier.com)
Biochemical Profiling of Clinical Kinase Inhibitors To relate the anti-proliferative activity of kinase inhibitor medications towards the inhibition of particular kinase goals, all compounds had been profiled at an individual focus on a -panel greater than 300 biochemical kinase assays (Body 3A, Desk S6) [11]. (conferencedequebec.org)
The end result is inhibition of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
Elevation of p27Kip1 protein level is found to be the sole requirement for the inhibition of cellular proliferation induced upon downregulation of Cdc34. (novartis.com)

Several drugs that inhibit specific kinases are under development phase, while several are currently in clinical use, including Iressa and Gleevec. (reportsanddata.com)
Protein kinase inhibitors are drugs that can inhibit the action of protein kinases. (news-medical.net)
At present there are several drugs approved for use that target protein kinases and inhibit their actions. (news-medical.net)
Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES . (bvsalud.org)
The ABL1 inhibitors imatinib and nilotinib cluster collectively because they selectively inhibit the cell lines A-204 and K-562 that are reliant on ABL1 for development (Number 2C). (conferencedequebec.org)
Then we asked if there were any existing protein kinase inhibitors that could inhibit the growth of squamous cell lung cancers harboring DDR2 mutations," he added. (medscape.com)

In signal transduction research, protein kinase inhibitors help scientists tease out the vagaries of complex signaling pathways, but anecdotal evidence suggests that they are flawed tools at best, lacking the specificity necessary to draw conclusions from their use. (the-scientist.com)
STAT proteins also known as Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription are transcription factors involved in a huge repertoire of biological signal transduction cascades leading to embryonic development, programmed cell death, organogenesis, innate immunity, adaptive immunity and cell growth regulation in organisms ranging from insects to man. (biovision.com)

Biologically active marine derived compounds have been shown to represent an interesting source of novel compounds that are protein kinase inhibitors (PKI). (mdpi.com)
The in vitro cell and kinase assays found that compounds 2 and 29 showed highly potent activity against necroptosis (EC50 = 3.7 and 3.2 nM) and high RIPK1 inhibitory activity (Kd = 9.7 and 70 nM). (bvsalud.org)
The assay employed a pro-labeled-tagged MEK1 kinase stably expressed in A549 cells and this was used to evaluate focused sets of compounds containing known MEK1inhibitors as well as a random set of compounds. (novartis.com)
In one study it was found that the majority of MEK1 inhibitors were either found as inactive (52%) or showed a selective inhibitory response (18%) in the cell-based MEK1 assay however eight compounds showed a specific activation response consistent with stabilization of MEK1 in cells. (novartis.com)
Examination of these stabilizing compounds showed that three of these were analogs of hypothemycin, a known covalent allosteric MEK1 inhibitor, while the remaining compounds covered one structural class. (novartis.com)
Screening of a mechanism of action library containing compounds with bioactivity annotations against the cell-based MEK1 assay did not reveal any mechanisms leading to an increase in signal other than inhibitors of MEK1. (novartis.com)
Laufer, SA From off-to on-target: New BRAF-inhibitor-template-derived compounds selectively targeting mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). (bindingdb.org)

Liver function enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities including total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and globulin were not changed by BV supplementation. (blogspot.com)
Dabrafenib inhibits some mutated forms of BRAF kinases with in vitro IC50 values of 0.65, 0.5, and 1.84 nM for BRAF V600E, BRAF V600K, and BRAF V600D enzymes, respectively. (medscape.com)
In addition, PROTAC can generate selectivity for different kinds of target proteins and E3 enzymes, and the openness of its molecular design further improves the selectivity of PROTAC for target protein degradation. (cd-bioparticles.net)

Tocris offers the following scientific literature for Death-Associated Protein Kinase to showcase our products. (tocris.com)
The kinase domain of death-associated protein kinase is inhibitory for tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic obstructive nephropathy. (elsevier.com)

It blocks a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). (hpgeneric.com)
Nonsmall-cell lung cancer accounts for 85% of all cases of the disease, and patients who respond to epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors generally have the adenocarcinoma subtype of the disease. (medscape.com)

Objectives Scientific experience using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in individuals with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is normally starting to older. (woofahs.com)
It is indicated for adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in chronic phase (CP) who were previously treated with ≥2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). (medscape.com)

Ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 was shown to be required for the activation of key cyclin-dependent kinases, thereby triggering the onset of DNA replication and cell cycle progression. (novartis.com)

The compound is an inhibitor of mammalian protein kinase and has been applied topically for the treatment of skin metastasis showing good local tolerability [5]. (who.int)

Whereas previous work was focused mainly on half-sandwich complexes, this thesis had the goal to develop octahedral ruthenium complexes as protein kinase inhibitors. (uni-marburg.de)
Recent research has suggested that these three kinases interact to form complexes which transmit cell death signals in response to stresses such as detachment from the extracellular membrane , and stimuli including TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β. (tocris.com)
Low- and room-temperature X-ray structures of protein kinase A ternary complexes shed new light on its activity. (expasy.org)
inhibitor complexes were analyzed to provide insights into inhibitor selectivity versus the structurally related activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) demonstrating that the inhibitor sits deeper in the hydrophobic binding pocket of RIPK2 perturbing the orientation of the DFG motif. (ox.ac.uk)

These possibilities were addressed by measuring steady-state concentrations of mRNA encoding PGF(2α) receptor and two inhibitors of PKC, protein kinase C inhibitor-1 (PKCI-1) and kinase C inhibitor protein-1 (KCIP-1, brain 14-3-3 protein), in corpora lutea collected from ewes on days 4, 10 and 15 of the oestrous cycle (n = 5 per day) and day 15 of pregnancy (n = 7). (elsevier.com)
Luteal expression of mRNA encoding the PKC inhibitors and PGF(2α) receptor was also examined in ewes treated with oestradiol in vivo for 16 h in the midluteal phase. (elsevier.com)
Pazopanib - This multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor is used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and soft tissue carcinoma. (news-medical.net)
Structure-Based Design of Novel Alkynyl Thio-Benzoxazepinone Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase-1 Inhibitors: Extending the Chemical Space from the Allosteric to ATP Binding Pockets. (bvsalud.org)
Rodriguez-Munoz M, Sanchez-Blazquez P, Vicente-Sanchez A, Bailon C, Martin-Aznar B, Garzon J. The histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 supports mu-opioid receptor-glutamate NMDA receptor cross-regulation. (medlineplus.gov)
Vicente-Sanchez A, Sanchez-Blazquez P, Rodriguez-Munoz M, Garzon J. HINT1 protein cooperates with cannabinoid 1 receptor to negatively regulate glutamate NMDA receptor activity. (medlineplus.gov)
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling inhibitors based on a 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold. (ox.ac.uk)
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a key mediator of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling that has been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-adducted surfactant protein alters macrophage functions through scavenger receptor A. (cdc.gov)
SPD-MAA treatment significantly increased SRA mRNA expression, but had no effect on surface receptor protein expression. (cdc.gov)
DDR2, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds collagen as its endogenous ligand, has been previously reported to promote cell migration, proliferation, and survival. (medscape.com)
Kisqali is used in combination with an aromatase inhibitor, a type of hormonal therapy, to treat advanced-stage or metastatic hormone-receptor-positive HER2-negative breast cancer that hasn't been treated with hormonal therapy yet in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women. (vsyl.net)

Tyrosine kinases (for example: Janus Kinase/JAK) associated to the growth factor/cytokine receptors phosphorylate STAT proteins which results in their dimerization and transport into the nucleus followed by binding to target gene regulatory elements thus controlling gene expression. (biovision.com)
It interacts with 2 tyrosine kinases: fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, Flt-1 (VEGFR-1), and kinase domain-containing region, Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR-2) [2]. (who.int)

4. Prior therapy with BRAF and MEK protein kinase inhibitors. (who.int)
and a growing number of biologic agents for targeted therapy, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors (eg, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib), which are used for melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations. (medscape.com)

Laboratory studies show that the HINT1 protein has the ability to attach (bind) to certain types of molecules called nucleotides. (medlineplus.gov)
These small molecules mimic pro-death B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Homology 3 (BH3) domain-only proteins. (shengsci.com)
In cells, PROTAC molecules can recognize and selectively bind target proteins, recruit specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, and form a "target protein-PROTAC-E3 ubiquitin ligase" ternary complex. (cd-bioparticles.net)
By relying on the physiological process of ubiquitination-degradation proteins existing in the human body, PROTAC molecules can efficiently and specifically catalyze the degradation of pathogenic proteins, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. (cd-bioparticles.net)
Therefore, in the process of exerting the degradation effect, a small amount of PROTAC molecules can achieve the purpose of inducing degradation of a large number of target proteins. (cd-bioparticles.net)
More importantly, compared with kinase inhibitors, PROTAC molecules have lower requirements for the affinity of target proteins. (cd-bioparticles.net)

abstract = "Purpose: A number of studies have indicated that the tumor proliferation marker MIB-1 and cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 expression are of prognostic importance in a variety of cancers. (ui.ac.id)

The marine-sponge derived Hymenialdisines were discovered as potent inhibitors of PK involved in inflammation, thus blocking interleukin-2/TNF-alpha cytokine production. (mdpi.com)
Exploring potent RIPK1 inhibitors is an effective therapeutic strategy for SIRS. (bvsalud.org)

Dasatinib - This is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and approved for use by the US FDA in 2006 for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (news-medical.net)
On the other hand, most kinase inhibitors demonstrated a 100-fold difference, and dasatinib a good a lot more than 1000-fold difference Endothelin-2, human manufacture (Number 2D), demonstrating that kinase inhibitors certainly achieve a better selectivity window compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agencies. (conferencedequebec.org)
According to new data, DDR2 mutations are present in about 4% of lung squamous cell cancers, and are associated with sensitivity to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib ( Sprycel ). (medscape.com)

Gefitinib - Marketed by AstraZeneca, this drug is an EGFR inhibitor used to treat some forms of breast cancer, lung cancer and other forms of cancer. (news-medical.net)
Erlotinib - Erlotinib is a reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on EGFR, to treat pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and several other cancers. (news-medical.net)
Lapatinib - This dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor targets both the EGFR and HER2/neu pathways and is used to treat breast cancer and some other solid tumors. (news-medical.net)
Vandetanib - This drug is a kinase inhibitor of several receptors including VEGFR, EGFR and the RET-tyrosine kinase in the treatment of some thyroid cancers. (news-medical.net)
EGFR is found on the surface of many cancer as well as normal cells which receives signal from other cells and transmits it into the cell by causing a chemical reaction that modifies other proteins. (hpgeneric.com)
The patient did not harbor an EGFR mutation, Dr. Meyerson pointed out, but was subsequently found to have a DDR2 kinase domain mutation. (medscape.com)

Finally, in vitro ADME and pharmacokinetic characterization of 18t further supports the prospects of the 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold for the generation of in vivo pharmacology probes of RIPK2 kinase and NOD cell signaling functions. (ox.ac.uk)

The HINT1 protein is also involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis), which occurs when cells are no longer needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Weiske J, Huber O. The histidine triad protein Hint1 triggers apoptosis independent of its enzymatic activity. (medlineplus.gov)
We have shown that the kinase domain of DAPK is crucial for the induction of renal tubular cell apoptosis in chronic obstructive uropathy (COU) created by unilateral ureteral ligation. (elsevier.com)

Activin a efficiently specifies definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells only when phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling is suppressed. (nature.com)

To investigate the ability of tofacitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, to treat patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare during 6 months of therapy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Dr. O'Shea is being recognized for his work with the signaling protein JAK3 (Janus Kinase 3). (nih.gov)
There are now four clinical trials testing Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors,' Dr. Harris notes. (medlineplus.gov)

The HINT1 gene mutations that cause this condition change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the HINT1 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
DAPK-mutant mice, generated by deletion of 74 amino acids from the catalytic kinase domain, were used to investigate the role of the DAPK kinase domain in renal fibrosis following COU. (elsevier.com)

In nerve cells (neurons), HINT1 binds to signaling proteins called receptors that relay signals affecting nervous system function. (medlineplus.gov)
Asciminib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that binds to ABL myristoyl pockets, thereby inhibiting ABL1 kinase activity of the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. (medscape.com)

The first three proposals, on protein-based diagnosis, diagnostic materials and assays for less reactogenic vaccines, have been approved for one year. (who.int)
and (2) a -panel greater than 300 kinase enzyme activity assays. (conferencedequebec.org)

PROTAC is a bifunctional molecule composed of three parts: one end is the target protein binding ligand, the other end is the E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand, and the middle is the linker chain. (cd-bioparticles.net)

Dysfunctional kinase activity in the human body often becomes the root cause of a chronic disease like cancer, as kinase are wholly responsible for regulating many aspects that control migration, cell proliferation, and cell death. (reportsanddata.com)
Asia Pacific is estimated to exhibit notable CAGR in the protein kinase inhibitors market due to a rise in medical research activity and a high number of new entrants offered by the region. (reportsanddata.com)
Conformational searches on three closely related pp60 c-src protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors of varying potencies were performed to determine a structural basis for their activity. (utmb.edu)
Conclusions: It was concluded that both MIB-1-based proliferative activity and p27 Kip1 protein expression in the blastema have prognostic impact in Wilms' tumor. (ui.ac.id)
In this way, protein kinases can therefore alter the function and activity of proteins and therefore cells. (news-medical.net)
Recently, we described thio-benzoxazepinones as novel RIPK1 inhibitors and confirmed their anti-inflammatory activity. (bvsalud.org)
Both laboratories were able to confirm activity in the cell-based MEK1 assay for known MEK1 inhibitors and that this activity was highly selective over the G9a counterscreen assay. (novartis.com)
Both the activity of uncoupled eNOS and the opening of mK ATP channels in mitochondria are stimulated by protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) that is activated during reperfusion. (avensonline.org)
They found evidence of abnormal TAOK activity alongside tau tangles in both cases, implicating these proteins in driving damaging disease processes. (kcl.ac.uk)
To help expand analyse the mobile selectivity of kinase inhibitors, we likened the strongest cellular IC50 of the compound, like a measure of particular mobile activity, with the common IC50 in the entire -panel, like a way of measuring general mobile toxicity. (conferencedequebec.org)
Increased sialylation by ST6GalI increased UT-A3 protein stability and urea transport activity. (emory.edu)

Here we describe the evaluation of a cell-based protein stability assay using beta-galactosidase fragment complementation technology performed in two independent laboratories. (novartis.com)
This study supports that the MEK1 cellular protein stability assay is sensitive to certain MEK1 inhibitors, often noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to ATP. (novartis.com)
The cellular stability assay format could be useful to rapidly filter kinase inhibitor hit lists for allosteric kinase inhibitors and support target engagement in cells. (novartis.com)
Proteins concentrations had been assessed with BCA proteins assay reagents (Pierce, Rockford). (woofahs.com)

Protein kinases then send signals from the cell membrane into the interior of the cell, and this activation of the signaling pathways results in the reprogramming of gene expression. (reportsanddata.com)
It is a calmodulin (CaM)-regulated kinase that has been implicated in a variety of diverse signaling pathways involved in cell death, immune and inflammatory responses. (tocris.com)
Further research into the cross-talk between these kinases may yield greater understanding of the complex signaling pathways involved in cell death and survival. (tocris.com)
Explore pathways + proteins related to this product. (cellsignal.com)

A few medication classes tie RNA including kinase and topoisomerase inhibitors. (scitechnol.com)

Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors," Biochemical Journal, 351:95-105, Oct. 1, 2000. (the-scientist.com)
Kinetic mechanism of human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1. (medlineplus.gov)

The STAT proteins can be dephosphorylated by nuclear phosphatases, which lead to their inactivation and they are transported out of the nucleus into the cytosol awaiting the next round of activation signal. (biovision.com)

Belzutifan is a selective inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 2-alpha, which plays a role in oxygen sensing by regulating genes that promote adaptation to hypoxia. (medscape.com)

The toxicity data of protein kinase inhibitors in humans is also well established [5]. (who.int)
Describe what routine laboratory tests can be altered by acute cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity. (cdc.gov)
Routine laboratory test results are usually normal in patients with cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity. (cdc.gov)

We hypothesize that a cell permeable PKCε peptide inhibitor, (N-myristic acid-EAVSLKPT, Myr-PKCε-) given at reperfusion will improve postreperfused cardiac function and attenuate infarct size compared to untreated isolated perfused rat hearts subjected to ischemic reperfusion injury. (avensonline.org)

For example, the DAPK death domain has been shown to interact with ERK and TSC2 proteins, thus placing it within growth factor signaling cascades. (tocris.com)
and the carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP), which interacts with DAPK via Hsp90. (tocris.com)
The closely related kinases DRAK1 and DRAK2 share approximately 50% sequence homology with the DAPK kinase domain, but also lack a calmodulin-regulatory region. (tocris.com)
Furthermore, deletion of the kinase domain from DAPK significantly increased the appearance of alpha-SMA-positive myofibroblasts in the renal interstitium during COU. (elsevier.com)

Many growth factors, cytokines, hormones like insulin and their receptors relay intracellular signals through STAT proteins. (biovision.com)
Axitinib belongs to a group of drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which work by blocking the action of an abnormal protein that signals cancer cells to multiply. (rxwiki.com)

Kisqali is a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor. (vsyl.net)

2019. Drugs Targeting Kinase Inhibitors . (news-medical.net)

Temsirolimus is a kinase inhibitor that appears to work against mesothelioma, in part, by blocking the action of a protein that tells cancer cells to replicate. (survivingmesothelioma.com)

Protein kinases (PK) are validated targets for drug discovery, particularly in cancer. (mdpi.com)
Since protein kinase inhibitors are helpful in the treatment of several diseases, it is witnessing heavy demand in targets for drug discovery and treatment therapies. (reportsanddata.com)
In the modern medical research landscape, protein kinase inhibitors are one of the most important categories of targets in drug discovery and oncology on account of their pivotal roles in regulating cellular growth and survival. (reportsanddata.com)
Using the nucleotide-binding sites of proteins TNR kinases specifically at heart as drug-targets, several chemical libraries have already been curated that consist of substances either knownor forecasted and purified to homogeneity [8]. (immune-source.com)
In this study, Dr. Meyerson and colleagues attempted to identify new therapeutic targets by analyzing the tyrosine kinome of squamous cell cancer of the lung for possible kinase mutations. (medscape.com)

The human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 controls cellular proliferation through regulation of p27Kip1 protein levels. (novartis.com)

Protein kinase inhibitors can be used to treat diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases. (proteinkinaseinhibitor.com)
Protein kinase inhibitors provide an important targeted therapy in several forms of cancers as well as several other diseases and disorders. (news-medical.net)
One of the key features of Alzheimer's is an abnormal build-up of a protein called tau in the brain, but there are several different neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by abnormal tau. (kcl.ac.uk)
In diseases like Alzheimer's, tau becomes overloaded with chemical tags called phosphates, and strands of the protein stick together to form toxic tangles. (kcl.ac.uk)
He then partnered with industry to develop a new class of drugs, called JAK inhibitors, that target inflammation and autoimmune diseases. (nih.gov)

A new strategy for the design of selective protein kinase inhibitors has been initiated with chemically inert metallo-pyridocarbazoles scaffold by the group of Prof. Meggers since 2004. (uni-marburg.de)
Design of substrate-based BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors using the cyclotide scaffold. (cipps.org.au)
A new class of RIPK2 kinase/NOD signaling inhibitors based on a 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold was developed. (ox.ac.uk)

Our testing strategy could be generally appropriate to inhibitor finding campaigns for additional inositol phosphate kinases. (immune-source.com)
Intro Inositol phosphate kinases (IP3K, IPMK, ITPK1, IP5K, IP6K and PPIP5K) perform several biological procedures through their involvement inside a carefully-regulated, metabolic network that changes phospholipase C-derived Ins(1,4,5)P3 into a range of even more extremely phosphorylated cell-signaling substances [1C3]. (immune-source.com)
Up to now, research in to the biology of inositol phosphate kinases continues to be well-served by hereditary research, including gene knock-outs both in microorganisms and cultured cells. (immune-source.com)
One observation that's particularly illustrative may be the altered amount of transcription of over 900 genes (2-fold transformation in appearance), following deletion of (a PPIP5K homologue) in person in the inositol phosphate kinase signaling family members. (immune-source.com)
Provided the limited precedent, collection of a suitable collection to screen a fresh class of focus on, such as for example an inositol phosphate kinase, is certainly a critical element of the complete HTS technique. (immune-source.com)
Our selection of a collection was influenced with the recognition the fact that substrate binding storage compartments of inositol phosphate kinases are extremely electropositive buy Protopanaxatriol [7,8,21,22]. (immune-source.com)
For the existing research we posited the fact that even more hydrophobic nucleotide-binding site of the inositol phosphate kinase would provide a possibly even more tractable focus on [23]. (immune-source.com)

ALK mRNA and protein levels significantly correlated with ERK1 and ERK2 protein levels, and also with PHOX2B mRNA levels, a neural differentiation marker which is mutated in NBL. (refine.bio)
Response to ALK inhibitor TAE684 was also significantly correlated with ALK levels. (refine.bio)
Protein kinase C alpha inhibitor and NF-kappaB inhibitor significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine release in response to SPD-MAA. (cdc.gov)

The researchers conducted a systematic screening in which all protein tyrosine kinase genes were analyzed for somatic mutations in 290 specimens of squamous cell cancer. (medscape.com)
We found mutations in several kinase genes, including the DDR2 gene, and mutations were found in 11 of the 290 squamous cell cases, for a total of 3% to 4%," said Dr. Meyerson. (medscape.com)

In myeloma, the level of serum or urine monoclonal protein usually serves as a quantitative marker of tumor burden. (medscape.com)
The monoclonal antibody rituximab, as monotherapy or in combination with the alkylating agent bendamustine or a proteosome inhibitor, features prominently in treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. (medscape.com)

Imatinib - This is tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat various different cancers, developed by Novartis and marketed under the name Gleevec. (news-medical.net)
Sunitinib - This is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed by Pfizer and approved for use by the US FDA in 2006 for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor. (news-medical.net)

Most aspects of normal cellular function in the human body are regulated by protein kinases. (reportsanddata.com)

Weiske J, Huber O. The histidine triad protein Hint1 interacts with Pontin and Reptin and inhibits TCF-beta-catenin-mediated transcription. (medlineplus.gov)
Therefore, after the target protein is ubiquitinated, the PROTAC molecule interacts with the target protein and E3 ubiquitinase. (cd-bioparticles.net)

Anatomy4

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs78

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes16

Information Science3

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is an accessory factor for the glucocorticoid response from the cAMP response element in the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter. (1/8892)

p38 but not p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for nitric oxide synthase induction mediated by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophages. (2/8892)

Role of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor beta-chain subdomains and Shc in p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and p54 MAP kinase (stress-activated protein Kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase) activation. IL-2-driven proliferation is independent of p38 and p54 MAP kinase activation. (3/8892)

On the mechanism of histaminergic inhibition of glutamate release in the rat dentate gyrus. (4/8892)

Effect of inhibition of cholesterol synthetic pathway on the activation of Ras and MAP kinase in mesangial cells. (5/8892)

ATP counteracts the rundown of gap junctional channels of rat ventricular myocytes by promoting protein phosphorylation. (6/8892)

Properties of fast endocytosis at hippocampal synapses. (7/8892)

Effects of eosinophil granule major basic protein on phosphatidylcholine secretion in rat type II pneumocytes. (8/8892)

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Protein Kinase C

Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Staurosporine

Phosphorylation

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine

Enzyme Inhibitors

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Isoquinolines

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Enzyme Activation

Alkaloids

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Signal Transduction

Indole Alkaloids

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Carbazoles

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Cells, Cultured

Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Cyclic AMP

Protein Kinase C-alpha

Piperazines

Indoles

Protein Kinase C-delta

Cell Line

src-Family Kinases

Pyridines

Isoenzymes

Molecular Sequence Data

Kinetics

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

Pyrimidines

Genistein

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Calcium

Amino Acid Sequence

Flavonoids

Protein Kinase C-epsilon

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Protein Kinase C beta

Maleimides

Casein Kinase II

Imidazoles

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27

Blotting, Western

Phosphoproteins

Transfection

RNA, Messenger

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Apoptosis

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Sulfonamides

Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases

Chromones

Androstadienes

Cell Line, Tumor

MAP Kinase Kinase 1

Protein Binding

Mutation

Okadaic Acid

Carrier Proteins

Benzamides

Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate

Phorbol Esters

Morpholines

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases