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Protein BiosynthesisPeptide Elongation Factor TuRibosomesRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylEscherichia coliPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalAbrinPeptide Elongation FactorsRNA, TransferMolecular Sequence DataGeobacillusAmino Acyl-tRNA SynthetasesBacterial ProteinsRibosomal ProteinsPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalPoly UAmino Acid SequenceKineticsTransfer RNA AminoacylationRNA, MessengerKeratins, Type IICycloheximideBase SequenceGlutamate-tRNA LigasePeptide Elongation Factor GBiosynthetic PathwaysGTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation FactorsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsRNA, Transfer, ArgMutationGenetic CodeMethionine-tRNA LigasePhenylalanineRNA, Transfer, PhePeptide BiosynthesisPeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalPeptide Elongation Factor 2Gene Expression ProfilingMethionineCell-Free SystemSpiro CompoundsPyridonesOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisCloning, MolecularPeptide Elongation Factor 1Leucine-tRNA LigaseGuanosine TriphosphateLeucineAmino AcidsNucleic Acid ConformationRNA, BacterialStreptomycesGene Expression Regulation, PlantMolecular StructureAnticodonSequence Homology, Amino AcidElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelTranscription, GeneticRNAModels, MolecularPuromycinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGene Expression Regulation, BacterialCarbon RadioisotopesReticulocytesPeptide Initiation FactorsSubstrate SpecificityRNA, RibosomalTritiumPolyribosomesFungal ProteinsLiverMultigene FamilyAnti-Bacterial AgentsGuanine NucleotidesProteomeEscherichia coli ProteinsProtein BindingBinding SitesModels, BiologicalGene ExpressionMass SpectrometryGuanosine DiphosphateGenes, BacterialPeptidesDNA, ComplementaryGene Expression RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMolecular WeightCell LineDNA PrimersTime FactorsGenetic Complementation TestProtein ConformationElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalTerpenesProteinsCells, CulturedAcyltransferasesPolyketide SynthasesRabbitsPeptide SynthasesGlucoseBlotting, NorthernTemperatureStructure-Activity RelationshipCodonProteomicsProtein Structure, TertiaryGlycosyltransferasesOxidoreductasesArabidopsisMitochondriaPlant ProteinsCarrier ProteinsNucleic Acid HybridizationCell MembraneChromatography, High Pressure LiquidChromatography, Thin LayerSignal TransductionMevalonic AcidDose-Response Relationship, DrugTumor Cells, CulturedAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesCell DivisionGenes, PlantPolyisoprenyl PhosphatesSequence AlignmentPteridinesMethyltransferasesArabidopsis ProteinsCarbon IsotopesSterolsTransferasesLyasesSequence Analysis, DNAHexosaminesPhylogenyAnthraquinonesPlants, Genetically ModifiedAcetatesErythritolGene DeletionHemiterpenesMutagenesis, InsertionalCell WallEthylenesTetrapyrrolesCarbohydrate SequenceFatty AcidsErgosterolMultienzyme ComplexesSiderophoresRecombinant ProteinsMixed Function OxygenasesCoenzymesPlantsNucleotidyltransferasesGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyPeptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-IndependentGlucosyltransferasesHydro-LyasesPlant LeavesCarotenoidsGlycolipidsFarnesyl-Diphosphate FarnesyltransferaseCulture MediaCyclopentanesCarbohydrate EpimerasesLigninOxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group DonorsTransaminasesPlant Growth RegulatorsCatalysisLanosterolCarboxy-LyasesGibberellinsUridine Diphosphate N-AcetylglucosamineMetabolic Networks and PathwaysDNA, BacterialGlycosylationSqualeneMicrosomesOpen Reading FramesGalactosyltransferasesGlucosamineAlcohol OxidoreductasesPlasmidsPantothenic AcidPlant RootsOxylipinsOperonPhenotypeSeedsIntramolecular TransferasesPolysaccharidesPolyaminesThiamineBiocatalysisPolysaccharides, Bacterial
Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Peptide Elongation Factor Tu: A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP.Ribosomes: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl: Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational: A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to the lengthening chain of PEPTIDES.Abrin: A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.Peptide Elongation Factors: Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.RNA, Transfer: The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Geobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, endospore-forming, thermophilic bacteria in the family BACILLACEAE.Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases: A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Ribosomal Proteins: Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational: A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.Poly U: A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Transfer RNA Aminoacylation: The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Keratins, Type II: A keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally larger and less acidic that TYPE I KERATINS. Type II keratins combine with type I keratins to form keratin filaments.Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Glutamate-tRNA Ligase: An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.Peptide Elongation Factor G: Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.Biosynthetic Pathways: Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors: Factors that utilize energy from the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP for peptide chain elongation. EC 3.6.1.-.Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.RNA, Transfer, Arg: A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Genetic Code: The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).Methionine-tRNA Ligase: An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.RNA, Transfer, Phe: A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.Peptide Biosynthesis: The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.Peptide Chain Termination, Translational: A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the terminal amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. This termination process is signaled from the MESSENGER RNA, by one of three termination codons (CODON, TERMINATOR) that immediately follows the last amino acid-specifying CODON.Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.Cell-Free System: A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)Spiro Compounds: A group of compounds consisting in part of two rings sharing one atom (usually a carbon) in common.Pyridones: Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Peptide Elongation Factor 1: Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.Leucine-tRNA Ligase: An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Streptomyces: A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Puromycin: A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Reticulocytes: Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.Peptide Initiation Factors: Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in GENETIC TRANSLATION.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.RNA, Ribosomal: The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)TritiumPolyribosomes: A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Guanine NucleotidesProteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Terpenes: A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Acyltransferases: Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.Polyketide Synthases: Large enzyme complexes composed of a number of component enzymes that are found in STREPTOMYCES which biosynthesize MACROLIDES and other polyketides.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Peptide Synthases: Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Glycosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Mevalonic AcidDose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Alkyl and Aryl Transferases: A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Polyisoprenyl Phosphates: Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Pteridines: Compounds based on pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is a pyrimidine fused to a pyrazine, containing four NITROGEN atoms.Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Carbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Sterols: Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.Lyases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.HexosaminesPhylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Anthraquinones: Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Erythritol: A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Hemiterpenes: The five-carbon building blocks of TERPENES that derive from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate.Mutagenesis, Insertional: Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.Cell Wall: The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.Ethylenes: Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.Tetrapyrroles: Four PYRROLES joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one to position 5 of the next. The conjugated bond system results in PIGMENTATION.Carbohydrate Sequence: The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Ergosterol: A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL.Multienzyme Complexes: Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.Siderophores: Low-molecular-weight compounds produced by microorganisms that aid in the transport and sequestration of ferric iron. (The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Mixed Function Oxygenases: Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.Coenzymes: Small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of ENZYMES. Many VITAMINS are coenzymes.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Nucleotidyltransferases: A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent: The enzymatic synthesis of PEPTIDES without an RNA template by processes that do not use the ribosomal apparatus (RIBOSOMES).Glucosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.Hydro-Lyases: Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Carotenoids: The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.Glycolipids: Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase: The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.Carbohydrate Epimerases: Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors: A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on carbon-carbon bonds. This enzyme group includes all the enzymes that introduce double bonds into substrates by direct dehydrogenation of carbon-carbon single bonds.Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.Plant Growth Regulators: Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Lanosterol: A triterpene that derives from the chair-boat-chair-boat folding of 2,3-oxidosqualene. It is metabolized to CHOLESTEROL and CUCURBITACINS.Carboxy-Lyases: Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.Gibberellins: A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.Metabolic Networks and Pathways: Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.SqualeneMicrosomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Galactosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.GlucosamineAlcohol Oxidoreductases: A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Oxylipins: Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.Operon: In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.Intramolecular Transferases: Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl-, phospho-, amino- or other groups from one position within a molecule to another. EC 5.4.PolysaccharidesPolyaminesThiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride.Biocatalysis: The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.Polysaccharides, Bacterial: Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

Diphtheria toxin effects on human cells in tissue culture. (1/24808)

HeLa cells exposed to a single sublethal concentration of diphtheria toxin were found to have diminished sensitivity when subsequently reexposed to the toxin. Three cells strains exhibiting toxin resistance were developed. In the cells that had previously been exposed to toxin at 0.015 mug/ml, 50% inhibition of protein synthesis required a toxin concentration of 0.3 mug/ml, which is more than 10 times that required in normal HeLa cells. There appears to be a threshold level of diphtheria toxin action. Concentrations of toxin greater than that required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis (0.01 mug/ml) are associated with cytotoxicity, whereas those below this concentration may not be lethal. Several established human cell lines of both normal and neoplastic origin were tested for their sensitivity to the effects of the toxin. No special sensitivity was observed with the cells of tumor origin. Fifty % inhibition of protein synthesis of HeLa cells was achieved with diphtheria toxin (0.01 mug/ml) as compared to the normal human cell lines tested (0.03 and 0.5 mug/ml) and a cell line derived from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (0.2 mug/ml). A human breast carcinoma cell line showed a maximum of 45% inhibition of protein synthesis. This required a diphtheria toxin concentration of 5 mug/ml. These results suggest that different human cell lines show wide variation in their sensitivity to the toxin.  (+info)

Structural and functional changes in acute liver injury. (2/24808)

Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cell injury in a variety of animal species. The first structurally recognizable changes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, with alteration in ribosome-membrane interactions. Later there is an increase in intracellular fat, and the formation of tangled nets of the ergastoplasm. At no time are there changes in mitochondria or single membrane limited bodies in cells with intact plasmalemma, although a relative increase in cell sap may appear. In dead cells (those with plasmalemma discontinuties) crystalline deposits of calcium phosphatase may be noted. Functional changes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. An early decrease in protein synthesis takes place; an accumulation of neutral lipid is related to this change. Later alterations in the ergastoplasmic functions (e.g., mixed function oxidation) occurs. Carbon tetrachloride is not the active agent; rather, a product of its metabolism, probably the CC1, free radical, is. The mechanisms of injury include macromolecular adduction and peroxide propagation. A third possibility includes a cascade effect with the production of secondary and tertiary products, also toxic in nature, with the ability to produce more widespread damage to intracellular structures.  (+info)

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (3/24808)

The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region.  (+info)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (4/24808)

The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates.  (+info)

High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (5/24808)

BACKGROUND: Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. RESULTS: We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of gene-product alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a 'cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with small-molecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications.  (+info)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (6/24808)

The telomerase reverse transcriptase component (TERT) is not expressed in most primary somatic human cells and tissues, but is upregulated in the majority of immortalized cell lines and tumors. Here, we identify the c-Myc transcription factor as a direct mediator of telomerase activation in primary human fibroblasts through its ability to specifically induce TERT gene expression. Through the use of a hormone inducible form of c-Myc (c-Myc-ER), we demonstrate that Myc-induced activation of the hTERT promoter requires an evolutionarily conserved E-box and that c-Myc-ER-induced accumulation of hTERT mRNA takes place in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate that the TERT gene is a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc. Since telomerase activation frequently correlates with immortalization and telomerase functions to stabilize telomers in cycling cells, we tested whether Myc-induced activation of TERT gene expression represents an important mechanism through which c-Myc acts to immortalize cells. Employing the rat embryo fibroblast cooperation assay, we show that TERT is unable to substitute for c-Myc in the transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, suggesting that the transforming activities of Myc extend beyond its ability to activate TERT gene expression and hence telomerase activity.  (+info)

C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/24808)

C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are intronless genes that can produce several N-terminally truncated isoforms through the process of alternative translation initiation at downstream AUG codons. C/EBPbeta has been reported to produce four isoforms: full-length 38-kDa C/EBPbeta, 35-kDa LAP (liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein), 21-kDa LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein), and a 14-kDa isoform. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms are generated in the liver and in cultured cells. Using an in vitro translation system, we found that LIP can be generated by two mechanisms: alternative translation and a novel mechanism-specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. Studies of mice in which the C/EBPalpha gene had been deleted (C/EBPalpha-/-) showed that the regulation of C/EBPbeta proteolysis is dependent on C/EBPalpha. The induction of C/EBPalpha in cultured cells leads to induced cleavage of C/EBPbeta to generate the LIP isoform. We characterized the cleavage activity in mouse liver extracts and found that the proteolytic cleavage activity is specific to prenatal and newborn livers, is sensitive to chymostatin, and is completely abolished in C/EBPalpha-/- animals. The lack of cleavage activity in the livers of C/EBPalpha-/- mice correlates with the decreased levels of LIP in the livers of these animals. Analysis of LIP production during liver regeneration showed that, in this system, the transient induction of LIP is dependent on the third AUG codon and most likely involves translational control. We propose that there are two mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms might be generated in the liver and in cultured cells: one that is determined by translation and a second that involves C/EBPalpha-dependent, specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. The latter mechanism implicates C/EBPalpha in the regulation of posttranslational generation of the dominant negative C/EBPbeta isoform, LIP.  (+info)

Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (8/24808)

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the mRNA 5' cap and brings the mRNA into a complex with other protein synthesis initiation factors and ribosomes. The activity of mammalian eIF4E is important for the translation of capped mRNAs and is thought to be regulated by two mechanisms. First, eIF4E is sequestered by binding proteins, such as 4EBP1, in quiescent cells. Mitogens induce the release of eIF4E by stimulating the phosphorylation of 4EBP1. Second, mitogens and stresses induce the phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser 209, increasing the affinity of eIF4E for capped mRNA and for an associated scaffolding protein, eIF4G. We previously showed that a mitogen- and stress-activated kinase, Mnk1, phosphorylates eIF4E in vitro at the physiological site. Here we show that Mnk1 regulates eIF4E phosphorylation in vivo. Mnk1 binds directly to eIF4G and copurifies with eIF4G and eIF4E. We identified activating phosphorylation sites in Mnk1 and developed dominant-negative and activated mutants. Expression of dominant-negative Mnk1 reduces mitogen-induced eIF4E phosphorylation, while expression of activated Mnk1 increases basal eIF4E phosphorylation. Activated mutant Mnk1 also induces extensive phosphorylation of eIF4E in cells overexpressing 4EBP1. This suggests that phosphorylation of eIF4E is catalyzed by Mnk1 or a very similar kinase in cells and is independent of other mitogenic signals that release eIF4E from 4EBP1.  (+info)

Protein synthesis machinery from bacterial consortia in one shot | EurekAlert! Science NewsProtein synthesis machinery from bacterial consortia in one shot | EurekAlert! Science News
A new technique developed at UC Davis may have broken the barrier to rapid assembly of pure protein synthesis machinery outside of living cells.
Effects of Targeted Knockout Mutations on Translational Capacities in Escherichia coli - Establishing Methods to Increase and...Effects of Targeted Knockout Mutations on Translational Capacities in Escherichia coli - Establishing Methods to Increase and...
The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate how genome engineering might be used to generate Escherichia coli strains with increased capacities for recombinant protein production. As translation constitute a possible bottleneck in recombinant production processes [Mahalik et. al, 2014] this work focused on evaluating and increasing translational capacities in E. coli. Two methods were used to evaluate translational capacities in E. coli: 1. Two plasmid reporter systems were established to investigate levels of ribosome expression. These plasmids carried red fluorescent protein genes (mCherry), under control of ribosomal promoters. Levels of expression of ribosomal constituents were evaluated by measuring fluorescence from strains carrying reporter plasmids.. 2. Exponential phase growth rates were used to assess translational capacities. Protein synthesis is generally the growth rate limiting factor during exponential phases, and a positive linear correlation between growth rates and ...
Translation control of Enterovirus A71 gene expression | Journal of Biomedical Science | Full TextTranslation control of Enterovirus A71 gene expression | Journal of Biomedical Science | Full Text
Upon EV-A71 infection of a host cell, EV-A71 RNA is translated into a viral polyprotein. Although EV-A71 can use the cellular translation machinery to produce viral proteins, unlike cellular translation, which is cap-dependent, the viral RNA genome of EV-A71 does not contain a 5′ cap and the translation of EV-A71 protein is cap-independent, which is mediated by the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located in the 5′ UTR of EV-A71 mRNA. Like many other eukaryotic viruses, EV-A71 manipulates the host cell translation devices, using an elegant RNA-centric strategy in infected cells. During viral translation, viral RNA plays an important role in controlling the stage of protein synthesis. In addition, due to the cellular defense mechanism, viral replication is limited by down-regulating translation. EV-A71 also utilizes protein factors in the host to overcome antiviral responses or even use them to promote viral translation rather than host cell translation. In this review, we provide an introduction
The Role of eIF4G-1 Isoforms and Live Cell Imaging of IRES-mediated Translation Initiation in Breast Cancer Cells, NC DOCKS ...The Role of eIF4G-1 Isoforms and Live Cell Imaging of IRES-mediated Translation Initiation in Breast Cancer Cells, NC DOCKS ...
Abstract: The development of cancer is a consequence of mutations that lead to dysfunctional cell processes such as unrestrained cell proliferation resistance to apoptosis and improper regulation of cell processes such as translation. Cell proliferation and apoptosis are linked to specific gene expression events regulated by protein synthesis which begins with the binding of various eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) to mRNA and ribosomes to initiate translation. eIF4G-1 catalyzes two types of translation initiation. Cap-dependent translation requires eIF4E to bind a 5-methylated mRNA cap and eIF4G-1. This in turn facilitates recruitment and promotes translation of cell cycle and growth-related proteins. Cap-independent translation initiates internally through internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) in the 5 UTR of mRNA and promotes translation of apoptotic mRNAs such as Apaf-1. Previous studies found that eight variants of eIF4G-1 mRNA exist and five protein isoforms can be resolved by ...
A translational block to HSPG synthesis permits BMP signaling in the early Drosophila embryo | DevelopmentA translational block to HSPG synthesis permits BMP signaling in the early Drosophila embryo | Development
There is extensive evidence that the structurally complex, negatively charged GAG side chains of HSPGs are crucial for signaling by diverse secreted ligands, including BMPs. Although the distribution of HSPGs is generally assumed to be ubiquitous, our data showing that GAGs are absent in the first three hours after egg laying but are rapidly synthesized thereafter demonstrates that HSPG expression can, in fact, be precisely temporally regulated. We have shown that this regulation results from an absence of enzymes essential for HSPG synthesis, owing to a block to their translation. Furthermore, our data strongly support the notion that the translational control mechanism involves the use of developmentally regulated internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) in mRNA 5′ UTRs. Translationally blocking GAG synthesis may enable generation of the Dpp/Scw activity gradient in the absence of GAGs, while permitting rapid GAG synthesis from the abundant maternal mRNA supply coincident with the expression of ...
Nuclear ErbB2 Enhances Translation and Cell Growth by Activating Transcription of Ribosomal RNA Genes | Cancer ResearchNuclear ErbB2 Enhances Translation and Cell Growth by Activating Transcription of Ribosomal RNA Genes | Cancer Research
Deregulation of translational control can promote cellular transformation. Protein synthesis and the expression of components of the translation machinery are elevated in cancers and contribute to tumorigenesis (1-5, 7). Here, we show that nuclear ErbB2 promotes binding of RNA Pol I to rDNA, co-occupies the rRNA gene with β-actin and RNA Pol I, and stimulates rRNA production and protein translation independently of traditional ErbB2 downstream PI3-K and ERK signalings, suggesting that nuclear ErbB2 may contribute to oncogenesis by upregulating total cellular translation. rRNA synthesis by RNA Pol I plays a critical role in production of mature ribosomes that are central protein synthesis machinery of the cells. Perturbation of RNA Pol I activity as well as rRNA and protein biosynthesis (i.e., translation control) by oncoproteins such as Myc or tumor suppressors p53, RB, and ADP ribosylation factor has been reported to be associated with tumor development (1, 2, 7-10). The capability of Myc to ...
Localization of the cytoplasmic translation and mitocho | Open-iLocalization of the cytoplasmic translation and mitocho | Open-i
Localization of the cytoplasmic translation and mitochondrial import machinery relative to newly-made mitochondrial transcripts. Cells were grown in BrU for 30
Electrically stimulated contraction accelerates protein synthesis rates in adult feline cardiocytes<...Electrically stimulated contraction accelerates protein synthesis rates in adult feline cardiocytes<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Electrically stimulated contraction accelerates protein synthesis rates in adult feline cardiocytes. AU - Ivester, C. T.. AU - Kent, R. L.. AU - Tagawa, H.. AU - Tsutsui, Hiroyuki. AU - Imamura, T.. AU - Cooper IV, G.. AU - McDermott, P. J.. PY - 1993/1/1. Y1 - 1993/1/1. N2 - Cardiocytes were induced to contract via electrical field stimulation with an 8 V/cm electrical square-wave pulse of 5 ms at 0.125-2.0 Hz for up to 6 h. Protein synthesis rates were measured as rate of incorporation of [3H]- phenylalanine into total cell protein. Rates of protein synthesis were accelerated 43 ± 4%, P , 0.001, by 4 h. The acceleration of total protein synthesis showed a frequency dependence between 0.125 and 0.5 Hz. In addition to accelerating rates of total protein synthesis, electrical stimulation of contraction accelerated fractional rates of synthesis of myosin heavy chain by 42 ± 8%, P , 0.05. Protein synthesis rates were not accelerated upon electrical stimulation using subthreshold ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Migration of Small Ribosomal Subunits on the 5′ Untranslated Regions of Capped Messenger RNAIJMS | Free Full-Text | Migration of Small Ribosomal Subunits on the 5′ Untranslated Regions of Capped Messenger RNA
Several control mechanisms of eukaryotic gene expression target the initiation step of mRNA translation. The canonical translation initiation pathway begins with cap-dependent attachment of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) to the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) followed by an energy-dependent, sequential ‘scanning’ of the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Scanning through the 5′UTR requires the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A and its efficiency contributes to the specific rate of protein synthesis. Thus, understanding the molecular details of the scanning mechanism remains a priority task for the field. Here, we studied the effects of inhibiting ATP-dependent translation and eIF4A in cell-free translation and reconstituted initiation reactions programmed with capped mRNAs featuring different 5′UTRs. An aptamer that blocks eIF4A in an inactive state away from mRNA inhibited translation of capped mRNA with the
Patent US6690840 - Image alignment with global translation and linear stretch - Google PatentsPatent US6690840 - Image alignment with global translation and linear stretch - Google Patents
A technique for image alignment with global translation and linear stretch determines translation parameters for three corresponding linearly displaced blocks in a reference image and a corresponding distorted test image. From the differences between the translation parameters for the three blocks the presence of stretch is detected and, if detected, a stretch factor is estimated. The estimated stretch factor is used as a starting point to stretch the reference image to overlap the distorted test image as a refinement process. The resulting refined stretch factor is then used in a reverse stretch process to shrink the distorted test image, and the distorted test image is then aligned with the reference image to obtain picture quality metrics.
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Plant Translation Factors and Virus ResistanceViruses | Free Full-Text | Plant Translation Factors and Virus Resistance
Plant viruses recruit cellular translation factors not only to translate their viral RNAs but also to regulate their replication and potentiate their local and systemic movement. Because of the virus dependence on cellular translation factors, it is perhaps not surprising that many natural plant recessive resistance genes have been mapped to mutations of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G or their isoforms, eIFiso4E and eIFiso4G. The partial functional redundancy of these isoforms allows specific mutation or knock-down of one isoform to provide virus resistance without hindering the general health of the plant. New possible targets for antiviral strategies have also been identified following the characterization of other plant translation factors (eIF4A-like helicases, eIF3, eEF1A and eEF1B) that specifically interact with viral RNAs and proteins and regulate various aspects of the infection cycle. Emerging evidence that translation repression operates as an alternative antiviral RNA
Plus itPlus it
Quiescence (G0) represents an assortment of reversible, cell cycle-arrested states that are resistant to unfavorable conditions and associated with cancer persistence. G0 involves regulated gene expression with selective mRNA expression and decreased canonical translation. Low mTOR activity in G0 activates the cap complex inhibitor, eIF4EBP, and impairs canonical translation. The alternative translation mechanisms in G0 remain to be uncovered. Our data show that microRNAs, regulatory, non-coding RNAs that target distinct mRNAs to alter gene expression, can associate with alternative complexes and translation factors to regulate specific mRNA translation in G0. One subset of transcripts expressed in G0 includes specific mRNAs recruited by an FXR1a-associated microRNP (microRNA-protein complex) for translation activation in G0 mammalian cells. MicroRNPs predominantly mediate repression and downregulation; however, FXR1a-microRNP lacks conventional microRNP repressors, and instead, contains a ...
Translational attenuation mediated by an mRNA intron. - Walter LabTranslational attenuation mediated by an mRNA intron. - Walter Lab
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular signaling pathway that is activated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR results in an increase in transcription of ER-resident proteins that facilitate protein folding in the ER. A key regulatory step in UPR activation is the regulated splicing of HAC1 mRNA, which encodes Hac1p, a transcription factor dedicated to this pathway. Hac1p can be detected only when the spliced form of HAC1 mRNA (termed HAC1i mRNA, for induced) is produced; this was surprising because the unspliced HAC1u mRNA (HAC1u for uninduced) is equally stable in cells.. ...
US9858201B2 - Selective translation lookaside buffer search and page fault - Google PatentsUS9858201B2 - Selective translation lookaside buffer search and page fault - Google Patents
A translation lookaside buffer (TLB) stores translation entries. The translation entries include a virtual address, a physical address and a memory local/not-local flag. When a processor is in a low power/local memory mode a virtual address is received. A matching translation entry has a local/not-local flag. Upon the local/not-local flag indicating the physical address of the matching translation entry being outside the local memory, an out-of-access-range memory access exception is generated.
DNA Delivery and Protein Synthesis | Free Course | AlisonDNA Delivery and Protein Synthesis | Free Course | Alison
Learn about DNA Delivery and Protein Synthesis. Topics cover DNA delivery, screening of recombinant clones, protein synthesis machinery, and expression systems.
Interrelations between translation and general mRNA degradation in yeastInterrelations between translation and general mRNA degradation in yeast
Messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation is an important element of gene expression that can be modulated by alterations in translation, such as reductions in initiation or elongation rates. Reducing translation initiation strongly affects mRNA degradation by driving mRNA toward the assembly of a decapping complex, leading to decapping. While mRNA stability decreases as a consequence of translational inhibition, in apparent contradiction several external stresses both inhibit translation initiation and stabilize mRNA. A key difference in these processes is that stresses induce multiple responses, one of which stabilizes mRNAs at the initial and rate-limiting step of general mRNA decay. Because this increase in mRNA stability is directly induced by stress, it is independent of the translational effects of stress, which provide the cell with an opportunity to assess its response to changing environmental conditions. After assessment, the cell can store mRNAs, reinitiate their translation or, ...
RNA World/Project description/he - RechenkraftRNA World/Project description/he - Rechenkraft
Every protein in a cell is produced from a transiently synthesized messenger molecule, termed mRNA. This mRNA is then recognized by a cellular machinery that translates the base sequence of mRNA into its corresponding protein (which is a sequence of amino acids). This protein synthesis machinery, termed ribosome, is actually a ribozyme, i.e. it is a catalytically active assembly of several RNA molecules. Consequently, RNAs do not only serve as messenger molecules or perform structural functions as e.g. in tRNA but may also act as catalysts that perform biochemical reactions as is the case for protein enzymes. Of course, the ribosome also contains numerous proteins as it is a very complex ribonucleoprotein particle but these predominantly serve structural functions, e.g. to give the ribosome its shape. Fascinatingly, the initial analysis of the human genome sequence revealed that, apparently, only a very small fraction of the DNA of our genome is encoding proteins. Scientists at first thought ...
Host shutoff - Molecular and Cellular Virology LabHost shutoff - Molecular and Cellular Virology Lab
To gain preferential access to the protein synthesis machinery and to disrupt induction of antiviral responses by infected cell many viruses block host gene expression. This blockade is called host shutoff and it is mediated by viral factors that either destroy host messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or interfere with their synthesis. Influenza A virus (IAV) encodes…
The human cardiac translatomeThe human cardiac translatome
Gene expression in human tissue has primarily been studied on the transcriptional level, largely neglecting translational regulation. Here, we analyze the translatomes of 80 human hearts to identify new translation events and quantify the effect of translational regulation. We show extensive translational control of cardiac gene expression, which is orchestrated in a process-specific manner. Translation downstream of predicted disease-causing protein-truncating variants appears to be frequent, suggesting inefficient translation termination. We identify hundreds of previously undetected microproteins, expressed from lncRNAs and circRNAs, for which we validate the protein products in vivo . The translation of microproteins is not restricted to the heart and prominent in the translatomes of human kidney and liver. We associate these microproteins with diverse cellular processes and compartments and find that many locate to the mitochondria. Importantly, dozens of microproteins are translated from ...
An integrated stress response regulates amino acid metabolism and resistance to oxidative stressAn integrated stress response regulates amino acid metabolism and resistance to oxidative stress
Eukaryotic cells respond to unfolded proteins in their endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress), amino acid starvation, or oxidants by phosphorylating the alpha subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha). This adaptation inhibits general protein synthesis while promoting translation and express …
Study unveils novel crosstalk mechanism between mitochondrial translation and cytoplasmic translation | EurekAlert! Science NewsStudy unveils novel crosstalk mechanism between mitochondrial translation and cytoplasmic translation | EurekAlert! Science News
By using a systemic mtEF4 gene knockout mouse model, researchers from the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found that mtEF4 knockout damages the oxidative phosphorylation function in germ cells of male mice, thus causing male sterility.
HIV Life Cycle - Discovering DNAHIV Life Cycle - Discovering DNA
HIV causes the serious disease AIDS yet it has a fascinating life cycle that can be used to teach many key concepts in molecular biology. With this model your students will see how the virus uses parts of the infected cells protein synthesis machinery to replicate itself. Using real DNA sequence, the crucial steps of r
Low level genome mistranslations deregulate the transcriptome and translatome and generate proteotoxic stress in yeast | BMC...Low level genome mistranslations deregulate the transcriptome and translatome and generate proteotoxic stress in yeast | BMC...
Organisms use highly accurate molecular processes to transcribe their genes and a variety of mRNA quality control and ribosome proofreading mechanisms to maintain intact the fidelity of genetic information flow. Despite this, low level gene translational errors induced by mutations and environmental factors cause neurodegeneration and premature death in mice and mitochondrial disorders in humans. Paradoxically, such errors can generate advantageous phenotypic diversity in fungi and bacteria through poorly understood molecular processes. In order to clarify the biological relevance of gene translational errors we have engineered codon misreading in yeast and used profiling of total and polysome-associated mRNAs, molecular and biochemical tools to characterize the recombinant cells. We demonstrate here that gene translational errors, which have negligible impact on yeast growth rate down-regulate protein synthesis, activate the unfolded protein response and environmental stress response pathways, and down
Cha JY et al. (2007), The role of FoxC1 in early Xenopus development. - Xenbase PaperCha JY et al. (2007), The role of FoxC1 in early Xenopus development. - Xenbase Paper
Figure 2. The phenotype of FoxC1 depleted gastulae. A:Xenopus FoxC1 pseudoalleles aligned against the reverse complement of the morpholino oligo used in the study using Clustal alignment in Macvector. B: FoxC1 MO (MO) blocks translation of FoxC1 mRNA (FoxC1) in a dose-responsive fashion, but does not block translation of a protected FoxC1 RNA, (MOR-), in an in vitro translation assay. C: HA-tagged Fox1 mRNA was injected alone or together with different doses of FoxC1 MO at the 2-cell stage to confirm a reduction of FoxC1 translation. D-G: Wild type sibling embryos and embryos injected with 40 ng MO (MO), or 40 ng MO and 50 pg MO-R FoxC1 mRNA (MO+RNA) were cultured until early (stage 10), mid (stage 11), and late gastrula (stage 11.5) stages before freezing and analyzing by real time RT-PCR for the expression of Mespo (D), Endodermin (E), Bix4 (F), and CK1ϵ (G). Expression levels are normalized to ODC. H,I: Whole mount in situ hybridization on FoxC1-depleted mid-gastrulae (bottom) as compared to ...
Colloquiums | IISER - TVMColloquiums | IISER - TVM
Abstract : Escherichia coli holds important secrets of the life, and persists with its metallic sheen among the model organisms used in modern biology research. Exploration of core biological processes in this classical model organism continues to provide a wealth of new information relevant to all life forms. In my lecture, I will discuss how the excellent amenability of E. coli to the classical genetics approaches in conjunction with the modern molecular methods continues to unravel evolutionary complexities of biological systems. In particular, I will discuss examples of how E. coli has been instrumental in addressing many questions in our pursuit of understanding the protein synthesis machinery.. ...
talks.cam : Dissecting translation efficiency through lab evolution, genome engineering and inspection of the cancerous genometalks.cam : Dissecting translation efficiency through lab evolution, genome engineering and inspection of the cancerous genome
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Florian Markowetz.. Translation efficiency is determined, in part, by the supply-to-demand relationships between the tRNA and mRNA pools in cells. To better understand translation we perturb the system through tRNA gene manipulation and recoding open reading frames. We then follow such perturbed and genome engineered bacteria and yeast cells through lab evolution and comparative genomics and reveal how evolution acts to adapt supply to demand. I will also discuss our study of the cancerous tRNA and mRNA pools. I will show how cancers sustain high translation efficiency of genes that carry out cell autonomous, hence oncogenic, functionalities.. Hosted by Duncan Odom. This talk is part of the Seminars on Quantitative Biology @ CRUK Cambridge Institute series.. ...
Translation Required for Translational Repression | Science SignalingTranslation Required for Translational Repression | Science Signaling
Plants respond to changes in sugar concentrations by altering their transcriptional profile and their metabolic processes. Sucrose triggers the translational repression of the transcription factor bZIP11 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Rahmani et al. show that this repression requires the 5′-leader sequence of bZIP11, which, when transferred to a reporter gene, decreased the expression of the reporter gene product (luciferase) in response to sucrose, consistent with sugar-induced translational repression. Deletion analysis revealed that the second upstream open reading frame (uORF2) was required. When the mRNA sequence of uORF2 was mutated without affecting the encoded peptide, sugar-induced translational repression occurred. Transplantation of the 82 nucleotides of the uORF2 sequence into the promoter of a gene not normally regulated by sucrose caused the production of the reporter gene to decrease in response to sucrose. Mutation of the encoded peptide, or changing the length of the encoded ...
Posttranscriptional and Translational Control of Gene Regulation in CD4+ T Cell Subsets | The Journal of ImmunologyPosttranscriptional and Translational Control of Gene Regulation in CD4+ T Cell Subsets | The Journal of Immunology
FIGURE 1. Posttranscriptional and translational mechanisms of gene regulation in CD4+ T cell subsets. (1) Increased translational events cause differentiated Tregs to proliferate, whereas Foxp3 induction and Treg differentiation are facilitated by decreased translation and posttranscriptional mechanisms. (2) miR-155 can cause an increase in IFN-Rα expression and initiate naive T cell differentiation toward the Th1 cell type. (3) miR-155 also blocks SOCS1 translation and, in turn, induces Foxp3 transcription. (4) Environmental cues like hypoxia can influence T cell differentiation into various lineages, with the Th17 and Treg types shown in this figure. (5) miR-126 blocks the translation of PU.1, an inhibitor of GATA-3 interaction with DNA, thus promoting the development of Th2 cells. (6) Interaction of eIF4E with mature mRNAs governs translation, and its activity is controlled by the eIF4E-binding proteins. (7) Poly(A)-binding proteins cause circularization of mRNAs and increase translation. ...
PURExpress® In Vitro Protein Synthesis Kit | NEBPURExpress® In Vitro Protein Synthesis Kit | NEB
A rapid method for gene expression analysis, PURExpress® is a novel cell-free transcription/translation system reconstituted from the purified components necessary for E. coli translation. The relative nuclease-free and protease-free nature of the PURExpress platform preserves the integrity of DNA and RNA templates/ complexes and results in proteins that are free of modification and degradation. Transcription and translation are carried out in a one-step reaction, and require the mixing of only two tubes. With results available in a few hours, PURExpress saves valuable laboratory time and is ideal for high throughput technologies.
Control of Gene Expression - mRNA and translational mechanisms control the synthesis of protein after mRNA has been produced...Control of Gene Expression - mRNA and translational mechanisms control the synthesis of protein after mRNA has been produced...
View Notes - Control of Gene Expression from BSC BSC1005 at Broward College. mRNA and translational mechanisms control the synthesis of protein after mRNA has been produced. Operons Operons are
Reserach | 東北大学薬学研究科遺伝子制御薬学分野Reserach | 東北大学薬学研究科遺伝子制御薬学分野
The decay of eukaryotic mRNA is triggered mainly by deadenylation, which leads to decapping and degradation from the 5 end of an mRNA. Poly(A)-binding protein has been proposed to inhibit the decapping process and to stabilize mRNA by blocking the recruitment of mRNA to the P-bodies where mRNA degradation takes place after stimulation of translation initiation. In contrast, several lines of evidence show that poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1p) has distinct functions in mRNA decay and translation in yeast. To address the translation-independent function of Pab1p in inhibition of decapping, we examined the contribution of Pab1p to the stability of non-translated mRNAs, an AUG codon-less mRNA or an mRNA containing a stable stem-loop structure at the 5-UTR. Tethering of Pab1p stabilized non-translated mRNAs, and this stabilization did not require either the eIF4G-interacting domain of Pab1p or the Pab1p-interacting domain of eIF4G. In a ski2Δ mutant in which 3 to 5 mRNA degradation activity is ...
Gene-specific regulation by general translation factorsGene-specific regulation by general translation factors
Protein synthesis is the ultimate step of gene expression and a key control point for regulation. In particular, it enables cells to rapidly manipulate protein production without new mRNA synthesis, processing, or export. Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the translation initiation p …
MM02 00052 - Putative translation repressor protein - Escherichia phage vB EcoM MM02 - MM02 00052 gene & proteinMM02 00052 - Putative translation repressor protein - Escherichia phage vB EcoM MM02 - MM02 00052 gene & protein
p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...
Project 13 - sfb1129Project 13 - sfb1129
Accumulation of viral products such as RNA replication intermediates and viral proteins represents a potential stressor for host cells. Rapidly after detection, host cells respond by implementing multiple appropriated defense mechanisms, including innate immune and stress responses. The strongest response to several forms of stress, including viral infections, is a global reduction of protein synthesis which promotes cellular survival. Translation suppression is induced by the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2 (eIF2α), thereby causing stalling of translation initiation and accumulation of stalled pre-initiation complexes in cytosolic stress granules (SGs). Viruses do not package ribosomes and therefore fully rely on the utilization of the host translation machinery to ensure viral protein synthesis, replication and virus progeny production. As a consequence, virus survival depends on the establishment of a delicate and fine-tuned balance ...
RNA-Protein Translation Inhibitors - Gene Regulation and Expression | Sigma-AldrichRNA-Protein Translation Inhibitors - Gene Regulation and Expression | Sigma-Aldrich
The DNA that makes up an organisms genome contains genes that hold the nucleic acid codes for protein synthesis, resulting in the production of unique proteins that perform numerous and specific functions. Protein synthesis involves two steps: transcription and translation. Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function. Sigma-Aldrich offers several small molecules that inhibit protein translation, making these compounds useful research tools to better understand the role proteins play in certain disease states.
PATCH] mlang/tests: Accept the different translation in win8PATCH] mlang/tests: Accept the different translation in win8
By by ... Detlef --- dlls/mlang/tests/mlang.c , 7 +++++-- 1 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/dlls/mlang/tests/mlang.c b/dlls/mlang/tests/mlang.c index fb37e27..0da31b5 100644 --- a/dlls/mlang/tests/mlang.c +++ b/dlls/mlang/tests/mlang.c @@ -121,6 +121,9 @@ static const WCHAR de_engb2[] ={E,n,g,l,i,s,c,h, , K,0xF6,n,i,g,r,e,i,c,0}; static const WCHAR de_enus[] = {E,n,g,l,i,s,c,h, , (,U,S,A,),0}; +static const WCHAR de_enus2[] ={E,n,g,l,i,s,c,h, , + (,V,e,r,e,i,n,i,g,t,e, , + S,t,a,a,t,e,n,),0}; static const WCHAR de_de[] = {D,e,u,t,s,c,h, , (,D,e,u,t,s,c,h,l,a,n,d,),0}; static const WCHAR de_deat[] = {D,e,u,t,s,c,h, , @@ -184,11 +187,11 @@ static const info_table_entry info_table[] = { {MAKELANGID(LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_NEUTRAL), MAKELANGID(LANG_GERMAN, SUBLANG_DEFAULT), TODO_NAME, en, de_en}, ...
Biology translations - specialized, pharmaceutical, chemical, medical translationsBiology translations - specialized, pharmaceutical, chemical, medical translations
Biology translations - Best Text - Your Professional TRANSLATION AGENCY. Swift Delivery and Affordable Prices! Medical Translations, Pharmaceutical Translations, Chemical Translations, Biology Translations, Biotech Translations, Veterinary Translations and more
Pharmaceutical translations - specialized, pharmaceutical, chemical, medical translationsPharmaceutical translations - specialized, pharmaceutical, chemical, medical translations
Pharmaceutical translations - Best Text - Your Professional TRANSLATION AGENCY. Swift Delivery and Affordable Prices! Medical Translations, Pharmaceutical Translations, Chemical Translations, Biology Translations, Biotech Translations, Veterinary Translations and more
How Much Protein Do I Need? The Definitive (and Science-Based) Answer - Healthy +How Much Protein Do I Need? The Definitive (and Science-Based) Answer - Healthy +
Studies like this found that 20 to 40 grams of protein stimulates maximal protein synthesis.. That is, 20 to 40 grams of protein in a meal is as anabolic as you can get and increasing intake beyond this amount accomplishes little-to-nothing in terms of muscle/tissue growth and repair.. This limit to protein synthesis is then construed as a limit to absorption.. If eating more protein doesnt further elevate protein synthesis rates, the story goes, that must mean your body cant "handle" any more, right?. Wrong.. How high protein synthesis rates go is only one dimension of what happens with them when you eat. How long they remains elevated is equally if not more important.. For example, research shows that 30 grams of whey protein spikes protein synthesis rates higher than 30 grams of casein does. But, due to wheys rapid absorption, protein synthesis rates also fall back to baseline sooner.. (Whey causes a shorter, larger increase in protein synthesis whereas casein causes a smaller, longer ...
In Vitro Transcription Translation - Biology-OnlineIn Vitro Transcription Translation - Biology-Online
It sounds like the autoradiography is done directly on the gel. Since the protein contains the hot sulfur, you dont need a radiolabeled antibody to detect it. You can infer the mass of the protein from its mobility (location of gel band). However, if you need to unambiguously prove the identity of the protein you might need a Western as well, since your radiolabelled gel gives mass information but not an epitope-antigen interaction. If you have a single mRNA produced in the transcription-translation system then that simplifies the system. Without knowing the source of the DNA and how many different kinds of mRNA would be expected to be present, its tough to tell whether a Western would be necessary to prove your band is what it should be ...
Plus itPlus it
The rbcL 5′-UTR contains an SDsequence at the prokaryotic consensus position, whereas theatpB 5′-UTR lacks one. Therefore, it is likely that theatpB 5′-UTR has mechanisms other thanSD-ASD interactions in the 5′-UTR to facilitate translation initiation. The mechanism of translational activation is not known. A candidate for translational activation of theatpB mRNA is the general S1 ribosomal protein mediated mechanism with affinity for AU-reach sequences in the 5′-UTR (Franzetti et al., 1992; Alexander et al., 1998). A specific control factor could be encoded in a maize atp1 gene homolog (McCormac and Barkan, 1999). Our mutagenesis study indicates that the role of sequences downstream of AUG in plastid translation is highly dependent on the individual mRNA. The consequence of mutagenesis onrbcL translation was a dramatic 35-fold drop in NPTII levels from 11% (w/w) to 0.3% (w/w). It is apparent that translation of the chimeric mRNA is highly dependent on sequences directly downstream of ...
Home - Dever Lab: Section on Protein Biosynthesis - Science@NICHDHome - Dever Lab: Section on Protein Biosynthesis - [email protected]
Research in this section is focused on understanding translational regulatory mechanisms and the molecular details of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Given its critical importance as the ultimate step in gene expression and its significant energy r
Internally Funded Projects, Errors in Research Cores and Vivarium ChargesInternally Funded Projects, Errors in Research Cores and Vivarium Charges
This website converts English to other languages using an automated tool called Microsoft Translator™. The translations may include errors or change the intended meaning of the text. Please consult your healthcare provider about any medical information.. Translations may not be available for some items, including PDF documents, maps, video captions, and text that appears on photos. Also, some features on the website may not work in the translated versions.. ...
Cedars-SinaiCedars-Sinai
This website converts English to other languages using an automated tool called Microsoft Translator™. The translations may include errors or change the intended meaning of the text. Please consult your healthcare provider about any medical information.. Translations may not be available for some items, including PDF documents, maps, video captions, and text that appears on photos. Also, some features on the website may not work in the translated versions.. ...
Ribosome densities in yeast cecER (central ci - Eukaryotes - BNID 113957Ribosome densities in yeast cecER (central ci - Eukaryotes - BNID 113957
P.341 left column: [Investigators] show that cecER and the pmaER (cytoplasmic face) have the highest ribosome densities ranging from ∼600 to 1,100 ribosomes/µm^2 for the cecER and ∼550 to 900 ribosomes/µm^2 for the pmaER (cytoplasmic face). The ribosome density of yeast cecER is similar to that of mitotic mammalian BSC1 cell cisternae, which was determined by similar methods (1,000 ± 300 µm^2, primary source). The tubER is bound by ribosomes, although it does have less bound ribosomes than the other domains (typically ∼250-400 ribosomes/µm^2 density for tubER, Fig. 5 E). ER ribosome densities are generally lower in the bud than in the mother, suggesting that ribosomes may dissociate and then need to reassociate during inheritance (compare densities in Fig. 5, E and F). Together, these data demonstrate that tubER does have less bound ribosomes than cecER and pmaER. However, membrane curvature alone does not define ER ribosome density because pmaER and cecER have very similar levels of ...
Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule |...Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule |...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein synthesis is mediated by a highly conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES), mostly located at the 5′ untranslatable region (UTR) of the viral genome. The translation mechanism is different from that used by cellular cap-mRNAs, making IRESs an attractive target site for new antiviral drugs. The present work characterizes a chimeric RNA molecule (HH363-50) composed of two inhibitors: a hammerhead ribozyme targeting position 363 of the HCV genome and an aptamer directed towards the essential stem-loop structure in domain IV of the IRES region (which contains the translation start codon). The inhibitor RNA interferes with the formation of a translationally active complex, stalling its progression at the level of 80S particle formation. This action is likely related to the effective and specific blocking of HCV IRES-dependent translation achieved in Huh-7 cells. The inhibitor HH363-50 also reduces HCV RNA levels in a subgenomic replicon system. The present findings
N-terminal Proteomics and Ribosome Profiling Provide a Comprehensive View of the Alternative Translation Initiation Landscape...N-terminal Proteomics and Ribosome Profiling Provide a Comprehensive View of the Alternative Translation Initiation Landscape...
Usage of presumed 5′UTR or downstream in-frame AUG codons, next to non-AUG codons as translation start codons contributes to the diversity of a proteome as protein isoforms harboring different N-terminal extensions or truncations can serve different functions. Recent ribosome profiling data revealed a highly underestimated occurrence of database nonannotated, and thus alternative translation initiation sites (aTIS), at the mRNA level. N-terminomics data in addition showed that in higher eukaryotes around 20% of all identified protein N termini point to such aTIS, to incorrect assignments of the translation start codon, translation initiation at near-cognate start codons, or to alternative splicing. We here report on more than 1700 unique alternative protein N termini identified at the proteome level in human and murine cellular proteomes. Customized databases, created using the translation initiation mapping obtained from ribosome profiling data, additionally demonstrate the use of initiator ...
A Continuous-Exchange Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System Based on Extracts from Cultured Insect CellsA Continuous-Exchange Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System Based on Extracts from Cultured Insect Cells
In this study, we present a novel technique for the synthesis of complex prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins by using a continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) protein synthesis system based on extracts from cultured insect cells. Our approach consists of two basic elements: First, protein synthesis is performed in insect cell lysates which harbor endogenous microsomal vesicles, enabling a translocation of de novo synthesized target proteins into the lumen of the insect vesicles or, in the case of membrane proteins, their embedding into a natural membrane scaffold. Second, cell-free reactions are performed in a two chamber dialysis device for 48 h. The combination of the eukaryotic cell-free translation system based on insect cell extracts and the CECF translation system results in significantly prolonged reaction life times and increased protein yields compared to conventional batch reactions. In this context, we demonstrate the synthesis of various representative model proteins, among them cytosolic
Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro translational capacity of polysomes and on the composition of polysome-associated proteins...Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro translational capacity of polysomes and on the composition of polysome-associated proteins...
Plant growth throughout the world is often limited by unfavourable environmental conditions. This paper reports results of a study on long- and short-term osmotic stress (−0.5 MPa) followed by a recovery on in vitro translational capacity of polysomes and on the composition of polysome-associated proteins in germinating pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Here we show that, under osmotic stress, cytoskeleton-bound polysomes were charaterized by the highest translation activity, which may be indicative of an important role that this population of polysomes plays in the synthesis of the so-called "stress proteins". We also find out that in response to osmotic stress, new proteins (22.01, 96.47 and 105.3 kDa), absent in the unstressed sample, associated with the total pool of polysomes, whereas the protein of 22.95 kDa, which was present in the embryonic tissue of seeds germinating under unstressed conditions, disappeared. These changes may have affected both the stability and the translational ...
RiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints - MDC RepositoryRiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints - MDC Repository
MOTIVATION: Deep sequencing based ribosome footprint profiling can provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of protein translation. However, the observed ribosome profile is fundamentally confounded by transcriptional activity. In order to decipher principles of translation regulation, tools that can reliably detect changes in translation efficiency in case-control studies are needed. RESULTS: We present a statistical framework and an analysis tool, RiboDiff, to detect genes with changes in translation efficiency across experimental treatments. RiboDiff uses generalized linear models to estimate the over-dispersion of RNA-Seq and ribosome profiling measurements separately, and performs a statistical test for differential translation efficiency using both mRNA abundance and ribosome occupancy ...
Adaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell ScienceAdaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell Science
When faced with the selection pressure of chronic mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibition by AZD8055, SW620 cells remodelled mTOR signalling to allow them to continue to proliferate. We anticipated that this adaptation might involve a switch from cap-dependent to IRES-dependent translation because: (1) compensatory IRES-dependent translation is seen upon inhibition of cap-dependent translation (supplementary material Fig. S2) (Svitkin et al., 2005); (2) this was observed upon acute AZD8055 treatment (Fig. 1D); and (3) some oncogenes are translated by IRES-dependent mechanisms (Stoneley and Willis, 2004). However, IRES-dependent translation was not upregulated in SW620:8055R cells. Rather the cells adapted to chronic mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibition by amplifying eIF4E (Fig. 4) to increase eIF4E protein levels, thereby maintaining or even increasing cap-dependent translation (Fig. 5). RNAi to eIF4E revealed that SW620:8055R cells remained addicted to the increased expression of eIF4E to maintain AZD8055 ...
Protein Synthesis Worksheet. Worksheets. Doriandnimo Thousands of Printable ActivitiesProtein Synthesis Worksheet. Worksheets. Doriandnimo Thousands of Printable Activities
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Selective inhibition of virus protein synthesis by prostaglandin A1: a translational block associated with HSP70 synthesis. |...Selective inhibition of virus protein synthesis by prostaglandin A1: a translational block associated with HSP70 synthesis. |...
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins are potent inhibitors of virus replication. The antiviral activity has been associated with the induction of 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) synthesis. In this report, we describe that in African green monkey kidney cells infected with Sendai virus (SV) and treated with prostaglandin A1 (PGA1), SV protein synthesis was selectively blocked as long as HSP70 was being synthesized by the host cell. The block appeared to be at the translational level, as indicated by the following (i) PGA1 had no effect on SV primary transcription, and a dramatic decrease in the abundance of SV mRNA occurred only at later stages of infection; and (ii) treatment with PGA1 started at 6 h postinfection, at which time SV mRNA had already accumulated in infected cells, did not suppress the levels of NP mRNA, but it reduced the amount of ribosome-bound NP mRNA and caused a dramatic decrease in the level of genomic RNA. The PGA1-induced block of SV protein synthesis appeared to be cell ...
The global translation profile in a ribosomal protein mutant resembles by Bayu Sisay Tiruneh, Byung-Hoon Kim et al."The global translation profile in a ribosomal protein mutant resembles" by Bayu Sisay Tiruneh, Byung-Hoon Kim et al.
BACKGROUND: Genome-wide assays performed in Arabidopsis and other organisms have revealed that the translation status of mRNAs responds dramatically to different environmental stresses and genetic lesions in the translation apparatus. To identify additional features of the global landscape of translational control, we used microarray analysis of polysomal as well as non-polysomal mRNAs to examine the defects in translation in a poly(A) binding protein mutant, pab2 pab8, as well as in a mutant of a large ribosomal subunit protein, rpl24b/shortvalve1. RESULTS: The mutation of RPL24B stimulated the ribosome occupancy of mRNAs for nuclear encoded ribosomal proteins. Detailed analysis yielded new insights into the translational regulon containing the ribosomal protein mRNAs. First, the ribosome occupancy defects in the rpl24b mutant partially overlapped with those in a previously analyzed initiation factor mutant, eif3h. Second, a group of mRNAs with incomplete coding sequences appeared to be uncoupled from
KAKEN - Research Projects | Construction of synthetic gene regulatory networks in a cell-free protein synthesis system (KAKENHI...KAKEN - Research Projects | Construction of synthetic gene regulatory networks in a cell-free protein synthesis system (KAKENHI...
Principal Investigator：SUYAMA Akira, Project Period (FY)：2011-04-01 - 2016-03-31, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area), Project Area：Synthetic biology for the comprehension of biomolecular networks
Translation Process GeneTranslation Process Gene
What is Translation Process Gene? Definition of Translation Process Gene. Translation Process Gene FAQ. Learn more about Translation Process Gene. Translation Process Gene facts.
GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding...GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding...
GPR41 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by short chain fatty acids. The gene encoding GPR41 is located immediately downstream of a related gene encoding GPR40, a receptor for long chain fatty acids. Expression of GPR41 has been reported in a small number of cell types, including gut enteroendocrine cells and sympathetic ganglia, where it may play a role in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. We now demonstrate that GPR41, like GPR40, is expressed in pancreatic beta cells. Surprisingly, we found no evidence for transcriptional control elements or transcriptional initiation in the intergenic GPR40-GPR41 region. Rather, using 5-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, we demonstrated that GPR41 is transcribed from the promoter of the GPR40 gene. We confirmed this finding by generating bicistronic luciferase reporter plasmids, and we were able to map a potential internal ribosome entry site-containing region to a 2474-nucleotide region of the intergenic sequence. Consistent with this, we
XiaLabXiaLab
What is the most efficient translation initiation signal? Does the small subunit ribosome do the scanning for the start codon or can a fully formed ribosome scan for start codon, too? When to scan from the 5 end and when to scan from the middle of 5UTR (internal ribosomal entry)? If secondary structure embedding start codon (or Shine-Dalgarno sequence or Kozak consensus) can obscure the translation initiation signal, how would highly expressed genes avoid this? What is the best way of measuring gene expression experimentally or bioinformatically? Do translation initiation efficiency affect elongation efficiency/accuracy? How to measure translation elongation efficiency/accuracy? Will a few closely spaced minor codons severely affect translation elongation? What is the optimal translation stop signal? How do release factors decode the stop signal? How the relative concentration and decoding capacity of different release factors affect stop codon usage? How frequent do tRNAs misread stop codons ...
Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. | Haldanes SieveSurveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. | Haldane's Sieve
Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. Patrick OConnor , Dmitry Andreev , Pavel Baranov doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/018762 Ribosome profiling is a promising technology for exploring gene expression. However, ribosome profiling data are characterized by a substantial number of outliers due to technical and biological factors. Here…
Alterations in protein synthesis following transplantation of mouse 8 by K E. Latham, J I. Garrels et al.Alterations in protein synthesis following transplantation of mouse 8" by K E. Latham, J I. Garrels et al.
Enucleated mouse 1-cell embryos arrest development at the 2-cell stage following transplantation of cleavage stage nuclei. Earlier studies employing one-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis failed to reveal obvious differences in gene expression in the manipulated embryos that might account for this block. We report here the results of a quantitative, two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis that reveals at least 50 alterations in protein synthesis in the 8--|1-cell nuclear transplant embryos. Approximately half of these alterations involve proteins that normally decrease in synthesis between the 2-cell and 8-cell stages and half involve proteins that are synthesized constitutively between these two stages. These results are the first to reveal significant biochemical alterations that accompany the morphological and cytological differences previously described and indicate that the 8-cell stage nucleus is unable to completely recapitulate the normal progression of changes in protein
Oxygen and glucose deprivation induces widespread alterations in mRNA translation within 20 minutes | Genome Biology | Full TextOxygen and glucose deprivation induces widespread alterations in mRNA translation within 20 minutes | Genome Biology | Full Text
Oxygen and glucose metabolism play pivotal roles in many (patho)physiological conditions. In particular, oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) during ischemia and stroke results in extensive tissue injury and cell death. Using time-resolved ribosome profiling, we assess gene expression levels in a neural cell line, PC12, during the first hour of OGD. The most substantial alterations are seen to occur within the first 20 minutes of OGD. While transcription of only 100 genes is significantly altered during one hour of OGD, the translation response affects approximately 3,000 genes. This response involves reprogramming of initiation and elongation rates, as well as the stringency of start codon recognition. Genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are most affected. Detailed analysis of ribosome profiles reveals salient alterations of ribosome densities on individual mRNAs. The mRNA-specific alterations include increased translation of upstream open reading frames, site-specific ribosome pauses, and
Hsp90 Controls GSK-3β Kinase Specificity | Science SignalingHsp90 Controls GSK-3β Kinase Specificity | Science Signaling
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) has long been known as a signaling component in insulin regulation of metabolism and, more recently, as a key part of the Wnt signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation, cell fate, and other processes during development. Unlike most other kinases, GSK3 is constitutively active and is regulated by inhibition. Full expression of this constitutive activity in the mammalian enzyme appears to require phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue in the activation loop of GSK3, which the enzyme accomplishes by intramolecular autophosphorylation, even though the kinase phosphorylates strictly serine and threonine residues on its exogenous substrates. Lochhead et al. explored the mechanism by which this switch in residue specificity is possible. Tagged GSK-3β synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system showed rapid autophosphorylation that was inhibited by inhibitors of the molecular chaperone protein Hsp90. This chaperone-assisted tyrosine kinase ...
Functional characteristics of two membrane-bound polysome fractions from chick embryosFunctional characteristics of two membrane-bound polysome fractions from chick embryos
Abstract: Among various membrane-bound polyribosomes from chicken embryos the polyribosomes loosely bound with membranes proved to be highly active in synthesis of total proteins as well as of collagens in vitro. These data suggest that polyribosomes loosely bound with membranes were not an impurity of free polyribosomes in the total preparation of the membrane-bound polyribosomes. These polyribosomes constituted a definite class of polyribosomes active in the synthesis of secreted proteins (i.e. of collagen). In polyribosome fractions identified by their size (monosomes, light and heavy polyribosomes) all the three fractions of loosely-bound polyribosomes as well as light and heavy fractions of tightly-bound polyribosomes were active in synthesis of total proteins. Differences between tightly-and loosely-bound polyribosomes were noted also in studies of cell-free synthesis of collagen proteins. Heavy fractions of tightly-bound polyribosomes were the most active in synthesis of these proteins, ...
Ribosome | Springer for Research & DevelopmentRibosome | Springer for Research & Development
Microsome; Translation machinery The ribosome is the central component of the protein synthesis machinery in the cell. It contains both RNAand protein and is composed of two subunits. Ribosomes...
Ribosome ProfilingRibosome Profiling
Most of our current knowledge about gene regulation is based on studies of mRNA levels, despite both the greater functional importance of protein abundance, and evidence that post-transcriptional regulation is pervasive. However, understanding the molecular basis of regulatory variation within and between species may prove very useful. Indeed, the majority of identified human disease-risk alleles lie in non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting that they affect gene regulation. Until recently, the lack of performant high-throughput methods for detecting protein abundance hampered the in-depth study of gene regulation. However, a new method known as ribosome profiling has enabled us to study divergence in the regulation of translation.. Ribosome profiling or riboprofiling involves the construction of two RNA-seq libraries: one measuring mRNA abundance (the mRNA fraction), and the second capturing the portion of the transcriptome that is actively being translated by ribosomes (the Ribo ...
Translational control by mTOR-independent routes: how eIF6 organizes metabolism. - Semantic ScholarTranslational control by mTOR-independent routes: how eIF6 organizes metabolism. - Semantic Scholar
Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest in the interconnection between translation and metabolism. Important oncogenic pathways, like those elicited by c-Myc transcription factor and mTOR kinase, couple the activation of the translational machinery with glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. Eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6) is a factor necessary for 60S ribosome maturation. eIF6 acts also as a cytoplasmic translation initiation factor, downstream of growth factor stimulation. eIF6 is up-regulated in several tumor types. Data on mice models have demonstrated that eIF6 cytoplasmic activity is rate-limiting for Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. In spite of this, eIF6 is neither transcriptionally regulated by Myc, nor post-transcriptionally regulated by mTOR. eIF6 stimulates a glycolytic and fatty acid synthesis program necessary for tumor growth. eIF6 increases the translation of transcription factors necessary for lipogenesis, such as CEBP/β, ATF4 and CEBP/δ. Insulin stimulation leads
Volume 17.27 | Jul 18 - Cell Therapy NewsVolume 17.27 | Jul 18 - Cell Therapy News
An miRNA-Mediated Therapy for SCA6 Blocks IRES-Driven Translation of the CACNA1A Second Cistron Researchers identified miR-3191-5p as a microRNA (miRNA) that targeted CACNA1A internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) and preferentially inhibited the CACNA1A IRES-driven translation of α1ACT in an Argonaute 4-dependent manner. They found that eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), eIF4AII and eIF4GII, interacted with the CACNA1A IRES to enhance α1ACT translation. [Sci Transl Med] Abstract Neurons Differentiated from Transplanted Stem Cells Respond Functionally to Acoustic Stimuli in the Awake Monkey Brain Researchers examined whether neurons differentiated from transplanted stem cells can integrate into the host neural network and function in awake animals, a goal of transplanted stem cell therapy in the brain. [Cell Rep] Full Article , Graphical Abstract Cardiac Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MR Imaging Tracking of Cell Survival or Rejection in Mouse Models of Cell Therapy One million C2C12 ...
Cell-Free Protein Expression | in vitro Translation | Cell-Free ExpressionCell-Free Protein Expression | in vitro Translation | Cell-Free Expression
Kits and reagents for cell-free protein expression in just a few hours using mRNA templates in translational systems, or DNA template (plasmid DNA or PCR fragments) in coupled transcription and translation systems.
JCI - Bacterial sepsis triggers an antiviral response that causes translation shutdownJCI - Bacterial sepsis triggers an antiviral response that causes translation shutdown
In response to viral pathogens, the host upregulates antiviral genes that suppress translation of viral mRNAs. However, induction of such antiviral responses may not be exclusive to viruses, as the pathways lie at the intersection of broad inflammatory networks that can also be induced by bacterial pathogens. Using a model of Gram-negative sepsis, we show that propagation of kidney damage initiated by a bacterial origin ultimately involves antiviral responses that result in host translation shutdown. We determined that activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 2/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (Eif2ak2/Eif2α) axis is the key mediator of translation initiation block in late-phase sepsis. Reversal of this axis mitigated kidney injury. Furthermore, temporal profiling of the kidney translatome revealed that multiple genes involved in formation of the initiation complex were translationally altered during bacterial sepsis. Collectively, our findings imply ...
Stringent Response: Double life of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7 12Stringent Response: Double life of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7 12
Mitochondria have their own transcriptional and translational apparatus, even though they produce only a handful of proteins, therefore most of the proteins are imported from the cytoplasm. Trancription, translation and protein insertion into the membrane are interconnected: translational activators regulating mitochondrial translation are interacting with mitochondrial RNA polymerase via Nam1p and Sls1p proteins (Bryan et al. Genetics 2002), Puf proteins connect cytoplasmic translation and protein import into mitochondria by direct interaction with Tom20 subunit of the TOM protein import channel (Saint-Georges et al. PLoS ONE 2008 ...
Salmonella stays deadly with a beta version of cell behaviorSalmonella stays deadly with a 'beta' version of cell behavior
The study is published in the Aug. 14 online edition of the journal Nature Chemical Biology.. This work began when University of Toronto scientists exploring the origins of Salmonellas virulence identified three genes that were clear players in the process. These three genes - called YjeK, PoxA and EF-P - were unusual in this context. Genes that confer virulence in bacteria typically have a specific job, such as producing toxins or transporters. But these three virulence genes all looked like they should have a role in the protein synthesis machinery - which is Ibbas expertise.. Under normal circumstances in cells, an enzyme will select amino acids in the cell and place them on a molecule called transfer RNA, or tRNA, which leads to translation of the genetic code into proteins.. In Salmonella cells, these steps are similar, but with a few surprising twists, Ibba said. He and colleagues confirmed that the YjeK gene makes beta lysine, and showed that the PoxA gene takes that beta lysine and ...
Halfbakery: Medicinal MasturbationHalfbakery: Medicinal Masturbation
The demand for recombinant therapeutic proteins grows larger every year. These medicines are used for treatment of myriad disorders and conditions, including cancer, lysosomal storage diseases, and diabetes. The vast majority of therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins, meaning that they have short, distinctive carbohydrate chains attached to particular amino acids of the protein backbone. These carbohydrate chains are often required for proper function or targetting of the protein.. Many different eukaryotic hosts, including yeast, hamster and insect cell cultures, plants, chickens, and even lactating mammals have been engineered to produce therapeutic proteins at industrial scale. The issue is that while the core protein synthesis machinery is more-or-less conserved across eukaryotic kingdoms, the carbohydrate chains that are added to the proteins by the cell are highly variable. Even the glycosylation patterns of mammalian cell cultures can prove difficult to control. If the protein is produced ...
The general mode of translation inhibition by macrolide antibiotics | PNASThe general mode of translation inhibition by macrolide antibiotics | PNAS
The results of the genome-wide ribosome profiling analysis significantly redefine our understanding of the mode of action of macrolide antibiotics. In contrast to the previously prevailing view, and in agreement with the more recent proteomic and biochemical experiments, ribosome profiling clearly reveals these antibiotics as context- and thus protein-specific inhibitors of translation. Synthesis of the protein is interrupted not simply when the nascent chain reaches the site of the drug binding in the NPET but also when the drug-bound ribosome comes across a sequence of codons specifying specific combinations of amino acids.. A striking finding that emerged from the results of the profiling analysis and biochemical experiments is that the sites of macrolide-dependent translation arrest are defined primarily not by the sequence of the nascent chain juxtaposed with the antibiotic in the NPET but by the nature of the amino acid residues in the PTC: specifically, the C-terminal amino acids of the ...
RNA trafficking and local protein synthesis in dendrites: an overview.<...RNA trafficking and local protein synthesis in dendrites: an overview.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - RNA trafficking and local protein synthesis in dendrites. T2 - an overview.. AU - Martin, Kelsey C.. AU - Zukin, R. Suzanne. PY - 2006/7/5. Y1 - 2006/7/5. N2 - It is now widely accepted that mRNAs localize to dendrites and that translation of these mRNAs is regulated in response to neuronal activity. Recent studies have begun to reveal the underpinnings of these processes and to underscore the importance of local protein synthesis to synaptic remodeling and plasticity. When Steward and Levy (1982) first reported their observation of polyribosomes at the base of spines, the prevailing view was that all proteins were synthesized in the cell body and then transported to distal compartments of neurons. Steward and Levys discovery, however, raised the intriguing possibility that mRNAs could be transported to synapses and locally translated in response to synaptic stimulation. This provided an elegant mechanism for spatially restricting gene expression within the neuron, such that ...
The Translation Repressor 4E-BP2 Is Critical for eIF4F Complex Formation, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory in the Hippocampus |...The Translation Repressor 4E-BP2 Is Critical for eIF4F Complex Formation, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory in the Hippocampus |...
Homologous recombination. The mouse Eif4ebp2 gene was obtained by screening a λ FixII 129/SvJ mouse genomic library (Tsukiyama-Kohara et al., 2001). The targeting vector consisted of a 4.9 kb XbaI Eif4ebp2 genomic fragment upstream of exon 2, a pTK-Neo cassette (pMC1neo; Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), and a 1.2 kb AflIII-BclI Eif4ebp2 genomic fragment downstream of exon 2. Electroporation of the linearized vector (NotI) into 129/Sv embryonic stem (ES) cell line J1 (Li et al., 1992) and selection of G418-resistant transformants were performed as described previously (You-Ten et al., 1997). G418-resistant colonies were analyzed for homologous recombination by Southern blot analysis.. Mutant mice. Generation of chimeric and mutant mice was performed as described previously (You-Ten et al., 1997). Genotyping was performed by Southern blot analysis with probes derived from a 1.8 kb XbaI fragment located upstream of the targeting vector, a fragment derived from the 3′ untranslated region of Eif4ebp2, ...
In vitro studies on the subcellular location of glucosidase I and glucosidase II in dog pancreas | Bioscience ReportsIn vitro studies on the subcellular location of glucosidase I and glucosidase II in dog pancreas | Bioscience Reports
When programmed with yeast prepro-α-factor mRNA, the heterologous reticulocyte/dog pancreas translation system synthesizes two pheromone related polypeptides, a cytosolically located primary translation product (pp-α-Fcyt, 21 kDa) and a membrane-specific and multiply glycosylated e-factor precursor (pp-α-F3, 27.5 kDa). Glycosylation of the membrane specific pp-α-F3 species is competitively inhibited by synthetic peptides containing the consensus sequence Asn-Xaa-Thr as indicated by a shift of its molecular mass from 27.5 kDa to about 19.5 kDa (pp-α-F0), whereas the primary translation product pp-α-F cyt is not affected. Likewise, only the glycosylated pp-α-F3 structure is digested by Endo H yielding a polypeptide with a molecular mass between PP-α-F0 and pp-α-F cyt. These observations strongly suggest that the primary translation product is proteolytically processed during/on its translocation into the lumen of the microsomal vesicles. We believe that this proteolytic processing is due ...
Local translation in neuronal compartments: how local is local? | EMBO ReportsLocal translation in neuronal compartments: how local is local? | EMBO Reports
Efficient neuronal function depends on the continued modulation of the local neuronal proteome. Local protein synthesis plays a central role in tuning the neuronal proteome at specific neuronal regions. Various aspects of translation such as the localization of translational machinery, spatial spread of the newly translated proteins, and their site of action are carried out in specialized neuronal subcompartments to result in a localized functional outcome. In this review, we focus on the various aspects of these local translation compartments such as size, biochemical and organelle composition, structural boundaries, and temporal dynamics. We also discuss the apparent absence of definitive components of translation in these local compartments and the emerging state‐of‐the‐art tools that could help dissecting these conundrums in greater detail in the future. ...
Cambio Now Supplies ARTseq™ Ribosome Profiling Kits for Creating RNA Sequence Libraries | SelectScienceCambio Now Supplies ARTseq™ Ribosome Profiling Kits for Creating RNA Sequence Libraries | SelectScience
Cambio, distributor of molecular biology reagents and consumables to scientific research laboratories within the UK, has added an innovative new product to its portfolio. ARTseq™ (Active mRNA Translation) ribosome profiling kits, produced by Epicentre, enable users to create RNA sequence libraries from ribosome-protected mRNA. This novel technique is used to investigate translational control, measure gene expression, identify translation start sites and predict protein abundance, making them ide
Stringent Response: mitochondrial translation - complete messStringent Response: mitochondrial translation - complete mess
Mitochondria do not have IF1 (all mitochondria), and unlike mammals, yeast ones do not have IF3! Also they seem to use mitochondria-specific initiation factor AEP3. Do mammals have AEP3 homologue? Worth checking... To make things more complicated, mitochondria have their own special mRNA-specific factors... and again, there is a catch. Yeast mRNA have long 5 UTRs (untranslated regions), and mammals have short, they basically have leaderless mRNAs (Id love to see a good reference for that! THIS is a little bit out of date...) - therefore I would expect that these mRNA-specific IFs work differently in yeast in mammals. So yeast and mammalian mitochondrial translation seems to have very, very different translational apparatus. Isnt is weird ...
Translation initiation factors and active sites of protein synthesis co-localize at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts ...Translation initiation factors and active sites of protein synthesis co-localize at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts ...
Cell migration is a highly controlled essential cellular process, often dysregulated in tumour cells, dynamically controlled by the architecture of the cell. Studies involving cellular fractionation and microarray profiling have previously identified functionally distinct mRNA populations specific to cellular organelles and architectural compartments. However, the interaction between the translational machinery itself and cellular structures is relatively unexplored. To help understand the role for the compartmentalization and localized protein synthesis in cell migration, we have used scanning confocal microscopy, immunofluorescence and a novel ribopuromycylation method to visualize translating ribosomes. In the present study we show that eIFs (eukaryotic initiation factors) localize to the leading edge of migrating MRC5 fibroblasts in a process dependent on TGN (trans-Golgi network) to plasma membrane vesicle transport. We show that eIF4E and eIF4GI are associated with the Golgi apparatus and ...
Upstream ORF affects MYCN translation depending on exon 1b alternative splicing. - InsermUpstream ORF affects MYCN translation depending on exon 1b alternative splicing. - Inserm
BACKGROUND: The MYCN gene is transcribed into two major mRNAs: one full-length (MYCN) and one exon 1b-spliced (MYCNDelta1b) mRNA. But nothing is known about their respective ability to translate the MYCN protein. METHODS: Plasmids were prepared to enable translation from the upstream (uORF) and major ORF of the two MYCN transcripts. Translation was studied after transfection in neuroblastoma SH-EP cell line. Impact of the upstream AUG on translation was evaluated after directed mutagenesis. Functional study with the two MYCN mRNAs was conducted by a cell viability assay. Existence of a new protein encoded by the MYCNDelta1b uORF was explored by designing a rabbit polyclonal antibody against a specific epitope of this protein. RESULTS: Both are translated, but higher levels of protein were seen with MYCNDelta1b mRNA. An upstream ORF was shown to have positive cis-regulatory activity on translation from MYCN but not from MYCNDelta1b mRNA. In transfected SH-EP neuroblastoma cells, high MYCN dosage obtained
A Requirement for Mena, an Actin Regulator, in Local mRNA Translation in Developing NeuronsA Requirement for Mena, an Actin Regulator, in Local mRNA Translation in Developing Neurons
During neuronal development, local mRNA translation is required for axon guidance and synaptogenesis, and dysregulation of this process contributes to multiple neurodevelopmental and cognitive disorders. However, regulation of local protein synthesis in developing axons remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover a novel role for the actin-regulatory protein Mena in the formation of a ribonucleoprotein complex that involves the RNA-binding proteins HnrnpK and PCBP1 and regulates local translation of specific mRNAs in developing axons. We find that translation of dyrk1a, a Down syndrome- and autism spectrum disorders-related gene, is dependent on Mena, both in steady-state conditions and upon BDNF stimulation. We identify hundreds of additional mRNAs that associate with the Mena complex, suggesting that it plays broader role(s) in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Our work establishes a dual role for Mena in neurons, providing a potential link between regulation of actin dynamics and local ...
The split protein phosphatase system | Biochemical Journal | Portland PressThe split protein phosphatase system | Biochemical Journal | Portland Press
Knowledge of the function of the mammalian eIF2α phosphatases stems from their homology to a viral protein. In 1994, Joany Chou and Bernard Roizman discovered the function of the γ134.5 gene of herpes simplex virus: mutants lacking a functional γ134.5 gene failed to escape the shutdown of protein synthesis that followed viral infection [45]. They noted that the carboxy-terminal domain of γ134.5 is homologous to the carboxy-terminal domain of the product of the growth arrest and DNA damage gene Gadd34 (now PPP1R15A) [45] and indeed later showed that the carboxy-terminal domain of Gadd34 can substitute for the homologous domain of γ134.5 [46]. Chou and colleagues found that shutdown of protein synthesis following viral infection was mediated by PKR which phosphorylated eIF2α [47]. The Roizman laboratory then performed an unbiased yeast two-hybrid screen and found that Gadd34 and γ134.5 interacted with PP1c [48]. The functional relevance of this interaction was supported by the finding that ...
Translation Studies MA | Postgraduate taught | University of ExeterTranslation Studies MA | Postgraduate taught | University of Exeter
The programme is divided into units of study called modules which are assigned credits. The credit rating of a module is proportional to the total workload, with 1 credit being nominally equivalent to 10 hours of work.. Students on the MA Translation Studies take a selection of modules amounting to 180 credits in total. This includes a compulsory Translation Dissertation (60 credits) and two compulsory modules: Translation Theory (30 credits) and The Practice of Translation (30 credits). The remaining 60 credits are chosen from our optional modules, see below.. The modules we outline here provide examples of what you can expect to learn on this degree course based on recent academic teaching. The precise modules available to you in future years may vary depending on staff availability and research interests, new topics of study, timetabling and student demand.. ...
The fidelity of translation initiation: reciprocal activities of eIF1, IF3 and YciH | The EMBO JournalThe fidelity of translation initiation: reciprocal activities of eIF1, IF3 and YciH | The EMBO Journal
The fidelity of translation depends on accurate selection of the correct reading frame during initiation. In eukaryotes, this process involves at least 11 eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). Met‐tRNAiMet forms a ternary complex with eIF2 and GTP, which together with eIF1, eIF1A and eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosomal subunit to form a 43S preinitiation complex. After loading onto the mRNAs 5′ end in a process requiring eIFs 4A, 4B and 4F, the 43S complex scans downstream until it encounters an AUG triplet in a favorable context GCC(A/G)CCAUGG (in which the nucleotides at the −3 and +4 positions are the most important; Kozak, 1991), stops and forms a stable 48S complex with established codon-anticodon base pairing in the P site. These two context nucleotides are important features of mammalian mRNAs but differ in sequence and importance in other eukaryotes. Subsequent joining of a 60S subunit is mediated by eIF5 (which induces hydrolysis of eIF2‐bound GTP and dissociation of eIF2‐GDP ...
IRESite: Page homeIRESite: Page home
The IRESite database presents information about the experimentally studied IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site) segments. IRES regions are known to attract eukaryotic ribosomal translation initiation complex and thus promote translation initiation independently of the presence of the commonly utilized 5-terminal 7mG cap structure. It is not yet clear whether the activity could be attributed to a common sequence or to a common secondary structure present in them. Such IRES regions were found in a broad range of +RNA viruses and in some eukaryotic cellular mRNAs. Certain IRESs have been predicted based on the fact that closely related viruses should share its features and indeed, their sequences are in some regions conserved enough to allow identification of a new IRES. In contrast, cellular IRESs do not have almost anything in common in terms of their sequence or secondary structure. Therefore, cellular IRESs cannot be predicted. Either way, IRESite is focused only on IRESs which have been at ...
Reasons To Translate Your Website To Spanish By 800票价变7000 手镯事件成功和解 | www.xunbo.cc,bloxorz, mia farrow,invictus gaming...Reasons To Translate Your Website To Spanish By 800票价变7000 手镯事件成功和解 | www.xunbo.cc,bloxorz, mia farrow,invictus gaming...
Best Translation Services By: Alisha Jhon , Nov 12th 2014 - Best translation services Tags: Translation Agency In India, Website Translation Services, Document Translation By: Ranjan kumar , Sep 20th 2014 - Language Consultancy Services is a Professional Translation agency in India providing General and Technical Document Translation, Global Translation Services, Business Translation Services, Document Translation, Transcription Tags: Overcome Language And Cultural Barriers With Language Translation Services By: Beatrice Henson , Mar 19th 2014 - For a business to work globally, it is essential to communicate globally. First, it means our Internet sites and other commercial documents translated into the languages of most emerging markets. Tags: How We Avail Best Translation Site? By: Alisha Jhon , Jul 27th 2013 - Many developing companies are wanted to establish their companies in a huge level and for this p Tags: Translation Services For English To Spanish Language By: Pranav , Apr 25th 2013 - ...
CH391L/S12/TranslationRBSandCodons - OpenWetWareCH391L/S12/TranslationRBSandCodons - OpenWetWare
The first variable to be taken into account should be the sequence of the RBS itself, specifically to what degree the RBS is complementary to the free end of the 16s rRNA. If this hybridization is highly favorable, then the time needed to complete the initiation phase will be reduced allowing elongation to proceed. Obviously the start codon AUG must be upstream of the RBS and needs to lie 6-7 nt. The reason for such a specific distance is due to the geometry of the ribosome and where it attaches itself to the mRNA. Not only is the exact sequence of the RBS important, but the overall sequence of the mRNA will affect translation rates. The iGEM registry has a nice collection of RBSs. iGEM RBS catalog Secondary structure in mRNA has been shown to affect translation rates [3] due to competitive binding of the RBS by the ribosome as well as other nucleotides in the mRNA. Many attempts have been made to computationally predict the best sequence to minimize secondary structure in DNA/RNA. CircDesigNA ...
Characterization of 5 UTR splicing and the CGI in HIV-2 RNA by Christy Strong"Characterization of 5 UTR splicing and the CGI in HIV-2 RNA" by Christy Strong
HIV-2 tightly regulates several steps of its replication cycle via regulatory elements found within the 5 untranslated region of HIV-2 genomic RNA. Two elements of interest are the 5 UTR intron and the proposed long distance base pairing interaction between the C-box and G-box termed the CGI. This research focuses on the effects of 5 UTR splicing and the CGI in HIV-2 translation and replication. The central hypothesis is that both 5 UTR splicing and the CGI modulate HIV-2 translation and replication. This hypothesis was tested and supported by employing in vitro translation assays, SELEX, and cell culture studies. Results of these experiments demonstrate that splicing of the 5 UTR intron produces an isoform of gag mRNA that is specialized for high translational efficiency. Further, evidence is provided for a novel branched secondary structure within the CGI that is important for HIV-2 replication. In addition, we show that mutation of the C-box alone can enhance RNA encapsidation and mutation of the G
invitro translationinvitro translation
I am going to try invitro translation. Can anybody tell me where I ,can get the good kit with reasonable price? I prefer non-radioactive ,system. Thanks in advance. , ,Hua , Try Promega: Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate Systems. Works very good, but is a little expensive if you only by one kit. Anyways, try to negotiate a price. Andre ...
Evidence of evolutionary selection for cotranslational folding | PNASEvidence of evolutionary selection for cotranslational folding | PNAS
of all predicted intermediates are followed by conserved translational pauses (SI Appendix, Fig. S10), but the association between folding intermediates and conserved pauses is highly significant (Fig. 4). This observation is consistent with our hypothesis, since the effect of a pause depends on the relative timescales for translation and folding, as well as potential interference due to nonnative interactions. In addition, this observation explains why pause sites are not preferentially associated with domain boundaries: Although fully synthesized domains may be stable on the ribosome, the prior formation of a partial-chain intermediate is likely to affect the subsequent folding rates for other parts of the protein. As a result, the entire cotranslational folding pathway must be considered when interpreting the effect of a pause in translation. We anticipate that an optimal translation protocol (48) could be predicted with knowledge of the substructure-specific folding and translation rates, as ...
ProtochlorophyllideProtochlorophyllide
Cell (biology)Cell (biology)
User contributions for 96.5.162.193User contributions for 96.5.162.193
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndromeHyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
Alveolar capillary dysplasiaAlveolar capillary dysplasia
Nonsyndromic deafnessNonsyndromic deafness
Li-Fraumeni syndromeLi-Fraumeni syndrome
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferasePhosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase
Chromosome 17Chromosome 17
MetabolismMetabolism
Amino acidAmino acid
AnisomycinAnisomycin
N-formylmethionylaminoacyl-tRNA deformylaseN-formylmethionylaminoacyl-tRNA deformylase
Paul ZamecnikPaul Zamecnik
EF-TuEF-Tu
E1210E1210
Protoporphyrin IXProtoporphyrin IX
پروتئین - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادپروتئین - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Yehuda LapidotYehuda Lapidot
OatOat
VancomycinVancomycin
Cofactor (biochemistry)Cofactor (biochemistry)
BiostasisBiostasis
Theta defensinTheta defensin
Stem-loopStem-loop
Protein metabolismProtein metabolism
VancomycinVancomycin
GTPaseGTPase
Hershey-Chase experimentHershey-Chase experiment
FASTKD3FASTKD3
UDP-N,N-diacetilbacilozaminska 2-epimeraza (hidroliza)UDP-N,N'-diacetilbacilozaminska 2-epimeraza (hidroliza)
Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae
Genetically modified tomatoGenetically modified tomato
AndrogenAndrogen
QuercetinQuercetin
AntiandrogenAntiandrogen
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulatorGABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
Fosforibozilaminoimidazolna karboksilaza - ВикипедијаFosforibozilaminoimidazolna karboksilaza - Википедија
Competitive inhibitionCompetitive inhibition
D-Amino acidD-Amino acid
Beta-glucanBeta-glucan
ArchaeaArchaea
BiofuelBiofuel
කොලෙස්ටරෝල් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂයකොලෙස්ටරෝල් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂය
Codon degeneracyCodon degeneracy
Squalene monooxygenaseSqualene monooxygenase
PeroxisomePeroxisome
ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ ಜೈವಿಕ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ ಜೈವಿಕ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
Acid alpha-glucosidaseAcid alpha-glucosidase
Papaver somniferumPapaver somniferum
OatOat
Honey beeHoney bee
RNA worldRNA world
Mold health issuesMold health issues
TetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol
Vitamin CVitamin C
BleomycinBleomycin
SpheroplastSpheroplast
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Protein BiosynthesisPeptide Elongation Factor TuRibosomesRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylEscherichia coliPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalAbrinPeptide Elongation FactorsRNA, TransferMolecular Sequence DataGeobacillusAmino Acyl-tRNA SynthetasesBacterial ProteinsRibosomal ProteinsPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalPoly UAmino Acid SequenceKineticsTransfer RNA AminoacylationRNA, MessengerKeratins, Type IICycloheximideBase SequenceGlutamate-tRNA LigasePeptide Elongation Factor GBiosynthetic PathwaysGTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation FactorsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsRNA, Transfer, ArgMutationGenetic CodeMethionine-tRNA LigasePhenylalanineRNA, Transfer, PhePeptide BiosynthesisPeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalPeptide Elongation Factor 2Gene Expression ProfilingMethionineCell-Free SystemSpiro CompoundsPyridonesOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisCloning, MolecularPeptide Elongation Factor 1Leucine-tRNA LigaseGuanosine TriphosphateLeucineAmino AcidsNucleic Acid ConformationRNA, BacterialStreptomycesGene Expression Regulation, PlantMolecular StructureAnticodonSequence Homology, Amino AcidElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelTranscription, GeneticRNAModels, MolecularPuromycinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGene Expression Regulation, BacterialCarbon RadioisotopesReticulocytesPeptide Initiation FactorsSubstrate SpecificityRNA, RibosomalTritiumPolyribosomesFungal ProteinsLiverMultigene FamilyAnti-Bacterial AgentsGuanine NucleotidesProteomeEscherichia coli ProteinsProtein BindingBinding SitesModels, BiologicalGene ExpressionMass SpectrometryGuanosine DiphosphateGenes, BacterialPeptidesDNA, ComplementaryGene Expression RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMolecular WeightCell LineDNA PrimersTime FactorsGenetic Complementation TestProtein ConformationElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalTerpenesProteinsCells, CulturedAcyltransferasesPolyketide SynthasesRabbitsPeptide SynthasesGlucoseBlotting, NorthernTemperatureStructure-Activity RelationshipCodonProteomicsProtein Structure, TertiaryGlycosyltransferasesOxidoreductasesArabidopsisMitochondriaPlant ProteinsCarrier ProteinsNucleic Acid HybridizationCell MembraneChromatography, High Pressure LiquidChromatography, Thin LayerSignal TransductionMevalonic AcidDose-Response Relationship, DrugTumor Cells, CulturedAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesCell DivisionGenes, PlantPolyisoprenyl PhosphatesSequence AlignmentPteridinesMethyltransferasesArabidopsis ProteinsCarbon IsotopesSterolsTransferasesLyasesSequence Analysis, DNAHexosaminesPhylogenyAnthraquinonesPlants, Genetically ModifiedAcetatesErythritolGene DeletionHemiterpenesMutagenesis, InsertionalCell WallEthylenesTetrapyrrolesCarbohydrate SequenceFatty AcidsErgosterolMultienzyme ComplexesSiderophoresRecombinant ProteinsMixed Function OxygenasesCoenzymesPlantsNucleotidyltransferasesGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyPeptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-IndependentGlucosyltransferasesHydro-LyasesPlant LeavesCarotenoidsGlycolipidsFarnesyl-Diphosphate FarnesyltransferaseCulture MediaCyclopentanesCarbohydrate EpimerasesLigninOxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group DonorsTransaminasesPlant Growth RegulatorsCatalysisLanosterolCarboxy-LyasesGibberellinsUridine Diphosphate N-AcetylglucosamineMetabolic Networks and PathwaysDNA, BacterialGlycosylationSqualeneMicrosomesOpen Reading FramesGalactosyltransferasesGlucosamineAlcohol OxidoreductasesPlasmidsPantothenic AcidPlant RootsOxylipinsOperonPhenotypeSeedsIntramolecular TransferasesPolysaccharidesPolyaminesThiamineBiocatalysisPolysaccharides, Bacterial
Protein biosynthesis - WikipediaProtein biosynthesis - Wikipedia
Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein - WikipediaProkaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein - Wikipedia
Category:Protein biosynthesis - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Protein biosynthesis - Wikimedia Commons
Phenazine biosynthesis PhzF protein (IPR003719) | InterPro | EMBL-EBIPhenazine biosynthesis PhzF protein (IPR003719) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Thiamine biosynthesis protein ThiF (IPR012729) | InterPro | EMBL-EBIThiamine biosynthesis protein ThiF (IPR012729) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
cell wall biosynthesis glycosyltransferase [Bacillus thuringiensis BMB - Protein - NCBIcell wall biosynthesis glycosyltransferase [Bacillus thuringiensis BMB - Protein - NCBI
The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis | PNASThe retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis | PNAS
Protein biosynthesis - WikipediaProtein biosynthesis - Wikipedia
DVU0045 flagellar biosynthesis protein, FliO [Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough] - Gene - NCBIDVU0045 flagellar biosynthesis protein, FliO [Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough] - Gene - NCBI
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Molybdopterin biosynthesis Mog protein - O53877 (O53877 MYCTO)RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Molybdopterin biosynthesis Mog protein - O53877 (O53877 MYCTO)
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzG - Q51793 (PHZG PSEFL)RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View - Phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzG - Q51793 (PHZG PSEFL)
Manipulating Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microalgae for Biofuel through Protein-Protein InteractionsManipulating Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microalgae for Biofuel through Protein-Protein Interactions
Regents Protein Synthesis | Dna | BiosynthesisRegents Protein Synthesis | Dna | Biosynthesis
algA - Alginate biosynthesis protein AlgA - Pseudomonas fluorescens - algA gene & proteinalgA - Alginate biosynthesis protein AlgA - Pseudomonas fluorescens - algA gene & protein
Protein Biosynthesis - ChemgapediaProtein Biosynthesis - Chemgapedia
Articles on Molecular Biology, Cells, DNA, RNA & Protein Biosynthesis at the Genetics ChannelArticles on Molecular Biology, Cells, DNA, RNA & Protein Biosynthesis at the Genetics Channel
View Inhibitors Of Protein Biosynthesis 1979View Inhibitors Of Protein Biosynthesis 1979
Protein Biosynthesis | Molecular and Cellular BiologyProtein Biosynthesis | Molecular and Cellular Biology
purH - Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PurH - Burkholderia insecticola - purH gene & proteinpurH - Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PurH - Burkholderia insecticola - purH gene & protein
CAD: A Multifunctional Protein Leading De Novo Pyrimidine BiosynthesisCAD: A Multifunctional Protein Leading De Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis ...Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis ...
AID 504807 - Identification of Proteins Required for Histone mRNA Biosynthesis - PubChemAID 504807 - Identification of Proteins Required for Histone mRNA Biosynthesis - PubChem
Search: pathway:Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - The Human Protein AtlasSearch: pathway:Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - The Human Protein Atlas
Sonifying Protein Bio SynthesisSonifying Protein Bio Synthesis
Protein biosynthesis - RightDiagnosis.comProtein biosynthesis - RightDiagnosis.com
The biosynthesis of neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteinsThe biosynthesis of neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins
Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. | Plant CellSeed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. | Plant Cell
Human amylin proteotoxicity impairs protein biosynthesis, and alters major cellular signaling pathways in the heart, brain and...Human amylin proteotoxicity impairs protein biosynthesis, and alters major cellular signaling pathways in the heart, brain and...
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis proteins superfamilyMolybdenum cofactor biosynthesis proteins superfamily
ScCobB2-mediated lysine desuccinylation regulates protein biosynthesis and carbon metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor |...ScCobB2-mediated lysine desuccinylation regulates protein biosynthesis and carbon metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor |...
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Protein BiosynthesisPeptide Elongation Factor TuRibosomesRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylEscherichia coliPeptide Chain Elongation, TranslationalAbrinPeptide Elongation FactorsRNA, TransferMolecular Sequence DataGeobacillusAmino Acyl-tRNA SynthetasesBacterial ProteinsRibosomal ProteinsPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalPoly UAmino Acid SequenceKineticsTransfer RNA AminoacylationRNA, MessengerKeratins, Type IICycloheximideBase SequenceGlutamate-tRNA LigasePeptide Elongation Factor GBiosynthetic PathwaysGTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation FactorsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsRNA, Transfer, ArgMutationGenetic CodeMethionine-tRNA LigasePhenylalanineRNA, Transfer, PhePeptide BiosynthesisPeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalPeptide Elongation Factor 2Gene Expression ProfilingMethionineCell-Free SystemSpiro CompoundsPyridonesOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisCloning, MolecularPeptide Elongation Factor 1Leucine-tRNA LigaseGuanosine TriphosphateLeucineAmino AcidsNucleic Acid ConformationRNA, BacterialStreptomycesGene Expression Regulation, PlantMolecular StructureAnticodonSequence Homology, Amino AcidElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelTranscription, GeneticRNAModels, MolecularPuromycinSaccharomyces cerevisiaeGene Expression Regulation, BacterialCarbon RadioisotopesReticulocytesPeptide Initiation FactorsSubstrate SpecificityRNA, RibosomalTritiumPolyribosomesFungal ProteinsLiverMultigene FamilyAnti-Bacterial AgentsGuanine NucleotidesProteomeEscherichia coli ProteinsProtein BindingBinding SitesModels, BiologicalGene ExpressionMass SpectrometryGuanosine DiphosphateGenes, BacterialPeptidesDNA, ComplementaryGene Expression RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMolecular WeightCell LineDNA PrimersTime FactorsGenetic Complementation TestProtein ConformationElectrophoresis, Gel, Two-DimensionalTerpenesProteinsCells, CulturedAcyltransferasesPolyketide SynthasesRabbitsPeptide SynthasesGlucoseBlotting, NorthernTemperatureStructure-Activity RelationshipCodonProteomicsProtein Structure, TertiaryGlycosyltransferasesOxidoreductasesArabidopsisMitochondriaPlant ProteinsCarrier ProteinsNucleic Acid HybridizationCell MembraneChromatography, High Pressure LiquidChromatography, Thin LayerSignal TransductionMevalonic AcidDose-Response Relationship, DrugTumor Cells, CulturedAlkyl and Aryl TransferasesCell DivisionGenes, PlantPolyisoprenyl PhosphatesSequence AlignmentPteridinesMethyltransferasesArabidopsis ProteinsCarbon IsotopesSterolsTransferasesLyasesSequence Analysis, DNAHexosaminesPhylogenyAnthraquinonesPlants, Genetically ModifiedAcetatesErythritolGene DeletionHemiterpenesMutagenesis, InsertionalCell WallEthylenesTetrapyrrolesCarbohydrate SequenceFatty AcidsErgosterolMultienzyme ComplexesSiderophoresRecombinant ProteinsMixed Function OxygenasesCoenzymesPlantsNucleotidyltransferasesGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyPeptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-IndependentGlucosyltransferasesHydro-LyasesPlant LeavesCarotenoidsGlycolipidsFarnesyl-Diphosphate FarnesyltransferaseCulture MediaCyclopentanesCarbohydrate EpimerasesLigninOxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group DonorsTransaminasesPlant Growth RegulatorsCatalysisLanosterolCarboxy-LyasesGibberellinsUridine Diphosphate N-AcetylglucosamineMetabolic Networks and PathwaysDNA, BacterialGlycosylationSqualeneMicrosomesOpen Reading FramesGalactosyltransferasesGlucosamineAlcohol OxidoreductasesPlasmidsPantothenic AcidPlant RootsOxylipinsOperonPhenotypeSeedsIntramolecular TransferasesPolysaccharidesPolyaminesThiamineBiocatalysisPolysaccharides, Bacterial
MRNACell wall biosynthesisPathwayMetabolismEnzymesRole of protein biosynthesisSection on Protein BiosynthesisGeneGenesRibosomeBacteriaPeptidesArabidopsisRegulationPseudomonasPathwaysAntibioticTryptophan biosynthesisFlavonoid biosynthesisRegulatesSearch proteins in UniProtKBEnzymeBifunctionalFattyEncodesNucleic acidsCellulose biosynthesisTRNAPolypeptideInteractionsIncorporationPathogensDegradationGeneticResiduesLipidPhenazinePhylogeneticCharacterizationStructuresMultifunctionalInhibitorsAntibodiesMembraneUniProtSecretionSequenceOrganismsEukaryotesTransmembranePutativeRegulateYeastSynthaseCellsPhotosynthesisInhibitionBiosyntheticRecombinant proteinLocusStorage proteins
MRNA12
Cell wall biosynthesis1
Pathway13
  • In this article, we have demonstrated that the major retrograde signaling protein GUN1 can bind tetrapyrroles and regulate the flow through the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. (pnas.org)
  • In animals, the de novo pathway is initiated and controlled by CAD, a ∼240‐kDa multifunctional protein with four different enzymatic domains: glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC). (els.net)
  • a) Overview of the de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of pyrimidines. (els.net)
  • Thus, Fd1, a one-electron carrier protein in photosynthesis, drives the phycobilin biosynthetic pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Functional enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that four pathways might be involved in storage protein biosynthesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) pathway is a promising target for antibacterial drug discovery and current research is focused on elucidating the substrate specificity of the b-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS) enzymes in this pathway, identify the interactions between the components of the FASII pathway and discovering the unknown dehydratase, and studying the interaction of current enzyme inhibitors with FASII components in whole cells. (suny.edu)
  • Several data in the literature suggest the existence of protein-protein interactions within the FASII pathway. (suny.edu)
  • This disaggregase accumulates when the MEP pathway flux is decreased and in situations causing protein folding stress. (tesisenred.net)
  • E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE or IspG) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (LytB or IspH) are involved in the last two steps of the DOXP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. (auburn.edu)
  • The evolutionary conservation of the complex diphthamide biosynthesis pathway throughout eukaryotes implies a key role for diphthamide in normal cellular physiology. (ozgene.com)
  • This hypothesis is supported by evidence that inhibition of the TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway and various translation factors that inhibit protein synthesis lead to slowing of growth and development but extend lifespan. (isharonline.org)
  • Here, we report that increased synthesis of N-glycan precursors in the hexosamine pathway improves ER protein homeostasis and extends lifespan in C. elegans. (isharonline.org)
  • A role for SP85 and interacting coat proteins in this signaling pathway explains many of the defects of SP85-null spores and the dominant negative effects of the partial length fragments. (reedforiowa.com)
Metabolism8
Enzymes13
  • Eukaryotes usually have two separate enzymes, while most prokaryotes have a single bifunctional protein that can carry out both catalyses, although exceptions occur in both cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Members of this family are members of the superfamily of activating enzymes (E1) of the ubiquitin-like proteins [ PMID: 12660720 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • To express a protein by a cell-free system, purified and separated components from cell lysates, e.g. of prokaryotic or eucaryotic origin, get re-combined with certain additives (e.g. amino acids, energy or buffer components, transcription enzymes) in a test tube in a respective manner to process a complete bio-protein synthetic cycle of an offered gene, which encodes for a certain protein. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Biosynthesis of lanthionine-constrained peptides exploiting engineered Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria that contain lanthionine-introducing enzymes constitutes a convenient method for discovery of lanthionine-stabilized GPCR agonists. (portlandpress.com)
  • The two committed enzymatic steps of riboflavin biosynthesis are performed in plants by bifunctional RIBA enzymes comprised of GTP cyclohydrolase II (GCHII) and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (DHBPS). (mdpi.com)
  • Transcription of miRNA-encoding genes is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II, and the transcripts are spliced into mature miRNA via dicer-like enzymes and several protein complexes ( Bartel, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Ergosterol is a major and specific component of the fungal plasma membrane, and thus, the cytochrome P450 enzymes (Erg proteins) that catalyze ergosterol synthesis have been selected as valuable targets of azole antifungals. (asm.org)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that a cytochrome b 5 -like heme-binding damage resistance protein (Dap) family, comprised of DapA, DapB, and DapC, coordinately regulates the functionality of cytochrome P450 enzymes Erg5 and Erg11 and oppositely affects susceptibility to azoles. (asm.org)
  • The AdrA protein can catalyze the synthesis of bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic diguanylic acid (cyclic di-GMP), which in turn stimulates the enzymes responsible for cellulose production ( 48 ). (asm.org)
  • Substrates are shuttled between the FASII enzymes by acyl carrier protein, a phosphopantetheinylated protein with a MW of 13 kDa in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 7 kDa in Escherichia coli. (suny.edu)
  • All systems, however, construct Fe-S clusters through a similar biosynthetic scheme involving three main steps: (1) sulfur activation by a cysteine desulfurase, (2) cluster assembly by a scaffold protein, and (3) guided delivery of Fe-S units to either final acceptors or biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of complex metalloclusters. (biochemsoctrans.org)
  • Furthermore, we analyzed the thioester reductase FclG and the free-standing condensation domain-like protein FclL in detail and observed low substrate specificity for both enzymes. (springer.com)
  • Phosphoproteome analysis of functional mitochondria isolated from resting human muscle reveals extensive phosphorylation of inner membrane protein complexes and enzymes. (nih.gov)
Role of protein biosynthesis1
Section on Protein Biosynthesis1
Gene14
  • Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A gene on chromosome 2q35 that encodes a bifunctional protein that catalyses the last two steps in purine biosynthesis. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The gene‐specific translation initiation region (TIR) drives a growth‐dependent, differential production of proteins in the absence of regulators. (embopress.org)
  • Given its critical importance as the ultimate step in gene expression and its significant energy requirements, the fidelity and efficiency of protein synthesis are key elements for cell growth and development. (nih.gov)
  • A gene on chromosome 17p13.2 that encodes a component of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) transamidase complex essential for the transfer of GPI to proteins and involved in GPI-anchor and glycolipid biosynthesis. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Our results indicate that CsgD can modulate cellulose biosynthesis through activation of the yoaD gene. (asm.org)
  • Expression of both curli and cellulose depends on the CsgD protein, a putative transcription regulator of the LuxR family, which activates transcription of the csgBAC operon ( 2 ), which encodes curli structural subunits, and transcription of the adrA gene, a positive effector of cellulose biosynthesis ( 45 ). (asm.org)
  • The product of the CsgD-dependent adrA gene is a member of the GGDEF protein family ( 16 , 50 ). (asm.org)
  • Our data therefore confirm that GUN1 is a central integrator of different pathways controlling chloroplast protein homeostasis beyond the control of nuclear gene ex- pression. (tesisenred.net)
  • If a protein contains two or more different polypeptide chains, each chain is coded by a different gene. (libretexts.org)
  • This locus represents a mitochondrial ubiquinone biosynthesis gene. (nih.gov)
  • literature review doctoral dissertation chapters neoa, b, and c social legal and ethical issues in counselling essays of elia encoded in the butirosin and neomycin biosynthesis of proteins neomycin biosynthetic gene cluster have been enzymatically confirmed to be responsible to the formation of 2-deoxystreptamine learning to read and write thesis (dos) essay about my village in malaysia children in streptomyces fradiae. (medicinos.info)
  • Increased Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X) immunoreactivity in the degenerating striatum of rats chronically treated by 3-nitropropionic acid. (wroc.pl)
  • The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene , which is encoded in the genetic code . (wikipedia.org)
Genes16
  • In this study, we characterized two noncatalytic chalcone isomerase (CHI)-like proteins (designated as HlCHIL1 and HlCHIL2) using engineered yeast harboring all genes required for DMX production. (pnas.org)
  • sad1 plants are also defective in the positive feedback regulation of ABA biosynthesis genes by ABA and are impaired in drought stress induction of ABA biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
  • Among these genes are yloU and yqhY which encode the paralogous proteins YloU and YqhY. (frontiersin.org)
  • In summary, our findings suggest that drought stress may enhance storage protein by regulating the expression of miRNAs and their target genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The expression of all three genes is induced in an azole concentration-dependent way, and the decreased susceptibility to azoles requires DapA stabilization of cytochrome P450 protein activity. (asm.org)
  • Constitutive expression of the CsgD protein results in altered transcription patterns for at least 24 novel genes, in addition to the previously identified CsgD-dependent genes. (asm.org)
  • The cspA and fecR genes, encoding regulatory proteins responding to cold shock and to iron, respectively, and yoaD , encoding a putative negative regulator of cellulose biosynthesis, were found to be some of the novel CsgD-regulated genes. (asm.org)
  • The Pseudomonas aeruginosa fabA and fabB genes, encoding beta-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase and beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I, respectively, were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. (asm.org)
  • As with other positive activator proteins, when pyrimidine nucleotides are depleted, PyrR binds to DNA thereby enhancing expression of pyrD, pyrE and pyrF genes. (unt.edu)
  • We elucidated the biosynthesis of these NRPS-PKS hybrids in Xenorhabdus szentirmaii by deletion of most genes encoded in the fabclavine BGC and subsequent analysis of produced fabclavine or polyamine intermediates. (springer.com)
  • Elicitation of this cpUPR by inhibition of protein synthesis in the chloroplast led to increased expression of nuclear genes encoding ClpB3 and other chloroplast chap- erones, eventually causing a stress acclimation response. (tesisenred.net)
  • We found 394 GPA1-regulated genes spanning 79 biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stresses, development, flavonoid biosynthesis, transcription factors, transporters and nitrate/phosphate responses. (deepdyve.com)
  • Here, we show in Pisum sativum L. that the DELLA proteins can activate the expression of KNOX and BELL transcription factors involved in regulation of cytokinin metabolic and response genes. (edu.au)
  • The plural is used here because, with most genes, the splicing process produces more than one final working protein. (kidzsearch.com)
  • Antigen presentation occurs when degradation products of protein antigens become attached to molecules encoded by a group of genes called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and displayed on cell surfaces. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes , and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity. (wikipedia.org)
Ribosome4
Bacteria9
Peptides4
Arabidopsis2
  • We isolated a knock-out mutant of the Arabidopsis G-protein α subunit (gpa1-5) and analysed its transcriptome to understand the genomewide role of GPA1 and compared it with that of our similar analysis of a GCR1 mutant (Chakraborty et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • The Arabidopsis mutant (FLU), unable to control biosynthesis of protochlorophyllide, glows red in the blue light. (wikipedia.org)
Regulation5
Pseudomonas3
Pathways3
  • The second part of the thesis continued previous work with DXI1, a DXS-interacting J-protein that facilitates the recognition of inactive DXS forms to deliver them to eventual reactivation or degradation pathways. (tesisenred.net)
  • A collection of articles that focus on an array of different scientific topics such as pathways, cancer, transmembrane proteins. (cusabio.com)
  • We will discuss the molecular players (RNA binding proteins and neuronal mRNAs), the signal transduction pathways that have been implicated in learning and memory and how localized translation of selected mRNAs is involved in synaptic plasticity. (elsevier.com)
Antibiotic2
  • Involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic phenazine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecule having important roles in virulence, competition and biological control. (rcsb.org)
  • and polymyxin german egyptian research long-term scholarship essay b (topical route) antibiotic otic - neomycin, polymyxin b, and hydrocortisone (otic butirosin and neomycin biosynthesis of proteins route) anticholinergics and antispasmodics (oral route. (medicinos.info)
Tryptophan biosynthesis1
Flavonoid biosynthesis1
Regulates1
Search proteins in UniProtKB1
Enzyme2
  • The affinity of BlaC for the inhibitors was further studied using catalytically inactive mutants of the enzyme.In parallel, the Alr and YlmE proteins from S. coelicolor A3(2) were studied. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • Later, by the sequence similarity, a similar protein was found in Chlamydomonas algae, showing that this regulatory subsystem existed a long time before the angiosperms lost the independent conversion enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Bifunctional1
Fatty5
  • Central to FA synthesis, the ACP (acyl carrier protein) represents the cofactor protein that covalently binds all fatty acyl intermediates via a phosphopantetheine linker during the synthesis process. (biochemj.org)
  • Efforts we employed toward characterizing this noncovalent complex include the development of a photoprobe by attaching a benzophenone group to the prosthetic PPant arm of AcpM (B4M-AcpM), the development of a bioorthogonal w-azido fatty acid probe to determine fatty acylated proteins in the cell and lastly, the incorporation of fluorescent tags into InhA in order to quantitate an interaction to KasA. (suny.edu)
  • However, future optimizations of this method along with the incorporation of w-azido fatty acids into cells and the appropriate position to insert fluorescent probes into InhA are required to definitely identify physiologically relevant protein-protein interactions. (suny.edu)
  • Collectively, our data indicate that PLP2 is an integral component of the plant cell death execution machinery, possibly providing fatty acid precursors for the biosynthesis of specific oxylipins and differentially affecting resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. (apsnet.org)
  • L. An initial pH of the medium in the range 4.0-7.0 have no significant effect on the protein (38.5-41.3 g/100 g d.w. ), lipid (10.2-12.7 g/100 g d.w. ), or carotenoid (191.7-202.9 μg/g d.w. ) content in the biomass, or on the profile of synthesized fatty acids and carotenoids. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Encodes3
Nucleic acids1
Cellulose biosynthesis2
  • Curli production is dependent on the CsgD transcription activator, which also promotes cellulose biosynthesis. (asm.org)
  • Expression of curli is linked to cellulose biosynthesis, which leads to the production of an extracellular matrix and results in tight cell-cell and cell-surface interactions and in the so-called rdar morphotype in Salmonella ( 45 , 57 , 58 ). (asm.org)
TRNA8
Polypeptide1
Interactions4
Incorporation4
  • Incorporation of nonnatural amino acid residues allows engineering of proteins with novel chemical functionality and unusual physical properties. (caltech.edu)
  • Furthermore, the coiled-coil protein used to demonstrate incorporation of 2 exhibits enhanced stability in comparison to the same protein enriched in 1, possibly due to the increased hydrophobic character of the additional trifluoromethyl group in the protein core. (caltech.edu)
  • The incorporation of Tcg into proteins creates new opportunities for macromolecular synthesis through genetic engineering, due to the rich chemistry of the olefinic side chain. (caltech.edu)
  • This high degree of specificity is vital to the incorporation of the correct amino acid into a protein. (libretexts.org)
Pathogens2
  • IMPORTANCE Knowledge of the ergosterol biosynthesis route in fungal pathogens is useful in the design of new antifungal drugs and could aid in the study of antifungal-drug resistance mechanisms. (asm.org)
  • During humoral immune responses, proteins called antibodies, which can bind to and destroy pathogens, are secreted into the blood and other body fluids. (encyclopedia.com)
Degradation1
Genetic4
  • Thus, the extensive structural data now available is facilitating the development of chemical and genetic tools to manipulate ABA biosynthesis and signaling and has refined our understanding of these new druggable target sites. (springer.com)
  • Through molecular, genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that this accumulation depends on a mechanism called chloroplast Unfolded Protein Response (cpUPR). (tesisenred.net)
  • Overall, we validate some known and report many hitherto unknown roles of GPA1 in plants, including agronomically important ones such as biotic stress and nutrient response, and also provide compelling genetic evidence to revisit the role of GCR1 in G-protein signalling. (deepdyve.com)
  • Here it is proposed that changes in protein synthesis mediate the tradeoffs that take place upon genetic and environmental manipulation in various model systems including yeast, worms, flies and mice. (isharonline.org)
Residues7
  • In this study, we first transfected HEK293 cells with EGFP-DCNP1 and demonstrated that the full-length DCNP1 protein was localized in the nucleus, and RRK (the residues 117-119) composed its nuclear localization signal (NLS). (chinaphar.com)
  • Consequently, the N-terminus of the trp(G.D) fusion protein is 43 residues shorter than previously postulated. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Of the proteins required for diphthamide synthesis, Dph3 is the smallest, containing only 82 residues. (ozgene.com)
  • Arrival of PHA in the protein bodies is followed by the slow removal of these terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues, resulting in a decrease in the Mr of the modified sidechains. (rupress.org)
  • The C-terminal domain of SP85, 197 amino acids, is separated from the remainder of the protein by a series of 10 TXPP tetrapeptide repeats (Fig. ). It consists of a Cys-rich C1 region of 118 amino acids and a C2 region of 79 amino acids that lacks Cys residues. (reedforiowa.com)
  • Proteins ( / ˈ p r oʊ ˌ t iː n z / or / ˈ p r oʊ t i . ɪ n z / ) are large biomolecules , or macromolecules , consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues . (wikipedia.org)
  • Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification , which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Lipid7
  • Pyrimidines are essential precursors for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) synthesis, protein glycosylation and lipid synthesis. (els.net)
  • Cell-free expression systems in combination with nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles) offer a valuable approach to probe membrane proteins in situ. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Customization of the system and offering of a lipid support (here: nanodiscs) enable membrane protein expression in a high yield. (fz-juelich.de)
  • Given that CETP inhibitors are lipid soluble, accumulate in adipose tissue, and have binding sites for proteins involved in adipogenesis, and that adipocytes are a source of aldosterone, we questioned whether CETP inhibitors (torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, and anacetrapib) influence aldosterone production by adipocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This paper reports the study on determination of the effect of initial culture medium pH on growth and protein, lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis by R. glutinis yeast. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • The different values of initial pH of the culture medium with glycerol and deproteinized potato wastewater had a significant effect on the growth and on protein, lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis by R. glutinis yeast. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration. (nih.gov)
Phenazine2
Phylogenetic2
  • This mix of known and putative ThiF proteins shows a deep split in phylogenetic trees. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Phylogenetic analyses imply that the monofunctional, bipartite RIBA3 proteins, which have lost DHBPS activity, evolved early in tracheophyte evolution. (mdpi.com)
Characterization2
Structures2
Multifunctional2
Inhibitors3
  • 1818042, ' view Inhibitors of Protein ': ' A Western occupation with this study state only means. (toto99.com)
  • The allosteric activators and inhibitors for the different proteins are shown in blue and red, respectively. (els.net)
  • We unite these structural insights with progress in the development of ABA biosynthesis and signaling modulators and cover both inhibitors of 9-cis-expoycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs) and ABA receptor modulators including the agonist quinabactin and antagonist AS6. (springer.com)
Antibodies3
Membrane9
  • We show that CHIL2 is part of an active DMX biosynthetic metabolon in hop glandular trichomes that encompasses a chalcone synthase (CHS) and a membrane-bound prenyltransferase, and that type IV CHI-fold proteins of representative land plants contain conserved function to bind with CHS and enhance its activity. (pnas.org)
  • TolC protein family members are the outer-membrane components of several transport systems involved in the export of diverse molecules, playing an important role in bacterial survival. (apsnet.org)
  • Sterols are major components of most eukaryotic plasma membranes and have been shown to be responsible for a number of biological functions, such as membrane fluidity and the functions of integral membrane proteins ( 1 - 6 ). (asm.org)
  • We found that despite its function as a transcription activator, the CsgD protein is localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. (asm.org)
  • Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. (harvard.edu)
  • Ago H, Kanaoka Y, Irikura D, Lam BK, Shimamura T, Austen KF, Miyano M. Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. (harvard.edu)
  • The regulatory protein is a transmembrane protein that is located in the thylakoid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein synthesis and maturation for secreted and membrane proteins. (isharonline.org)
  • Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. (nih.gov)
UniProt1
  • p>When browsing through different UniProt proteins, you can use the 'basket' to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. (uniprot.org)
Secretion3
  • Immunodetection experiments and comparison of the extracellular proteins present in the supernatant of the wild-type versus tolC mutant strains showed that the calcium-binding protein ExpE1, the endoglycanase ExsH, and the product of open reading frame SMc04171, a putative hemolysin-type calcium-binding protein, are secreted by a TolC-dependent secretion system. (apsnet.org)
  • Taken together, our results confirm the importance of TolC in protein secretion, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, antimicrobials resistance, and symbiosis. (apsnet.org)
  • The yeast protein expression system is the most economical and efficient eukaryotic system for secretion and intracellular expression. (antibodies-online.com)
Sequence7
  • View conserved domains detected in this protein sequence using CD-search. (nih.gov)
  • 2. The amino acid sequence may be altered during protein synthesis. (scribd.com)
  • Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed. (uniprot.org)
  • Sequence analysis of six mutant alleles has identified base changes producing truncations or single amino acid changes in the TTG1 protein. (plantcell.org)
  • Amino acid composition and sequence analyses of the protein products of T.maritima trpC (indoleglycerol phosphate synthase), trpF (phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase) and trpA (alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase) suggest that these thermostable (beta alpha)8-barrel proteins may be stabilized by additional salt bridges, compared with the mesostable forms. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • How can a molecule containing just 4 different nucleotides specify the sequence of the 20 amino acids that occur in proteins? (libretexts.org)
  • The dark-operative version is a completely different protein, consisting of three subunits that exhibit significant sequence similarity to the three subunits of nitrogenase , which catalyzes the formation of ammonia from dinitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
Organisms1
  • Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms , including catalysing metabolic reactions , DNA replication , responding to stimuli , and transporting molecules from one location to another. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotes2
  • Protein biosynthesis, although very similar, is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein biosynthesis differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes , though parts of the process are the same in both. (kidzsearch.com)
Transmembrane1
Putative2
Regulate3
Yeast3
Synthase2
  • Brachmann AO, Joyce SA, Jenke-Kodama H, Schwär G, Clarke DJ, Bode HB (2007) A type II polyketide synthase is responsible for anthraquinone biosynthesis in Photorhabdus luminescens . (springer.com)
  • Keating TA, Marshall CG, Walsh CT (2000) Vibriobactin biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae VibH is an amide synthase homologous to nonribosomal peptide synthetase condensation domains. (springer.com)
Cells7
  • Research in this section is focused on understanding translational regulatory mechanisms and the molecular details of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. (nih.gov)
  • Please inquire if you are interested in this recombinant protein expressed in E. coli, mammalien cells or by baculovirus infection. (antibodies-online.com)
  • The polypeptides of PHA are synthesized by endoplasmic reticulum-bound polysomes and co-translationally glycosylated, pass through the Golgi complex, and accumulate in protein bodies, which constitute the lysosomal compartment in these cells. (rupress.org)
  • These results indicate that the sorting-signals and posttranslational processing steps for proteins that are transported to the lysosomal compartment are different in plant cells and animal cells. (rupress.org)
  • An alternative approach to express C1 and C2 alone has thus far been unsuccessful in vegetative cells, with most protein remaining intracellular and insoluble in extracts (P. Zhang and C. M. West, unpublished data). (reedforiowa.com)
  • Protein biosynthesis ( synthesis ) is when cells build proteins . (kidzsearch.com)
  • the cytoplasmic ribosomes found in animal cells (80s) are beadle and tatum s hypothesis plural ct appellate court assignment of case search structurally distinct from those found in bacterial cells (70s), making protein biosynthesis a good selective target for antibacterial drugs. (medicinos.info)
Photosynthesis1
Inhibition1
Biosynthetic2
  • Members of the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family of proteins ( IPR000594 ) include a number of members encoded in the midst of thiamine biosynthetic operons. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Thus, the formation of transient protein complexes among biosynthetic components allows for the direct transfer of reactive sulfur and Fe-S intermediates preventing oxygen damage and reactions with non-physiological targets. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Recombinant protein1
  • If you cannot find the target and/or product is not available in our catalog, please click here to contact us and request the product or submit your request for custom elisa kit production , custom recombinant protein production or custom antibody production . (mybiosource.com)
Locus1
  • The encoded protein is likely necessary for biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10, as mutations at this locus have been associated with autosomal-recessive neonatal-onset primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency. (nih.gov)
Storage proteins3
  • Sulphur availability is essential for the biosynthesis of the main wheat storage proteins. (edu.au)
  • Antisense- or RNAi-mediated suppression of the biosynthesis of nutritionally inferior storage proteins is a promising strategy for improving the amino acid profile of seeds. (oup.com)
  • The results of the transcriptome analysis showed excellent correlation with data on changes in the relative proportions of storage proteins and amino acid composition. (oup.com)
Protochlorophyllide - Wikipedia
Protochlorophyllide - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis | PNAS
The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis | PNAS (pnas.org)
Arginine methylation controls the strength of γc-family cytokine signaling in T cell maintenance | Nature Immunology
Arginine methylation controls the strength of γc-family cytokine signaling in T cell maintenance | Nature Immunology (nature.com)
Hormones by Anthony W. Norman and Helen L. Henry by Anthony W. Norman and Helen L. Henry - Read Online
Hormones by Anthony W. Norman and Helen L. Henry by Anthony W. Norman and Helen L. Henry - Read Online (scribd.com)
Biochemistry | SpringerLink
Biochemistry | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Genetic disorder - Wikipedia
Genetic disorder - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Forschungszentrum Jülich - Molekulare Biophysik (ICS-5)
Forschungszentrum Jülich - Molekulare Biophysik (ICS-5) (fz-juelich.de)
Fabclavine biosynthesis in X. szentirmaii: shortened derivatives and characterization of the thioester reductase FclG and the...
Fabclavine biosynthesis in X. szentirmaii: shortened derivatives and characterization of the thioester reductase FclG and the... (rd.springer.com)
5-Aminoimidazole 4-Carboxamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase ELISA Kits | Biocompare.com
5-Aminoimidazole 4-Carboxamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase ELISA Kits | Biocompare.com (biocompare.com)
CAD: A Multifunctional Protein Leading De Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
CAD: A Multifunctional Protein Leading De Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis (els.net)
In silico discovery of transcription regulatory elements in Plasmodium falciparum | BMC Genomics | Full Text
In silico discovery of transcription regulatory elements in Plasmodium falciparum | BMC Genomics | Full Text (bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com)
Genetics and Product Formation in Streptomyces | SpringerLink
Genetics and Product Formation in Streptomyces | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Protein Synthesis | SpringerLink
Protein Synthesis | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Mitochondrial COQ9 is a lipid-binding protein that associates with COQ7 to enable coenzyme Q biosynthesis | PNAS
Mitochondrial COQ9 is a lipid-binding protein that associates with COQ7 to enable coenzyme Q biosynthesis | PNAS (pnas.org)
Structural Biology | מכון ויצמן למדע
Structural Biology | מכון ויצמן למדע (weizmann.ac.il)
Curcumin Biosynthesis
Curcumin Biosynthesis (news-medical.net)
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry, Volume 2, Modified Amino Acids, Organocatalysis and Enzymes | Wiley
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry, Volume 2, Modified Amino Acids, Organocatalysis and Enzymes | Wiley (wiley.com)
MOCS2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
MOCS2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)
Cell - The endoplasmic reticulum | Britannica
Cell - The endoplasmic reticulum | Britannica (britannica.com)
AmpC cephalosporinase of Escherichia coli K-12 has a different evolutionary origin from that of beta-lactamases of the...
AmpC cephalosporinase of Escherichia coli K-12 has a different evolutionary origin from that of beta-lactamases of the... (pnas.org)
Chromosome 17 - Wikipedia
Chromosome 17 - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Overview of the genetic tools in the Archaea | ...
Overview of the genetic tools in the Archaea | ... (scoop.it)