Protein Biosynthesis
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP.
Ribosomes
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational
Abrin
A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.
Peptide Elongation Factors
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Geobacillus
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
Ribosomal Proteins
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.
Poly U
Amino Acid Sequence
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Keratins, Type II
Cycloheximide
Base Sequence
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
Peptide Elongation Factor G
Biosynthetic Pathways
GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
RNA, Transfer, Arg
Mutation
Genetic Code
Methionine-tRNA Ligase
Phenylalanine
RNA, Transfer, Phe
Peptide Biosynthesis
The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational
Peptide Elongation Factor 2
Gene Expression Profiling
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Spiro Compounds
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Cloning, Molecular
Peptide Elongation Factor 1
Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.
Guanosine Triphosphate
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid Conformation
RNA, Bacterial
Streptomyces
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Molecular Structure
Anticodon
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Transcription, Genetic
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Models, Molecular
Puromycin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Carbon Radioisotopes
Reticulocytes
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
Peptide Initiation Factors
Substrate Specificity
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Polyribosomes
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Liver
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Protein Binding
Binding Sites
Models, Biological
Gene Expression
Mass Spectrometry
Guanosine Diphosphate
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
DNA, Complementary
Gene Expression Regulation
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Primers
Genetic Complementation Test
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Cells, Cultured
Acyltransferases
Polyketide Synthases
Rabbits
Peptide Synthases
Glucose
Blotting, Northern
Temperature
Structure-Activity Relationship
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Glycosyltransferases
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Arabidopsis
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Plant Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Cell Membrane
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Alkyl and Aryl Transferases
Cell Division
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Pteridines
Methyltransferases
Arabidopsis Proteins
Carbon Isotopes
Sterols
Transferases
Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.
Lyases
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Anthraquinones
Plants, Genetically Modified
Acetates
Erythritol
Gene Deletion
Hemiterpenes
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Cell Wall
Ethylenes
Tetrapyrroles
Carbohydrate Sequence
Fatty Acids
Ergosterol
Multienzyme Complexes
Siderophores
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
Coenzymes
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent
Glucosyltransferases
Hydro-Lyases
Plant Leaves
Carotenoids
Glycolipids
Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase
The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Carbohydrate Epimerases
Lignin
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors
Transaminases
Plant Growth Regulators
Catalysis
Lanosterol
Carboxy-Lyases
Gibberellins
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Glycosylation
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Open Reading Frames
Galactosyltransferases
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
Plasmids
Pantothenic Acid
Plant Roots
Oxylipins
Operon
Phenotype
Seeds
Intramolecular Transferases
Biocatalysis
Diphtheria toxin effects on human cells in tissue culture. (1/24808)
HeLa cells exposed to a single sublethal concentration of diphtheria toxin were found to have diminished sensitivity when subsequently reexposed to the toxin. Three cells strains exhibiting toxin resistance were developed. In the cells that had previously been exposed to toxin at 0.015 mug/ml, 50% inhibition of protein synthesis required a toxin concentration of 0.3 mug/ml, which is more than 10 times that required in normal HeLa cells. There appears to be a threshold level of diphtheria toxin action. Concentrations of toxin greater than that required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis (0.01 mug/ml) are associated with cytotoxicity, whereas those below this concentration may not be lethal. Several established human cell lines of both normal and neoplastic origin were tested for their sensitivity to the effects of the toxin. No special sensitivity was observed with the cells of tumor origin. Fifty % inhibition of protein synthesis of HeLa cells was achieved with diphtheria toxin (0.01 mug/ml) as compared to the normal human cell lines tested (0.03 and 0.5 mug/ml) and a cell line derived from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (0.2 mug/ml). A human breast carcinoma cell line showed a maximum of 45% inhibition of protein synthesis. This required a diphtheria toxin concentration of 5 mug/ml. These results suggest that different human cell lines show wide variation in their sensitivity to the toxin. (+info)Structural and functional changes in acute liver injury. (2/24808)
Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cell injury in a variety of animal species. The first structurally recognizable changes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, with alteration in ribosome-membrane interactions. Later there is an increase in intracellular fat, and the formation of tangled nets of the ergastoplasm. At no time are there changes in mitochondria or single membrane limited bodies in cells with intact plasmalemma, although a relative increase in cell sap may appear. In dead cells (those with plasmalemma discontinuties) crystalline deposits of calcium phosphatase may be noted. Functional changes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. An early decrease in protein synthesis takes place; an accumulation of neutral lipid is related to this change. Later alterations in the ergastoplasmic functions (e.g., mixed function oxidation) occurs. Carbon tetrachloride is not the active agent; rather, a product of its metabolism, probably the CC1, free radical, is. The mechanisms of injury include macromolecular adduction and peroxide propagation. A third possibility includes a cascade effect with the production of secondary and tertiary products, also toxic in nature, with the ability to produce more widespread damage to intracellular structures. (+info)Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (3/24808)
The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region. (+info)A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (4/24808)
The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (5/24808)
BACKGROUND: Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. RESULTS: We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of gene-product alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a 'cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with small-molecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications. (+info)Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (6/24808)
The telomerase reverse transcriptase component (TERT) is not expressed in most primary somatic human cells and tissues, but is upregulated in the majority of immortalized cell lines and tumors. Here, we identify the c-Myc transcription factor as a direct mediator of telomerase activation in primary human fibroblasts through its ability to specifically induce TERT gene expression. Through the use of a hormone inducible form of c-Myc (c-Myc-ER), we demonstrate that Myc-induced activation of the hTERT promoter requires an evolutionarily conserved E-box and that c-Myc-ER-induced accumulation of hTERT mRNA takes place in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate that the TERT gene is a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc. Since telomerase activation frequently correlates with immortalization and telomerase functions to stabilize telomers in cycling cells, we tested whether Myc-induced activation of TERT gene expression represents an important mechanism through which c-Myc acts to immortalize cells. Employing the rat embryo fibroblast cooperation assay, we show that TERT is unable to substitute for c-Myc in the transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, suggesting that the transforming activities of Myc extend beyond its ability to activate TERT gene expression and hence telomerase activity. (+info)C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/24808)
C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are intronless genes that can produce several N-terminally truncated isoforms through the process of alternative translation initiation at downstream AUG codons. C/EBPbeta has been reported to produce four isoforms: full-length 38-kDa C/EBPbeta, 35-kDa LAP (liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein), 21-kDa LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein), and a 14-kDa isoform. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms are generated in the liver and in cultured cells. Using an in vitro translation system, we found that LIP can be generated by two mechanisms: alternative translation and a novel mechanism-specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. Studies of mice in which the C/EBPalpha gene had been deleted (C/EBPalpha-/-) showed that the regulation of C/EBPbeta proteolysis is dependent on C/EBPalpha. The induction of C/EBPalpha in cultured cells leads to induced cleavage of C/EBPbeta to generate the LIP isoform. We characterized the cleavage activity in mouse liver extracts and found that the proteolytic cleavage activity is specific to prenatal and newborn livers, is sensitive to chymostatin, and is completely abolished in C/EBPalpha-/- animals. The lack of cleavage activity in the livers of C/EBPalpha-/- mice correlates with the decreased levels of LIP in the livers of these animals. Analysis of LIP production during liver regeneration showed that, in this system, the transient induction of LIP is dependent on the third AUG codon and most likely involves translational control. We propose that there are two mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms might be generated in the liver and in cultured cells: one that is determined by translation and a second that involves C/EBPalpha-dependent, specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. The latter mechanism implicates C/EBPalpha in the regulation of posttranslational generation of the dominant negative C/EBPbeta isoform, LIP. (+info)Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (8/24808)
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the mRNA 5' cap and brings the mRNA into a complex with other protein synthesis initiation factors and ribosomes. The activity of mammalian eIF4E is important for the translation of capped mRNAs and is thought to be regulated by two mechanisms. First, eIF4E is sequestered by binding proteins, such as 4EBP1, in quiescent cells. Mitogens induce the release of eIF4E by stimulating the phosphorylation of 4EBP1. Second, mitogens and stresses induce the phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser 209, increasing the affinity of eIF4E for capped mRNA and for an associated scaffolding protein, eIF4G. We previously showed that a mitogen- and stress-activated kinase, Mnk1, phosphorylates eIF4E in vitro at the physiological site. Here we show that Mnk1 regulates eIF4E phosphorylation in vivo. Mnk1 binds directly to eIF4G and copurifies with eIF4G and eIF4E. We identified activating phosphorylation sites in Mnk1 and developed dominant-negative and activated mutants. Expression of dominant-negative Mnk1 reduces mitogen-induced eIF4E phosphorylation, while expression of activated Mnk1 increases basal eIF4E phosphorylation. Activated mutant Mnk1 also induces extensive phosphorylation of eIF4E in cells overexpressing 4EBP1. This suggests that phosphorylation of eIF4E is catalyzed by Mnk1 or a very similar kinase in cells and is independent of other mitogenic signals that release eIF4E from 4EBP1. (+info)
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Pharmaceutical translations - specialized, pharmaceutical, chemical, medical translations
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Ribosome densities in yeast cecER (central ci - Eukaryotes - BNID 113957
Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule |...
N-terminal Proteomics and Ribosome Profiling Provide a Comprehensive View of the Alternative Translation Initiation Landscape...
A Continuous-Exchange Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System Based on Extracts from Cultured Insect Cells
Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro translational capacity of polysomes and on the composition of polysome-associated proteins...
A fission yeast general translation factor reveals links between protein synthesis and cell cycle controls<...
RiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints - MDC Repository
Download Free Protein Synthesis Like A Banana Split Answer Key, High quality vector files
Protein synthesis, stress induced
Adaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell Science
Protein Synthesis Worksheet. Worksheets. Doriandnimo Thousands of Printable Activities
Selective inhibition of virus protein synthesis by prostaglandin A1: a translational block associated with HSP70 synthesis. |...
The global translation profile in a ribosomal protein mutant resembles by Bayu Sisay Tiruneh, Byung-Hoon Kim et al.
KAKEN - Research Projects | Construction of synthetic gene regulatory networks in a cell-free protein synthesis system (KAKENHI...
Translation Process Gene
Cell-free Synthesis of Macromolecular Complexes<...
GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding...
XiaLab
Human lymphocyte messenger RNA activity profiles in type I and type II diabetes: A tool for classification of metabolic disease...
Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. | Haldanes Sieve
Alterations in protein synthesis following transplantation of mouse 8 by K E. Latham, J I. Garrels et al.
Oxygen and glucose deprivation induces widespread alterations in mRNA translation within 20 minutes | Genome Biology | Full Text
Hsp90 Controls GSK-3β Kinase Specificity | Science Signaling
Functional characteristics of two membrane-bound polysome fractions from chick embryos
Ribosome | Springer for Research & Development
Ribosome Profiling
Translational control by mTOR-independent routes: how eIF6 organizes metabolism. - Semantic Scholar
Volume 17.27 | Jul 18 - Cell Therapy News
Cell-Free Protein Expression | in vitro Translation | Cell-Free Expression
JCI -
Bacterial sepsis triggers an antiviral response that causes translation shutdown
Stringent Response: Double life of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7 12
Salmonella stays deadly with a beta version of cell behavior
Reflexive Translation Studies - UCL Press
Halfbakery: Medicinal Masturbation
The general mode of translation inhibition by macrolide antibiotics | PNAS
RNA trafficking and local protein synthesis in dendrites: an overview.<...
The Translation Repressor 4E-BP2 Is Critical for eIF4F Complex Formation, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory in the Hippocampus |...
In vitro studies on the subcellular location of glucosidase I and glucosidase II in dog pancreas | Bioscience Reports
Local translation in neuronal compartments: how local is local? | EMBO Reports
Cambio Now Supplies ARTseq™ Ribosome Profiling Kits for Creating RNA Sequence Libraries | SelectScience
Stringent Response: mitochondrial translation - complete mess
Translation initiation factors and active sites of protein synthesis co-localize at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts ...
Upstream ORF affects MYCN translation depending on exon 1b alternative splicing. - Inserm
A Requirement for Mena, an Actin Regulator, in Local mRNA Translation in Developing Neurons
The split protein phosphatase system | Biochemical Journal | Portland Press
Translation Studies MA | Postgraduate taught | University of Exeter
The fidelity of translation initiation: reciprocal activities of eIF1, IF3 and YciH | The EMBO Journal
IRESite: Page home
Protochlorophyllide
Biosynthesis regulatory protein FLU[edit]. In spite of numerous past attempts to find the mutant that overacumulates ... Flu (first described in [3]) is a nuclear-encoded, chloroplast-located protein that appears containing only protein-protein ... It is currently not known which other proteins interact through this linker. The regulatory protein is a transmembrane protein ... contains more protein-protein interactions sites, and even undergoes alternative splicing. It appears that the regulatory ...
Cell (biology)
Protein synthesis. Main article: Protein biosynthesis. Cells are capable of synthesizing new proteins, which are essential for ... linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone proteins RNA/protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the ... The subunit protein of microfilaments is a small, monomeric protein called actin. The subunit of microtubules is a dimeric ... An overview of protein synthesis.. Within the nucleus of the cell (light blue), genes (DNA, dark blue) are transcribed into RNA ...
User contributions for 96.5.162.193
Protein biosynthesis *21:22, 12 December 2012 (diff , hist) . . (-4) . . Casting couch (→Allegations from 'casting couch ... Protein biosynthesis *15:44, 25 February 2013 (diff , hist) . . (-3) . . ...
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
Genetic disorder, protein biosynthesis: Transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies. (1) Basic domains. 1.2. *Feingold ...
Alveolar capillary dysplasia
Genetic disorder, protein biosynthesis: Transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies. (1) Basic domains. 1.2. *Feingold ...
Nonsyndromic deafness
Genetic disorder, protein biosynthesis: Transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies. (1) Basic domains. 1.2. *Feingold ...
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Genetic disorder, protein biosynthesis: Transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies. (1) Basic domains. 1.2. *Feingold ... Mutated p53 proteins are typically more stable than wild-type, and can inhibit the activity of the wild-type protein in ... The tetramerization domain plays a major role in the oligomerization of the p53 protein, which exists as a tetramer.[6] This ... With pH in the low to normal physiological range (up to 7.5), the mutant protein forms normal oligomers and retains its ...
Metabolism
Lengyel P, Söll D (June 1969). "Mechanism of protein biosynthesis". Bacteriological Reviews. 33 (2): 264-301. doi:10.1128/MMBR. ... Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined together by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that ... In prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's inner membrane. These proteins use the energy released from passing ... Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined together in a chain of peptide bonds. Each different protein has a unique ...
Amino acid
In humans, non-protein amino acids also have important roles as metabolic intermediates, such as in the biosynthesis of the ... These properties influence protein structure and protein-protein interactions. The water-soluble proteins tend to have their ... Lengyel P, Söll D (June 1969). "Mechanism of protein biosynthesis". Bacteriological Reviews. 33 (2): 264-301. doi:10.1128/MMBR. ... Suchanek M, Radzikowska A, Thiele C (April 2005). "Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein ...
Anisomycin
Despite anisomycin's wide usage as a protein synthesis inhibitor, there have been a lot of studies centered on the biosynthesis ... "Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. II. Mode of action of anisomycin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 242 (13): 3226-33. ... Anisomycin interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. Anisomycin ... II.1 Biosynthesis of Anisomycin". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 31 (1): 317-20. doi:10.1021/jo01339a503. PMID 5900818.. ...
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase
bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH,. *ATIC.. Structural studies[edit]. As of late 2007, 11 structures have been ... HARTMAN SC, BUCHANAN JM (1959). "Biosynthesis of the purines. XXVI. The identification of the formyl donors of the ...
Chromosome 17
OMG: encoding protein Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein. *Ormdl sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3: encoding protein ORMDL ... VPS25: encoding protein Vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 25. *VPS53: encoding protein Vacuolar protein sorting 53 ... LINC00511: encoding protein Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 511. *LINC00674 encoding protein Long intergenic non-protein ... encoding protein Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-associated protein 2. *QRICH2: encoding protein Glutamine-rich protein ...
Paul Zamecnik
Hoagland MB, Zamecnik PC, Stephenson ML (April 1957). "Intermediate Reactions In Protein Biosynthesis". Biochim Biophys Acta. ... Zamecnik pioneered the in vitro synthesis of proteins[citation needed] and helped elucidate the way cells generate proteins[ ... After a year in New York at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research studying protein synthesis with Max Bergmann, he ... Hoagland MB, Stephenson ML, Scott JF, Hecht LI, Zamecnik PC (March 1958). "A Soluble Ribonucleic Acid Intermediate in Protein ...
EF-Tu
Clark BF, Nyborg J (February 1997). "The ternary complex of EF-Tu and its role in protein biosynthesis". Current Opinion in ... Andersen GR, Nissen P, Nyborg J (August 2003). "Elongation factors in protein biosynthesis". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 28 ... EF-Tu is a monomeric protein with molecular weight around 43 kDa in Escherichia coli. The protein consists of three structural ... This domain is also found in other proteins such as translation initiation factor IF-2 and tetracycline-resistance proteins. ...
E1210
... targets GPI-protein biosynthesis. Pfaller, Michael A.; Hata, Katsura; Jones, Ronald N.; Messer, Shawn A.; Moet, Gary J.; ...
Adrienne Clarke
Fincher, G B; Stone, B A; Clarke, A E (1983). "Arabinogalactan-Proteins: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function". Annual Review ... 2000). Cell and Developmental Biology of Arabinogalactan-Proteins. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4207-0. ISBN ... the arabinogalactan-proteins Proteinase Inhibitors and their use in control of insect development She is co-editor of major ... DNA of an Arabinogalactan Protein. She describes her expertise as: The molecular basis of self-incompatibility The chemistry ...
Ramanujan Hegde
Anon (2016). "Hegde Lab: Protein biosynthesis & quality control". mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2016. Ramanujan ... His laboratory have discovered a widely conserved protein targeting pathway needed by a subset of proteins to reach their ... Their studies of such protein targeting pathways are revealing how membrane proteins are accurately recognised by the machinery ... Hegde's research investigates how proteins are localised correctly inside cells, and how errors during protein maturation are ...
Asparagine endopeptidase
Gillon AD, Saska I, Jennings CV, Guarino RF, Craik DJ, Anderson MA (February 2008). "Biosynthesis of circular proteins in ... AEP is involved in presenting of foreign and self proteins using MHCII protein complex. The role of AEP in immunity is not ... AEP cleaves tau protein and amyloid precursor protein. In patients with PD, alpha synuclein is cut by AEP into toxic chunks. ... It digests SET protein, which is an inhibitor of DNase, leading to DNA damage and causing damage of the brain. Increased ...
Oat
"Seed Storage Proteins: Structures 'and Biosynthesis" (PDF). Plantcell.org. Retrieved 2013-03-27.. ... Protein[edit]. Oats are the only cereal containing a globulin or legume-like protein, avenalin, as the major (80%) storage ... Oat protein is nearly equivalent in quality to soy protein, which World Health Organization research has shown to be equal to ... Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are ...
Yehuda Lapidot
He worked on the biosynthesis of proteins. In 1973, he was appointed a professor of biochemistry at the Hebrew University. In ...
Oat
"Seed Storage Proteins: Structures 'and Biosynthesis" (PDF). Plantcell.org. Retrieved 2013-03-27. Lasztity, Radomir (1999). The ... The minor protein of oat is a prolamine, avenin. Oat protein is nearly equivalent in quality to soy protein, which World Health ... storage protein. Globulins are characterised by solubility in dilute saline as opposed to the more typical cereal proteins, ... Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are ...
Protoporphyrin IX
"Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis". Protein Science. 19: 1137-1161. doi:10.1002/pro.405. PMC 2895239 ... Biosynthesis[edit]. Its biosynthesis is mediated by the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase. The simplified biosynthetic sequence ... Heme b and chlorophyll biosyntheses[edit]. In the biosynthesis of biological cofactors, PPIX is metalated by the action of ... Hemes are prosthetic groups in some important proteins. These heme-containing proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin, and ...
Protoporphyrin IX
G. Layer; J. Reichelt; D. Jahn; D. W. Heinz (2010). "Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis". Protein Science. ... Hemes are prosthetic groups in some important proteins. These heme-containing proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin, and ... Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules Heme oxygenase Biosynthesis of chlorophylls Biosynthesis of hemes Winslow S. Caughey, James ... In the biosynthesis of those molecules, the metal cation is inserted into protoporphyrin IX by enzymes called chelatases. For ...
Theta defensin
Cascales L, Craik DJ (Nov 21, 2010). "Naturally occurring circular proteins: distribution, biosynthesis and evolution". Organic ... Protein Pept. Sci. 5 (5): 373-81. doi:10.2174/1389203043379657. PMID 15544532. Li D, Zhang L, Yin H, Xu H, Satkoski Trask J, ... Although New World monkeys and great apes do not produce θ-defensin proteins, their genomes do encode θ-defensin genes which ... The anti-HIV activity of retrocyclins has been further enhanced by protein engineering efforts with the aim of generating a ...
Methanogen
Rauch, Benjamin Julius; Gustafson, Andrew; Perona, John J. (December 2014). "Novel proteins for homocysteine biosynthesis in ... Additionally, 10 proteins found in all methanogens which are shared by Archaeoglobus, suggest that these two groups are related ... Other methanogens do not, but have at least one paracrystalline array (S-layer) made up of proteins that fit together like a ... Hence, the unique shared presence of large numbers of proteins by all methanogens could be due to lateral gene transfers. ...
Stem-loop
Meyer, Michelle; Deiorio-Haggar K; Anthony J (July 2013). "RNA structures regulating ribosomal protein biosynthesis in bacilli ... These structures are often bound by proteins or cause the attenuation of a transcript in order to regulate translation. The ... provide recognition sites for RNA binding proteins, and serve as a substrate for enzymatic reactions. The formation of a stem- ...
پروتئین - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Main article: Protein biosynthesis. Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes. Each protein ... Main article: Protein domain. Many proteins are composed of several protein domains, i.e. segments of a protein that fold into ... globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins. Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many are enzymes. ... Protein purification. Main article: Protein purification. To perform in vitro analysis, a protein must be purified away from ...
Vancomycin
... biosynthesis occurs via different nonribosomal protein synthases (NRPSs).[39] The enzymes determine the amino acid ... Biosynthesis[edit]. Vancomycin is made by the soil bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis.[3] ... March 1998). "Sequencing and analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of a vancomycin group antibiotic". Chem. Biol. 5 (3 ... Nonribosomal peptide synthesis occurs through distinct modules that can load and extend the protein by one amino acid through ...
Cofactor (biochemistry)
"Posttranslational biosynthesis of the protein-derived cofactor tryptophan tryptophylquinone". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 82 ... The term is used in other areas of biology to refer more broadly to non-protein (or even protein) molecules that either ... Further information: Iron-sulfur protein. Iron-sulfur clusters are complexes of iron and sulfur atoms held within proteins by ... and FAD-dependent proteins". Proteins. 44 (3): 282-91. doi:10.1002/prot.1093. PMID 11455601.. ...
Biostasis
Yet biosynthesis continues, and shock proteins are made. Most importantly has been observed that ATP levels and generation ... Protein chaperoning[edit]. In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist in the folding, unfolding, ... "The 'Promiscuous' Protein". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2018-05-26.. *^ "How Intracellular Crowding Changes Everything". WIRED. ... Tardigrade-disordered proteins[edit]. Tardigrades are microscopic animals that are able to enter a state of diapause and ...
Bile acid
Among these protein targets, the enzyme N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) generates bioactive ... Regulation of Fatty Acid Ethanolamide Biosynthesis by Bile Acids". Structure. 23 (3): 598-604. doi:10.1016/j.str.2014.12.018. ... Bile acids bind to some other proteins in addition to their hormone receptors (FXR and TGR5) and their transporters. ... the farnesoid X receptor and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor/TGR5.[7][10] They bind less specifically to some other ...
UDP-N,N'-diacetilbacilozaminska 2-epimeraza (hidroliza)
Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. (2008). "Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N, ... Eric J. Toone (2006). Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, Protein Evolution (Volume 75 izd.). Wiley- ... Nicholas C. Price, Lewis Stevens (1999). Fundamentals of Enzymology: The Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins ( ... biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors". Glycobiology 19: 715-725. PMID 19282391. ...
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Atromentin and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, ( ... essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids) in S. pneumoniae.[31] Optochin sensitivity in a culture of Streptococcus ... and Maclyn McCarty demonstrated that the transforming factor in Griffith's experiment was not protein, as was widely believed ... pneumoniae is associated with increased resistance to oxidative stress and increased expression of the RecA protein, a key ...
Genetically modified tomato
Kurstaki Insect Control Protein". Nature Biotechnology. 7 (12): 1265-1269. doi:10.1038/nbt1289-1265.. ... "Ethylene biosynthesis and action in tomato: a model for climacteric fruit ripening". Journal of Experimental Botany. 53 (377 ... "Fruit Cell Wall Proteins Help Fungus Turn Tomatoes From Ripe To Rotten". Science Daily. Jan 31, 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ... This tomato gained the moniker "fish tomato".[16] The antifreeze protein was found to inhibit ice recrystallization in the ...
Androgen
Biosynthesis[edit]. Androgens are synthesized from cholesterol and are produced primarily in the gonads (testicles and ovaries ... "G protein-coupled receptors: extranuclear mediators for the non-genomic actions of steroids". Int J Mol Sci. 15 (9): 15412-25 ...
Quercetin
BiosynthesisEdit. In plants, phenylalanine is converted to 4-coumaroyl-CoA in a series of steps known as the general ... Quercetin also activates or inhibits the activities of a number of proteins.[22] For example, quercetin is a non-specific ... quercetin has also been found to act as an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER).[26][27] ... "The G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 mediates c-fos up-regulation by 17beta-estradiol and phytoestrogens in breast cancer cells ...
Antiandrogen
AR NTD antagonists bind covalently to the NTD of the AR and prevent protein-protein interactions subsequent to activation that ... Androgen synthesis inhibitors: drugs that directly inhibit the enzymatic biosynthesis of androgens like testosterone and/or DHT ... Blood proteinsEdit. In addition to their antigonadotropic effects, estrogens are also functional antiandrogens by decreasing ... Androgen synthesis inhibitors are enzyme inhibitors that prevent the biosynthesis of androgens.[62] This process occurs mainly ...
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
Biosynthesis of neurosteroids[edit]. Neurosteroids are synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral ... Fig 2. Schematic diagram of a GABAA receptor protein ((α1)2(β2)2(γ2)) which illustrates the five combined subunits that form ... The synaptic anchoring protein Gephyrin is indirectly linked to the GABAA receptors. ... molecules that increase the activity of the GABAA receptor protein in the vertebrate central nervous system. ...
Fosforibozilaminoimidazolna karboksilaza - Википедија
Biochemical role of the Cryptococcus neoformans ADE2 protein in fungal de novo purine biosynthesis". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. ... Eric J. Toone (2006). Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, Protein Evolution (Volume 75 изд.). Wiley- ... Nicholas C. Price; Lewis Stevens (1999). Fundamentals of Enzymology: The Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins ( ... Branden C; Tooze J. Introduction to Protein Structure. New York, NY: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-2305-0.. ...
Competitive inhibition
The active site is a region on an enzyme which a particular protein or substrate can bind to. The active site will only allow ... "Drugs Which Inhibit Prostaglandin Biosynthesis". Pharmacological Reviews. 26 (1): 33-67. ISSN 0031-6997. PMID 4208101 ... "Functional Design of Proteins". Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. W. H. Freeman. ...
D-Amino acid
Biosynthesis[edit]. Two enzymes convert L-amino acids to D-amino acids. D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, ... D-Amino acids are most occasionally found in nature as residues in proteins. They are formed from ribosomally-derived D-amino ...
Beta-glucan
This article is missing information about biosynthesis. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details ... In addition, these side-chains can be attached to other types of molecules, like proteins, as in polysaccharide-K. ...
Archaea
Proteins related to the cytoskeleton components of other organisms exist in archaea,[89] and filaments form within their cells, ... "Biosynthesis of ether-type polar lipids in archaea and evolutionary considerations". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71 (1): 97-120 ... January 2002). "Introns in protein-coding genes in Archaea". FEBS Lett. 510 (1-2): 27-30. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03219-7. ... The proteins that archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes share form a common core of cell function, relating mostly to transcription ...
Biofuel
"Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds by fungi: bioengineering potential". Applied Microbiology and ...
කොලෙස්ටරෝල් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂය
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 and 2).[10] In the presence of cholesterol, SREBP is bound to two other proteins: ... Biosynthesis of cholesterol is directly regulated by the cholesterol levels present, though the homeostatic mechanisms involved ... The main regulatory mechanism is the sensing of intracellular cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum by the protein SREBP ( ... In order to carry large quantities of cholesterol it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins-protein "molecular- ...
Codon degeneracy
... redundancy is that some errors in the genetic code cause only a silent mutation or an error that would not affect the protein ... "Genetic Algorithms and Recursive Ensemble Mutagenesis in Protein Engineering". Complexity International. 1. Archived from the ...
Squalene monooxygenase
Only the ER localized protein is active. Squalene epoxidase also catalyzes the formation of diepoxysqualene (DOS). DOS is ... Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting ...
Peroxisome
Proteins do not have to unfold to be imported into the peroxisome. The protein receptors, the peroxins PEX5 and PEX7, accompany ... and biosynthesis of plasmalogens, i.e., ether phospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs.[4] ... The protein content of peroxisomes varies across species or organism, but the presence of proteins common to many species has ... of peroxisomal matrix proteins signals them to be imported into the organelle. There are at least 32 known peroxisomal proteins ...
ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ ಜೈವಿಕ ಸಂಯೋಜನೆ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಶ್ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದ Protien Biosynthesis ಲೇಖನ ಅನುವಾದ. ಲಿಂಕ್ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis ...
Acid alpha-glucosidase
Murphy CI, Lennick M, Lehar SM, Beltz GA, Young E (October 1990). "Temporal expression of HIV-1 envelope proteins in ... "Biosynthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins: effects of monensin on ... Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[6] ...
Papaver somniferum
... are involved in morphine biosynthesis derived from the opium poppy.[49] The enzymes were identified as non-heme dioxygenases, ... See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. *v. *t ... "Dioxygenases catalyze the O-demethylation steps of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy". Nature Chemical Biology. Nature ...
Arqueas, a enciclopedia libre
2002). "Introns in protein-coding genes in Archaea". FEBS Lett. 510 (1-2): 27-30. PMID 11755525. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01) ... "Biosynthesis of ether-type polar lipids in archaea and evolutionary considerations". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71 (1): 97-120 ... Nguyen L, Paulsen IT, Tchieu J, Hueck CJ, Saier MH (2000). "Phylogenetic analyses of the constituents of Type III protein ... O'Connor EM, Shand RF (2002). "Halocins and sulfolobicins: the emerging story of archaeal protein and peptide antibiotics". J. ...
Oat
"Seed Storage Proteins: Structures 'and Biosynthesis" (PDF). Plantcell.org. Retrieved 2013-03-27.. ... ProteinEdit. Oats are the only cereal containing a globulin or legume-like protein, avenalin, as the major (80%) storage ... Oat protein is nearly equivalent in quality to soy protein, which World Health Organization research has shown to be equal to ... Avenins present in oats (proteins similar to gliadin from wheat) can trigger celiac disease in a small proportion of people.[2] ...
Honey bee
The rearing of one larva requires 125-187.5 mg pollen or 25-37.5 mg protein for proper development.[31] Dietary proteins are ... Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, ... Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4-4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66-74% protein.[31] ... In the hive, pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood-rearing. In certain environments, excess pollen can be ...
RNA world
"The Alanine World Model for the Development of the Amino Acid Repertoire in Protein Biosynthesis". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20 (21): ... DNA and proteins seemed the dominant macromolecules in the living cell, with RNA only aiding in creating proteins from the DNA ... where a nucleotide-based molecule is needed to synthesize protein, and a peptide-based (protein) molecule is needed to make ... The ability to catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce short peptides or longer proteins. This ...
Mold health issues
Temperature, water activity and pH, strongly influence mycotoxin biosynthesis by increasing the level of transcription within ... produces small toxic peptides containing amino acids not found in common proteins, like alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, called ... "Natural functions of mycotoxins and control of their biosynthesis in fungi". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87 (3): 899-911. doi: ...
Tetrahydrocannabinol
The pathway for THCA biosynthesis is similar to that which produces the bitter acid humulone in hops.[36][37] ... The plasma protein binding of dronabinol and its metabolites is approximately 97%.. ... Garrett ER, Hunt CA (July 1974). "Physicochemical properties, solubility, and protein binding of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol". J. ... "Identification of candidate genes affecting Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol biosynthesis in Cannabis sativa". Journal of Experimental ...
Vitamin C
Biosynthesis[edit]. The vast majority of animals and plants are able to synthesize vitamin C, through a sequence of enzyme- ... Savini I, Rossi A, Pierro C, Avigliano L, Catani MV (April 2008). "SVCT1 and SVCT2: key proteins for vitamin C uptake". Amino ... Bulley S, Laing W (October 2016). "The regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 33: 15-22. doi: ... The biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in vertebrates starts with the formation of UDP-glucuronic acid. UDP-glucuronic acid is ...
Category:Protein biosynthesis - Wikimedia Commons
Protein synthesis, Protein biosynthesis, تركيب البروتين الحيوي, تخليق حيوي للبروتين, تخليق البروتين الحيوي, اصطناع البروتينات ... Media in category "Protein biosynthesis". The following 138 files are in this category, out of 138 total. ... protein biosynthesis (en); Valgusüntees (et); Биосинтез белка (ru); Sinteza proteina (sr-el); Proteosyntéza (sk); 蛋白質生物合成 (zh- ... hk); 蛋白質生物合成 (zh-tw); Биосинтеза на белковини (mk); Sinh tổng hợp protein (vi); Biosynteza białka (pl); Sintesis protein (id); ...
Phenazine biosynthesis PhzF protein (IPR003719) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their ... InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites ... Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79.. Biochemistry 43 12427-35 ... Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthetic protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ...
Thiamine biosynthesis protein ThiF (IPR012729) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their ... InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites ... Thiamine biosynthesis protein ThiF (IPR012729). Short name: ThiF_fam2 Overlapping homologous superfamilies *Ubiquitin- ... Members of the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family of proteins (IPR000594) include a number of members encoded in the midst of thiamine ...
cell wall biosynthesis glycosyltransferase [Bacillus thuringiensis BMB - Protein - NCBI
cell wall biosynthesis glycosyltransferase [Bacillus thuringiensis BMB171] cell wall biosynthesis glycosyltransferase [Bacillus ... that encode that identical protein.. Old YP_003665232.1 New WP_000839298.1 Identical proteins Re-annotation project ... cell wall biosynthesis glycosyltransferase [Bacillus thuringiensis BMB171]. * This record was replaced or removed. The sequence ... The tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match Prosite patterns in ...
The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis | PNAS
The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Takayuki Shimizu, Sylwia M. Kacprzak, Nobuyoshi ... The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Takayuki Shimizu, Sylwia M. Kacprzak, Nobuyoshi ... The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message ... The retrograde signaling protein GUN1 regulates tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Takayuki Shimizu, Sylwia M. Kacprzak, Nobuyoshi ...
Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia
Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps.[1] They are principally during transcription (phenomena of RNA ... The capacity of disabling or inhibiting translation in protein biosynthesis is used by some antibiotics such as anisomycin, ... Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. However, when a protein must be available on short ... Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular ...
DVU0045 flagellar biosynthesis protein, FliO [Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough] - Gene - NCBI
flagellar biosynthesis protein, FliO. Locus tag. DVU0045. Gene type. protein coding. RefSeq status. REVIEWED. Organism. ... mRNA and Protein(s) * YP_009270.1 flagellar biosynthesis protein, FliO [Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough] ... DVU0045 flagellar biosynthesis protein, FliO [ Desulfovibrio vulgaris str. Hildenborough ] Gene ID: 2796754, updated on 20-Aug- ...
Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia
... and the proteins ability to interact with other proteins. Protein biosynthesis has a key role in disease as changes and errors ... Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of ... Proteins perform a number of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones. Protein synthesis is a very ... N-linked glycosylation promotes protein folding by increasing solubility and mediates the protein binding to protein chaperones ...
Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein - Wikipedia
Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis proteins are also known as the prokaryotic type-I FAD synthetases, which consist of a C- ... The prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein is a bifunctional enzyme found in bacteria that catalyzes the phosphorylation ... This bacterial protein is functionally similar to the monofunctional riboflavin kinases and FMN-adenylyltransferases of ... Sebastián M, Serrano A, Velázquez-Campoy A, Medina M (August 2017). "Kinetics and thermodynamics of the protein-ligand ...
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Molybdopterin biosynthesis Mog protein - O53877 (O53877 MYCTO)
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... This protein in other organisms (by gene name): O53877 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551 / Oshkosh) 1 * Q5SUL0 - ... Protein disorder predictions are based on JRONN (Troshin, P. and Barton, G. J. unpublished), a Java implementation of RONN * ... The Protein Feature View requires a browser that supports SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Mouse over tracks and labels for more ...
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzG - Q51793 (PHZG PSEFL)
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... This protein in other organisms (by gene name): Q51793 - Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 * O69755 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 ... Protein disorder predictions are based on JRONN (Troshin, P. and Barton, G. J. unpublished), a Java implementation of RONN * ... The Protein Feature View requires a browser that supports SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Mouse over tracks and labels for more ...
Manipulating Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microalgae for Biofuel through Protein-Protein Interactions
These findings highlight the critical role of protein-protein interactions in manipulating fatty acid biosynthesis for algae ... We demonstrate that protein-protein interactions between the fatty acid acyl carrier protein (ACP) and thioesterase (TE) govern ... Employing an activity-based crosslinking probe designed to selectively trap transient protein-protein interactions between the ... a structural simulation of docking CrACP to CrTE identifies a protein-protein recognition surface between the two domains. A ...
Regents Protein Synthesis | Dna | Biosynthesis
Regents Protein Synthesis - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation ... 3. a protein molecule 4. an enzyme molecule. 13. A medical test indicates that a patient has a defective protein. This ... 3. The accompanying diagram shows some of the steps in protein synthesis. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of ... 7. The accompanying diagram shows some of the steps in protein synthesis. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of ...
algA - Alginate biosynthesis protein AlgA - Pseudomonas fluorescens - algA gene & protein
Proteins known to be involved in the 2 steps of the subpathway in this organism are:. *Alginate biosynthesis protein AlgA (algA ... Alginate biosynthesis protein AlgA (algA). This subpathway is part of the pathway GDP-alpha-D-mannose biosynthesis, which is ... to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.,p>,a href=/help/protein_names target=_top>More...,/a>,/p>Protein namesi. ... no protein annotated in this organism. This subpathway is part of the pathway GDP-alpha-D-mannose biosynthesis, which is itself ...
Protein Biosynthesis -
Chemgapedia
Articles on Molecular Biology, Cells, DNA, RNA & Protein Biosynthesis at the Genetics Channel
Gain insight into the study of cell systems, DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis at BrightHubs genetics channel. ... C-Reactive Proteins C-reactive proteins are found in the blood and are present in large numbers during a period of inflammation ... This makes the identification of normal C-reactive proteins synonymous with the onset of viral or bacterial infections.. By ... The Golgi apparatus is a part of the cellular structure that assists in the modification and delivery of proteins and other ...
View Inhibitors Of Protein Biosynthesis 1979
The bohemian technologies or minutes of your reading view Inhibitors of Protein, belly E-mail, review or letter should know ... 1818042, view Inhibitors of Protein : A Western occupation with this study state only means. The Internet access ... View Inhibitors Of Protein Biosynthesis 1979. View Inhibitors Of Protein Biosynthesis 1979. by Mark 4.6 ...
Protein Biosynthesis | Molecular and Cellular Biology
purH - Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PurH - Burkholderia insecticola - purH gene & protein
Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PurH (purH). This subpathway is part of the pathway IMP biosynthesis via de novo ... Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PurH (purH). This subpathway is part of the pathway IMP biosynthesis via de novo ... to allow unambiguous identification of a protein.,p>,a href=/help/protein_names target=_top>More...,/a>,/p>Protein namesi. ... Pathwayi: IMP biosynthesis via de novo pathway. This protein is involved in step 1 of the subpathway that synthesizes IMP from ...
CAD: A Multifunctional Protein Leading De Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
... María Moreno‐Morcillo, Spanish National Cancer Research ... Evan DR (1986) CAD, a chimeric protein that initiates de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in higher eukaryotes. In: Hardie DG and ... Davidson JN, Rumsby PC and Tamaren J (1981) Organization of a multifunctional protein in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Analyses of ... 2017) Structural insight into the core of CAD, the multifunctional protein leading de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Structure ...
Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis ...
... Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis ... Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis ... Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis ...
AID 504807 - Identification of Proteins Required for Histone mRNA Biosynthesis - PubChem
Search: pathway:Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - The Human Protein Atlas
Protein classi. Protein class(es) of the gene product according to selected gene lists. List of protein classes. ... Protein classi. Protein class(es) of the gene product according to selected gene lists. List of protein classes. ... Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) ... Protein evidence scores are generated from several independent sources and are classified as evidence at i) protein level, ii) ...
WikiGenes - moaC - molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein MoaC
Sonifying Protein Bio Synthesis
... table { background-color:#fff; margin-left:50; padding: 10px; border-collapse: collapse; } . ... ProteinBioSynthesis (old) last edited on 11 August 2005 at 11:42 am by e176084095.adsl.alicedsl.de *myRibosome last edited on 1 ... ProteinBioSynthesis.zip (class library, distributed under gpl). The easiest way though is to import it from the Quarks ... Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC3200 (MGC3200), mRNA. Salmo salar ultraviolet opsin mRNA. Agrobacterium larrymoorei 16S ...
Protein biosynthesis - RightDiagnosis.com
Protein biosynthesis information including symptoms, causes, diseases, symptoms, treatments, and other medical and health ... Introduction: Protein biosynthesis. Description of Protein biosynthesis. Protein biosynthesis: anabolic formation of proteins ... Broader terms for Protein biosynthesis. *Gene Expression *Peptide Biosynthesis Source - MeSH 2007 *biosynthesis *protein ... Terms associated with Protein biosynthesis:. Terms Similar to Protein biosynthesis:. *Genetic Translation *Peptide Biosynthesis ...
The biosynthesis of neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins
... Olsson, Inge LU ; Egesten, Arne LU ; Gullberg, Urban LU ; Lantz ... Biosynthesis of the granule proteins is discussed in detail with particular emphasis on neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ... Biosynthesis of the granule proteins is discussed in detail with particular emphasis on neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ... The biosynthesis of neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins}, volume = {24}, year = {1986}, } ...
Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. | Plant Cell
Human amylin proteotoxicity impairs protein biosynthesis, and alters major cellular signaling pathways in the heart, brain and...
Human amylin proteotoxicity impairs protein biosynthesis, and alters major cellular signaling pathways in the heart, brain and ... Schutz, Y. (2011). Protein turnover, ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, ... Rampersad, O. R., & Wool, I. G. (1965). Protein synthesis by ribosomes from heart muscle: Effect of insulin and diabetes. ... Pietzsch, J., Bergmann, R., & Kopprasch, S. (2004). Analysis of non-protein amino acids as specific markers of low density ...
Bio-Synthesis Adds New Division Dedicated to Custom Expression of Proteins in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells - PR.com
Bio-Synthesis Adds New Division Dedicated to Custom Expression of Proteins in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. ... Bio-Synthesis Inc.. Heidi Fazeli. 972-420-8505. Contact. www.biosyn.com. Click here to view the company profile of Bio- ... Bio-Synthesis provides assistance with several steps of the protein production process, from gene synthesis, codon optimization ... A new department specifically for protein expression gives us even more flexibility.". Bio-Synthesis Incorporated has been ...
SynthesisMRNACell wall biosynthesisPathwayGenePeptidesEnzymesGenesMetabolismRibosomeRegulationBacteriaPseudomonasEnzymePathwaysAntibioticFlavonoid biosynthesisRiboflavin biosynthesisIncorporationRegulatesDegradationSearch proteins in UniProtKBBifunctionalFattyEncodesCellulose biosynthesisTRNARegulateArabidopsisInteractionsGeneticYeastInhibitionLipidPhylogeneticCharacterizationFungal pathogensStructuresInhibitorsMembraneUniProtSecretionHomologousStructurallyTransmembraneBiologicalPutativeSequenceResiduesExpressionSynthasePhotosynthesisBiosyntheticRecombinant proteinSteroidogenic acute rPurificationLocusStorage proteinsNucleotideCellular
Synthesis40
- In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
- The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation. (wikipedia.org)
- Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences. (wikipedia.org)
- Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases - transcription and translation. (wikipedia.org)
- DNA,RNA & Protein Synthesis Mrs. (scribd.com)
- 2. The amino acid sequence may be altered during protein synthesis. (scribd.com)
- 2. Which cell structure contains information needed for protein synthesis? (scribd.com)
- 3. The accompanying diagram shows some of the steps in protein synthesis. (scribd.com)
- Pyrimidines are essential precursors for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) synthesis, protein glycosylation and lipid synthesis. (els.net)
- In animals, the multifunctional protein CAD catalyses the first three reactions of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. (els.net)
- We are pleased to add the newly created division, Custom Protein Expression, where we will offer a one-stop solution from gene synthesis to purified protein in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic models. (pr.com)
- Bio-Synthesis provides assistance with several steps of the protein production process, from gene synthesis, codon optimization, choice of expression vector to high-throughput protein expression. (pr.com)
- Currently we focus on membrane protein folding in situ using cell-free expression systems and nanodiscs to monitor synthesis and folding events of bacteriorhodopsin during the protein translation by the ribosome. (fz-juelich.de)
- Central to FA synthesis, the ACP (acyl carrier protein) represents the cofactor protein that covalently binds all fatty acyl intermediates via a phosphopantetheine linker during the synthesis process. (biochemj.org)
- Protein synthesis in mammalian epidermis: are polyribosomes involved in fibrous-protein biosynthesis? (portlandpress.com)
- Research in this section is focused on understanding translational regulatory mechanisms and the molecular details of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. (nih.gov)
- Given its critical importance as the ultimate step in gene expression and its significant energy requirements, the fidelity and efficiency of protein synthesis are key elements for cell growth and development. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, regulation of protein synthesis is an important element in the innate immune response against pathogens. (nih.gov)
- The initiation phase of eukaryotic protein synthesis requires the activity of at least 12 trans-acting proteins referred to as translation initiation factors (eIFs) and translation elongation is assisted by two well-conserved eukaryotic elongation factors (eEFs). (nih.gov)
- Ergosterol is a major and specific component of the fungal plasma membrane, and thus, the cytochrome P450 enzymes (Erg proteins) that catalyze ergosterol synthesis have been selected as valuable targets of azole antifungals. (asm.org)
- Compared to the single Dap proteins found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe , we suggest that this complex Dap family regulatory system emerged during the evolution of fungi as an adaptive means to regulate ergosterol synthesis in response to environmental stimuli. (asm.org)
- Moreover, our elucidation of the molecular mechanism of Dap regulation of cytochrome P450 protein functionality through heme-binding activity may extend beyond the Kingdom Fungi with applicability toward Dap protein regulation of mammalian sterol synthesis. (asm.org)
- The AdrA protein can catalyze the synthesis of bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic diguanylic acid (cyclic di-GMP), which in turn stimulates the enzymes responsible for cellulose production ( 48 ). (asm.org)
- We elucidate a close connection between proofreading of the emerging amino acid sequence during its normal, elongation factor-dependent ribosomal biosynthesis and the existence of the factor-free synthesis of a polypeptide chain on a ribosome. (springer.com)
- Polyphenylalanine synthesis in Escherichia coli ribosomes without participation of guanosine-5'-triphosphate and protein translation factors. (springer.com)
- Supporting Information Available: Amino acid synthesis, plasmid construction, protein expression, and protein analysis (PDF). (caltech.edu)
- Despite the wide range of structures reported for Fe-S clusters inserted into proteins, the biological synthesis of all Fe-S clusters starts with the assembly of simple units of 2Fe-2S and 4Fe-4S clusters. (biochemsoctrans.org)
- Elicitation of this cpUPR by inhibition of protein synthesis in the chloroplast led to increased expression of nuclear genes encoding ClpB3 and other chloroplast chap- erones, eventually causing a stress acclimation response. (tesisenred.net)
- The incorporation of Tcg into proteins creates new opportunities for macromolecular synthesis through genetic engineering, due to the rich chemistry of the olefinic side chain. (caltech.edu)
- Furthermore, overexpression of full-length DCNP1, but not DCNP1 ΔRRK or DCNP1 1-116 , in C6 cells significantly decreased both the mRNA and protein levels of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), a key enzyme in melatonin synthesis. (chinaphar.com)
- Of the proteins required for diphthamide synthesis, Dph3 is the smallest, containing only 82 residues. (ozgene.com)
- Here we have a code that is extensive enough to direct the synthesis of the primary structure of a protein molecule. (libretexts.org)
- Protein synthesis is accomplished by orderly interactions between mRNA and the other ribonucleic acids (transfer RNA [tRNA] and ribosomal RNA [rRNA]), the ribosome, and more than 100 enzymes. (libretexts.org)
- After the amino acid molecule has been bound to its tRNA carrier, protein synthesis can take place. (libretexts.org)
- Here it is proposed that changes in protein synthesis mediate the tradeoffs that take place upon genetic and environmental manipulation in various model systems including yeast, worms, flies and mice. (isharonline.org)
- This hypothesis is supported by evidence that inhibition of the TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway and various translation factors that inhibit protein synthesis lead to slowing of growth and development but extend lifespan. (isharonline.org)
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein synthesis and maturation for secreted and membrane proteins. (isharonline.org)
- Here, we report that increased synthesis of N-glycan precursors in the hexosamine pathway improves ER protein homeostasis and extends lifespan in C. elegans. (isharonline.org)
- or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
MRNA10
- Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA . (wikipedia.org)
- The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain. (wikipedia.org)
- During transcription, a section of DNA encoding a protein, known as a gene, is converted into a template molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). (wikipedia.org)
- On its surface there are large amounts of small round entities, the ribosomes, that translate the incoming mRNA into proteins. (hfbk-hamburg.de)
- SAD1 encodes a polypeptide similar to multifunctional Sm-like snRNP proteins that are required for mRNA splicing, export, and degradation. (nih.gov)
- Stimulation of prostaglandin H synthase mRNA levels and prostaglandin biosynthesis by phorbol ester: mediation by protein kinase C. (aspetjournals.org)
- The objective requires you to have a general understanding of the roles played by mRNA and tRNA in the biosynthesis of proteins, and that you be able to describe this process. (libretexts.org)
- The sequence of these triplet groups in the mRNA dictates the sequence of the amino acids in the protein. (libretexts.org)
- The process in which the information encoded in the mRNA is used to direct the sequencing of amino acids and thus ultimately to synthesize a protein is referred to as translation . (libretexts.org)
- Translation, the assembly of proteins by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. (progesteroneand.net)
Cell wall biosynthesis1
- The biosynthetic and salvage pathways provide pyrimidine nucleotides for RNA, DNA, cell membrane and cell wall biosynthesis. (unt.edu)
Pathway11
- In this article, we have demonstrated that the major retrograde signaling protein GUN1 can bind tetrapyrroles and regulate the flow through the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. (pnas.org)
- In animals, the de novo pathway is initiated and controlled by CAD, a ∼240‐kDa multifunctional protein with four different enzymatic domains: glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC). (els.net)
- a) Overview of the de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of pyrimidines. (els.net)
- Thus, Fd1, a one-electron carrier protein in photosynthesis, drives the phycobilin biosynthetic pathway. (nih.gov)
- Functional enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that four pathways might be involved in storage protein biosynthesis. (frontiersin.org)
- The bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) pathway is a promising target for antibacterial drug discovery and current research is focused on elucidating the substrate specificity of the b-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS) enzymes in this pathway, identify the interactions between the components of the FASII pathway and discovering the unknown dehydratase, and studying the interaction of current enzyme inhibitors with FASII components in whole cells. (suny.edu)
- Several data in the literature suggest the existence of protein-protein interactions within the FASII pathway. (suny.edu)
- This disaggregase accumulates when the MEP pathway flux is decreased and in situations causing protein folding stress. (tesisenred.net)
- E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE or IspG) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (LytB or IspH) are involved in the last two steps of the DOXP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. (auburn.edu)
- The evolutionary conservation of the complex diphthamide biosynthesis pathway throughout eukaryotes implies a key role for diphthamide in normal cellular physiology. (ozgene.com)
- A role for SP85 and interacting coat proteins in this signaling pathway explains many of the defects of SP85-null spores and the dominant negative effects of the partial length fragments. (reedforiowa.com)
Gene11
- Transcription can be divided into 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed. (wikipedia.org)
- To express a protein by a cell-free system, purified and separated components from cell lysates, e.g. of prokaryotic or eucaryotic origin, get re-combined with certain additives (e.g. amino acids, energy or buffer components, transcription enzymes) in a test tube in a respective manner to process a complete bio-protein synthetic cycle of an offered gene, which encodes for a certain protein. (fz-juelich.de)
- A gene on chromosome 2q35 that encodes a bifunctional protein that catalyses the last two steps in purine biosynthesis. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The gene‐specific translation initiation region (TIR) drives a growth‐dependent, differential production of proteins in the absence of regulators. (embopress.org)
- A gene on chromosome 17p13.2 that encodes a component of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) transamidase complex essential for the transfer of GPI to proteins and involved in GPI-anchor and glycolipid biosynthesis. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Our results indicate that CsgD can modulate cellulose biosynthesis through activation of the yoaD gene. (asm.org)
- Expression of both curli and cellulose depends on the CsgD protein, a putative transcription regulator of the LuxR family, which activates transcription of the csgBAC operon ( 2 ), which encodes curli structural subunits, and transcription of the adrA gene, a positive effector of cellulose biosynthesis ( 45 ). (asm.org)
- The product of the CsgD-dependent adrA gene is a member of the GGDEF protein family ( 16 , 50 ). (asm.org)
- Our data therefore confirm that GUN1 is a central integrator of different pathways controlling chloroplast protein homeostasis beyond the control of nuclear gene ex- pression. (tesisenred.net)
- If a protein contains two or more different polypeptide chains, each chain is coded by a different gene. (libretexts.org)
- This locus represents a mitochondrial ubiquinone biosynthesis gene. (nih.gov)
Peptides4
- A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification . (wikipedia.org)
- The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA , via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- The conformation with which natural agonistic peptides interact with G protein-coupled receptor(s) (GPCR(s)) partly results from intramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bridges or is induced by ligand-receptor interactions. (portlandpress.com)
- Biosynthesis of lanthionine-constrained peptides exploiting engineered Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria that contain lanthionine-introducing enzymes constitutes a convenient method for discovery of lanthionine-stabilized GPCR agonists. (portlandpress.com)
Enzymes11
- Members of this family are members of the superfamily of activating enzymes (E1) of the ubiquitin-like proteins [ PMID: 12660720 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Proteins perform a number of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones. (wikipedia.org)
- ATP + riboflavin ⇌ ADP + FMN ATP + FMN ⇌ diphosphate + FAD Eukaryotes usually have two separate enzymes, while most prokaryotes have a single bifunctional protein that can carry out both catalyses, although exceptions occur in both cases. (wikipedia.org)
- The two committed enzymatic steps of riboflavin biosynthesis are performed in plants by bifunctional RIBA enzymes comprised of GTP cyclohydrolase II (GCHII) and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (DHBPS). (mdpi.com)
- Transcription of miRNA-encoding genes is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II, and the transcripts are spliced into mature miRNA via dicer-like enzymes and several protein complexes ( Bartel, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In this study, we demonstrate that a cytochrome b 5 -like heme-binding damage resistance protein (Dap) family, comprised of DapA, DapB, and DapC, coordinately regulates the functionality of cytochrome P450 enzymes Erg5 and Erg11 and oppositely affects susceptibility to azoles. (asm.org)
- Substrates are shuttled between the FASII enzymes by acyl carrier protein, a phosphopantetheinylated protein with a MW of 13 kDa in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 7 kDa in Escherichia coli. (suny.edu)
- All systems, however, construct Fe-S clusters through a similar biosynthetic scheme involving three main steps: (1) sulfur activation by a cysteine desulfurase, (2) cluster assembly by a scaffold protein, and (3) guided delivery of Fe-S units to either final acceptors or biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of complex metalloclusters. (biochemsoctrans.org)
- Furthermore, we analyzed the thioester reductase FclG and the free-standing condensation domain-like protein FclL in detail and observed low substrate specificity for both enzymes. (springer.com)
- Phosphoproteome analysis of functional mitochondria isolated from resting human muscle reveals extensive phosphorylation of inner membrane protein complexes and enzymes. (nih.gov)
- Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Genes12
- In this study, we characterized two noncatalytic chalcone isomerase (CHI)-like proteins (designated as HlCHIL1 and HlCHIL2) using engineered yeast harboring all genes required for DMX production. (pnas.org)
- sad1 plants are also defective in the positive feedback regulation of ABA biosynthesis genes by ABA and are impaired in drought stress induction of ABA biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
- Among these genes are yloU and yqhY which encode the paralogous proteins YloU and YqhY. (frontiersin.org)
- In summary, our findings suggest that drought stress may enhance storage protein by regulating the expression of miRNAs and their target genes. (frontiersin.org)
- The expression of all three genes is induced in an azole concentration-dependent way, and the decreased susceptibility to azoles requires DapA stabilization of cytochrome P450 protein activity. (asm.org)
- Constitutive expression of the CsgD protein results in altered transcription patterns for at least 24 novel genes, in addition to the previously identified CsgD-dependent genes. (asm.org)
- The cspA and fecR genes, encoding regulatory proteins responding to cold shock and to iron, respectively, and yoaD , encoding a putative negative regulator of cellulose biosynthesis, were found to be some of the novel CsgD-regulated genes. (asm.org)
- The Pseudomonas aeruginosa fabA and fabB genes, encoding beta-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase and beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I, respectively, were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. (asm.org)
- As with other positive activator proteins, when pyrimidine nucleotides are depleted, PyrR binds to DNA thereby enhancing expression of pyrD, pyrE and pyrF genes. (unt.edu)
- We elucidated the biosynthesis of these NRPS-PKS hybrids in Xenorhabdus szentirmaii by deletion of most genes encoded in the fabclavine BGC and subsequent analysis of produced fabclavine or polyamine intermediates. (springer.com)
- We found 394 GPA1-regulated genes spanning 79 biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stresses, development, flavonoid biosynthesis, transcription factors, transporters and nitrate/phosphate responses. (deepdyve.com)
- Here, we show in Pisum sativum L. that the DELLA proteins can activate the expression of KNOX and BELL transcription factors involved in regulation of cytokinin metabolic and response genes. (edu.au)
Metabolism3
- The global catabolite repression control protein, Crc, has been shown to affect pyrimidine metabolism in a number of ways. (unt.edu)
- Such findings provide insights into strategies used by bacteria to regulate the flow of reactive intermediates and provide protein barcodes to uncover yet-unidentified cellular components involved in Fe-S metabolism. (biochemsoctrans.org)
- Our results suggest that DELLA proteins may regulate cytokinin metabolism upon nodulation. (edu.au)
Ribosome2
- This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ), and more than 50 different proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Technical problems intrinsic to the purification of preribosome intermediates have limited our understanding of ribosome biosynthesis in humans. (sebbm.es)
Regulation3
- Cohen P (1989) The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases. (springer.com)
- The regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis was studied in Pseudomonas putida. (unt.edu)
- The main regulators of gibberellin signaling, the DELLA proteins are also involved in regulation of nodule formation. (edu.au)
Bacteria9
- The prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein is a bifunctional enzyme found in bacteria that catalyzes the phosphorylation of riboflavin into flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and the adenylylation of FMN into flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). (wikipedia.org)
- In bacteria, GLN, CPS, DHO and ATC are individual proteins for which structural information is available. (els.net)
- Fungi have a CAD‐like protein with an inactive DHO‐like domain (light green), whereas in bacteria, archaeans and plants, the GLN, CPS, DHO and ATC activities are encoded as distinct monofunctional proteins. (els.net)
- In most bacteria, fatty acid biosynthesis is an essential process that must be controlled by the availability of precursors and by the needs of cell division. (frontiersin.org)
- We previously reported that patatin-like protein 2 (PLP2), a pathogen-induced patatin-like lipid acyl hydrolase, promotes cell death and negatively affects Arabidopsis resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea and to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae . (apsnet.org)
- Another unifying feature on the biological formation of Fe-S clusters in bacteria is that these systems are tightly regulated by a network of protein interactions. (biochemsoctrans.org)
- The phylogenetic relations between anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria were compared on the basis of sequences of key proteins of the type-II photosynthetic reaction center, including PufLM and PufH (PuhA), and a key enzyme of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis, the light-independent chlorophyllide reductase BchXYZ. (mpg.de)
- The phylogenetic relations demonstrated that bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis had evolved in ancestors of phototrophic green bacteria much earlier as compared to phototrophic purple bacteria and that multiple events independently formed different lineages of aerobic phototrophic purple bacteria, many of which have very ancient roots. (mpg.de)
- Furthermore well-known is the biosynthesis of [S,S]-EDDS using the bacteria species Amycolatopsis japonicum (Zwicker et al. (justia.com)
Pseudomonas3
- Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthesis protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Fatty acid biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: cloning and characterization of the fabAB operon encoding beta-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabA) and beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I (FabB). (asm.org)
- The translation elongation factor 2 in eukaryotes (eEF-2) contains a unique posttranslationally modified histidine residue, termed diphthamide, which serves as the only target for diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Diphthamide biosynthesis is carried out by five highly conserved proteins, Dph1 to Dph5, and an as-yet-unidentified amidating enzyme. (ozgene.com)
Enzyme2
- The affinity of BlaC for the inhibitors was further studied using catalytically inactive mutants of the enzyme.In parallel, the Alr and YlmE proteins from S. coelicolor A3(2) were studied. (universiteitleiden.nl)
- Later, by the sequence similarity, a similar protein was found in Chlamydomonas algae, [9] showing that this regulatory subsystem existed a long time before the angiosperms lost the independent conversion enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways2
- The second part of the thesis continued previous work with DXI1, a DXS-interacting J-protein that facilitates the recognition of inactive DXS forms to deliver them to eventual reactivation or degradation pathways. (tesisenred.net)
- A collection of articles that focus on an array of different scientific topics such as pathways, cancer, transmembrane proteins. (cusabio.com)
Antibiotic1
- Involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic phenazine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecule having important roles in virulence, competition and biological control. (rcsb.org)
Flavonoid biosynthesis1
- Our results provide insights into their evolutionary development from the ancestral noncatalytic fatty acid-binding chalcone isomerase-fold proteins to specialized auxiliary proteins supporting flavonoid biosynthesis in plants, and open up the possibility of producing high-value plant prenylchalcones using heterologous systems. (pnas.org)
Riboflavin biosynthesis1
- Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis proteins are also known as the prokaryotic type-I FAD synthetases, which consist of a C-terminal riboflavin kinase (RFK) and an N-terminal FMN-adenylyltransferase (FMNAT). (wikipedia.org)
Incorporation8
- Efforts we employed toward characterizing this noncovalent complex include the development of a photoprobe by attaching a benzophenone group to the prosthetic PPant arm of AcpM (B4M-AcpM), the development of a bioorthogonal w-azido fatty acid probe to determine fatty acylated proteins in the cell and lastly, the incorporation of fluorescent tags into InhA in order to quantitate an interaction to KasA. (suny.edu)
- However, future optimizations of this method along with the incorporation of w-azido fatty acids into cells and the appropriate position to insert fluorescent probes into InhA are required to definitely identify physiologically relevant protein-protein interactions. (suny.edu)
- Incorporation of nonnatural amino acid residues allows engineering of proteins with novel chemical functionality and unusual physical properties. (caltech.edu)
- We report here that modification of the leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) activity of the host allows efficient incorporation of 2 into recombinant proteins prepared in Escherichia coli. (caltech.edu)
- Furthermore, the coiled-coil protein used to demonstrate incorporation of 2 exhibits enhanced stability in comparison to the same protein enriched in 1, possibly due to the increased hydrophobic character of the additional trifluoromethyl group in the protein core. (caltech.edu)
- The incorporation of amino acids into proteins in vivo is controlled by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. (caltech.edu)
- The successful incorporation of a nonnatural amino acid, trans-crotylglycine (Tcg), into a protein has now been achieved by increasing the methionyl-tRNA synthetase activity of a bacterial expression host (see scheme). (caltech.edu)
- This high degree of specificity is vital to the incorporation of the correct amino acid into a protein. (libretexts.org)
Regulates1
- G-protein α-subunit (GPA1) regulates stress, nitrate and phosphate response, flavonoid. (deepdyve.com)
Degradation2
- it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export . (wikipedia.org)
- Biosynthesis and Degradation of Storage Protein in Spores of the Fungu" by Gary Petersen, Kurt Dahlberg et al. (unl.edu)
Search proteins in UniProtKB1
- Search proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule. (uniprot.org)
Bifunctional1
- Below are the list of possible Bifunctional NAD biosynthesis protein products. (mybiosource.com)
Fatty2
- Collectively, our data indicate that PLP2 is an integral component of the plant cell death execution machinery, possibly providing fatty acid precursors for the biosynthesis of specific oxylipins and differentially affecting resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. (apsnet.org)
- L. An initial pH of the medium in the range 4.0-7.0 have no significant effect on the protein (38.5-41.3 g/100 g d.w. ), lipid (10.2-12.7 g/100 g d.w. ), or carotenoid (191.7-202.9 μg/g d.w. ) content in the biomass, or on the profile of synthesized fatty acids and carotenoids. (ejbiotechnology.info)
Encodes3
- In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , PHO85 encodes a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) with multiple roles in cell cycle and metabolic controls. (asm.org)
- The locus encodes a protein of 341 amino acid residues with four WD40 repeats. (plantcell.org)
- The rice (Oryza sativa) genome encodes 37 putative chitinases and chitinase-like proteins. (semanticscholar.org)
Cellulose biosynthesis2
- Curli production is dependent on the CsgD transcription activator, which also promotes cellulose biosynthesis. (asm.org)
- Expression of curli is linked to cellulose biosynthesis, which leads to the production of an extracellular matrix and results in tight cell-cell and cell-surface interactions and in the so-called rdar morphotype in Salmonella ( 45 , 57 , 58 ). (asm.org)
TRNA4
- The effect of cis-bis(glycylglycine Et ester)platinum(II) chloride [60426-60-0] and cisplatinum [15663-27-1] on the protein biosynthesis of Walker-25 carcinosarcoma was confirmed to arise from an inhibition of the aminoacylation of tRNA and the biosynthesis of polyphenylalanine. (uni-regensburg.de)
- Homo sapiens,Human,OSGEPL1,Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein OSGEPL1,t(6)A37 threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein OSGEPL1 Human samples 80 % of the research is conducted on human samples. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- GENTAUR suppliers human normal cells, cell lines, RNA extracts and lots of antibodies and ELISA kits to Human proteins as well as Homo sapiens,Human,OSGEPL1,Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein OSGEPL1,t(6)A37 threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein OSGEPL1. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Homo sapiens,Human,OSGEPL1,Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein OSGEPL1,t(6)A37 threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein OSGEPL1 rna research rna is not so stable and very sticky. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Regulate3
- However, little is known about the expression characteristics of miRNAs and how they regulate protein accumulation in wheat caryopsis under drought stress. (frontiersin.org)
- In this study, we demonstrate that three cytochrome b 5 -like Dap proteins coordinately regulate the azole resistance and ergosterol biosynthesis catalyzed by cytochrome P450 proteins. (asm.org)
- Molecular events that regulate cellular biosynthesis of steroid hormones have been a topic of intense research for more than half a century. (elsevier.com)
Arabidopsis2
- We isolated a knock-out mutant of the Arabidopsis G-protein α subunit (gpa1-5) and analysed its transcriptome to understand the genomewide role of GPA1 and compared it with that of our similar analysis of a GCR1 mutant (Chakraborty et al. (deepdyve.com)
- The Arabidopsis mutant (FLU), unable to control biosynthesis of protochlorophyllide, glows red in the blue light. (wikipedia.org)
Interactions4
- Furthermore, analysis by a chemical cross-linking technique designed to detect protein-protein interactions revealed that HO1 and PcyA directly interact with Fd in a 1:2 ratio. (nih.gov)
- Studies involving the components of the FASII system also involve the utilization of techniques to identify protein-protein interactions. (suny.edu)
- Recent studies revealed the importance of reciprocal signature sequence motifs that enable specific protein-protein interactions and consequently guide the transactions between physiological donors and acceptors. (biochemsoctrans.org)
- In a different manner, the Chlamydomonas regulatory protein is more complex: It is larger, crosses the thylakoid membrane twice rather than once, contains more protein-protein interactions sites, and even undergoes alternative splicing . (wikipedia.org)
Genetic3
- Thus, the extensive structural data now available is facilitating the development of chemical and genetic tools to manipulate ABA biosynthesis and signaling and has refined our understanding of these new druggable target sites. (springer.com)
- Through molecular, genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that this accumulation depends on a mechanism called chloroplast Unfolded Protein Response (cpUPR). (tesisenred.net)
- Overall, we validate some known and report many hitherto unknown roles of GPA1 in plants, including agronomically important ones such as biotic stress and nutrient response, and also provide compelling genetic evidence to revisit the role of GCR1 in G-protein signalling. (deepdyve.com)
Yeast8
- The yeast protein expression system is the most economical and efficient eukaryotic system for secretion and intracellular expression. (antibodies-online.com)
- The yeast protein expression system serve as a eukaryotic system integrate the advantages of the mammalian cell expression system. (antibodies-online.com)
- A protein expressed by yeast system could be modificated such as glycosylation, acylation, phosphorylation and so on to ensure the native protein conformation. (antibodies-online.com)
- Our proteins produced by yeast expression system has been used as raw materials for downstream preparation of monoclonal antibodies. (antibodies-online.com)
- This paper reports the study on determination of the effect of initial culture medium pH on growth and protein, lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis by R. glutinis yeast. (ejbiotechnology.info)
- The different values of initial pH of the culture medium with glycerol and deproteinized potato wastewater had a significant effect on the growth and on protein, lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis by R. glutinis yeast. (ejbiotechnology.info)
- In addition to having a role in diphthamide biosynthesis, Dph3 is also involved in modulating the functions of the Elongator complex in yeast. (ozgene.com)
- Mutants of yeast defective in the initiation of protein biosynthesis. (elsevier.com)
Inhibition1
- effect on, neoplasm inhibition in relation to) Protein formation (antitumor platinum compds. (uni-regensburg.de)
Lipid4
- Cell-free expression systems in combination with nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles) offer a valuable approach to probe membrane proteins in situ. (fz-juelich.de)
- Customization of the system and offering of a lipid support (here: nanodiscs) enable membrane protein expression in a high yield. (fz-juelich.de)
- Given that CETP inhibitors are lipid soluble, accumulate in adipose tissue, and have binding sites for proteins involved in adipogenesis, and that adipocytes are a source of aldosterone, we questioned whether CETP inhibitors (torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, and anacetrapib) influence aldosterone production by adipocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
- Lipid-binding protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, also named ubiquinone, an essential lipid-soluble electron transporter for aerobic cellular respiration. (nih.gov)
Phylogenetic2
Characterization2
- This thesis describes the structural and biochemical characterization of the β-lactamase BlaC from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and the Alr and YlmE proteins from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).Mtb is the main cause of tuberculosis. (universiteitleiden.nl)
- The structural and biochemical characterization of the heterologous, purified Alr and YlmE proteins showed that while Alr is indeed involved in Ala racemization, YlmE is not. (universiteitleiden.nl)
Fungal pathogens1
- IMPORTANCE Knowledge of the ergosterol biosynthesis route in fungal pathogens is useful in the design of new antifungal drugs and could aid in the study of antifungal-drug resistance mechanisms. (asm.org)
Structures1
- Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. (plantcell.org)
Inhibitors3
- 1818042, ' view Inhibitors of Protein ': ' A Western occupation with this study state only means. (toto99.com)
- The allosteric activators and inhibitors for the different proteins are shown in blue and red, respectively. (els.net)
- We unite these structural insights with progress in the development of ABA biosynthesis and signaling modulators and cover both inhibitors of 9-cis-expoycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs) and ABA receptor modulators including the agonist quinabactin and antagonist AS6. (springer.com)
Membrane8
- We show that CHIL2 is part of an active DMX biosynthetic metabolon in hop glandular trichomes that encompasses a chalcone synthase (CHS) and a membrane-bound prenyltransferase, and that type IV CHI-fold proteins of representative land plants contain conserved function to bind with CHS and enhance its activity. (pnas.org)
- TolC protein family members are the outer-membrane components of several transport systems involved in the export of diverse molecules, playing an important role in bacterial survival. (apsnet.org)
- Sterols are major components of most eukaryotic plasma membranes and have been shown to be responsible for a number of biological functions, such as membrane fluidity and the functions of integral membrane proteins ( 1 - 6 ). (asm.org)
- We found that despite its function as a transcription activator, the CsgD protein is localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. (asm.org)
- Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. (harvard.edu)
- Ago H, Kanaoka Y, Irikura D, Lam BK, Shimamura T, Austen KF, Miyano M. Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis. (harvard.edu)
- The regulatory protein is a transmembrane protein that is located in the thylakoid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. (nih.gov)
UniProt1
- p>When browsing through different UniProt proteins, you can use the 'basket' to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. (uniprot.org)
Secretion2
- Immunodetection experiments and comparison of the extracellular proteins present in the supernatant of the wild-type versus tolC mutant strains showed that the calcium-binding protein ExpE1, the endoglycanase ExsH, and the product of open reading frame SMc04171, a putative hemolysin-type calcium-binding protein, are secreted by a TolC-dependent secretion system. (apsnet.org)
- Taken together, our results confirm the importance of TolC in protein secretion, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, antimicrobials resistance, and symbiosis. (apsnet.org)
Homologous2
- This bacterial protein is functionally similar to the monofunctional riboflavin kinases and FMN-adenylyltransferases of eukaryotic organisms, but only the riboflavin kinases are structurally homologous. (wikipedia.org)
- Keating TA, Marshall CG, Walsh CT (2000) Vibriobactin biosynthesis in Vibrio cholerae VibH is an amide synthase homologous to nonribosomal peptide synthetase condensation domains. (springer.com)
Structurally1
- There are two structurally unrelated proteins with this activity: the light-dependent and the dark-operative. (wikipedia.org)
Transmembrane1
- Nanodisc with cell-free expressed bacteriorhodopsin (bR, purple), an α-helical transmembrane retinal protein (originally from H.salinarum). (fz-juelich.de)
Biological1
- p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. (uniprot.org)
Putative2
Sequence6
- View conserved domains detected in this protein sequence using CD-search. (nih.gov)
- Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed. (uniprot.org)
- Sequence analysis of six mutant alleles has identified base changes producing truncations or single amino acid changes in the TTG1 protein. (plantcell.org)
- Amino acid composition and sequence analyses of the protein products of T.maritima trpC (indoleglycerol phosphate synthase), trpF (phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase) and trpA (alpha-subunit of tryptophan synthase) suggest that these thermostable (beta alpha)8-barrel proteins may be stabilized by additional salt bridges, compared with the mesostable forms. (uni-regensburg.de)
- How can a molecule containing just 4 different nucleotides specify the sequence of the 20 amino acids that occur in proteins? (libretexts.org)
- The dark-operative version is a completely different protein, consisting of three subunits that exhibit significant sequence similarity to the three subunits of nitrogenase , which catalyzes the formation of ammonia from dinitrogen. (wikipedia.org)
Residues4
- In this study, we first transfected HEK293 cells with EGFP-DCNP1 and demonstrated that the full-length DCNP1 protein was localized in the nucleus, and RRK (the residues 117-119) composed its nuclear localization signal (NLS). (chinaphar.com)
- Consequently, the N-terminus of the trp(G.D) fusion protein is 43 residues shorter than previously postulated. (uni-regensburg.de)
- Arrival of PHA in the protein bodies is followed by the slow removal of these terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues, resulting in a decrease in the Mr of the modified sidechains. (rupress.org)
- The C-terminal domain of SP85, 197 amino acids, is separated from the remainder of the protein by a series of 10 TXPP tetrapeptide repeats (Fig. ). It consists of a Cys-rich C1 region of 118 amino acids and a C2 region of 79 amino acids that lacks Cys residues. (reedforiowa.com)
Expression12
- Protein Expression and Purification. (wikipedia.org)
- The E. coli expression system is the most widely used expression system for recombinant proteins. (biosyn.com)
- Advantages of using E. coli for protein expression are low cost, high expression level, ease of scaling, and a short turnaround time. (biosyn.com)
- A new department specifically for protein expression gives us even more flexibility. (pr.com)
- In vitro activity assays of GCHII and DHBPS with all of the three purified recombinant AtRIBA proteins and complementation of E. coli ribA and ribB mutants lacking DHBPS and GCHII expression, respectively, confirmed the loss of bifunctionality for AtRIBA2 and AtRIBA3. (mdpi.com)
- Nuclear DCNP1 represses NAT expression and melatonin biosynthesis by interacting with BMAL1 and repressing its transcriptional activity. (chinaphar.com)
- Protein Expression and Purification Technology Market 2020 report offers a lock stock and barrels worth of the marketplace to make lucid decisions. (newarknow.org)
- This Protein Expression and Purification Technology Market study provides comprehensive data that enlarge the understanding, scope, and application of this report. (newarknow.org)
- Report also examines factors influencing growth of Protein Expression and Purification Technology along with detailing of the key trends, drivers, restraints, and opportunities. (newarknow.org)
- The current dossier basically will help the market participants and stakeholders obtain a complete overview of the ongoing trends, essential factors, and challenges to understand the issues and prepared to face them while operating on a global platform for Protein Expression and Purification Technology market in the long run. (newarknow.org)
- Iron regulatory proteins (Irps) 1 and 2 posttranscriptionally control the expression of transcripts that contain iron-responsive element (IRE) sequences, including ferritin, ferroportin, transferrin receptor, and hypoxia-inducible factor 2? (isharonline.org)
- The predicted domains of SP85 are depicted in Fig. . In a previous study (), expression of DNA encoding the N domain with the celA signal peptide and a c- myc epitope tag, under control of the prespore-specific cotB promoter (pVSBN) (Fig. ), had resulted in a protein that was targeted properly to the PSV and subsequently secreted but was not incorporated into the coat. (reedforiowa.com)
Synthase1
- Brachmann AO, Joyce SA, Jenke-Kodama H, Schwär G, Clarke DJ, Bode HB (2007) A type II polyketide synthase is responsible for anthraquinone biosynthesis in Photorhabdus luminescens . (springer.com)
Photosynthesis1
- Despite some significant differences, large parts were congruent between the 16S rRNA phylogeny and photosynthesis proteins. (mpg.de)
Biosynthetic2
- Members of the HesA/MoeB/ThiF family of proteins ( IPR000594 ) include a number of members encoded in the midst of thiamine biosynthetic operons. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Thus, the formation of transient protein complexes among biosynthetic components allows for the direct transfer of reactive sulfur and Fe-S intermediates preventing oxygen damage and reactions with non-physiological targets. (biochemsoctrans.org)
Recombinant protein2
- Please inquire if you are interested in this recombinant protein expressed in E. coli, mammalien cells or by baculovirus infection. (antibodies-online.com)
- If you cannot find the target and/or product is not available in our catalog, please click here to contact us and request the product or submit your request for custom elisa kit production , custom recombinant protein production or custom antibody production . (mybiosource.com)
Steroidogenic acute r1
- In current models, both the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)andthe translocator protein (TSPO) have been implicated to have a concerted and indispensable effort in this cholesterol transport. (elsevier.com)
Purification1
- High Productivity: Multiple fusion tags and our proprietary AIE technology are available in-house to increase protein solubility and production and to decrease purification cost, even for toxic proteins. (biosyn.com)
Locus1
- The encoded protein is likely necessary for biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10, as mutations at this locus have been associated with autosomal-recessive neonatal-onset primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency. (nih.gov)
Storage proteins3
- Sulphur availability is essential for the biosynthesis of the main wheat storage proteins. (edu.au)
- Antisense- or RNAi-mediated suppression of the biosynthesis of nutritionally inferior storage proteins is a promising strategy for improving the amino acid profile of seeds. (oup.com)
- The results of the transcriptome analysis showed excellent correlation with data on changes in the relative proportions of storage proteins and amino acid composition. (oup.com)
Nucleotide1
- The tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match Prosite patterns in protein sequences. (nih.gov)
Cellular3
- The Golgi apparatus is a part of the cellular structure that assists in the modification and delivery of proteins and other macromolecules. (brighthub.com)
- As aminoacids have various properties and shapes, this protein chain folds in a characteristic way that depends on complex factors and acts like a tool in the world of cellular chemical reactions. (hfbk-hamburg.de)
- We also investigate stress-responsive protein kinases that phosphorylate the initiation factor eIF2α, viral regulators of these kinases, and how cellular phosphatases are targeted to dephosphorylate eIF2α. (nih.gov)