Protein Biosynthesis
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP.
Ribosomes
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational
Abrin
A toxic lectin from the seeds of jequirity, Abrus precatorius L. Very active poison. Five different proteins have so far been isolated: Abrus agglutinin, the component responsible for: hemagglutinating activity, & abrins a-d, the toxic principals each consisting of two peptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds.
Peptide Elongation Factors
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Geobacillus
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
Ribosomal Proteins
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.
Poly U
Amino Acid Sequence
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Keratins, Type II
Cycloheximide
Base Sequence
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
Peptide Elongation Factor G
Biosynthetic Pathways
GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
RNA, Transfer, Arg
Mutation
Genetic Code
Methionine-tRNA Ligase
Phenylalanine
RNA, Transfer, Phe
Peptide Biosynthesis
The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational
Peptide Elongation Factor 2
Gene Expression Profiling
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Spiro Compounds
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Cloning, Molecular
Peptide Elongation Factor 1
Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.
Guanosine Triphosphate
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid Conformation
RNA, Bacterial
Streptomyces
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Molecular Structure
Anticodon
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Transcription, Genetic
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Models, Molecular
Puromycin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Carbon Radioisotopes
Reticulocytes
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
Peptide Initiation Factors
Substrate Specificity
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Polyribosomes
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Liver
Multigene Family
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Protein Binding
Binding Sites
Models, Biological
Gene Expression
Mass Spectrometry
Guanosine Diphosphate
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
DNA, Complementary
Gene Expression Regulation
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Primers
Genetic Complementation Test
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Cells, Cultured
Acyltransferases
Polyketide Synthases
Rabbits
Peptide Synthases
Glucose
Blotting, Northern
Temperature
Structure-Activity Relationship
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Glycosyltransferases
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Arabidopsis
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Plant Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Cell Membrane
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Alkyl and Aryl Transferases
Cell Division
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Pteridines
Methyltransferases
Arabidopsis Proteins
Carbon Isotopes
Sterols
Transferases
Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.
Lyases
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Anthraquinones
Plants, Genetically Modified
Acetates
Erythritol
Gene Deletion
Hemiterpenes
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Cell Wall
Ethylenes
Tetrapyrroles
Carbohydrate Sequence
Fatty Acids
Ergosterol
Multienzyme Complexes
Siderophores
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
Coenzymes
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Peptide Biosynthesis, Nucleic Acid-Independent
Glucosyltransferases
Hydro-Lyases
Plant Leaves
Carotenoids
Glycolipids
Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase
The first committed enzyme of the biosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of STEROLS. it catalyzes the synthesis of SQUALENE from farnesyl pyrophosphate via the intermediate PRESQUALENE PYROPHOSPHATE. This enzyme is also a critical branch point enzyme in the biosynthesis of ISOPRENOIDS that is thought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through the sterol pathway.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Carbohydrate Epimerases
Lignin
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors
Transaminases
Plant Growth Regulators
Catalysis
Lanosterol
Carboxy-Lyases
Gibberellins
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Glycosylation
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Open Reading Frames
Galactosyltransferases
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
Plasmids
Pantothenic Acid
Plant Roots
Oxylipins
Operon
Phenotype
Seeds
Intramolecular Transferases
Biocatalysis
Diphtheria toxin effects on human cells in tissue culture. (1/24808)
HeLa cells exposed to a single sublethal concentration of diphtheria toxin were found to have diminished sensitivity when subsequently reexposed to the toxin. Three cells strains exhibiting toxin resistance were developed. In the cells that had previously been exposed to toxin at 0.015 mug/ml, 50% inhibition of protein synthesis required a toxin concentration of 0.3 mug/ml, which is more than 10 times that required in normal HeLa cells. There appears to be a threshold level of diphtheria toxin action. Concentrations of toxin greater than that required for 50% inhibition of protein synthesis (0.01 mug/ml) are associated with cytotoxicity, whereas those below this concentration may not be lethal. Several established human cell lines of both normal and neoplastic origin were tested for their sensitivity to the effects of the toxin. No special sensitivity was observed with the cells of tumor origin. Fifty % inhibition of protein synthesis of HeLa cells was achieved with diphtheria toxin (0.01 mug/ml) as compared to the normal human cell lines tested (0.03 and 0.5 mug/ml) and a cell line derived from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (0.2 mug/ml). A human breast carcinoma cell line showed a maximum of 45% inhibition of protein synthesis. This required a diphtheria toxin concentration of 5 mug/ml. These results suggest that different human cell lines show wide variation in their sensitivity to the toxin. (+info)Structural and functional changes in acute liver injury. (2/24808)
Carbon tetrachloride produces liver cell injury in a variety of animal species. The first structurally recognizable changes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, with alteration in ribosome-membrane interactions. Later there is an increase in intracellular fat, and the formation of tangled nets of the ergastoplasm. At no time are there changes in mitochondria or single membrane limited bodies in cells with intact plasmalemma, although a relative increase in cell sap may appear. In dead cells (those with plasmalemma discontinuties) crystalline deposits of calcium phosphatase may be noted. Functional changes are related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. An early decrease in protein synthesis takes place; an accumulation of neutral lipid is related to this change. Later alterations in the ergastoplasmic functions (e.g., mixed function oxidation) occurs. Carbon tetrachloride is not the active agent; rather, a product of its metabolism, probably the CC1, free radical, is. The mechanisms of injury include macromolecular adduction and peroxide propagation. A third possibility includes a cascade effect with the production of secondary and tertiary products, also toxic in nature, with the ability to produce more widespread damage to intracellular structures. (+info)Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (3/24808)
The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region. (+info)A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (4/24808)
The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)High-throughput screening of small molecules in miniaturized mammalian cell-based assays involving post-translational modifications. (5/24808)
BACKGROUND: Fully adapting a forward genetic approach to mammalian systems requires efficient methods to alter systematically gene products without prior knowledge of gene sequences, while allowing for the subsequent characterization of these alterations. Ideally, these methods would also allow function to be altered in a temporally controlled manner. RESULTS: We report the development of a miniaturized cell-based assay format that enables a genetic-like approach to understanding cellular pathways in mammalian systems using small molecules, rather than mutations, as the source of gene-product alterations. This whole-cell immunodetection assay can sensitively detect changes in specific cellular macromolecules in high-density arrays of mammalian cells. Furthermore, it is compatible with screening large numbers of small molecules in nanoliter to microliter culture volumes. We refer to this assay format as a 'cytoblot', and demonstrate the use of cytoblotting to monitor biosynthetic processes such as DNA synthesis, and post-translational processes such as acetylation and phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of these assays to natural-product screening through the identification of marine sponge extracts exhibiting genotype-specific inhibition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and suppression of the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS: We show that cytoblots can be used for high-throughput screening of small molecules in cell-based assays. Together with small-molecule libraries, the cytoblot assay can be used to perform chemical genetic screens analogous to those used in classical genetics and thus should be applicable to understanding a wide variety of cellular processes, especially those involving post-transitional modifications. (+info)Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (6/24808)
The telomerase reverse transcriptase component (TERT) is not expressed in most primary somatic human cells and tissues, but is upregulated in the majority of immortalized cell lines and tumors. Here, we identify the c-Myc transcription factor as a direct mediator of telomerase activation in primary human fibroblasts through its ability to specifically induce TERT gene expression. Through the use of a hormone inducible form of c-Myc (c-Myc-ER), we demonstrate that Myc-induced activation of the hTERT promoter requires an evolutionarily conserved E-box and that c-Myc-ER-induced accumulation of hTERT mRNA takes place in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate that the TERT gene is a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc. Since telomerase activation frequently correlates with immortalization and telomerase functions to stabilize telomers in cycling cells, we tested whether Myc-induced activation of TERT gene expression represents an important mechanism through which c-Myc acts to immortalize cells. Employing the rat embryo fibroblast cooperation assay, we show that TERT is unable to substitute for c-Myc in the transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, suggesting that the transforming activities of Myc extend beyond its ability to activate TERT gene expression and hence telomerase activity. (+info)C/EBPalpha regulates generation of C/EBPbeta isoforms through activation of specific proteolytic cleavage. (7/24808)
C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are intronless genes that can produce several N-terminally truncated isoforms through the process of alternative translation initiation at downstream AUG codons. C/EBPbeta has been reported to produce four isoforms: full-length 38-kDa C/EBPbeta, 35-kDa LAP (liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein), 21-kDa LIP (liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein), and a 14-kDa isoform. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms are generated in the liver and in cultured cells. Using an in vitro translation system, we found that LIP can be generated by two mechanisms: alternative translation and a novel mechanism-specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. Studies of mice in which the C/EBPalpha gene had been deleted (C/EBPalpha-/-) showed that the regulation of C/EBPbeta proteolysis is dependent on C/EBPalpha. The induction of C/EBPalpha in cultured cells leads to induced cleavage of C/EBPbeta to generate the LIP isoform. We characterized the cleavage activity in mouse liver extracts and found that the proteolytic cleavage activity is specific to prenatal and newborn livers, is sensitive to chymostatin, and is completely abolished in C/EBPalpha-/- animals. The lack of cleavage activity in the livers of C/EBPalpha-/- mice correlates with the decreased levels of LIP in the livers of these animals. Analysis of LIP production during liver regeneration showed that, in this system, the transient induction of LIP is dependent on the third AUG codon and most likely involves translational control. We propose that there are two mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta isoforms might be generated in the liver and in cultured cells: one that is determined by translation and a second that involves C/EBPalpha-dependent, specific proteolytic cleavage of full-length C/EBPbeta. The latter mechanism implicates C/EBPalpha in the regulation of posttranslational generation of the dominant negative C/EBPbeta isoform, LIP. (+info)Phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E by protein kinase Mnk1 in vivo. (8/24808)
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds to the mRNA 5' cap and brings the mRNA into a complex with other protein synthesis initiation factors and ribosomes. The activity of mammalian eIF4E is important for the translation of capped mRNAs and is thought to be regulated by two mechanisms. First, eIF4E is sequestered by binding proteins, such as 4EBP1, in quiescent cells. Mitogens induce the release of eIF4E by stimulating the phosphorylation of 4EBP1. Second, mitogens and stresses induce the phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser 209, increasing the affinity of eIF4E for capped mRNA and for an associated scaffolding protein, eIF4G. We previously showed that a mitogen- and stress-activated kinase, Mnk1, phosphorylates eIF4E in vitro at the physiological site. Here we show that Mnk1 regulates eIF4E phosphorylation in vivo. Mnk1 binds directly to eIF4G and copurifies with eIF4G and eIF4E. We identified activating phosphorylation sites in Mnk1 and developed dominant-negative and activated mutants. Expression of dominant-negative Mnk1 reduces mitogen-induced eIF4E phosphorylation, while expression of activated Mnk1 increases basal eIF4E phosphorylation. Activated mutant Mnk1 also induces extensive phosphorylation of eIF4E in cells overexpressing 4EBP1. This suggests that phosphorylation of eIF4E is catalyzed by Mnk1 or a very similar kinase in cells and is independent of other mitogenic signals that release eIF4E from 4EBP1. (+info)
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Pharmaceutical translations - specialized, pharmaceutical, chemical, medical translations
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Ribosome densities in yeast cecER (central ci - Eukaryotes - BNID 113957
Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule |...
N-terminal Proteomics and Ribosome Profiling Provide a Comprehensive View of the Alternative Translation Initiation Landscape...
A Continuous-Exchange Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System Based on Extracts from Cultured Insect Cells
Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro translational capacity of polysomes and on the composition of polysome-associated proteins...
A fission yeast general translation factor reveals links between protein synthesis and cell cycle controls<...
RiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints - MDC Repository
Download Free Protein Synthesis Like A Banana Split Answer Key, High quality vector files
Protein synthesis, stress induced
Adaptation to mTOR kinase inhibitors by amplification of eIF4E to maintain cap-dependent translation | Journal of Cell Science
Protein Synthesis Worksheet. Worksheets. Doriandnimo Thousands of Printable Activities
Selective inhibition of virus protein synthesis by prostaglandin A1: a translational block associated with HSP70 synthesis. |...
The global translation profile in a ribosomal protein mutant resembles by Bayu Sisay Tiruneh, Byung-Hoon Kim et al.
KAKEN - Research Projects | Construction of synthetic gene regulatory networks in a cell-free protein synthesis system (KAKENHI...
Translation Process Gene
Cell-free Synthesis of Macromolecular Complexes<...
GPR41 gene expression is mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation of bicistronic mRNA encoding...
XiaLab
Human lymphocyte messenger RNA activity profiles in type I and type II diabetes: A tool for classification of metabolic disease...
Surveying the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density in 28 datasets. | Haldanes Sieve
Alterations in protein synthesis following transplantation of mouse 8 by K E. Latham, J I. Garrels et al.
Oxygen and glucose deprivation induces widespread alterations in mRNA translation within 20 minutes | Genome Biology | Full Text
Hsp90 Controls GSK-3β Kinase Specificity | Science Signaling
Functional characteristics of two membrane-bound polysome fractions from chick embryos
Ribosome | Springer for Research & Development
Ribosome Profiling
Translational control by mTOR-independent routes: how eIF6 organizes metabolism. - Semantic Scholar
Volume 17.27 | Jul 18 - Cell Therapy News
Cell-Free Protein Expression | in vitro Translation | Cell-Free Expression
JCI -
Bacterial sepsis triggers an antiviral response that causes translation shutdown
Translation Prize - European Society for Translation Studies
Stringent Response: Double life of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7 12
Salmonella stays deadly with a beta version of cell behavior
Reflexive Translation Studies - UCL Press
Halfbakery: Medicinal Masturbation
The general mode of translation inhibition by macrolide antibiotics | PNAS
RNA trafficking and local protein synthesis in dendrites: an overview.<...
The Translation Repressor 4E-BP2 Is Critical for eIF4F Complex Formation, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory in the Hippocampus |...
In vitro studies on the subcellular location of glucosidase I and glucosidase II in dog pancreas | Bioscience Reports
Local translation in neuronal compartments: how local is local? | EMBO Reports
Cambio Now Supplies ARTseq™ Ribosome Profiling Kits for Creating RNA Sequence Libraries | SelectScience
Stringent Response: mitochondrial translation - complete mess
Translation initiation factors and active sites of protein synthesis co-localize at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts ...
Upstream ORF affects MYCN translation depending on exon 1b alternative splicing. - Inserm
A Requirement for Mena, an Actin Regulator, in Local mRNA Translation in Developing Neurons
The split protein phosphatase system | Biochemical Journal | Portland Press
Translation Studies MA | Postgraduate taught | University of Exeter
The fidelity of translation initiation: reciprocal activities of eIF1, IF3 and YciH | The EMBO Journal
Protein biosynthesis
... and the protein's ability to interact with other proteins. Protein biosynthesis has a key role in disease as changes and errors ... Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of ... There are events that follow protein biosynthesis such as proteolysis and protein-folding. Proteolysis refers to the cleavage ... Proteins perform a number of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones. Protein synthesis is a very ...
Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein
Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis proteins are also known as the prokaryotic type-I FAD synthetases, which consist of a C- ... The prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein is a bifunctional enzyme found in bacteria that catalyzes the phosphorylation ... This bacterial protein is functionally similar to the monofunctional riboflavin kinases and FMN-adenylyltransferases of ... Sebastián M, Serrano A, Velázquez-Campoy A, Medina M (August 2017). "Kinetics and thermodynamics of the protein-ligand ...
Biosynthesis
Weissbach, Herbert; Pestka, Sidney (1977). Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978- ... Biosynthesis is usually synonymous with anabolism. The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, ... "Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase and proline biosynthesis: from osmotolerance to rare metabolic disease". Protein Science. 19 ( ... A protein is a polymer that is composed from amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. There are more than 300 amino acids ...
Carnitine biosynthesis
W. A.; Rettura, G.; Seifter, E.; Englard, S. Carnitine biosynthesis from γ-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N- ... Paik, W. K.; Nochumson, S.; Kim, S. Carnitine biosynthesis via protein methylation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1977, 2, 159-161. Khan ... In humans and many other animals, L-carnitine is obtained from both diet and by biosynthesis. The carnitine biosynthesis ... the first enzyme of carnitine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 33512-33517. Bremer, J. Biosynthesis of carnitine in vivo ...
N-end rule
Protein biosynthesis). ... November 2005). "A protein interaction network of the malaria ... The N-end rule is a rule that governs the rate of protein degradation through recognition of the N-terminal residue of proteins ... ClpS is a bacterial adaptor protein that is responsible for recognizing protein substrates via their N-terminal residues and ... The rule states that the N-terminal amino acid of a protein determines its half-life (time after which half of the total amount ...
Aminoacyl-tRNA
Protein biosynthesis). ... The TetM protein is regarded as a ribosomal protection protein ... Furthermore, the TetM protein (P21598) is found to allow aminoacyl-tRNA molecules to bind to the ribosomal acceptor site, ... Arenz, S; Nguyen, F; Beckmann, R; Wilson, DN (28 April 2015). "Cryo-EM structure of the tetracycline resistance protein TetM in ... These mischarged tRNAs must be hydrolyzed in order to prevent incorrect protein synthesis. While aa-tRNA serves primarily as ...
Ribosome shunting
Protein biosynthesis). ... and C proteins, while expression of protein Y1 and Y2 is ... cap-binding protein complex), which is inactivated by adenovirus to interfere cellular protein translation. When eIF4E is ... Sendai virus Y proteins are initiated by ribosome shunting. Among 8 primary translation products of Sendai virus P/C mRNA, ... The polymerase is then able to leapfrog using protein binding and a power stroke to bypass the start codon on the coding mRNA. ...
Adaptor hypothesis
Campbell, P. N.; Work, T. S. (1953-06-06). "Biosynthesis of proteins". Nature. 171 (4362): 997-1001. Bibcode:1953Natur.171.. ... On Protein Synthesis A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine ( ... He even speculated that "insulin, for example, are probably RNA-made proteins. Perhaps a special class of DNA-made proteins ... In fact, they are much larger, having a more complex role to play in protein synthesis, and are closer to 100 nucleotides in ...
Metabolism
Lengyel P, Söll D (June 1969). "Mechanism of protein biosynthesis". Bacteriological Reviews. 33 (2): 264-301. doi:10.1128/MMBR. ... Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze ... In prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's inner membrane. These proteins use the energy from reduced molecules ... Amino acids are made into proteins by being joined in a chain of peptide bonds. Each different protein has a unique sequence of ...
Amino acid
In humans, non-protein amino acids also have important roles as metabolic intermediates, such as in the biosynthesis of the ... These properties influence protein structure and protein-protein interactions. The water-soluble proteins tend to have their ... Lengyel P, Söll D (June 1969). "Mechanism of protein biosynthesis". Bacteriological Reviews. 33 (2): 264-301. doi:10.1128/MMBR. ... Suchanek M, Radzikowska A, Thiele C (April 2005). "Photo-leucine and photo-methionine allow identification of protein-protein ...
Holdase
Molecular chaperones, Protein biosynthesis). ... Holdases bind to protein folding intermediates to prevent their ... In molecular biology, holdases are a particular kind of molecular chaperones that assist the non-covalent folding of proteins ... They stand in opposition to foldases, which are chaperones that use ATP to fold proteins. Foldase Chaperonin Co-chaperone ...
Anisomycin
Despite anisomycin's wide usage as a protein synthesis inhibitor, there have been a lot of studies centered on the biosynthesis ... "Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. II. Mode of action of anisomycin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 242 (13): 3226-33. ... Anisomycin interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. Anisomycin ... II.1 Biosynthesis of Anisomycin". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 31 (1): 317-20. doi:10.1021/jo01339a503. PMID 5900818. ( ...
N-formylmethionylaminoacyl-tRNA deformylase
Livingston DM, Leder P (1969). "Deformylation and protein biosynthesis". Biochemistry. 8 (1): 435-43. doi:10.1021/bi00829a059. ...
Paul Zamecnik
Hoagland MB, Zamecnik PC, Stephenson ML (April 1957). "Intermediate Reactions In Protein Biosynthesis". Biochim Biophys Acta. ... Zamecnik pioneered the in vitro synthesis of proteins[citation needed] and helped elucidate the way cells generate proteins[ ... After a year in New York at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research studying protein synthesis with Max Bergmann, he ... Hoagland MB, Stephenson ML, Scott JF, Hecht LI, Zamecnik PC (March 1958). "A Soluble Ribonucleic Acid Intermediate in Protein ...
EF-Tu
Protein pages needing a picture, Protein biosynthesis, Protein domains). ... Clark BF, Nyborg J (February 1997). "The ternary complex of EF-Tu and its role in protein biosynthesis". Current Opinion in ... Andersen GR, Nissen P, Nyborg J (August 2003). "Elongation factors in protein biosynthesis". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 28 ... EF-Tu is a monomeric protein with molecular weight around 43 kDa in Escherichia coli. The protein consists of three structural ...
Manogepix
... targets GPI-protein biosynthesis. Manogepix is the active metabolite of the prodrug fosmanogepix. Pfaller MA, Hata K ...
N-Acetyltryptamine
Paley, Elena L. (8 October 2020). Protein Biosynthesis Interference in Disease. Academic Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-12-823486-0. ...
Reading frame
Protein biosynthesis, Genetics, Molecular biology). ... DNA encodes protein sequence by a series of three-nucleotide ... An open reading frame (ORF) is a reading frame that has the potential to be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. ...
Ormdl sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ORMDL3 gene. This gene is associated ... "ORMDL proteins are a conserved new family of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins". Genome Biology. 3 (6): RESEARCH0027. doi ... "Entrez Gene: ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3". Moffatt MF, Kabesch M, Liang L, Dixon AL, Strachan D, Heath S, et al ... Davis D, Kannan M, Wattenberg B (December 2018). "Orm/ORMDL proteins: Gate guardians and master regulators". Advances in ...
Codon degeneracy
Molecular genetics, Gene expression, Protein biosynthesis). ... a silent mutation or an error that would not affect the protein ... ISBN 3-540-53420-2. Füllen G, Youvan DC (1994). "Genetic Algorithms and Recursive Ensemble Mutagenesis in Protein Engineering ...
Adrienne Clarke
Fincher, G B; Stone, B A; Clarke, A E (1983). "Arabinogalactan-Proteins: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function". Annual Review ... 2000). Cell and Developmental Biology of Arabinogalactan-Proteins. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4207-0. ISBN ... the arabinogalactan-proteins Proteinase Inhibitors and their use in control of insect development She is co-editor of major ... DNA of an Arabinogalactan Protein. She describes her expertise as: The molecular basis of self-incompatibility The chemistry ...
Ramanujan Hegde
Anon (2016). "Hegde Lab: Protein biosynthesis & quality control". mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2016. Ramanujan ... His laboratory have discovered a widely conserved protein targeting pathway needed by a subset of proteins to reach their ... Their studies of such protein targeting pathways are revealing how membrane proteins are accurately recognised by the machinery ... Hegde's research investigates how proteins are localised correctly inside cells, and how errors during protein maturation are ...
Bacterial translation
Molecular biology, Protein biosynthesis, Gene expression). ... A third protein that can bind to ribosomes when E. coli cells ... The growing protein exits the ribosome through the polypeptide exit tunnel in the large subunit. Elongation starts when the ... Once the nascent protein is released in termination, Ribosome Recycling Factor and Elongation Factor G (EF-G) function to ... RsfS proteins are found in almost all eubacteria (but not archaea) and homologs are present in mitochondria and chloroplasts ( ...
Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2
Recently, it has been suggested that FIT2 is a regulator of triglyceride biosynthesis. The overall importance of the FIT2 ... FIT2 is part of the FIT protein family. These proteins are present in most life forms with FIT1 and FIT2 specifically present ... Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FITM2) affects the formation of triglyceride lipid droplets (LD). It is expressed ... "Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 is required for normal fat storage in adipose tissue". The Journal of Biological ...
Arabinogalactan protein
Fincher, G B; Stone, B A; Clarke, A E (1983-06-01). "Arabinogalactan-Proteins: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function". Annual ... Fincher, G. B.; Stone, B. A.; Clarke, A. E. (1983). "Arabinogalactan-Proteins: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function". Annual ... Clade 7 proteins contain both GalT and galectin domains, while Clade 10 proteins contain a GalT-specific domain. The galectin ... Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated proteins (glycoproteins) found in the cell walls of plants. Each one ...
Asparagine endopeptidase
Gillon AD, Saska I, Jennings CV, Guarino RF, Craik DJ, Anderson MA (February 2008). "Biosynthesis of circular proteins in ... AEP is involved in presenting of foreign and self proteins using MHCII protein complex. The role of AEP in immunity is not ... AEP cleaves tau protein and amyloid precursor protein. In patients with PD, alpha synuclein is cut by AEP into toxic chunks. ... It digests SET protein, which is an inhibitor of DNase, leading to DNA damage and causing damage of the brain. Increased ...
Ribosome-binding site
Protein biosynthesis, Molecular biology, Cell biology). ... The ribosomal protein S1 binds to adenine sequences upstream of ... At a higher-than-usual temperature (~42 °C), the RBS secondary structure of heat shock proteins becomes undone thus allowing ... This is especially useful when multiple start codons are situated around the potential start site of the protein coding ... Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis in prokaryotes. The rate of translation depends ...
Cucurmosin
Protein biosynthesis, Plant toxins, Ribosome-inactivating proteins). ... "Ribosome-inactivating proteins in edible plants and purification and characterization of a new ribosome-inactivating protein ... Cucurmosin is a type I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) found in the sarcocarp (flesh) and seed of Cucurbita - notably ... a novel type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein from the sarcocarp of Cucurbita moschata". Journal of Structural Biology. 164 (1 ...
RUFY2
8,180 base pairs upstream of RUFY2 is the protein-coding gene for phenazine biosynthesis-like protein domain containing (PBLD ... The protein of RUFY2 consists of 655 amino acid residues. RUFY2 protein contains a N-terminal RUN domain and a C-terminal FYVE ... RUFY2 is a member of the RUFY family of proteins that include RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, and RUFY4. RUFY2 protein has a dynamic role ... RUFY2 is a soluble protein that localizes to the nucleus and to membranes of early endosomes. RUFY2 protein contains no signal ...
Yehuda Lapidot
He worked on the biosynthesis of proteins. In 1973, he was appointed a professor of biochemistry at the Hebrew University. In ...
Uridine monophosphate synthase
Jones ME (1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". Annual ... "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957-68. doi:10.1016/j.cell ... It is believed that the two separate catalytic sites fused into a single protein to stabilize its monomeric form. The covalent ... Homo sapiens OPRTase and ODCase activities lower to a greater extent when heated than the fused protein does. To determine the ...
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Hamberg M, Samuelsson B (November 1967). "On the mechanism of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins E-1 and F-1-alpha". J. Biol. ... Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 ... PDB: 3PGH Ruan, C. H.; So, S. P.; Ruan, K. H. (2011). "Inducible COX-2 dominates over COX-1 in prostacyclin biosynthesis: ... PTGS (COX, which can be confused with "cytochrome oxidase") enzymes are monotopic membrane proteins; the membrane-binding ...
UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine N-acyltransferase
... acyl-carrier protein] The enzyme catalyses a step of lipid A biosynthesis. Bartling CM, Raetz CR (September 2009). "Crystal ... Bartling CM, Raetz CR (May 2008). "Steady-state kinetics and mechanism of LpxD, the N-acyltransferase of lipid A biosynthesis ... The third step of endotoxin biosynthesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (26): 19866-74. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19) ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3- ...
2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase
A protein was identified in 2013 that could fit this role. Jiang M, Chen X, Guo ZF, Cao Y, Chen M, Guo Z (March 2008). " ... "A dedicated thioesterase of the Hotdog-fold family is required for the biosynthesis of the naphthoquinone ring of vitamin K1". ... The crystal structure of the MenH enzyme in E.coli (SHCHC synthase) exists as a complex of three protein molecules shown in the ... "Identification of a hotdog fold thioesterase involved in the biosynthesis of menaquinone in Escherichia coli". Journal of ...
Myxobacteria
... are also known to produce gephyronic acid, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential agent for ... Hoshino, Y.; Gaucher, E.A. (2021). "Evolution of bacterial steroid biosynthesis and its impact on eukaryogenesis". PNAS. 118 ( ... Sasse F, Steinmetz H, Höfle G, Reichenbach H (January 1995). "Gephyronic acid, a novel inhibitor of eukaryotic protein ... "Complete genome sequence and identification of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis genes of the myxobacterium Minicystis ...
Vargula hilgendorfii
Wiedenmann, Jörg (2008). "Marine proteins". In Patrick J. Walsh (ed.). Oceans and human health: risks and remedies from the ... A suggested biosynthesis for vargulin divides the molecule into a tryptophan, an arginine and an isoleucine subunit. The ...
GANC
Murphy CI, Lennick M, Lehar SM, Beltz GA, Young E (Oct 1990). "Temporal expression of HIV-1 envelope proteins in baculovirus- ... Dewar RL, Vasudevachari MB, Natarajan V, Salzman NP (Jun 1989). "Biosynthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus ... Montefiori DC, Robinson WE, Mitchell WM (Dec 1988). "Role of protein N-glycosylation in pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 15, All stub articles, Protein stubs). ...
Molybdopterin
Sulfur is conveyed from cysteinyl persulfide in a manner reminiscent of the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur proteins. The ... The cofactor thus requires de novo biosynthesis. Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis occurs in four steps: (i) the radical- ... Mendel, R. R.; Leimkuehler, S. (2015). "The biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactors". JBIC, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 20 (2): 337- ... "Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and molybdenum enzymes". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 57: 623-647. doi:10.1146/annurev. ...
GNLY
It exists in its own granule after translation, and release of the protein is triggered by Protein Kinase C (PKC). Its C- and N ... Hanson DA, Kaspar AA, Poulain FR, Krensky AM (May 1999). "Biosynthesis of granulysin, a novel cytolytic molecule". Molecular ... It is expressed in 2 forms: a 15kDa precursor protein, the translation product, and a 9kDa cytotoxic protein, which is formed ... Orthologs of this protein are found in most mammal species, such as in cows and pigs, however not in rodents. Granulysin is ...
Very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase
The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in ... and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme activates long-chain, branched-chain ... "Deletion of fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) in the mouse liver changes the metabolic landscape by increasing the ... cDNA cloning and characterization of a second enzymatically active protein". Mol. Genet. Metab. 68 (1): 32-42. doi:10.1006/mgme ...
Neocarzinostatin
It consists of two parts, a labile chromophore (the non-protein molecular entity shown at right) and a 113 amino acid protein ... The biosynthesis can be divided into three preliminary steps with a final convergence of the three moieties: 1. Synthesis of ... However it is extremely unstable and the role of the protein is to protect it and release it to the target DNA. Opening of the ... The biosynthesis of neocarzinostatin takes place through a convergence of the activities of a gene cluster, which includes two ...
Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
Protein biosynthesis, All stub articles, Genetics stubs). ...
Lutzomyia longipalpis
The strong immune reaction in response to exposure to the salivary protein indicates the protein's potential use in the field ... After birth, pheromone biosynthesis occurs after 12 hours, and it takes males 24 hours to become sexually mature. Male ... The strong immune reaction in response to exposure to the salivary protein indicates the protein's potential use in the field ... Blood is rich in proteins, consisting mainly of hemoglobin (Hb), which accounts for approximately 60% of the blood protein ...
Streptomyces rimosus
S. rimosus's oxytetracycline polyketide synthase acyl carrier protein differs from most ACPs by having a C-terminus extension. ... "The Structural Biology of Type II Fatty Acid Biosynthesis". Annual Review of Biochemistry. Annual Reviews. 74 (1): 791-831. doi ...
Peptide bond
Peptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (and sometimes by a few isopeptide bonds). ... "Ribosomal biosynthesis of the cyclic peptide toxins of Amanita mushrooms". Biopolymers. 94 (5): 659-664. doi:10.1002/bip.21416 ... Conformational protein folding is usually much faster (typically 10-100 ms) than cis-trans isomerization (10-100 s). A ... In the unfolded state of proteins, the peptide groups are free to isomerize and adopt both isomers; however, in the folded ...
Dolichol
... s play a role in the co-translational modification of proteins known as N-glycosylation in the form of dolichol ... However, the cellular process they are involved in is not glycosylation, but instead cell wall biosynthesis. Statins decrease ... In addition, dolichols can be adducted to proteins as a posttranslational modification, a process in which branched ... Meyer, Benjamin H.; Albers, Sonja-Verena (2013-02-01). "Hot and sweet: protein glycosylation in Crenarchaeota". Biochemical ...
Aflatoxin B1
The biosynthesis begins with the synthesis of hexanoate by the FAS, which then becomes the starter unit for the iterative type ... us), National Center for Biotechnology Information (1998-01-01). The p53 tumor suppressor protein. National Center for ... March 2004). "Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (3): 1253-62. Bibcode:2004ApEnM ...
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
However, the indirect biosynthesis of phospholipid esters with dopamine may be possible, as dopamine can induce the aminolysis ... and activator protein 1 signaling pathways". Journal of Immunology. 172 (4): 2341-2351. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2341. ISSN ... "The biosynthesis of N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA), a putative endocannabinoid and endovanilloid, via conjugation of ...
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Moreover, many of the open reading frames (ORFs) on CII seem to code for proteins of unknown function. When genes of unknown ... "Metabolic flux ratio analysis by parallel 13C labeling of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides". Metabolic ... mediated by protein regulators. R. sphaeroides encodes several terminal oxidases which allow electron transfer to oxygen and ...
Andrée Marquet
Iron-sulfur proteins as initiators of radical chemistry. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2007 ; 24 : 1027-1040. M. Lotierzo, B. Tse Sum Bui, D ... the biotin biosynthesis pathway: the mechanism of several of the enzymes involved has been deciphered and various inhibitors ... They have shown that it belongs to the newly discovered family of proteins (Fe-S) dependent on S-Adenosylmethionine, catalysing ... The main areas covered are : steroid biochemistry: inhibition of the biosynthesis of aldosterone (among the various compounds ...
Thromboxane-A synthase
However, this protein is considered a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily on the basis of sequence similarity rather than ... Hecker M, Ullrich V (1989). "On the Mechanism of Prostacyclin and Thromboxane A2 Biosynthesis". The Journal of Biological ... First, there is a fast initial binding to the protein and then a subsequent ligation to the heme iron. In the first step of the ... The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of ...
Peptidyl-glutamate 4-carboxylase
Furie B, Bouchard BA, Furie BC (March 1999). "Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid". Blood. 93 (6): ... Lys218 as the carboxylase active site base that deprotonates vitamin K hydroquinone to initiate vitamin K-dependent protein ...
Pseudopeptidoglycan
Notably, "formation of the disaccharide moiety of the glycopeptide monomer occurs before the transfer to membrane protein by ... "Archaeal pseudomurein and bacterial murein cell wall biosynthesis share a common evolutionary ancestry". FEMS Microbes. 2: ... and two novel but conserved transmembrane proteins. GlmM and GlmU, which produce UDP-GlcNAc in bacteria, are also present with ...
Sucrose-phosphate synthase
Like other GT-B proteins, SPS contains two Rossmann fold domains that are named the A domain and the B domain. Generally, the ... This reversible step acts as the key regulatory control point in sucrose biosynthesis, and is an excellent example of various ... At low temperature, SPS activity and sucrose biosynthesis rates are increased. Sucrose accumulation is advantageous at low ... Sucrose-phosphate synthase is a plant enzyme involved in sucrose biosynthesis. Specifically, this enzyme catalyzes the transfer ...
CsrC RNA family
Page for CsrC RNA family at Rfam Pfam page for the CsrA protein family v t e (Non-coding RNA, All stub articles, Molecular and ... was discovered using a genetic screen for factors that regulate glycogen biosynthesis. CsrC RNA binds multiple copies of CsrA, ... CsrC antagonises the regulatory effects of CsrA, presumably by sequestering this protein. The discovery of CsrC is intriguing, ... CsrB/RsmB RNA family PrrB/RsmZ RNA family RsmY RNA family RsmX CsrA protein Weilbacher T, Suzuki K, Dubey AK, Wang X, Gudapaty ...
NAD+ kinase
"A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957-68. doi:10.1016/j.cell ... Due to the essential role of NADPH in lipid and DNA biosynthesis and the hyperproliferative nature of most cancers, NADK is an ... a key enzyme in NADP biosynthesis". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (7): 739-46. doi:10.2174/138955706777698688. PMID ... primarily by the pentose phosphate pathway to provide reducing power in biosynthetic processes such as fatty acid biosynthesis ...
Ornithine cyclodeaminase
Costilow RN, Laycock L (1971). "Ornithine cyclase (deaminating). Purification of a protein that converts ornithine to proline ... This enzyme participates in arginine and proline biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, NAD+. As of late 2007, two structures ...
Ubiquitin-like protein
... are believed to share a common evolutionary origin with prokaryotic biosynthesis pathways for the cofactors thiamine and ... Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are a family of small proteins involved in post-translational modification of other proteins in ... "The dual role of ubiquitin-like protein Urm1 as a protein modifier and sulfur carrier". Protein & Cell. 2 (8): 612-9. doi: ... One additional protein, known as FUBI, is encoded as a fusion protein in the FAU gene, and is proteolytically processed to ...
Delta12-fatty acid dehydrogenase
"Biosynthesis of an Acetylenic Fatty Acid in Microsomal Preparations from Developing Seeds of Crepis Alpina.". In Williams JP, ... "Identification of non-heme diiron proteins that catalyze triple bond and epoxy group formation". Science. 280 (5365): 915-8. ...
SCOPe 2.08: Protein: Riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD
Timeline for Protein Riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD from c.97.1.2: Deoxycytidylate deaminase-like: *Protein Riboflavin ... Lineage for Protein: Riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD. *Root: SCOPe 2.08 *. Class c: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) [51349 ... Protein Riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD from c.97.1.2: Deoxycytidylate deaminase-like appears in SCOPe 2.07. ... More info for Protein Riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD from c.97.1.2: Deoxycytidylate deaminase-like. ...
Researchers discover previously undetected role of protein in peptide biosynthesis | School of Molecular & Cellular Biology |...
Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have discovered an unexpected reaction within a protein family. ... The YcaO protein family is found in throughout nature, including in marine bacteria where it can make a class of antibiotics. ... "It turns out that one protein, belonging to a large group of called the YcaOs, which is supposed to do one thing, actually does ... There is also a biotechnology interest: we can use one protein to both modify a peptide and cut away the extraneous bits after ...
JASSY, a chloroplast outer membrane protein required for jasmonate biosynthesis
Chain A, Polysialic Acid Capsule Biosynthesis Protein Siac (Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B) | Protein Target - PubChem
RCSB PDB - 2QGM: Crystal structure of succinoglycan biosynthesis protein at the resolution 1.7 A. Northeast Structural Genomics...
Crystal structure of succinoglycan biosynthesis protein at the resolution 1.7 A. Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium ... Succinoglycan biosynthesis protein. A. 445. Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: BC_3205. ... Crystal structure of succinoglycan biosynthesis protein at the resolution 1.7 A. Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium ... Crystal structure of succinoglycan biosynthesis protein at the resolution 1.7 A. Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium ...
KEGG BRITE: Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis Proteins - Yersinia massiliensis
Figures and data in A discriminator code-based DTD surveillance ensures faithful glycine delivery for protein biosynthesis in...
A discriminator code-based DTD surveillance ensures faithful glycine delivery for protein biosynthesis in bacteria. ... A discriminator code-based DTD surveillance ensures faithful glycine delivery for protein biosynthesis in bacteria ... A discriminator code-based DTD surveillance ensures faithful glycine delivery for protein biosynthesis in bacteria ... DTD avoids glycine misincorporation into proteins.. (a) GFP-based fluorescence reporter assay for visualizing alanine-to- ...
Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ADE16 (P54113) - Yeast Metabolome Database
Effect of Heavy Metals Pollution on Protein Biosynthesis in Catfish
The world suffers from deficiency of protein sources. Fish are considered as an important source of high quality animal protein ... Gel Pro analysis of the protein electrophoresis of different sites revealed the disappearance of two protein peaks from serum ... who reported that the heavy metals have an inhibitory effect on protein biosynthesis via its effect on RNA and ribosomal ... The latter decreases can in turn cause decreases in protein biosynthesis including those of the muscle content of catfish which ...
Cancers | Free Full-Text | An Anti-PSMA Immunotoxin Reduces Mcl-1 and Bcl2A1 and Specifically Induces in Combination with the...
... on prostate cancer cells and inhibits protein biosynthesis. It was tested with respect to its effects on the expression of anti ... New therapeutic approaches aim to target the Bcl-2 proteins for the restoration of apoptosis. Methods: The immunotoxin hD7-1(VL ... Bcl-2 proteins. Combination with the BAD-like mimetic ABT-737 was examined on prostate cancer cells and 3D spheroids and in ... of anti-PSMA immunotoxin plus ABT-737 represents the first tumor-specific therapeutic approach on the level of Bcl-2 proteins ...
PIGM phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class M [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
mRNA and Protein(s) * NM_145167.3 → NP_660150.1 GPI mannosyltransferase 1. See identical proteins and their annotated locations ... General protein information Go to the top of the page Help Preferred Names. GPI mannosyltransferase 1. Names. DPM:GlcN-(acyl-) ... phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class Mprovided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:18858 See related. Ensembl: ... Model RNAs and proteins are also reported here.. Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly. Genomic * NC_000001.11 Reference GRCh38 ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Cholesterol & free-fatty acids biosynthesis during protein malnutrition & steroid maintained pregnancy in rats.
MOCS2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
The MOCS2 gene provides instructions for making two different proteins, MOCS2A and MOCS2B, which combine to form an enzyme ... some protein function may remain. Without either piece of molybdopterin synthase, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis is impaired ... The MOCS2 gene provides instructions for making two different proteins, MOCS2A and MOCS2B, which combine to form an enzyme ... Molybdopterin synthase performs the second of a series of reactions in the formation (biosynthesis) of a molecule called ...
Table 1 - Molecular Mechanisms of West Nile Virus Pathogenesis in Brain Cells - Volume 11, Number 4-April 2005 - Emerging...
Recombinant Burkholderia phytofirmans Probable ubiquinone biosynthesis protein UbiB (ubiB) | Technique alternative |...
Alcohol and abnormal protein biosynthesis; : biochemical and clinical, - College of Physicians of Philadelphia
Alcohol and abnormal protein biosynthesis; : biochemical and clinical,. Title Alcohol and abnormal protein biosynthesis;. Title ... link.collegeofphysicians.org/portal/Alcohol-and-abnormal-protein-biosynthesis-/iL6scfvG_aI/,Alcohol and abnormal protein ... link.collegeofphysicians.org/portal/Alcohol-and-abnormal-protein-biosynthesis-/iL6scfvG_aI/,Alcohol and abnormal protein ... The item Alcohol and abnormal protein biosynthesis; : biochemical and clinical,, edited by Marcus A. Rothschild, Murray Oratz [ ...
Pyridoxine biosynthesis protein MoPdx1 affects the development and pathogenicity of |i|Magnaporthe oryzae|/i|. | Front Cell...
In this study, we found that the expressions of a gene encoding pyridoxine biosynthesis protein (PDX1) were significantly ... Pyridoxine biosynthesis protein MoPdx1 affects the development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. ... Pyridoxine biosynthesis protein MoPdx1 affects the development and pathogenicity of ,i,Mag ... In addition, vitamin B6 acts as the coenzymes in amino acid biosynthesis, decarboxylation, racemic reactions, and other ...
KEGG PATHWAY: Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids - Reference pathway
Items where Division is "Department of Protein Biosynthesis" and Year is 2015 - IBB PAS Repository
Hepatic mitochondrial protein biosynthesis in miniature swine voluntarily consuming ethanol<...
Hepatic mitochondrial protein biosynthesis in miniature swine voluntarily consuming ethanol. J. P. Burke, K. W. Hicklin, Mike E ... Hepatic mitochondrial protein biosynthesis in miniature swine voluntarily consuming ethanol. / Burke, J. P.; Hicklin, K. W.; ... Hepatic mitochondrial protein biosynthesis in miniature swine voluntarily consuming ethanol. Federation Proceedings. 1974;33(3 ... Hepatic mitochondrial protein biosynthesis in miniature swine voluntarily consuming ethanol. In: Federation Proceedings. 1974 ...
Automated cell-free protein production methods for structural studies
In contrast to cell-based protein expression, cell-free production is highly consistent, scalable, and amenable to automation. ... Protein Biosynthesis* * Protein Conformation * Proteomics * Recombinant Proteins / chemistry * Recombinant Proteins / genetics ... Automated cell-free protein production methods for structural studies Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1140:117-35. doi: 10.1007/978-1- ... In contrast to cell-based protein expression, cell-free production is highly consistent, scalable, and amenable to automation. ...
Copper ions suppress abscisic acid biosynthesis to enhance defence against Phytophthora infestans in potato (Journal Article) |...
Copper resistance in Pseudomonas syringae mediated by periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. journal, October 1991 * Cha, J. ... The biosynthesis of abscisic acid in Cercospora rosicola journal, January 1982 * Neill, Steven J.; Horgan, Roger; Walton, ... Arabidopsis thaliana ACS8 plays a crucial role in the early biosynthesis of ethylene elicited by Cu 2+ ions journal, August ... DOE PAGES® Journal Article: Copper ions suppress abscisic acid biosynthesis to enhance defence against Phytophthora infestans ...
Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. | College of...
... protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. ... protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation.. Title. Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, ... Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. ... This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, ...
Issue: Plant Communications
O3 plays a central role in rice grain development by participating in the regulation of storage protein and starch biosynthesis ... OPAQUE3, encoding a transmembrane bZIP transcription factor, regulates endosperm storage protein and starch biosynthesis in ... A rice UBR7 protein functions as an H2BK148ub E3 ligase in coordination with the E2 conjugase OsUBC18. OsUBR7 regulates plant ... The development of smaller Cas proteins will lead to reduced viral vector sizes that can be more widely adopted in versatile ...
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Crystal structure of the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein MobA from Escherichia coli at near-atomic resolution - UEA...
PDF] The neomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces fradiae NCIMB 8233: genetic and biochemical evidence for the roles...
Specific deletion of each of the neo8, neo15 and neo16 genes confirmed that they are all essential for neomycin biosynthesis. ... and of the deacetylase Neo16 in neomycin biosynthesis. ... Biosynthesis Is Catalyzed by a TldD/PmbA Family Protein.. * ... Biochemistry of the Initial Steps of Mycothiol Biosynthesis*. *G. Newton, P. Ta, K. Bzymek, R. C. Fahey ... Unique O-ribosylation in the biosynthesis of butirosin.. *F. Kudo, T. Fujii, S. Kinoshita, T. Eguchi ...
MSMEG 4310 MSMEG 4310 Cobalamin biosynthesis protein CobD (EC 6.3.1.10)Mycobacterium smegmatis (strain ATCC 700084 / mc(2)155) ...
Protein Synonyms Start End Strand PubMed ID MSMEG_4310 MSMEG_4310 cobD cobD, MSMEG_4310 Cobalamin biosynthesis protein CobD (EC ... MSMEG_4310 MSMEG_4310 Cobalamin biosynthesis protein CobD (EC 6.3.1.10). Mycobacterium smegmatis (strain ATCC 700084 / mc(2)155 ... NCBI Protein EnsemblBacteria InterPro EggNOG OrthoDB A0R0A0 4536838; WP_011729726.1, YP_888588.1 ABK73682, AIU09402 IPR004485 ...
The Staphylococcus aureus cell division protein, DivIC, interacts with the cell wall and controls its biosynthesis....
... interacts with the cell wall and controls its biosynthesis. Supplementary information. Supplementary Fig. 4d, AFM data ... The Staphylococcus aureus cell division protein, DivIC, interacts with the cell wall and controls its biosynthesis. ... The Staphylococcus aureus cell division protein, DivIC, interacts with the cell wall and controls its biosynthesis. ... The Staphylococcus aureus cell division protein, DivIC, ...
Recombinant Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni serotype O:2 Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein Gcp ...
jejuni serotype O:2 Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein Gcp (gcp) ... Order Recombinant Campylobacter jejuni subsp jejuni serotype O 2 Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein ... Order Recombinant Campylobacter jejuni subsp jejuni serotype O 2 Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein ...
MetabolismLipid biosynthesisPeptidesCofactor biosynthesisPathwayPenicillin-bindingKinaseInhibitsTRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosineGeneSynthesisMolybdenumRibosome biosynthesisAmino acidsPeptideMolecularBacteriaEffector proteinsSuperfamilyRecombinantPathwaysEnzymesMitogen-activatPolypeptideSteroidSequence2022Membrane proteinsEscherichiaDifferent proteinsRibosomal protein translationCellOligosaccharideArabidopsisTigrfamRegulatoryCholesterolResiduesBIOSYNTHETIC PROTEINBiochemicalRegulationRegulatorUptakeHormones
Metabolism7
- The action mechanism is an esterase system that interferes with the amino acid metabolism of pathogenic bacteria, destroys the biosynthesis of proteins, inhibits the growth of hyphae and causes cell granulation, and causes the pathogenic bacteria to lose their ability to reproduce and infect, thereby achieving the purpose of killing pathogenic bacteria and preventing diseases. (hfbiochem.com)
- Potential functional profiles of gut microbiome in amino acid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis proteins and steroid biosynthesis were remarkably increased, while the capacity in renin-angiotensin system was remarkably decreased following vaccines. (imrpress.com)
- Results showed that Pi limitation facilitates up-regulation of Pi-associated metabolism, RNA degradation, and triacylglycerol biosynthesis while down-regulation of ribosome biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our data suggest that Pi limitation activates Pi-related metabolism, RNA degradation, and TAG biosynthesis while inhibits ribosome biosynthesis and TCA cycle, leading to enhanced carbon fluxes into lipids. (biomedcentral.com)
- Because phosphorus is an essential element for DNA, RNA, several ubiquitous cofactors, and phosphorylated proteins, Pi-limitation has major affects on cellular metabolism and physiology. (biomedcentral.com)
- Synthetic vs natural, is not precise enough to separate chemicals made in a factory from those atoms found in nature, small compounds made in the body (metabolism, biosynthesis), or larger hormones, mediators and even amino acids and proteins. (wordpress.com)
- involved PARs cyanide via G effectiveness histone( 4) and via the metabolism: system fructose of the G-protein( 5). (erik-mill.de)
Lipid biosynthesis2
- Upon analysis of differential expression for the sets of phosphonull and phosphomimetic mutants, they showed the proteins most affected by histone methylation clustered into GO categories consistent with cellular response to stress, e.g. ion membrane transport, lipid biosynthesis, ergosterol biosynthesis, and protein mannosylation. (yeastgenome.org)
- Pi limitation leads to dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate and the allosteric activator of isocitrate dehydrogenase key to lipid biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Peptides3
- Because the reaction is not normally associated with members of the YcaO protein family, the Nair Lab is now exploring and predicting other examples of YcaOs that can also cut peptides. (illinois.edu)
- The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES , directed by MESSENGER RNA , via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (bvsalud.org)
- Shifting gears, he pursued graduate studies in natural products biosynthesis in the laboratory of Eric Schmidt where his work focused on the biosynthesis of a class of highly posttranslationally modified peptides from cyanobacteria known as cyanobactins. (caltech.edu)
Cofactor biosynthesis1
- Without either piece of molybdopterin synthase, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis is impaired. (medlineplus.gov)
Pathway6
- Function of a membrane-embedded domain evolutionarily multiplied in the GPI lipid anchor pathway proteins PIG-B, PIG-M, PIG-U, PIG-W, PIG-V, and PIG-Z. Eisenhaber B, et al . (nih.gov)
- Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. (oregonstate.edu)
- Of the tryptophan not incorporated into proteins, more than 95% is metabolized via the kynurenine pathway (KP), with a smaller portion used for serotonin synthesis ( Fig. 1 ) ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
- These genes encode proteins associated with ABA biosynthesis, transport, reception, transcription, signaling, and ion and sugar transport, which fit the general ABA signaling pathway constructed from Arabidopsis and Hordeum vulgare. (haifa.ac.il)
- It was found that NADPH, the key cofactor for fatty acid biosynthesis, is limited due to reduced flux through the pentose phosphate pathway and transhydrogenation cycle and that this can be overcome by over-expression of an endogenous malic enzyme. (biomedcentral.com)
- Caused by mutations in the EBP gene (Xp11.23-p11.22) encoding the emopamil binding protein (EBP), which acts as a delta8-delta7-sterol isomerase that catalyses the conversion of 8(9)-cholestenol to lathosterol in the distal cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. (cdc.gov)
Penicillin-binding3
- Bactericidal activity results from inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
- However, unlike other cephalosporins, cefiderocol has a unique side chain that allows it to bind to ferric iron, a key nutrient for bacterial growth, and use the bacterial iron transport system to cross the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.Once inside the bacterial cell, cefiderocol's cephalosporin moiety binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are enzymes involved in the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. (medscape.com)
- Ceftazidime functions by binding to the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in bacterial cell walls, which inhibits the final step of peptidoglycan synthesis and consequently prevents cell wall biosynthesis. (medscape.com)
Kinase7
- Nishizuka was born in Ashiya City (Hyogo Prefecture, Japan) on July 12, 1932 and was made famous by his discovery of protein kinase C. He will be sadly missed by all who knew him. (nature.com)
- PAPbeta, a protein that binds to and is phosphorylated by the non-receptor tyrosine kinase PYK2, contains several modular signaling domains including a pleckstrin homology domain, an SH3 domain, ankyrin repeats and an ARF-GAP domain. (embl.de)
- My first project is to understand nuclear phosphorylation events controlled by the tomato protein kinase Adi3, which is a host PCD regulator during resistance to pathogens. (tamu.edu)
- Involvement of the mitogen activated protein kinase Hog1p in the response of Candida albicans to iron availability. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- Gene expression profiling of the Deltahog1 deletion mutant indicated an involvement of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase Hog1p. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- Regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HOG1 mitogen-activated protein kinase by the PTP2 and PTP3 protein tyrosine phosphatases. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- The protein kinase Ire1 has a Hac1-independent essential role in iron uptake and virulence of Candida albicans. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Inhibits1
- Inhibits bacterial protein translation by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit and blocks entry of amino-acyl tRNA molecules in ribosome A site. (medscape.com)
TRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine1
- Order Recombinant Campylobacter jejuni subsp jejuni serotype O 2 Probable tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine biosynthesis protein Gcp gcp 01015952056 at Gentaur Campylobacter jejuni subsp. (amoytope.com)
Gene8
- This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in GPI-anchor biosynthesis. (nih.gov)
- The MOCS2 gene provides instructions for making two different proteins, MOCS2A and MOCS2B, which combine to form an enzyme called molybdopterin synthase. (medlineplus.gov)
- The MOCS2 gene mutations involved in molybdenum cofactor deficiency likely eliminate the function of MOCS2A, MOCS2B, or both, although in rare cases that are less severe, some protein function may remain. (medlineplus.gov)
- In this study, we found that the expressions of a gene encoding pyridoxine biosynthesis protein (PDX1) were significantly upregulated in the early infectious stages in M. oryzae. (bvsalud.org)
- Pfam term enrichment analysis revealed 172 protein families/domains were significantly associated with the H-D-R cycle and confirmed early rehydration (i.e. the R2 stage) as exhibiting the maximum stress-induced changes in gene expression. (nature.com)
- Candida albicans response regulator gene SSK1 regulates a subset of genes whose functions are associated with cell wall biosynthesis and adaptation to oxidative stress. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- The SBDS gene contains 5 exons, which encode a 250-amino-acid protein of unknown function. (medscape.com)
- Decrease of interleukin (IL)17a gene expression in leucocytes and in the amount of IL-17a protein in CD4+ T cells in children with Down syndrome. (edu.pl)
Synthesis5
- The efficiency of milk synthesis can be improved by taking advantage of the accumulated knowledge of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of fat, protein, and lactose in the mammary gland. (oregonstate.edu)
- Recent data indicate the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to increase milk fat synthesis by feeding long-chain fatty acids and milk protein synthesis by feeding amino acids. (oregonstate.edu)
- This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, and lactose regulation, with mTOR functioning as a central hub. (oregonstate.edu)
- The structure, function and synthesis of proteins, RNA and DNA and their interrelated biological functions within the cell. (sfu.ca)
- synthesis VI is the most PLK1 s expression signaling circulation browser, an migration defined from its breast with the FcRI protein pro-IL1B. (erik-mill.de)
Molybdenum1
- Molybdopterin synthase performs the second of a series of reactions in the formation (biosynthesis) of a molecule called molybdenum cofactor. (medlineplus.gov)
Ribosome biosynthesis1
- [ 48 ] which is known to play a role in ribosome biosynthesis, mitotic spindle assembly, chemotaxis, and regulation of reactive oxygen species generation. (medscape.com)
Amino acids2
Peptide4
- These pictures allowed us to figure out what the protein looked like, and more importantly, how it might carry out this peptide-cutting activity. (illinois.edu)
- There is also a biotechnology interest: we can use one protein to both modify a peptide and cut away the extraneous bits after its been modified. (illinois.edu)
- With cryoEM images providing a road map, the Nair Lab carried out biochemical studies to pinpoint the active site elements that enabled the unusual peptide cutting activity in ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. (illinois.edu)
- The lab demonstrated that this particular YcaO protein (MusD) is able to cut a peptide using a molecule called ATP as a co-factor. (illinois.edu)
Molecular7
- Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the molecular basis of the divergence of the TPS family in Lauraceae and contrasting evolutionary fates of the TPS-a and TPS-b subfamilies in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids in P. bournei . (cell.com)
- Although PpiD is known to function in protein translocation, the functional significance of PpiD-YfgM complex formation as well as the molecular mechanisms of PpiD-YfgM and PpiD/YfgM-Sec translocon interactions remain unclear. (jbc.org)
- An introduction to molecular biology techniques and methods of protein purification and analysis. (sfu.ca)
- We identified neutralizing epitopes of DENV located at residues K310 and E311 of viral envelope protein domain III (E-DIII) through the combination of biological and molecular strategies. (cdc.gov)
- My research interests range from the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of plants against pathogens to the biosynthesis of hydrocarbon compounds by algae that can be used as fuel in modern combustion engines. (tamu.edu)
- This event is prevented by small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) acting as molecular chaperones. (iisc.ac.in)
- Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are a ubiquitous family of molecular chaperones that play a vital role in maintaining protein homeostasis in cells. (iisc.ac.in)
Bacteria1
- The YcaO protein family is found in throughout nature, including in marine bacteria where it can make a class of antibiotics. (illinois.edu)
Effector proteins2
- Methylation patterns are "written" by enzymes in response to signals and then "read" by effector proteins recognizing methyl residues on highly specific lysine residues, leading to either large- or small-scale alterations in the transcriptional state of chromatin. (yeastgenome.org)
- One of the major class of virulence factors includes effector proteins that are delivered into the host through a type III protein secretion system (TTSS) to suppress plant immune responses, and also to facilitate disease development [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Superfamily2
- Silvaggi, N. R., Structural characterization of three noncanonical NTF2-like superfamily proteins: implications for polyketide biosynthesis . (uwm.edu)
- ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are members of the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins, are critical components of vesicular trafficking pathways in eukaryotes. (embl.de)
Recombinant4
- The mAbs were further dissected using recombinant E protein domain I-II (E-DI-II) and III (E-DIII) of DENV-2. (cdc.gov)
- Starting from native material or recombinant systems, we succeed with all types of membrane proteins: GPCRs, Ions Channels, Transporters, Receptors and Viral Proteins. (calixar.com)
- Recombinant proteins, like insulin, certainly require a safety assessment with similar aims to the toxicological assessment of small molecule drugs etc. (wordpress.com)
- cDNA cloning, expression analysis, chromosome localization and characterization of the recombinant protein. (nih.gov)
Pathways3
- In addition, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays investigating potential MoPdx1-interacting proteins suggested that MoPdx1 might take part in multiple pathways, especially in the ribosome and in biosynthesis of some substances. (bvsalud.org)
- R2R3-MYB-, HD-ZIP IV-, TPS-, CYP-, and SDR-encoding genes are key regulatory factors and genes in the pathways of glandular secretory trichome formation and monoterpenoid biosynthesis. (cell.com)
- Discovery of parallel pathways of kanamycin biosynthesis allows antibiotic manipulation. (semanticscholar.org)
Enzymes4
- Now, a team from Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) and the University of Oxford has discovered how hydrogen-producing enzymes (hydrogenases) are activated during their biosynthesis. (greencarcongress.com)
- Within their protein scaffold, the enzymes have an active center-the H-cluster-where the hydrogen is produced. (greencarcongress.com)
- The overall theme of my research is based on reaching an understanding of structure-function relationship of proteins, enzymes and their complexes, including those involved in disease (e.g. (essex.ac.uk)
- protein_coding" "AAC76745","bglF","Escherichia coli","fused beta-glucoside-specific PTS enzymes: IIA component/IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Mitogen-activat2
- However, in various diseases such as neurological diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and autoimmune diseases, a disturbance of this redox balance occurs in mitochondria, which activates inflammasomes, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), leading to the activation of innate immune and inflammatory responses [14] . (researchgate.net)
- By measuring the levels of heat shock proteins as well as the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), we could not detect any differences upon RF exposure. (bvsalud.org)
Polypeptide1
- They are classified as integral, peripheral membrane proteins and polypeptide toxins. (iisc.ac.in)
Steroid2
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Cholesterol & free-fatty acids biosynthesis during protein malnutrition & steroid maintained pregnancy in rats. (who.int)
- This data will allow for analysis of the selected steroid hormones and related binding protein that can be used to assist in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), androgen deficiency, certain cancers, and hormone imbalances. (cdc.gov)
Sequence2
- This work elucidated the N-deacetylation of the mycothiol-derived N-acetyl-l-cysteine residue of a lincosamide intermediate, which is comprised of an amino acid and an aminooctose connected via an amide bond, and presented a sequence similarity network of TldD/PmbA proteins, which suggests that the l incosamide N- deacetylases are unique among these widely distributed proteins. (semanticscholar.org)
- The researchers clarified the precise sequence of the process using protein engineering, protein film electrochemistry and infrared spectroscopy. (greencarcongress.com)
20221
- For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code . (lbl.gov)
Membrane proteins3
- PpiD and YfgM are inner membrane proteins that are both composed of an N-terminal transmembrane segment and a C-terminal periplasmic domain. (jbc.org)
- CALIXAR's approach allows to preserve the original structure and function of membrane proteins (GPCRs, Ion Channels, Transporters, Receptors, Anchors and Viral Proteins) providing solutions for pharmaceutical industries, biotechnology companies and academic teams to develop conformational antibodies, formulate new vaccines, carry out Structure Based Drug Discovery and/or HTS assays. (calixar.com)
- Membrane proteins roughly constitute 30% of open reading frames in a genome and form 70% of current drug targets. (iisc.ac.in)
Escherichia3
- Escherichia coli YfgM and PpiD form a stable complex that interacts with the SecY/E/G (Sec) translocon, a channel that allows protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane. (jbc.org)
- protein_coding" "AAC73596","tesA","Escherichia coli","acyl-CoA thioesterase 1 and protease I and lysophospholipase L1 [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
- protein_coding" "AAC76562","bcsF","Escherichia coli","DUF2636 family cellulose production small membrane protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Different proteins1
- Ublast hits may be split across two different proteins. (lbl.gov)
Ribosomal protein translation1
- His work during that period included studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the involvement of GTP in ribosomal protein translation and ADP-ribosylation by diphtheria toxin. (nature.com)
Cell11
- The GPI-anchor is found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. (nih.gov)
- In contrast to cell-based protein expression, cell-free production is highly consistent, scalable, and amenable to automation. (nih.gov)
- In addition, described is a cell-free method for preparing protein complexes. (nih.gov)
- The Staphylococcus aureus cell division protein, DivIC, interacts with the cell wall and controls its biosynthesis. (shef.ac.uk)
- The biomass of U. maydis declined most severely over time and may be attributed to the action of F. verticillioides, which secretes toxic secondary metabolites and expresses genes encoding adhesive and cell wall-degrading proteins at higher levels than when grown alone. (jic.ac.uk)
- It is postulated that this receptor function as folate scavengers when folate supply is low or rapid cell growth requires elevated uptake of folate for methylation reactions including DNA biosynthesis. (biolegend.com)
- Treatment duration is guided by the resolution of clinical symptoms and decline in inflammatory markers like C- reactive protein and white blood cell count. (medscape.com)
- My lab continues to study plant-pathogen interactions by researching protein kinases regulating host cell death. (tamu.edu)
- However, the amounts of MCFO proteins and the cell surface ferric reductase activity were increased in the Deltahog1 in comparison to wild type cells. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- In the first 30 min of treatment, the response was similar to the cell culture: there was a decrease in metabolites of the TCA cycle and amino acid biosynthesis and the transcriptomic response was dominated by up-regulation of DNA regulatory proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
- DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)
Oligosaccharide1
- Probably catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. (calixar.com)
Arabidopsis1
- The aquatic ferns Azolla filiculoides and Salvinia cucullata have representatives of 23 families of proteins orthologous to those of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and all other land plant species studied. (haifa.ac.il)
Tigrfam1
- Candidates for each step are identified by using ublast (a fast alternative to protein BLAST) against a database of manually-curated proteins (most of which are experimentally characterized) or by using HMMer with enzyme models (usually from TIGRFam ). (lbl.gov)
Regulatory1
- Bacterial regulatory proteins [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Cholesterol1
- Low cholesterol content - While many whey protein powders still contain a substantial level of cholesterol and sodium, the rice protein is safe and low in these elements, and consequentially, can reduce the negative effects of excessive cholesterol intake. (naturveg.com)
Residues1
- Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. (iisc.ac.in)
BIOSYNTHETIC PROTEIN1
- Pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic protein PdxA [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Biochemical1
- As classic biochemical approaches have failed to identify rubber biosynthetic proteins or genes, we have taken an alternative proteomic- and genomic-based approach with four rubber producing plant species including Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenium argentatum, Taraxacum kok-saghyz, and Ficus elastica. (usda.gov)
Regulation1
- Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. (oregonstate.edu)
Regulator2
- Functional studies of the Ssk1p response regulator protein of Candida albicans as determined by phenotypic analysis of receiver domain point mutants. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- infected bisecting proteins re-enter endosomal body chains to promote with the SAMM50 regulator and extracellular plasma metazoans to have with the TIMM22 superpathway. (erik-mill.de)
Uptake1
- However, VB6 content in different strains cultured in CM media has no significant difference, suggested that MoPdx1 was involved in de novo VB6 biosynthesis not in uptake process, and VB6 regulates the vegetative growth of M. oryzae. (bvsalud.org)
Hormones1
- I did my B.S. (1991) and M.S. (1993) studies at Michigan Technological University where I studied with John Adler working on the biosynthesis of insect molting hormones in plants as a defense mechanism against insect attack. (tamu.edu)