Propylene Glycol
Propylene Glycols
Pharmaceutical Vehicles
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Glycols
Glycols
Cryoprotective Agents
Polyethylene Glycols
Butylene Glycols
Hemoglobinuria
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Administration, Cutaneous
Dosage Forms
Etomidate
Solvents
Polysorbates
Epoxy Compounds
Drug Carriers
Cryopreservation
Solubility
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Plasticizers
Polypropylenes
Alkenes
Administration, Topical
Emulsions
Technology, Pharmaceutical
Methylcellulose
Ethylene Oxide
Surface-Active Agents
Excipients
Drug Compounding
Acidosis, Lactic
Oils
Water
Glycerol
Rats, Inbred F344
Propane
Poloxalene
Diazepam
Iatrogenic Disease
Poloxamer
Differential activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 pathways during FTY720-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes that is suppressed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. (1/714)
FTY720 is a novel immunosuppressive drug derived from a metabolite from Isaria sinclairii that is known to induce apoptosis of rat splenic T cells. In this study, we examined the intracellular signaling pathway triggered by FTY720. Treatment of human Jurkat T lymphocytes with FTY720-induced apoptosis characterized by DNA fragmentation. The same treatment induced activation of protein kinases such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38/CSBP (CSAID-binding protein), and a novel 36-kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Pretreatment of Jurkat cells with DEVD-CHO blocked FTY720-induced DNA fragmentation as well as the activation of p38/CSBP. However, DEVD-CHO treatment failed to inhibit FTY720-induced activation of JNK and the 36-kDa MBP kinase. We have also demonstrated that activation of the ERK signaling pathway completely suppressed the FTY720-induced apoptotic process including activation of caspase 3 and activation of JNK and the 36-kDa MBP kinase. Furthermore, transient expression of constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) protected the cells from FTY720-induced cell death. The effect of MEK was canceled by coexpression of a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, CL100. These results indicate that JNK and p38 pathways are differentially regulated during FTY720-induced apoptosis and that activation of ERK pathway alone is sufficient to cancel the FTY720-induced death signal. (+info)Subtype-selective antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by felbamate: insights into the mechanism of action. (2/714)
Felbamate is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and complex partial seizures that are refractory to other medications. Its unique clinical profile is thought to be due to an interaction with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, resulting in decreased excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. To further characterize the interaction between felbamate and NMDA receptors, recombinant receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes were used to investigate the subtype specificity and mechanism of action. Felbamate reduced NMDA- and glycine-induced currents most effectively at NMDA receptors composed of NR1 and NR2B subunits (IC50 = 0.93 mM), followed by NR1-2C (2.02 mM) and NR1-2A (8.56 mM) receptors. The NR1-2B-selective interaction was noncompetitive with respect to the coagonists NMDA and glycine and was not dependent on voltage. Felbamate enhanced the affinity of the NR1-2B receptor for the agonist NMDA by 3.5-fold, suggesting a similarity in mechanism to other noncompetitive antagonists such as ifenprodil. However, a point mutation at position 201 (E201R) of the epsilon2 (mouse NR2B) subunit that affects receptor sensitivity to ifenprodil, haloperidol, and protons reduced the affinity of NR1-epsilon2 receptors for felbamate by only 2-fold. Furthermore, pH had no effect on the affinity of NR1-2B receptors for felbamate. We suggest that felbamate interacts with a unique site on the NR2B subunit (or one formed by NR1 plus NR2B) that interacts allosterically with the NMDA/glutamate binding site. These results suggest that the unique clinical profile of felbamate is due in part to an interaction with the NR1-2B subtype of NMDA receptor. (+info)A Saprolegnia parasitica challenge system for rainbow trout: assessment of Pyceze as an anti-fungal agent for both fish and ova. (3/714)
A reproducible Saprolegnia parasitica spore delivery system was developed and demonstrated to be effective in providing a sustained spore challenge for up to 10 d. Treatment of rainbow trout with slow-release intraperitoneal implants containing cortisol resulted in chronically elevated blood cortisol levels and rendered the fish susceptible to infection by S. parasitica when exposed to the spore challenge. Sham-implanted fish were not susceptible to infection. Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol), formulated as Pyceze, was effective in protecting predisposed fish from infection by S. parasitica when administered as a daily bath/flush treatment at concentrations of 15 mg l-1 and greater. Pyceze was also demonstrated to protect fertilised rainbow trout ova from S. parasitica challenge when administered as a daily bath/flush treatment at concentrations of between 30 and 100 mg l-1. Pyceze appears to qualify as a safe and effective replacement for malachite green and formalin in the prevention of fungal infections in the aquaculture environment. (+info)Development and testing of a microbiological assay to detect residual effects of disinfectant on hard surfaces. (4/714)
We describe a glucuronidase bioassay for detecting residual bactericidal activity from the use of disinfectants on hard surfaces; in this assay we used formaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol, chlorine, and a commercial preparation containing 2-bromo-2-nitro-1, 3-propanediol. Chlorine and the commercial preparation showed bactericidal activity (53.5% and 98.2%, respectively) for a week after disinfection. (+info)Assessment of adult and neonatal reproductive parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether vapors for two generations. (5/714)
This study evaluated propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) in a rat 2-generation reproduction study, which included non-traditional study end points, such as sperm count and motility, developmental landmarks, estrous cyclicity, and weanling organ weights. Groups of 30 male and 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats (6-weeks-old) were exposed to 0, 300, 1000, or 3000 ppm of PGME vapors via inhalation for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week prior to mating, and 6 hours/day, 7 days/week during mating, gestation, and lactation, for 2 generations. These concentrations corresponded to estimated oral equivalent doses of 0, 396, 1325, or 3974 mg/kg/day. At 3000 ppm, toxicity in the P1 and P2 adults was marked, as evidenced by sedation during and after exposure, and mean body weights which were as much as 21% lower than controls. This marked parental toxicity was accompanied by lengthened estrous cycles, decreased fertility, decreased ovary weights, and histologic ovarian atrophy in maternal rats. In the offspring from these dams, decreased body weights, reduced survival and litter size, slight delays in puberty onset, and histologic changes in liver and thymus in the F1 and F2 offspring were observed. The nature of the reproductive/neonatal effects and their close individual animal correlation with decreased maternal body weights suggested that these effects were secondary to general toxicity and/or nutritional stress. No such reproductive/neonatal effects were observed at 1000 ppm, a concentration which caused less marked, but significant body weight effects without sedation. There were no treatment-related effects of any kind noted at 300 ppm of PGME. Therefore, the no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for reproductive/neonatal effects was 1000 ppm, and that for parental toxicity was 300 ppm. (+info)FTY720, a new immunosuppressant, promotes long-term graft survival and inhibits the progression of graft coronary artery disease in a murine model of cardiac transplantation. (6/714)
Background-Effective immunosuppression is a critical determinant of organ and patient survival in cardiac transplantation. The present study was designed to determine the potency of FTY720, a new synthesized immunosuppressant, and examine its clinical potential as an immunosuppressant. Methods and Results-Hearts of DBA/2 mice were transplanted heterotopically in C57BL/6 mice. Recipients were treated with oral FTY720 in doses of 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg. kg(-1). d(-1) or with 40 mg. kg(-1). d(-1) of cyclosporin A (CsA) as a comparative treatment. The median graft survival time (MST) was significantly prolonged by treatment with FTY720 10 mg. kg(-1). d(-1). MST was not prolonged by FTY720 1 mg. kg(-1). d(-1) or CsA. However, FTY720 1 mg. kg(-1). d(-1) combined with CsA 40 mg. kg(-1). d(-1) resulted in a significant prolongation of MST. Histopathological studies performed 5 days after transplantation demonstrated remarkable suppression of inflammatory response by treatment with FTY720 10 mg. kg(-1). d(-1). Interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production was not suppressed; however, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was strongly suppressed in vitro. In addition, IL-2-stimulated T-cell proliferation and class I and class II MHC antigen expression on IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages were strongly inhibited by FTY720. Histopathological studies 60 days after transplantation (DBA/2-B10.D2) demonstrated a beneficial effect on graft atherosclerosis. Conclusions-FTY720 promoted long-term cardiac graft survival and strongly inhibited the progression of graft atherosclerosis. These observations suggest that FTY720 has a promising clinical potential in cardiac transplantation. (+info)Short-chain alcohols promote an early stage of membrane hemifusion. (7/714)
Hemifusion, the linkage of contacting lipid monolayers of two membranes before the opening of a fusion pore, is hypothesized to proceed through the formation of a stalk intermediate, a local and strongly bent connection between membranes. When the monolayers' propensity to bend does not support the stalk (e.g., as it is when lysophosphatidylcholine is added), hemifusion is inhibited. In contrast, short-chain alcohols, reported to affect monolayer bending in a manner similar to that of lysophosphatidylcholine, were here found to promote hemifusion between fluorescently labeled liposomes and planar lipid bilayers. Single hemifusion events were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Methanol or ethanol (1.2-1.6 w/w %) added to the same compartment of the planar bilayer chamber as liposomes caused a 5-50 times increase in the number of hemifusion events. Alcohol-induced hemifusion was inhibited by lysophosphatidylcholine. Promotion of membrane hemifusion by short-chain alcohol was also observed for cell-cell fusion mediated by influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). Alcohol promoted a fusion stage subsequent to the low pH-dependent activation of HA. We propose that binding of short-chain alcohol to the surface of membranes promotes hemifusion by facilitating the transient breakage of the continuity of each of the contacting monolayers, which is required for their subsequent merger in the stalk intermediate. (+info)A phase I and pharmacological study of protracted infusions of crisnatol mesylate in patients with solid malignancies. (8/714)
This Phase I and pharmacological study was performed to assess the feasibility of administering the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon crisnatol in increasingly prolonged continuous i.v. infusions to patients with advanced solid malignancies. The study also sought to characterize the-principal toxicities of crisnatol on this schedule, to recommend doses for subsequent disease-directed studies, and to characterize possible associations between pharmacological parameters and toxicity. Sixteen patients were treated with 40 courses of crisnatol administered as a continuous i.v. infusion. The initial dose-schedule was 750 mg/m2/day for 6 days, and the duration of the infusion was to be progressively increased by 3-day increments to 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21. Courses were to be repeated every 4 weeks. Moderate to severe central nervous system (CNS) toxicity precluded the administration of crisnatol 750 mg/m2/day for longer than 6 days, and, therefore, the dose of crisnatol was reduced to 600 mg/m2/day. At this dose, three of five patients receiving a 12-day infusion experienced dose-limiting toxicity, which consisted of pulmonary thromboembolism (two patients) and grade 4 thrombocytopenia (one patient). None of the six patients completing a 9-day infusion at 600 mg/m2/day developed dose-limiting toxicity during the first or second course of crisnatol. At this dose level, the plasma concentrations at steady state (Css) averaged 1607.8+/-261.1 ng/ml, which exceeds minimal inhibitory concentrations for most tumors in vitro (1000 ng/ml). In fact, the administration of crisnatol at a dose of 600 mg/m2/day for 9 days resulted in the longest duration that biologically relevant plasma crisnatol concentrations have been sustained. Plasma Css values were significantly higher in patients who experienced severe CNS toxicity compared with those who did not (2465.3+/-1213.5 versus 1342+/-447.3 ng/ml; P = 0.04). There were no relationships evident between the clearance of crisnatol and indices reflecting renal and hepatic functions. One patient with a glioblastoma multiforme experienced a partial response lasting 14 months. The relative lack of intolerable CNS toxicity at the recommended dose for Phase II studies of crisnatol, 600 mg/m2/day for 9 days, as well as the magnitude of the Css values achieved and the antitumor activity observed at this dose, are encouraging. However, the mechanisms for the apparently increased thrombogenicity observed in this trial are unclear and require further elucidation. (+info)Propylene glycol is not a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. However, it does have various applications in the medical field. Medically, propylene glycol can be used as a:
1. Vehicle for intravenous (IV) medications: Propylene glycol helps dissolve drugs that are not water-soluble and allows them to be administered intravenously. It is used in the preparation of some IV medications, including certain antibiotics, antivirals, and chemotherapeutic agents.
2. Preservative: Propylene glycol acts as a preservative in various medical products, such as topical ointments, eye drops, and injectable solutions, to prevent bacterial growth and increase shelf life.
3. Humectant: In some medical devices and pharmaceutical formulations, propylene glycol is used as a humectant, which means it helps maintain moisture and prevent dryness in the skin or mucous membranes.
The chemical definition of propylene glycol (C3H8O2) is:
A colorless, nearly odorless, viscous liquid belonging to the alcohol family. It is a diol, meaning it contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH), and its molecular formula is C3H8O2. Propylene glycol is miscible with water and most organic solvents and has applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food processing, cosmetics, and industrial manufacturing.
Propylene glycol is not a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. Medically, it is classified as a humectant, which means it helps retain moisture. It is used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as a solvent, preservative, and moisturizer. In medical settings, it can be found in topical creams, oral and injectable medications, and intravenous (IV) fluids.
The chemical definition of propylene glycol is:
Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propan-1,2-diol) is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. It is a viscous, colorless, and nearly odorless liquid that is miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. Propylene glycol is used as an antifreeze when mixed with water, as a solvent in the production of polymers, and as a moisturizer in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It has a sweet taste and is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a food additive.
"Pharmaceutical vehicles" is not a standard term in medical or pharmaceutical sciences. However, I can provide some context based on the phrase's possible meaning. If by "pharmaceutical vehicles," you mean the carriers or delivery systems for drugs or medications, then the definition would be:
Pharmaceutical vehicles refer to various formulations, preparations, or technologies that facilitate and control the administration of a drug or therapeutic agent to its target site in the body. These can include different types of drug delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, liposomes, nanoparticles, transdermal patches, inhalers, injectables, and other innovative drug carrier technologies.
These pharmaceutical vehicles ensure that the active ingredients are safely and effectively transported to their intended site of action within the body, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing potential side effects.
Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste, which makes it appealing to animals and children. It is commonly used in the manufacture of antifreeze, coolants, deicers, hydraulic brake fluids, solvents, and other industrial products. Ethylene glycol is also found in some household items such as certain types of wood stains, paints, and cosmetics.
Ingesting even small amounts of ethylene glycol can be harmful or fatal to humans and animals. It is metabolized by the body into toxic substances that can cause damage to the central nervous system, heart, kidneys, and other organs. Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, decreased level of consciousness, seizures, coma, acidosis, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and kidney failure.
If you suspect that someone has ingested ethylene glycol, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves administering a medication called fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol, as well as providing supportive care such as fluid replacement and dialysis to remove the toxic substances from the body.
Ethylene glycols are a class of synthetic chemical compounds that are commonly used as automotive antifreeze, de-icing agents, and as raw materials in the manufacture of polyester fibers and resins. The two most common types of ethylene glycol are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (also known as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or EGME) and diethylene glycol (DEG).
Ethylene glycols are colorless, odorless liquids with a sweet taste. They are highly toxic to humans and animals if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Exposure can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death.
In medical terms, ethylene glycols are often referred to as "toxic alcohols" or "antifreeze poisoning" when they cause toxicity in humans. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and kidney dialysis, as well as the use of specific antidotes, such as fomepizole or ethanol, to prevent further absorption and metabolism of the toxic alcohol.
Glycols are a type of organic compound that contain two hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms. They are colorless, odorless, and have a sweet taste. The most common glycols are ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is widely used as an automotive antifreeze and in the manufacture of polyester fibers and resins, while propylene glycol is used as a food additive, in pharmaceuticals, and as a solvent in various industries. Glycols are also used as a coolant, humectant, and in the production of unsaturated polyester resins. Exposure to high levels of glycols can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and ingestion can be harmful or fatal.
Cryoprotective agents are substances that are used to protect biological material from damage during freezing and thawing. These agents work by reducing the amount of ice that forms in the cells, which can help to prevent the formation of damaging ice crystals. Commonly used cryoprotective agents include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and ethylene glycol.
When biological material, such as cells or tissues, is cooled to very low temperatures for storage or transportation, the water in the cells can freeze and form ice crystals. These ice crystals can damage the cell membranes and other structures within the cell, leading to cell death. Cryoprotective agents help to prevent this by lowering the freezing point of the solution that the cells are stored in, which reduces the amount of ice that forms.
Cryoprotective agents are often used in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to protect sperm, eggs, and embryos during freezing and thawing. They are also used in research settings to preserve cells and tissues for later use. It is important to note that while cryoprotective agents can help to reduce the amount of damage that occurs during freezing and thawing, they cannot completely prevent it. Therefore, it is important to carefully control the freezing and thawing process to minimize any potential harm to the biological material.
Skin absorption, also known as percutaneous absorption, refers to the process by which substances are taken up by the skin and pass into the systemic circulation. This occurs when a substance is applied topically to the skin and penetrates through the various layers of the epidermis and dermis until it reaches the capillaries, where it can be transported to other parts of the body.
The rate and extent of skin absorption depend on several factors, including the physicochemical properties of the substance (such as its molecular weight, lipophilicity, and charge), the concentration and formulation of the product, the site of application, and the integrity and condition of the skin.
Skin absorption is an important route of exposure for many chemicals, drugs, and cosmetic ingredients, and it can have both therapeutic and toxicological consequences. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and factors that influence skin absorption is crucial for assessing the safety and efficacy of topical products and for developing strategies to enhance or reduce their absorption as needed.
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are a family of synthetic, water-soluble polymers with a wide range of molecular weights. They are commonly used in the medical field as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. PEGs can also be used as laxatives to treat constipation or as bowel cleansing agents prior to colonoscopy examinations. Additionally, some PEG-conjugated drugs have been developed for use in targeted cancer therapies.
In a medical context, PEGs are often referred to by their average molecular weight, such as PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 1500, and so on. Higher molecular weight PEGs tend to be more viscous and have longer-lasting effects in the body.
It's worth noting that while PEGs are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, some people may experience allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to these compounds. Prolonged exposure to high molecular weight PEGs has also been linked to potential adverse effects, such as decreased fertility and developmental toxicity in animal studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety of PEGs in humans.
Butylene glycols are a type of organic compounds that belong to the class of diols, which are chemical compounds containing two hydroxyl groups. Specifically, butylene glycols are composed of a four-carbon chain with two hydroxyl groups located on adjacent carbon atoms.
There are two isomeric forms of butylene glycol: 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol.
* 1,2-Butanediol (also known as 1,2-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and second carbon atoms of the chain. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.
* 1,3-Butanediol (also known as 1,3-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and third carbon atoms of the chain. It is also a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.
Butylene glycols are generally considered to be safe for use in cosmetics and other consumer products, although they may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. They are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, such as polyesters and polyurethanes.
Hemoglobinuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of hemoglobin in the urine. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Normally, when red blood cells die, they are broken down and their hemoglobin is recycled. However, in certain conditions such as intravascular hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells inside blood vessels), hemoglobin can be released into the bloodstream and then filtered by the kidneys into the urine.
Hemoglobinuria can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including hemolytic anemias, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), severe infections, snake bites, and exposure to certain toxins or medications. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hemoglobinuria, as treatment will depend on the specific condition.
In some cases, hemoglobinuria can lead to kidney damage due to the toxic effects of free hemoglobin on the renal tubules. This can result in acute or chronic kidney injury, and in severe cases, it may require dialysis or transplantation.
Pharmaceutical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the design, synthesis, and development of chemical entities used as medications. It involves the study of drugs' physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as their interactions with living organisms. This field also encompasses understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs in the body, which are critical factors in drug design and development. Pharmaceutical chemists often work closely with biologists, medical professionals, and engineers to develop new medications and improve existing ones.
"Cutaneous administration" is a route of administering medication or treatment through the skin. This can be done through various methods such as:
1. Topical application: This involves applying the medication directly to the skin in the form of creams, ointments, gels, lotions, patches, or solutions. The medication is absorbed into the skin and enters the systemic circulation slowly over a period of time. Topical medications are often used for local effects, such as treating eczema, psoriasis, or fungal infections.
2. Iontophoresis: This method uses a mild electrical current to help a medication penetrate deeper into the skin. A positive charge is applied to a medication with a negative charge, or vice versa, causing it to be attracted through the skin. Iontophoresis is often used for local pain management and treating conditions like hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
3. Transdermal delivery systems: These are specialized patches that contain medication within them. The patch is applied to the skin, and as time passes, the medication is released through the skin and into the systemic circulation. This method allows for a steady, controlled release of medication over an extended period. Common examples include nicotine patches for smoking cessation and hormone replacement therapy patches.
Cutaneous administration offers several advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism (which can reduce the effectiveness of oral medications), providing localized treatment, and allowing for self-administration in some cases. However, it may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions, and potential side effects include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and systemic absorption leading to unwanted systemic effects.
A dosage form refers to the physical or pharmaceutical preparation of a drug that determines how it is administered and taken by the patient. The dosage form influences the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body, which ultimately affects the drug's therapeutic effectiveness and safety profile.
There are various types of dosage forms available, including:
1. Solid dosage forms: These include tablets, capsules, caplets, and powders that are intended to be swallowed or chewed. They may contain a single active ingredient or multiple ingredients in a fixed-dose combination.
2. Liquid dosage forms: These include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and syrups that are intended to be taken orally or administered parenterally (e.g., intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously).
3. Semi-solid dosage forms: These include creams, ointments, gels, pastes, and suppositories that are intended to be applied topically or administered rectally.
4. Inhalation dosage forms: These include metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), and nebulizers that are used to deliver drugs directly to the lungs.
5. Transdermal dosage forms: These include patches, films, and sprays that are applied to the skin to deliver drugs through the skin into the systemic circulation.
6. Implantable dosage forms: These include surgically implanted devices or pellets that release drugs slowly over an extended period.
The choice of dosage form depends on various factors, such as the drug's physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic indication, patient population, and route of administration. The goal is to optimize the drug's efficacy and safety while ensuring patient compliance and convenience.
Etomidate is a intravenous anesthetic medication used for the induction of general anesthesia. It provides a rapid and smooth induction with minimal cardiovascular effects, making it a popular choice in patients with hemodynamic instability. Etomidate also has antiseizure properties. However, its use is associated with adrenal suppression, which can lead to complications such as hypotension and impaired stress response. Therefore, its use is generally avoided in critically ill or septic patients.
The medical definition of 'Etomidate' is:
A carboxylated imidazole derivative that is used as an intravenous anesthetic for the induction of general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and minimal cardiovascular effects, making it useful in patients with hemodynamic instability. Etomidate also has antiseizure properties. However, its use is associated with adrenal suppression, which can lead to complications such as hypotension and impaired stress response. Therefore, its use is generally avoided in critically ill or septic patients.
Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.
However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.
Polysorbates are a type of nonionic surfactant (a compound that lowers the surface tension between two substances, such as oil and water) commonly used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. They are derived from sorbitol and reacted with ethylene oxide to create a polyoxyethylene structure. The most common types of polysorbates used in medicine are polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 60, which differ in the number of oxyethylene groups in their molecular structure.
Polysorbates are often added to pharmaceutical formulations as emulsifiers, solubilizers, or stabilizers. They help to improve the solubility and stability of drugs that are otherwise insoluble in water, allowing for better absorption and bioavailability. Polysorbates can also prevent the aggregation and precipitation of proteins in injectable formulations.
In addition to their use in pharmaceuticals, polysorbates are also used as emulsifiers in food products such as ice cream, salad dressings, and baked goods. They help to mix oil and water-based ingredients together and prevent them from separating. In cosmetics, polysorbates are used as surfactants, solubilizers, and stabilizers in a variety of personal care products.
It is important to note that some people may have allergic reactions to polysorbates, particularly those with sensitivities to sorbitol or other ingredients used in their production. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of using products containing polysorbates in individuals who may be at risk for adverse reactions.
Epoxy compounds, also known as epoxy resins, are a type of thermosetting polymer characterized by the presence of epoxide groups in their molecular structure. An epoxide group is a chemical functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom, which is itself bonded to another carbon atom.
Epoxy compounds are typically produced by reacting a mixture of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A or other similar chemicals under specific conditions. The resulting product is a two-part system consisting of a resin and a hardener, which must be mixed together before use.
Once the two parts are combined, a chemical reaction takes place that causes the mixture to cure or harden into a solid material. This curing process can be accelerated by heat, and once fully cured, epoxy compounds form a strong, durable, and chemically resistant material that is widely used in various industrial and commercial applications.
In the medical field, epoxy compounds are sometimes used as dental restorative materials or as adhesives for bonding medical devices or prosthetics. However, it's important to note that some people may have allergic reactions to certain components of epoxy compounds, so their use must be carefully evaluated and monitored in a medical context.
A drug carrier, also known as a drug delivery system or vector, is a vehicle that transports a pharmaceutical compound to a specific site in the body. The main purpose of using drug carriers is to improve the efficacy and safety of drugs by enhancing their solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, while minimizing unwanted side effects.
Drug carriers can be made up of various materials, including natural or synthetic polymers, lipids, inorganic nanoparticles, or even cells and viruses. They can encapsulate, adsorb, or conjugate drugs through different mechanisms, such as physical entrapment, electrostatic interaction, or covalent bonding.
Some common types of drug carriers include:
1. Liposomes: spherical vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
2. Polymeric nanoparticles: tiny particles made of biodegradable polymers that can protect drugs from degradation and enhance their accumulation in target tissues.
3. Dendrimers: highly branched macromolecules with a well-defined structure and size that can carry multiple drug molecules and facilitate their release.
4. Micelles: self-assembled structures formed by amphiphilic block copolymers that can solubilize hydrophobic drugs in water.
5. Inorganic nanoparticles: such as gold, silver, or iron oxide nanoparticles, that can be functionalized with drugs and targeting ligands for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
6. Cell-based carriers: living cells, such as red blood cells, stem cells, or immune cells, that can be loaded with drugs and used to deliver them to specific sites in the body.
7. Viral vectors: modified viruses that can infect cells and introduce genetic material encoding therapeutic proteins or RNA interference molecules.
The choice of drug carrier depends on various factors, such as the physicochemical properties of the drug, the route of administration, the target site, and the desired pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Therefore, selecting an appropriate drug carrier is crucial for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.
Cryopreservation is a medical procedure that involves the preservation of cells, tissues, or organs by cooling them to very low temperatures, typically below -150°C. This is usually achieved using liquid nitrogen. The low temperature slows down or stops biological activity, including chemical reactions and cellular metabolism, which helps to prevent damage and decay.
The cells, tissues, or organs that are being cryopreserved must be treated with a cryoprotectant solution before cooling to prevent the formation of ice crystals, which can cause significant damage. Once cooled, the samples are stored in specialized containers or tanks until they are needed for use.
Cryopreservation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies, such as the preservation of sperm, eggs, and embryos for fertility treatments. It is also used in research, including the storage of cell lines and stem cells, and in clinical settings, such as the preservation of skin grafts and corneas for transplantation.
Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2SO. It is a polar aprotic solvent, which means it can dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds. DMSO has a wide range of uses in industry and in laboratory research, including as a cryoprotectant, a solvent for pharmaceuticals, and a penetration enhancer in topical formulations.
In medicine, DMSO is used as a topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. It works by increasing the flow of blood and other fluids to the site of application, which can help to reduce pain and inflammation. DMSO is also believed to have antioxidant properties, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects.
It's important to note that while DMSO has been studied for various medical uses, its effectiveness for many conditions is not well established, and it can have side effects, including skin irritation and a garlic-like taste or odor in the mouth after application. It should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
Plasticizers are substances added to polymers or plastics to increase their flexibility, workability, and durability. They achieve this by reducing the intermolecular forces between polymer chains, thereby lowering the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the material. This allows the plastic to remain flexible even at lower temperatures. Common plasticizers include phthalates, adipates, and epoxy compounds. It is important to note that some plasticizers can have potential health concerns, and their use may be regulated in certain applications.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polypropylenes" does not have a medical definition as it is not a medical term. Polypropylene is a type of plastic that is used in various medical and non-medical applications. It is a thermoplastic polymer resin that is produced by the polymerization of propylene.
In the medical field, polypropylene is sometimes used to make single-use surgical instruments, sutures, and medical devices due to its resistance to heat, chemicals, and electricity. It is also biocompatible, meaning it can be safely used in the body without causing adverse reactions. However, "Polypropylenes" as a medical term is not recognized or used in the medical community.
Drug stability refers to the ability of a pharmaceutical drug product to maintain its physical, chemical, and biological properties during storage and use, under specified conditions. A stable drug product retains its desired quality, purity, strength, and performance throughout its shelf life. Factors that can affect drug stability include temperature, humidity, light exposure, and container compatibility. Maintaining drug stability is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications for patients.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
The double bond in alkenes can undergo various reactions, such as addition reactions, where different types of molecules can add across the double bond to form new compounds. The relative position of the double bond in the carbon chain and the presence of substituents on the carbon atoms can affect the physical and chemical properties of alkenes.
Alkenes are important industrial chemicals and are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and other chemicals. They are also found in nature, occurring in some plants and animals, and can be produced by certain types of bacteria through fermentation processes.
Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).
Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.
When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.
An emulsion is a type of stable mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, which are normally unable to mix together uniformly. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is broken down into small droplets and distributed throughout the other liquid (the continuous phase), creating a stable, cloudy mixture.
In medical terms, emulsions can be used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. For example, certain medications may be formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions to improve their absorption, stability, or palatability. Similarly, some skincare products and makeup removers contain emulsifiers that help create stable mixtures of water and oils, allowing for effective cleansing and moisturizing.
Emulsions can also occur naturally in the body, such as in the digestion of fats. The bile salts produced by the liver help to form small droplets of dietary lipids (oil) within the watery environment of the small intestine, allowing for efficient absorption and metabolism of these nutrients.
Medical technology, also known as health technology, refers to the use of medical devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems for the purpose of preventing, diagnosing, or treating disease and disability. This can include a wide range of products and services, from simple devices like tongue depressors and bandages, to complex technologies like MRI machines and artificial organs.
Pharmaceutical technology, on the other hand, specifically refers to the application of engineering and scientific principles to the development, production, and control of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices. This can include the design and construction of manufacturing facilities, the development of new drug delivery systems, and the implementation of quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Both medical technology and pharmaceutical technology play crucial roles in modern healthcare, helping to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals around the world.
Methylcellulose is a semisynthetic, inert, viscous, and tasteless white powder that is soluble in cold water but not in hot water. It is derived from cellulose through the process of methylation. In medical contexts, it is commonly used as a bulk-forming laxative to treat constipation, as well as a lubricant in ophthalmic solutions and a suspending agent in pharmaceuticals.
When mixed with water, methylcellulose forms a gel-like substance that can increase stool volume and promote bowel movements. It is generally considered safe for most individuals, but like any medication or supplement, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure with a faintly sweet odor. It is used primarily as a sterilant, especially for medical equipment, but also has applications in the manufacture of other chemicals, including antifreeze and textile products. Ethylene oxide is highly flammable and reactive, and exposure can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, as well as more serious health effects with prolonged or high-level exposure. It is also a known human carcinogen, meaning that it has been shown to cause cancer in humans.
Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. They contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) components in their molecular structure. This unique property allows them to interact with and stabilize interfaces, making them useful in various medical and healthcare applications.
In the medical field, surfactants are commonly used in pulmonary medicine, particularly for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. The lungs of premature infants often lack sufficient amounts of natural lung surfactant, which can lead to RDS and other complications. Exogenous surfactants, derived from animal sources or synthetically produced, are administered to replace the missing or dysfunctional lung surfactant, improving lung compliance and gas exchange.
Surfactants also have applications in topical formulations for dermatology, as they can enhance drug penetration into the skin, reduce irritation, and improve the spreadability of creams and ointments. Additionally, they are used in diagnostic imaging to enhance contrast between tissues and improve visualization during procedures such as ultrasound and X-ray examinations.
Excipients are inactive substances that serve as vehicles or mediums for the active ingredients in medications. They make up the bulk of a pharmaceutical formulation and help to stabilize, preserve, and enhance the delivery of the active drug compound. Common examples of excipients include binders, fillers, coatings, disintegrants, flavors, sweeteners, and colors. While excipients are generally considered safe and inert, they can sometimes cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects in certain individuals.
Drug compounding is the process of combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create a customized medication to meet the specific needs of an individual patient. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as when a patient has an allergy to a certain ingredient in a mass-produced medication, or when a patient requires a different dosage or formulation than what is available commercially.
Compounding requires specialized training and equipment, and compounding pharmacists must follow strict guidelines to ensure the safety and efficacy of the medications they produce. Compounded medications are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the FDA does regulate the ingredients used in compounding and has oversight over the practices of compounding pharmacies.
It's important to note that while compounding can provide benefits for some patients, it also carries risks, such as the potential for contamination or incorrect dosing. Patients should only receive compounded medications from reputable pharmacies that follow proper compounding standards and procedures.
Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by an excess accumulation of lactic acid in the body. Lactic acid is a byproduct produced in the muscles and other tissues during periods of low oxygen supply or increased energy demand. Under normal circumstances, lactic acid is quickly metabolized and cleared from the body. However, when the production of lactic acid exceeds its clearance, it can lead to a state of acidosis, where the pH of the blood becomes too acidic.
Lactic acidosis can be caused by several factors, including:
* Prolonged exercise or strenuous physical activity
* Severe illness or infection
* Certain medications, such as metformin and isoniazid
* Alcoholism
* Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) due to lung disease, heart failure, or anemia
* Inherited metabolic disorders that affect the body's ability to metabolize lactic acid
Symptoms of lactic acidosis may include rapid breathing, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Severe cases can lead to coma, organ failure, and even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and providing supportive care, such as administering intravenous fluids and bicarbonate to help restore normal pH levels.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, oils are typically defined as lipid-based substances that are derived from plants or animals. They are made up of molecules called fatty acids, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. Oils are often used in medical treatments and therapies due to their ability to deliver active ingredients through the skin, as well as their moisturizing and soothing properties. Some oils, such as essential oils, are also used in aromatherapy for their potential therapeutic benefits. However, it's important to note that some oils can be toxic or irritating if ingested or applied to the skin in large amounts, so they should always be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.
In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:
1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.
Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Glycerol, also known as glycerine or glycerin, is a simple polyol (a sugar alcohol) with a sweet taste and a thick, syrupy consistency. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is slightly soluble in water and freely miscible with ethanol and ether.
In the medical field, glycerol is often used as a medication or supplement. It can be used as a laxative to treat constipation, as a source of calories and energy for people who cannot eat by mouth, and as a way to prevent dehydration in people with certain medical conditions.
Glycerol is also used in the production of various medical products, such as medications, skin care products, and vaccines. It acts as a humectant, which means it helps to keep things moist, and it can also be used as a solvent or preservative.
In addition to its medical uses, glycerol is also widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, thickening agent, and moisture-retaining agent. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
F344 is a strain code used to designate an outbred stock of rats that has been inbreeded for over 100 generations. The F344 rats, also known as Fischer 344 rats, were originally developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and are now widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background.
Inbred strains, like the F344, are created by mating genetically identical individuals (siblings or parents and offspring) for many generations until a state of complete homozygosity is reached, meaning that all members of the strain have identical genomes. This genetic uniformity makes inbred strains ideal for use in studies where consistent and reproducible results are important.
F344 rats are known for their longevity, with a median lifespan of around 27-31 months, making them useful for aging research. They also have a relatively low incidence of spontaneous tumors compared to other rat strains. However, they may be more susceptible to certain types of cancer and other diseases due to their inbred status.
It's important to note that while F344 rats are often used as a standard laboratory rat strain, there can still be some genetic variation between individual animals within the same strain, particularly if they come from different suppliers or breeding colonies. Therefore, it's always important to consider the source and history of any animal model when designing experiments and interpreting results.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Propane" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound commonly used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and engines. Propane is a gas at room temperature and pressure, but it can be liquefied under moderate pressure and stored in cylinders or tanks.
If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Poloxalene is not a medical term, but a chemical compound. It's an ether used as a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry. Poloxalene is also known for its ability to reduce the severity of bloat (gas distention) in animals, particularly in ruminants like cows, when included in their feed. However, it's not typically used as a human medication.
Diazepam is a medication from the benzodiazepine class, which typically has calming, sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. Its medical uses include the treatment of anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, end-of-life sedation, seizures, muscle spasms, and as a premedication for medical procedures. Diazepam is available in various forms, such as tablets, oral solution, rectal gel, and injectable solutions. It works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in the modulation of nerve impulses in the brain, producing a sedative effect.
It is important to note that diazepam can be habit-forming and has several potential side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and impaired coordination. It should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and according to the prescribed dosage to minimize the risk of adverse effects and dependence.
Iatrogenic disease refers to any condition or illness that is caused, directly or indirectly, by medical treatment or intervention. This can include adverse reactions to medications, infections acquired during hospitalization, complications from surgical procedures, or injuries caused by medical equipment. It's important to note that iatrogenic diseases are unintended and often preventable with proper care and precautions.
Poloxamers are a type of triblock copolymer made up of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)). They are amphiphilic molecules, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
Poloxamers are often used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery agents, emulsifiers, solubilizers, and stabilizers. They can form micelles in aqueous solutions above their critical micelle concentration (CMC), with the hydrophobic chains oriented toward the interior of the micelle and the hydrophilic chains on the exterior, interacting with the water molecules. This unique property allows poloxamers to solubilize drugs that are otherwise poorly soluble in water, improving their bioavailability.
Poloxamers have been studied for various medical applications, including as drug carriers for chemotherapy, diagnostic agents, and mucoadhesive materials. Some specific poloxamer compounds have been approved by the FDA for use in pharmaceutical formulations, such as Poloxamer 188 and Poloxamer 407.
In a medical context, poloxamers are not typically used as standalone treatments but rather as components of drug delivery systems or formulations.
Propylene glycol dinitrate
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol alginate
Propylene glycol methyl ether
Polyethylene glycol propylene glycol cocoates
Propylene glycol methyl ether acetate
Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether
Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether
Allergen of the Year
Propylene oxide
Polyethylene glycol
Breyers
Recreational vehicle terms
Propylene carbonate
Juul
Chlorfenvinphos
Fatty acid metabolism
Cigarette
Joule heating
Ichthyosis
Lorazepam
Fireball Cinnamon Whisky
Valsartan
Demulcent
Ring Rail Line
Heinz body
Triethylene glycol
Deepwater Horizon oil spill response
Disinfectant
Heated tobacco product
Propylene glycol dinitrate - Wikipedia
Propylene Glycol | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Propylene glycol dinitrate C3H6N2O6 - Detectors & Protection Equipment - Dräger VOICE
propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate | Paula's Choice
What Propylene Glycol Does for Skin: Benefits, Products, Side Effects
Propylene glycol monolaurate | IMCD
Propylene Glycol based Heat-Transfer Fluids
USP Propylene Glycol, 1gal - The Science Company.
PM Acetate (Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate ) | Eastman
404c) Potential For Producing Propylene Oxide And Other Oxygenated C3 Hydrocarbons From Propylene Glycol Derived From Glycerin ...
Relationship of continuous infusion lorazepam to serum propylene glycol concentration in critically ill adults
Difference between revisions of "Propylene glycol" - CAMEO
EPTIS - Mono Propylene Glycol (MPG) (EPTIS-ID 128315)
Systane Balance (propylene glycol ophthalmic) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Propylene Glycol Archives - pvschemicals
Diols (excl. ethylene glycol 'ethanediol' and propylene glycol 'propane-1,2-diol') - Find commodity data - UK Trade Info
Propylene Glycol Market Size, Demand & Growth Analysis 2032
Dowfrost Propylene Glycol For Sale
mom go green: propylene glycol
DOWCAL™ Propylene Glycol Thermal Fluids, Dow - ChemPoint - ChemPoint
Diffusion coefficients of ethylene glycol and cyclohexanol in the solvents ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and propylene...
Method of prolonging flavor in chewing gum by the use of cinnamic aldehyde propylene glycol acetal - Patent US-5139793-A -...
Dowfrost Propylene Glycol (96% Solution) - 32 oz
Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Prices In India - 4649219
Proficiency Study for Propylene Glycol, Glycerin, Nicotine, CO, NO, NOx, ACM, and DML in HTP Aerosol | CORESTA
Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate Market - Request Customization Form
Propylene Glycol Refractometer - Propylene Glycol Scales - Concentration & Freeze Point °C - MISCO Digital Refractometer
Effect of short non-ionic amphiphiles derived from ethylene and propylene glycol alkyl ethers on the CMC of SDS - University...
ORLEN Południe plant makes propylene glycol… | BASF Catalysts
Propane-1,2-diol2
- I have a mixture of 60 % $\ce{C3H8O3}$ (glycerine) and 40 % $\ce{C3H8O2} $ (propylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol). (stackexchange.com)
- Propylene glycol (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 OH. (cancerdiagnostics.com)
Toxicity5
- Propylene glycol is generally regarded as safe for use in drugs and food products, but many cases have been reported of toxicity by the absorption of products containing propylene glycol. (factmr.com)
- These glycols typically do not meet USP specifications as they contain significant amounts of impurities like ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, which at certain levels affect toxicity. (cannonwater.com)
- Propylene glycol exhibits a low degree of toxicity toward aquatic organisms. (fam-meijer.com)
- The acute oral toxicity of propylene glycol is very low, and large quantities are required to cause perceptible health damage in humans. (annakham.com)
- In general, glycols are non-irritating, have very low volatility and very low toxicity. (cancerdiagnostics.com)
Glycerin2
- In 2021, a proficiency study was carried out by the CORESTA Heated Tobacco Products (HTP) Task Force in an effort to determine and recommend suitable methods for the analysis of propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, aerosol collected mass and device mass loss when applicable in HTP products. (coresta.org)
- Glycolic extracts were obtained by macerating the leaves of C. pachystachya in grain alcohol and glycerin or propylene glycol. (bvsalud.org)
Market for propylene glycol3
- The increasing demand for propylene glycol in food processing and pharmaceutical industries are essential factors expected to foster development in the approaching era of the worldwide market for propylene glycol. (factmr.com)
- In addition, the use of propylene glycol, abbreviated (PG), in the production of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs), which are heavily consumed in the building, transportation, and marine sectors will also boost the development of the market for propylene glycol over the forecast period. (factmr.com)
- The price hike suggests a healthy market for Propylene glycol monomethyl ether in the region, with buyers showing a keen interest in this chemical.the commodity's price rose from Rs.212/Kg to Rs.213/Kg, registering an increase of Re.1/Kg. (freead1.net)
Diethylene glycol1
- This has been underlined by the repeated occurrence in various countries of cases of poisoning with diethylene glycol. (who.int)
Monomethyl Ether Acetate2
- Eastman™ PM Acetate (Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate) is a slow evaporating solvent with both ether and ester functional groups. (eastman.com)
- Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate has been used in the development of fluidic channels to be incorporated in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic device. (dinfashion.com)
Humectant9
- Propylene glycol works in skin care products as both a humectant and a conditioner. (greatist.com)
- Propylene glycol has humectant properties, meaning it draws water into your skin. (greatist.com)
- Propylene glycol's humectant properties are thought to help protect and repair the skin's outer barrier , which can be particularly awesome if you're dealing with conditions like eczema or psoriasis. (greatist.com)
- In the skin and hair, propylene glycol works as a humectant, which causes retention of moisture content of skin or cosmetic products by preventing the escape of moisture or water. (momgogreen.com)
- We have gain expertise in trading, wholesaling and supplying highly effective Propylene Glycolfor Rubber Industry that is used as a humectant (E1520), solvent and preservative in food and for products. (yuktiexim.com)
- A low concentration of propylene glycol serves as a humectant. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
- In skin care products, propylene glucose serves as a moisturizer and humectant. (mamaearth.in)
- Absorbs water- When present in small amounts, propylene glucose is a humectant. (mamaearth.in)
- Moisturizing Ingredient - Propylene glucose also provides some moisturizing advantages to your skin when it acts as a humectant. (mamaearth.in)
Antifreeze6
- Propylene glycol is a clear liquid used in antifreeze and deicing solutions. (cdc.gov)
- The most common antifreeze fluid - ethylene glycol - must not be used where there is a chance of leakage to potable water or food processing systems. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- Comparing ethylene glycol and propylene glycol antifreeze properties. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- In addition, the use of propylene glycol as the major component in engine coolants, deicing liquids, antifreeze, and creation of base fluids for aircraft deicing formulations and food industry coolants will boost the worldwide market. (factmr.com)
- Country Search [49] Due to the lack of chronic inhalation data, it is recommended that propylene glycol not be used in inhalation applications such as theatrical productions, or antifreeze solutions for emergency eye wash stations. (fam-meijer.com)
- The same chemical compound that is found in automotive brake fluid, antifreeze, and coolant-Propylene Glycol-is an active ingredient in a salad dressing? (annakham.com)
Additive5
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified propylene glycol as an additive that is "generally recognized as safe" for use in food. (cdc.gov)
- The Food and Drug Administration has classified propylene glycol as "generally recognized as safe," which means that it is acceptable for use in flavorings, drugs, and cosmetics, and as a direct food additive. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is an additive, not something you'd find at the drug store and use on its own. (greatist.com)
- Propylene glycol is a synthetic food additive that belongs to the same chemical group as alcohol. (fam-meijer.com)
- The synthetic food additive propylene glycol is a member of the same chemical group as alcohol. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
Although propylene2
- It may exist in air in the vapor form, although propylene glycol must be heated or briskly shaken to produce a vapor. (cdc.gov)
- Although Propylene glycol has been approved for use at certain levels in food and cosmetics according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the widespread utilization of propylene glycol in industries is still regarded as harmful. (factmr.com)
Ingredient7
- Propylene glycol sometimes gets a bad rap, and it might seem mysterious, but it's actually a super common ingredient that shows up in thousands of makeup and skin care items. (greatist.com)
- Your derm might suggest testing you for a skin allergy to propylene glycol or another ingredient in the product to try to figure out what the culprit ultimately is. (greatist.com)
- Ingredient Depot does not distribute industrial grade Propylene Glycol. (fam-meijer.com)
- Propylene Glycol (PG) is a commonly used ingredient in various products, including cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals. (blck.co.za)
- Propylene Glycol is, therefore, a good ingredient in any cosmetic or personal care product for hydrating your skin and resolving your dryness and dullness issues with the skin. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
- Its ability to hold moisture and its sweet taste make propylene glycol a popular ingredient. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
- Glycol, Inc.™ incorporates only the highest quality fluid ingredient materials, stringent quality standards, and cutting-edge manufacturing processes in order to provide its clients the best product possible. (glycol.com)
Contain propylene2
- Both the ACT mouthwash and Christie's Low Fat Zinfandel Vinaigrette contain Propylene Glycol. (annakham.com)
- In many ways, skin care products contain propylene glucose. (mamaearth.in)
Purity2
- A great way to prolong fluid lifetime and to lower your cost of ownership, is to use DOWFROST heat transfer fluid because it is made with the highest industry purity propylene glycol combined with long lasting, food safe, corrosion inhibitors. (cannonwater.com)
- Glycol 99.9% USP/EP, commonly called PG 99.9%, is the highest-purity grade of propylene glycol. (fam-meijer.com)
Ethers3
- Considering the polypropylene glycol alkyl ethers as the condensation of an n-alc. (uni-regensburg.de)
- Similar to other glycol ethers, it is used as a carrier/solvent in printing/writing inks and paints/coatings. (dinfashion.com)
- The use of glycol ethers has changed significantly over the past 30 years. (dinfashion.com)
Solvents1
- Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol.It is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform.In general, glycols are non-irritating and have very low volatility. (dinfashion.com)
C3H8O21
- A synthetic organic liquid that absorbs water is known as propylene glucose (C3H8O2). (mamaearth.in)
Refractometer4
- Use a glycol refractometer to verify concentration. (chemworld.com)
- The MISCO Palm Abbe digital refractometer is the most accurate tester available for measuring glycol freeze point in the field. (misco.com)
- Measure propylene glycol (PG) freezing point instantly and accurately with the Palm Abbe digital refractometer. (misco.com)
- The Palm Abbe propylene glycol refractometer automatically calibrates itself to water and is ready to use in seconds. (misco.com)
Temperature3
- Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquids at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
- 1) Specific gravity based on propylene glycol solutions with temperature 60 o F. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- What dilution should I mix our Propylene Glycol USP to obtain the proper freeze protection temperature? (propyleneglycolusp.com)
Grade6
- In fact, cosmetic grade propylene glycol is considered safe and likely nontoxic by major orgs like the Environmental Working Group . (greatist.com)
- This USP grade Propylene Glycol comes in a one gallon poly bottle with handle. (sciencecompany.com)
- Our USP grade propylene glycol is manufactured to exact FDA specifications. (sciencecompany.com)
- A formulation of 96.0 percent food grade propylene glycol plus food grade corrosion inhibitors. (cannonwater.com)
- By contrast, competitor products are often made from recycled or industrial grade glycols, or from glycols derived from bio-renewable sources. (cannonwater.com)
- Glycol or PG (Propylene Glycol) 99.9% USP/EP Food Grade, Kosher and Halal from North America. (fam-meijer.com)
Dinitrate3
- Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN, 1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate, or 1,2-propanediol dinitrate) is an organic chemical, an ester of nitric acid and propylene glycol. (wikipedia.org)
- C3H6(ONO2)2 → 3 CO + 3 H2O + N2 The principal current use of propylene glycol dinitrate is as a propellant in Otto Fuel II, together with 2-nitrodiphenylamine and dibutyl sebacate. (wikipedia.org)
- Nitrates of polyhydric alcohols, of which propylene glycol dinitrate is an example, have been used in medicine for the treatment of angina pectoris, and as explosives since the mid-nineteenth century. (wikipedia.org)
Ethanol3
- The effects of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on the stratum corneum partitioning and permeability in porcine skin of 10 agricultural and industrial chemicals in water, ethanol and propylene glycol were investigated. (cdc.gov)
- SLS decreased partitioning into stratum corneum from water for lipophilic compounds, decreased partitioning from propylene glycol and did not alter partitioning from ethanol. (cdc.gov)
- SLS effects on permeability were less consistent, but generally decreased permeability from water, increased permeability from ethanol and had an inconsistent effect on permeability from propylene glycol. (cdc.gov)
Contact your dermatologist1
- Do not hesitate to contact your dermatologist with concerns about using propylene glucose for certain skin issues. (mamaearth.in)
Irritate2
- Frequent skin exposure to propylene glycol can sometimes irritate the skin. (cdc.gov)
- That said, propylene glycol can definitely irritate some people's skin and trigger an allergic reaction, especially if you have sensitive skin to begin with. (greatist.com)
Fluid3
- In food processing systems the common heat-transfer fluid is based on propylene glycol . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- Dow's glycol fluids stand apart in the heat transfer fluid industry due to their dynamic properties and a broad portfolio of specialized grades of DOWFROSTTM and DOWTHERMTM with best in class performance. (chempoint.com)
- Propylene glycol is a viscous, odorless, stable and colorless fluid with a slightly sweet, acidic taste. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
Cosmetic3
- Propylene glycol is generally considered to be a safe chemical, and is not routinely tested for, unless specific exposure, such as to a medicine or cosmetic, can be linked with symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene Glycol is a cosmetic form of mineral oil. (momgogreen.com)
- We will share the importance of propylene glycol for skin today because it's a common chemical in cosmetic products. (mamaearth.in)
Ingredients3
- Propylene glycol actually helps other ingredients make their way into your skin . (greatist.com)
- Keep in mind that it might not necessarily be the propylene glycol that's causing the problem (skin care products contain a lot of ingredients ! (greatist.com)
- USP Propylene Glycol is industrially used to manage taste and flavors in food preparations, retain moisture and taste in animal feed, and as a carrier of active ingredients in pharmaceutical and personal care products. (sciencecompany.com)
Colorless1
- Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquids at products, using cosmetics, or taking medicine that contains it. (cdc.gov)
Vapor2
- It may exist in air in the vapor form, although ` If you work in an industry that uses propylene glycol or propylene glycol must be heated or briskly shaken to produce products containing propylene glycol, you could be exposed by a vapor. (cdc.gov)
- How to determine the vapor pressure of a glycerine and propylene glycol mixture? (stackexchange.com)
Pharmaceutical1
- DOWCAL™ Propylene Glycol Thermal Fluids are often used in demanding applications, such as fermentation cooling, immersion freezing, HVAC, renewable energy, and food and pharmaceutical applications, where propylene glycol solutions are preferred or even required. (chempoint.com)
Products9
- You can be exposed to propylene glycol by eating food products, using cosmetics, or taking medicine that contains it. (cdc.gov)
- If you work in an industry that uses propylene glycol or products containing propylene glycol, you could be exposed by breathing or touching these substances. (cdc.gov)
- It is used to absorb extra water and maintain Propylene glycol breaks down at the same rate as ethylene glycol, moisture in certain medicines, cosmetics, or food products. (cdc.gov)
- She can recommend products containing propylene glycol that'll help with your specific skin care concerns, plus give advice on how best to use them. (greatist.com)
- DE, Date of ref document: PM Solvent (Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether), Eastman Cellulose Esters for Formulated Products, Eastman Coatings - Formulating Acid-Catalyzed Wood Coatings: What You Need to Succeed, EASTMAN Products for the Fragrance Industry, Eastman Specialty Ketones - Reducing the Solvent Content in a Precatalyzed Wood Lacquer. (dinfashion.com)
- Due to its flexibility, propylene glucose serves various purposes and is included in many skincare products. (mamaearth.in)
- Therefore, propylene glucose products are beneficial for hydrating skin and treating dryness and dullness. (mamaearth.in)
- Propylene glucose-enriched products leave your skin feeling soft and non-sticky. (mamaearth.in)
- Boosts the impact of beauty products- In addition to its special advantages, propylene glucose helps absorb other active components in cosmetics. (mamaearth.in)
Odorless2
- Propylene glycol is practically odorless and tasteless. (cdc.gov)
- Propylene glycol is a colourless odorless organic compound which is sometime used as a solvent in food colours and flavours. (fam-meijer.com)
Inhalation1
- 48] Inhalation of propylene glycol vapors appears to present no significant hazard in ordinary applications. (fam-meijer.com)
Fluids2
- Properties like freezing point, viscosity, specific gravity and specific heat of ethylene glycol based heat-transfer fluids, or brines. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- Glycol, Inc.™ is a leading manufacturer and distributor of specialty heat transfer fluids. (glycol.com)
Emollient1
- Eliminates Water Loss- Your skin develops a protective barrier thanks to the emollient properties of propylene glucose. (mamaearth.in)
Chemicals1
- ChemWorld is also a distributor of dipropylene glycol and other specialty chemicals. (propyleneglycolusp.com)
Supplier2
- Halal Polyglyceryl-3 Caprate/Caprylate/ Polyglyceryl-4 … Trading Co., Ltd. Beijing Dongke United Technologies Co., Ltd. Shandong Baovi Energy Technology Co., Ltd. china mono ethylene glycol 99.6%25 supplier, china tetramethylene dimethacrylate supplier. (fam-meijer.com)
- Identification of the substance or mixture and of the supplier Trade Name : Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, PM Material Uses : Solvent for printing inks , paints and resin. (dinfashion.com)
Mono1
- Mixture of the propylene glycol mono and diester of lauric acid. (imcdgroup.com)
Renal1
- Study findings suggest that in critically ill adults with normal renal function, serum propylene glycol concentrations may be predicted by the high-dose lorazepam infusion rate and osmol gap. (nih.gov)
Lactic1
- Propylene glycol oxidizes with mild heat to form acetic , pyruvic , and lactic acids. (mfa.org)
Nicotine1
- Propylene glycol (PG) is a common delivery vehicle for nicotine and flavorings in e-cigarette ( e-cig ) liquids and is largely considered safe for ingestion . (bvsalud.org)
Water3
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the ` It will break down within several days to a week in water and EPA have not classified propylene glycol for carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
- Due to slush creation - a propylene glycol and water solution should not be used close to freezing points. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- Here is a general guideline on percent glycol mixed with water versus freeze point. (propyleneglycolusp.com)
Chemical2
- Demand for biobased propylene glycol will continue to thrive, with a documented CAGR of 6% during the 2015-2021 historical period of assessment, while demand for propylene glycol in chemical intermediaries proliferated at a rate of 5% during the same period. (factmr.com)
- Polyester compounds are also made with propylene glycol, and solutions for deicing are formulated with this chemical. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
Polypropylene1
- The main applications of propylene include polypropylene plastics for injection molding and fiber production, as well as cumene (which is used to produce phenol). (shreejipharmainternational.com)
Organic1
- BUECHEL & PARTNER AG PATENTBUERO, Owner name: Propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME or 1-methoxy-2-propanol) is an organic solvent with a wide variety of industrial and commercial uses. (dinfashion.com)
Freeze Point2
Amounts2
Mixture1
- Distillation is used to separate the various glycols from the dehydrated reaction mixture by evaporation. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
Renewable1
- ORLEN Południe, a leading player in biofuels in Poland, has recently concluded the first year of operation of its BioPG plant, converting glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, into renewable propylene glycol (BioPG). (basf.com)
Concentrations5
- The primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between high-dose lorazepam and serum propylene glycol concentrations. (nih.gov)
- and c) to assess the relationship between the osmol gap and serum propylene glycol concentrations. (nih.gov)
- A significant correlation between high-dose lorazepam infusion rate and serum propylene glycol concentrations was observed (r =.557, p =.021). (nih.gov)
- Osmol gap was the strongest predictor of serum propylene glycol concentrations (r =.804, p =.001). (nih.gov)
- No significant correlation between duration of lorazepam infusion and serum propylene glycol concentrations was observed (p =.637). (nih.gov)
Cosmetics2
- Propylene glycol USP is used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals because it has been deemed safe. (fam-meijer.com)
- Propylene-based cosmetics may worsen skin conditions such as eczema. (shreejipharmainternational.com)
Oily1
- However, because it is not oily, propylene glucose is safe for acne. (mamaearth.in)
Practically1
- They report that " Propylene glycol is practically non-toxic when taken orally, i.e. added to food. (momgogreen.com)