Prophages. Medical search

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

Specific loci on both the bacterial DNA (attB) and the phage DNA (attP) which delineate the sites where recombination takes place between them, as the phage DNA becomes integrated (inserted) into the BACTERIAL DNA during LYSOGENY.

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.

Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.

Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambda-like viruses, in the family SIPHOVIRIDAE. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its VIRION contains linear double-stranded DNA with single-stranded 12-base 5' sticky ends. The DNA circularizes on infection.

Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A temperate coliphage, in the genus Mu-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, composed of a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA, which is able to insert itself randomly at any point on the host chromosome. It frequently causes a mutation by interrupting the continuity of the bacterial OPERON at the site of insertion.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P2-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It consists of linear double-stranded DNA with 19-base sticky ends.

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by complex contractile tails.

An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.

An error-prone mechanism or set of functions for repairing damaged microbial DNA. SOS functions (a concept reputedly derived from the SOS of the international distress signal) are involved in DNA repair and mutagenesis, in cell division inhibition, in recovery of normal physiological conditions after DNA repair, and possibly in cell death when DNA damage is extensive.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A toxin produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. It is the prototype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS.

A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Viruses whose host is Bacillus. Frequently encountered Bacillus phages include bacteriophage phi 29 and bacteriophage phi 105.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

A genus of filamentous bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect enterobacteria, PSEUDOMONAS; VIBRIO; and XANTHOMONAS.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P1-like viruses, family MYOVIRIDAE, which infects E. coli. It is the largest of the COLIPHAGES and consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

The etiologic agent of CHOLERA.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It shares 50-60% homology with SHIGA TOXIN and SHIGA TOXIN 1.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 1. All are CHOLERA-causing strains (serotypes). There are two biovars (biotypes): cholerae and eltor (El Tor).

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands".

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

A family of recombinases initially identified in BACTERIA. They catalyze the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in GENETIC RECOMBINATION. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop, which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.

A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.

A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. These types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. This species is the causative agent of DIPHTHERIA.

A genus of obligately aerobic marine phototrophic and chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.

A family of lipid-containing bacteriophages with double capsids which infect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has one genus, Tectivirus.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the K serogroup of ESCHERICHIA COLI. It lives as a harmless inhabitant of the human LARGE INTESTINE and is widely used in medical and GENETIC RESEARCH.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A species of gram-negative bacteria causing URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS and SEPTICEMIA.

Vertical transmission of hereditary characters by DNA from cytoplasmic organelles such as MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLASTS; and PLASTIDS, or from PLASMIDS or viral episomal DNA.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.

Bacterial proteins that are used by BACTERIOPHAGES to incorporate their DNA into the DNA of the "host" bacteria. They are DNA-binding proteins that function in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational regulation.

An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI with the ability to produce at least one or more of at least two antigenically distinct, usually bacteriophage-mediated cytotoxins: SHIGA TOXIN 1 and SHIGA TOXIN 2. These bacteria can cause severe disease in humans including bloody DIARRHEA and HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.

An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)

A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.

The regulatory elements of an OPERON to which activators or repressors bind thereby effecting the transcription of GENES in the operon.

A genus of bacteria comprised of a heterogenous group of gram-negative small rods and coccoid forms associated with arthropods. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1, 1984)

A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Vinca rosea has been changed to CATHARANTHUS roseus.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that are a subgroup of SHIGA-TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI. They cause non-bloody and bloody DIARRHEA; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; and hemorrhagic COLITIS. An important member of this subgroup is ESCHERICHIA COLI O157-H7.

A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.

The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.

The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.

Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.

Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the natural environment (soil, water, and plant surfaces) or as an opportunistic human pathogen.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. They may lie adjacent to each other (tandem) or be separated by some sequence that is not part of the repeat (hyphenated). They may be true palindromic repeats, i.e. read the same backwards as forward, or complementary which reads as the base complement in the opposite orientation. Complementary inverted repeats have the potential to form hairpin loop or stem-loop structures which results in cruciform structures (such as CRUCIFORM DNA) when the complementary inverted repeats occur in double stranded regions.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A subdiscipline of genetics that studies RADIATION EFFECTS on the components and processes of biological inheritance.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

A genus of bacteria which may be found in the feces of animals and man, on vegetation, and in silage. Its species are parasitic on cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals, including man.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria mainly isolated from milk and milk products. These bacteria are also found in plants and nonsterile frozen and dry foods. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS (group N), it is now recognized as a separate genus.

Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It is closely related to SHIGA TOXIN produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A species of gram-positive, asporogenous, non-pathogenic, soil bacteria that produces GLUTAMIC ACID.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. It includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects SALMONELLA species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

An ATP-dependent exodeoxyribonuclease that cleaves in either the 5'- to 3'- or the 3'- to 5'-direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. It is primarily found in BACTERIA.

A family in the order Rhodobacterales, class ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

A highly abundant DNA binding protein whose expression is strongly correlated with the growth phase of bacteria. The protein plays a role in regulating DNA topology and activation of RIBOSOMAL RNA transcription. It was originally identified as a factor required for inversion stimulation by the Hin recombinase of SALMONELLA and Gin site-specific recombinase of BACTERIOPHAGE MU.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.

A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.

Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The in vitro fusion of GENES by RECOMBINANT DNA techniques to analyze protein behavior or GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, or to merge protein functions for specific medical or industrial uses.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

A broad category of enzymes that are involved in the process of GENETIC RECOMBINATION.

An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Inhibition of spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli cultures: simple procedures with possible biotechnological applications. (1/408)

BACKGROUND: Infections of bacterial cultures by bacteriophages are serious problems in biotechnological laboratories. Apart from such infections, prophage induction in the host cells may also be dangerous. Escherichia coli is a commonly used host in biotechnological production, and many laboratory strains of this bacterium harbour lambdoid prophages. These prophages may be induced under certain conditions leading to phage lytic development. This is fatal for further cultivations as relatively low, though still significant, numbers of phages may be overlooked. Thus, subsequent cultures of non-lysogenic strains may be infected and destroyed by such phage. RESULTS: Here we report that slow growth of bacteria decreases deleterious effects of spontaneous lambdoid prophage induction. Moreover, replacement of glucose with glycerol in a medium stimulates lysogenic development of the phage after infection of E. coli cells. A plasmid was constructed overexpressing the phage 434 cI gene, coding for the repressor of phage promoters which are necessary for lytic development. Overproduction of the cI repressor abolished spontaneous induction of the lambda(imm434) prophage. CONCLUSIONS: Simple procedures that alleviate problems with spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophage and subsequent infection of E. coli strains by these phages are described. Low bacterial growth rate, replacement of glucose with glycerol in a medium and overproduction of the cI repressor minimise the risk of prophage induction during cultivation of lysogenic bacteria and subsequent infection of other bacterial strains. (+info)

Pilot study of the genetic diversity of the pneumococcal nasopharyngeal flora among children attending day care centers. (2/408)

A pilot study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of multiple colonies of pneumococci recovered from 37 nasopharyngeal (NP) samples of children. A total of 239 pneumococcal isolates (typically, six to eight colonies per sample) were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In most NP samples (89%) the multiple colonies shared common PFGE types and serotypes. However, four samples were heterogeneous (samples A through D): each contained two strains with different PFGE types, antibiotypes, and serotypes. Samples A and B each contained one strain of a vaccine capsular type and another expressing a non-vaccine type (according to the currently licensed seven-valent conjugate vaccine). In samples B and C the penicillin MIC for one strain was elevated and the other strain was susceptible. In each of the heterogeneous samples, one of the strains was a representative of an internationally disseminated clone. Samples A, C, and D contained strains which carried prophages that were inducible by mitomycin C and that could be visualized by electron microscopy. The comC gene allele (which encodes the competence-stimulating peptide) was the same in both strains found in each of samples A, B, and D. Carriage of multiple pneumococci with distinct properties should favor genetic exchange and provide a dynamic population structure for pneumococci in their ecological reservoir. Quantitative resolution of majority and minority components of the pneumococcal NP flora will be of importance for evaluation of the impact of intervention strategies such as vaccination or introduction of new antimicrobial agents. (+info)

Phenotypes of lexA mutations in Salmonella enterica: evidence for a lethal lexA null phenotype due to the Fels-2 prophage. (3/408)

The LexA protein of Escherichia coli represses the damage-inducible SOS regulon, which includes genes for repair of DNA. Surprisingly, lexA null mutations in Salmonella enterica are lethal even with a sulA mutation, which corrects lexA lethality in E. coli. Nine suppressors of lethality isolated in a sulA mutant of S. enterica had lost the Fels-2 prophage, and seven of these (which grew better) had also lost the Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-2 prophages. All three phage genomes included a homologue of the tum gene of coliphage 186, which encodes a LexA-repressed cI antirepressor. The tum homologue of Fels-2 was responsible for lexA lethality and had a LexA-repressed promoter. This basis of lexA lethality was unexpected because the four prophages of S. enterica LT2 are not strongly UV inducible and do not sensitize strains to UV killing. In S. enterica, lexA(Ind(-)) mutants have the same phenotypes as their E. coli counterparts. Although lexA null mutants express their error-prone DinB polymerase constitutively, they are not mutators in either S. enterica or E. coli. (+info)

The Shiga-toxin VT2-encoding bacteriophage varphi297 integrates at a distinct position in the Escherichia coli genome. (4/408)

The plaque-forming VT2-encoding lambdoid bacteriophage varphi297 was isolated from a Belgian clinical Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolate. PCR walking, starting from the int gene of phage varphi297, demonstrated that the varphi297 prophage integrated in the yecE gene of a lysogenic E. coli K12 strain. This integration site, in E. coli K12 and in the original clinical O157:H7 isolate, was confirmed by PCR using primers flanking this site. The excisionase protein of phage varphi297 is identical to the excisionase of VT1-encoding phage VT1-Sakai, while the integrases, which are 82% identical, show significant sequence divergence in the central and C-terminal region. This can explain the different integration sites of both prophages. The activity of the integrase was proven by its ability to mediate the integration of a suicide plasmid, carrying the attachment site of varphi297, at the appropriate position in the E. coli chromosome. (+info)

Transcription analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus phages in the lysogenic state. (5/408)

The transcription of prophage genes was studied in two lysogenic Streptococcus thermophilus cells by Northern blot and primer-extension experiments. In the lysogen containing the cos-site phage Sfi21 only two gene regions of the prophage were transcribed. Within the lysogeny module an 1.6-kb-long mRNA started at the promoter of the phage repressor gene and covered also the next two genes, including a superinfection exclusion (sie) gene. A second, quantitatively more prominent 1-kb-long transcript was initiated at the promoter of the sie gene. Another prophage transcript of 1.6-kb length covered a group of genes without database matches that were located between the lysin gene and the right attachment site. The rest of the prophage genome was transcriptionally silent. A very similar transcription pattern was observed for a S. thermophilus lysogen containing the pac-site phage O1205 as a prophage. Prophages from pathogenic streptococci encode virulence genes downstream of the lysin gene. We speculate that temperate phages from lactic streptococci also encode nonessential phage genes ("lysogenic conversion genes") in this region that increase the ecological fitness of the lysogen to further their own evolutionary success. A comparative genome analysis revealed that many temperate phages from low GC content Gram-positive bacteria encode a variable number of genes in that region and none was linked to known phage-related function. Prophages from pathogenic streptococci encode toxin genes in this region. In accordance with theoretical predictions on prophage-host genome interactions a prophage remnant was detected in S. thermophilus that had lost most of the prophage DNA while transcribed prophage genes were spared from the deletion process. (+info)

Genome analysis of an inducible prophage and prophage remnants integrated in the Streptococcus pyogenes strain SF370. (6/408)

The mitomycin C inducible prophage SF370.1 from the highly pathogenic M1 serotype Streptococcus pyogenes isolate SF370 showed a 41-kb-long genome whose genetic organization resembled that of SF11-like pac-site Siphoviridae. Its closest relative was prophage NIH1.1 from an M3 serotype S. pyogenes strain, followed by S. pneumoniae phage MM1 and Lactobacillus phage phig1e, Listeria phage A118, and Bacillus phage SPP1 in a gradient of relatedness. Sequence similarity with the previously described prophages SF370.2 and SF370.3 from the same polylysogenic SF370 strain were mainly limited to the tail fiber genes. As in these two other prophages, SF370.1 encoded likely lysogenic conversion genes between the phage lysin and the right attachment site. The genes encoded the pyrogenic exotoxin C of S. pyogenes and a protein sharing sequence similarity with both DNases and mitogenic factors. The screening of the SF370 genome revealed further prophage-like elements. A 13-kb-long phage remnant SF370.4 encoded lysogeny and DNA replication genes. A closely related prophage remnant was identified in S. pyogenes strain Manfredo at a corresponding genome position. The two prophages differed by internal indels and gene replacements. Four phage-like integrases were detected; three were still accompanied by likely repressor genes. All prophage elements were integrated into coding sequences. The phage sequences complemented the coding sequences in all cases. The DNA repair genes mutL and mutS were separated by the prophage remnant SF370.4; prophage SF370.1 and S. pneumoniae phage MM1 integrated into homologous chromosomal locations. The prophage sequences were interpreted with a hypothesis that predicts elements of cooperation and an arms race between phage and host genomes. (+info)

Use of real-time quantitative PCR for the analysis of phiLC3 prophage stability in lactococci. (7/408)

Bacteriophages are a common and constant threat to proper milk fermentation. It has become evident that lysogeny is widespread in lactic acid bacteria, and in this work the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage phi LC3 was used as a model to study prophage stability in lactococci. The stability was analyzed in six phi LC3 lysogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris host strains when they were growing at 15 and 30 degrees C. In order to perform these analyses, a real-time PCR assay was developed. The stability of the phi LC3 prophage was found to vary with the growth phase of its host L. lactis IMN-C1814, in which the induction rate increased during the exponential growth phase and reached a maximum level when the strain was entering the stationary phase. The maximum spontaneous induction frequency of the phi LC3 prophage varied between 0.32 and 9.1% (28-fold) in the six lysogenic strains. No correlation was observed between growth rates of the host cells and the spontaneous prophage induction frequencies. Furthermore, the level of extrachromosomal phage DNA after induction of the prophage varied between the strains (1.9 to 390%), and the estimated burst sizes varied up to eightfold. These results show that the host cells have a significant impact on the lytic and lysogenic life styles of temperate bacteriophages. The present study shows the power of the real-time PCR technique in the analysis of temperate phage biology and will be useful in work to reveal the impact of temperate phages and lysogenic bacteria in various ecological fields. (+info)

Genesis of variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor: role of the CTXphi array and its position in the genome. (8/408)

The gene encoding cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae, is encoded by a filamentous, lysogenic bacteriophage known as CTXphi. The genome of V. cholerae, the host for CTXphi, consists of two chromosomes, one large and one small. Here, it is shown that localization and array of CTX prophage DNA in either the large or small chromosome of V. cholerae is likely to be one of the reasons for the emergence of O1 biotype El Tor variants isolated just before and after the V. cholerae O139 cholera outbreak in 1992. Analyses of the organization of the CTX region of the genome of pre-O139 El Tor strains revealed that these strains carry two distinct CTX prophages integrated in the small chromosome in tandem: CTX(ET), the prophage having a conserved NotI site in its repeat sequence segment which seems to be specific for the El Tor strains so far examined, followed by CTX(calc)-like genome, the prophage found in recent O139 clinical isolates from Calcutta. In sharp contrast, in post-O139 El Tor strains only one copy of the CTX(ET) prophage was found to be integrated in the large chromosome. To the authors' knowledge, the presence of CTX prophage in the small chromosome of O1 El Tor strains has not been reported previously. It is also shown that the difference in the CTX copy number and the position of the bacteriophage on the genomes of pre- and post-O139 El Tor strains have an effect on cholera toxin production. While a pre-O139 strain produced maximum cholera toxin in yeast extract/peptone medium at 30 degrees C, a post-O139 El Tor strain showed maximal yield at 37 degrees C, indicating differential regulation of cholera toxin between the strains. It appears from this study that the variation in the integration site of the CTX prophage, its copy number and the presence of diverse phage genomes in V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor may be strategically important for generating variants with subtle phenotypic modulations of virulence factor production in this longest-ruling seventh pandemic strain. (+info)

Prophages are able to do a multitude of things within their respective bacterial strains. Prophages can increase the virulence ... the prophage is excised from the bacterial chromosome in a process called prophage induction. After induction, viral ... Bacteriophage λ is able to undergo a type of recombinational repair called prophage reactivation. Prophage reactivation can ... Prophage reactivation in the case of phage λ appears to be an accurate recombinational repair process that is mediated by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage

The Prophage Hp1 Hol (Hp1Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.46) consists of a single putative holin (TC# 1.E.46.1.1) of 69 amino acyl ... Portal: Biology As of this edit, this article uses content from "1.E.46 The Prophage Hp1 Hol (Hp1Hol) Family", which is ... "1.E.46 The Prophage Hp1 Hol (Hp1Hol) Family". TCDB. Retrieved 2016-03-29. "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage_Hp1_holin_family

Analysis of bacterial genomes has shown that a substantial amount of microbial DNA consists of prophage sequences and prophage- ... A detailed database mining of these sequences offers insights into the role of prophages in shaping the bacterial genome: ... ISBN 978-1-904455-87-5. Canchaya C, Proux C, Fournous G, Bruttin A, Brüssow H (June 2003). "Prophage genomics". Microbiology ... ISBN 978-1-904455-14-1. Fouts DE (November 2006). "Phage_Finder: automated identification and classification of prophage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics

"Fitness benefits to bacteria of carrying prophages and prophage‐encoded antibiotic‐resistance genes peak in different ... Sometimes prophages may provide benefits to the host bacterium while they are dormant by adding new functions to the bacterial ... Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these toxin-encoding prophages have been proposed. Bacterial ... Henrot C, Petit MA (September 2022). "Signals triggering prophage induction in the gut microbiota". Molecular Microbiology. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage

... contain P2-like prophages . Of these P2-like prophages is P2 best characterized. The P2 phage was found to be able to multiply ... Since that time, a large number of P2-like prophages (e.g. 186, HP1, HK239, and WΦ) have been isolated that shared characters ... Since the C repressor is not inactivated by the SOS/RecA system of E. coli, the P2 prophage is non-inducible by ultraviolet ... found that the lysogenic E. coli having a λ, P1, P2, or Mu prophage could grow more rapidly than a non-lysogenic counterpart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage_P2

Most genomes comprise prophages wherein genetic modifications do not, in general, affect the host genome propagation. Hence, ... Ramisetty BC, Sudhakari PA (2019). "Bacterial 'Grounded' Prophages: Hotspots for Genetic Renovation and Innovation". Frontiers ... there is higher probability of genetic modifications, in regions such as prophages, which is proportional to the probability of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution

These grounded prophages and other such genetic elements are sites where genes could be acquired through horizontal gene ... Ramisetty BC, Sudhakari PA (2019). "Bacterial 'Grounded' Prophages: Hotspots for Genetic Renovation and Innovation". Frontiers ... prophages (i.e. integrated phage that cannot produce new phage) are buffer zones which would tolerate variations thereby ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_evolution

However, this domain is annotated as being associated with prophages. Because phages often organize their genes into long ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUF2693_RNA_motif

Integrated prophages were found in the genome of A. capsulatum. and full complements of flagellar and chemotaxis genes were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidobacterium_capsulatum

It induces lytic development in certain bacteria that contain prophages. Arthur JC (2020). "Microbiota and colorectal cancer: ... "The bacterial toxin colibactin triggers prophage induction". Nature. 603 (7900): 315-320. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..315S. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colibactin

In its inactive form, a prophage gets passed on each time the host cell divides. If prophages become active, they can exit the ... The daughter cells can continue to replicate with the prophage present or the prophage can exit the bacterial chromosome to ... Also, the repressor produced by the prophage that prevents prophage genes from being expressed confers immunity for the host ... which lead to prophage induction. One potential strategy to combat prophage induction is through the use of glutathione, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogenic_cycle

"The Role of Prophage in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria". Annual Review of Phytopathology. Annual Reviews. 51 (1): 429-451. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthomonas_pruni

Varani AM, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Nakaya HI, Van Sluys MA (4 August 2013). "The role of prophage in plant-pathogenic bacteria ... Viruses portal Antimicrobial resistance Paul E. Turner Phage display Phage monographs Phagoburn Prophage This article was ... including prophages and plasmids, and thus may spread quite rapidly even without direct selection. Nevertheless, in contrast to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_therapy

... expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who ... "The So-called Chromosomal Verotoxin Genes are Actually Carried by Defective Prophages" (doi:10.1093/dnares/6.2.141) (CS1: long ... "The so-called chromosomal verotoxin genes are actually carried by defective prophages". DNA Research. 6 (2): 141-3. doi:10.1093 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiga_toxin

The host is termed a lysogen when a prophage is present. This prophage may enter the lytic cycle when the lysogen enters a ... a phenomenon termed prophage reactivation. Prophage reactivation in phage λ appears to occur by a recombinational repair ... The prophage is duplicated with every subsequent cell division of the host. The phage genes expressed in this dormant state ... In this state, the λ DNA is called a prophage and stays resident within the host's genome without apparent harm to the host. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_phage

A prophage is either integrated into the host bacteria's chromosome or more rarely exists as a stable plasmid within the host ... The prophage expresses gene(s) that repress the phage's lytic action, until this repression is disrupted (see lytic cycle). ... prophages as active regulatory switches of bacteria". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 (10): 641-650. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3527. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogen

Harms A, Fino C, Sørensen MA, Semsey S, Gerdes K (December 2017). "Prophages and Growth Dynamics Confound Experimental Results ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin-antitoxin_system

Krogh, S.; Jørgensen, S. T.; Devine, K. M. (1998-04-01). "Lysis genes of the Bacillus subtilis defective prophage PBSX". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPP1_holin_family

"Lysis genes of the Bacillus subtilis defective prophage PBSX". J. Bacteriol. 180 (8): 2110-2117. doi:10.1128/JB.180.8.2110- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan_binding_domain

Thomas further discovered that some of the genes of the prophage, even though they are negatively regulated by the prophage's ... I. Induction of prophage genes following hetero-immune superinfection". Journal of Molecular Biology. 22: 79-95. doi:10.1016/ ... "prophage") due to the repression of all viral genes by the product of a bacteriophage regulatory gene. In this respect, Thomas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Thomas_(biologist)

However, many of the associated genes are typical of those located in prophages. Since phage genomes often consist of a small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D12-methyl_RNA_motif

In fact, the presence of oil in the environment can induce prophages and the subsequent lysis of a huge number of bacteria. At ... Cochran, P. K.; Kellogg, C. A.; Paul, J. H. (1998-10-23). "Prophage induction of indigenous marine lysogenic bacteria by ... Jiang, SC; Paul, JH (1996). "Occurrence of lysogenic bacteria in marine microbial communities as determined by prophage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonoclastic_bacteria

The gene coding for it is found in a prophage. It bears homology to ORF904 of plasmid pRN1 from Sulfolobus islandicus, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primase

Unlike prophages, proviruses do not excise themselves from the host genome when the host cell is stressed.[page needed] This ... Prophage Phage Retrotransposon Germline Horizontal gene transfer Endogenous retrovirus Endogenous viral element Adeno- ... In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages. However, proviruses are ... distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provirus

Prophages are genomes of bacteriophages (a type of virus) that are inserted into bacterial chromosomes; prophages can then be ... the most common mobile genetic elements in the prokaryotic genome are plasmids and prophages. Plasmids and prophages can move ... Prophages can loop out of bacterial chromosomes to produce bacteriophages that go on to infect other bacteria with the ... prophages; this allows prophages to propagate quickly among the bacterial population, to the harm of the bacterial host. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilome

... s, like defective prophages, arise by mutation of prophages, but they retain functional genes for the head ... Unlike prophage genes, the genes encoding GTAs are not excised from the genome and replicated for packaging in GTA particles. ... Such prophages often acquire mutations that make them defective and unable to produce phage particles. Many bacterial genomes ... Motro Y, La T, Bellgard MI, Dunn DS, Phillips ND, Hampson DJ (March 2009). "Identification of genes associated with prophage- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_transfer_agent

The dormant form of the lambda genome was called the 'prophage'. Study of phage lambda over the next 50 years provided valuable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_M._Campbell

These sites often contain tandem arrays of integrated CTXφ prophage. In addition to the ctxA and ctxB genes encoding cholera ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae

A prophage is a virus that has inserted itself into the genome of the host bacterium. TABLE 1. Bacterial virulence properties ... The toxin gene is encoded by a prophage called corynephage β. The toxin causes the disease in humans by gaining entry into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin

Danovaro, R.; Corinaldesi, C. (February 1, 2003). "Sunscreen Products Increase Virus Production Through Prophage Induction in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunscreen

... to cause scarlet fever has been linked epidemiologically to the presence of novel prophages, including prophage ΦHKU.vir ... These results offer insight into the pathogenesis of scarlet fever-causing GAS mediated by prophage ΦHKU.vir exotoxins. ... to cause scarlet fever has been linked epidemiologically to the presence of novel prophages, including prophage ΦHKU.vir ... These results offer insight into the pathogenesis of scarlet fever-causing GAS mediated by prophage ΦHKU.vir exotoxins. ...

https://ro.uow.edu.au/ihmri/1551/

... and a Novel Prophage Insertion Site. * Mendeley ...

https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/16217?show=full

Structural and functional analysis of a prophage. *Taylor, Edward John (Principal investigator) ...

https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/structural-and-functional-analysis-of-a-prophage

Criteria for scoring prophage regions (as intact, questionable, or incomplete):. Method 1:. 1. If the number of certain phage ... Total : 0 prophage regions have been identified, of which 0 regions are intact, 0 regions are incomplete, 0 regions are ... COMPLETENESS: a prediction of whether the region contains a intact or incomplete prophage based on the above criteria. SCORE: ...

http://phast.wishartlab.com/cgi-bin/change_to_html.cgi?num=AB426063.1

Contribution of Prophages to Emergence of Global M1T1 Strain Acquisition of Novel Virulence Genes by Global M1T1 Strain and ... Contribution of Prophages to Emergence of Global M1T1 Strain. In 1996, Cleary et al. found that the globally disseminated M1T1 ... More prophages enrich the bacteria with additional toxins, but they may also bring the potential risk of lysing the bacteria at ... Two virulence genes, speA2 and sda1, were introduced into the M1T1 strain by prophages and are likely to have contributed to ...

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/10/07-1660_article.htm

Classical RS1 and environmental RS1 elements in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains harbouring a tandem repeat of CTX prophage: ... Classical RS1 and environmental RS1 elements in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains harbouring a tandem repeat of CTX prophage: ...

https://www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk/publications/505463

Identification of a Divided Genome for VSH-1, the Prophage-Like Gene Transfer Agent of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae - (Peer ... Identification of a Divided Genome for VSH-1, the Prophage-Like Gene Transfer Agent of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Journal of ... Antibiotics in feed induce prophages in swine fecal microbiomes - (Peer Reviewed Journal) ... The agricultural antibiotic carbadox induces prophage and antibiotic resistance gene transfer in multidrug-resistant salmonella ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person/?person-id=40343

... ... The data are most consistent with a requirement for the SGS in the efficient synapsis of the Mu prophage termini to form a ...

https://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub2523123

JSMC symposium together with the W2 chair of Microbial Interactions

https://www.leibniz-hki.de/en/event/-5a061413.html

2006 Prophage Finder: a prophage loci prediction tool for prokaryotic genome sequences. In Silico Biol 6 223 227 2006060020 [ ... Tight Regulation of the Gene of the KplE1 Prophage: A New Paradigm for Integrase Gene Regulation English version České info ... In silico analysis revealed that overlap of the attL region with the integrase promoter is widely encountered in prophages ... In silico analysis revealed that overlap of the attL region with the integrase promoter is widely encountered in prophages ...

https://www.prelekara.sk/casopisy/plos-genetics/2010-10/tight-regulation-of-the-gene-of-the-kple1-prophage-a-new-paradigm-for-integrase-gene-regulation-44918

Effects of prophages HPlcl & a defective prophage carried by Haemophilus influenza Rd on transfection by phage S2 DNA. Indian ... Effects of prophages HPlcl & a defective prophage carried by Haemophilus influenza Rd on transfection by phage S2 DNA. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/57397

Induction and initial characterization of a new Helicobacter pylori prophage. Author(s): Ferreira, Rute Vanessa Novais. Sousa, ... The prophage forms small uniform plaques (1mm diameter) in five of the 76 H. pylori strains tested. TEM analysis revealed that ... Employing UV radiation for 60 seconds as an inducing agent, we were able to isolate a new H. pylori prophage from the lysate of ... Phages can be reversibly integrated into the host bacterial genome as prophages and, in the case of H. pylori, previous studies ...

http://repositorium.uminho.pt/handle/1822/70369

The putative prophages were conserved across all the outbreak isolates. All outbreak isolates belonged to clonal complex 5 and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v9issue23.html

Dubow, M. S., Bukhari, A. I. (1980) Effects of Prophage Mu Induction on Expression of Adjacent Host Genes. Molecular Biology ...

https://repository.cshl.edu/id/eprint/39272/

Evolution of Prophages that carry Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and their host-bacteria in response to antibiotics and ... prophages antibiotics arg overuse frequency encode incorporate underlying carry encodes abundance compounds resistant vast cell ... prophage sequence args cycle enters serial carriage fitness nature caused benefits induce material assays lyses evolution ... I predict that the net effect of a prophage that encodes an ARG on the growth and evolution of its host bacterium will strongly ...

https://www.fabiodisconzi.com/open-h2020/projects/213979/index.html

Prophage induction by ciprofloxacin has been linked to pathogenesis and horizontal gene transfer in several bacterial species. ... Membrane vesicle secretion and prophage induction in multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in response to ... Membrane vesicle secretion and prophage induction in multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in response to ... Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Drug Resistance, Ciprofloxacin, Fluoroquinolones, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Prophages, ...

http://edoc.mdc-berlin.de/20440/

PY54, a linear plasmid prophage of Yersinia enterocolitica with covalently closed ends. *S. Hertwig, I. Klein, R. Lurz, E. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/B.-Appel/48445108

STRUCTURE OF THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS PROPHAGE DUTPASE, YOSS ... STRUCTURE OF THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS PROPHAGE DUTPASE, YOSS ... SPBC2 PROPHAGE-DERIVED DEOXYURIDINE 5-TRIPHOSPHATE NUCLEOTIDOHYDROLASE YOSS: ABC. SMTL:PDB. SMTL Chain Id:. PDB Chain Id:. A. ... Garcia-Nafria, J. et al., The Structure of Bacillus Subtilis Sp Beta Prophage Dutpase and its Complexes with Two Nucleotides. ...

https://swissmodel.expasy.org/templates/2xx6.1

The lytic cassette proteins XepA and YomS from Bacillus subtilis prophages have been characterized and it was found that only ... Cover illustration: The Bacillus subtilis PBSX prophage lytic cassette protein XepA adopts a dumbbell shaped pentamer. ... Crystal structures of the Bacillus subtilis prophage lytic cassette proteins XepA and YomS. ...

https://journals.iucr.org/d/issues/2019/11/00/

Molecular Mechanisms Governing "Hair-Trigger" Induction of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Prophages. Chakraborty D, Clark E, Mauro SA, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Gerald%20B.%20Koudelka

Phages affect microbial evolution by inserting themselves into genomes as prophages. Prophages often account for most of the ... The prophage sequences for these analyses were extracted from complete microbial genomes. A complete list is available at the ... An electronic version of the tree and a FASTA list of phage and prophage genomes used to make the tree are available at the ... In addition, the sequences were compared to the phage and prophage sequences from 510 genomes of the phage genome database (RA ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040368

Three incomplete prophages were detected; one was integrated into the H-morphotype and two into the S-morphotype genome. ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.778338

Fortier, L. C., and Sekulovic, O. (2013). Importance of prophages to evolution and virulence of bacterial pathogens. Virulence ... Lysogenic conversion, the expression of phage genes from the prophage, plays a role in pathogenesis of several bacterial ... Labrie, S. J., and Moineau, S. (2007). Abortive infection mechanisms and prophage sequences significantly influence the genetic ... presence of related prophages or particular plasmids (especially for phages adsorbing to pili) and bacterial phage-resistance ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01352/full

Prophage-triggered membrane vesicle formation through peptoglycan damage in Bacillus subtilis. Nat. Comm. 8, 481 (2017). ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00791-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d2f9e3ab-55d7-45d7-8499-2b193e498c23

Host-prophage association and CRISPR array identification. Longer reads have the potential to provide direct sequence-level ... Phage_Finder: automated identification and classification of prophage regions in complete bacterial genome sequences. Nucleic ... and that long reads can be suitable for identifying the host specificity of assembled viruses/prophages in a metagenomic ... To identify candidate host specificity for assembled prophage genomes, we used a heuristic alignment strategy with our error- ...

https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1760-x

Monday said a Phase 2 study result showed that more than 90 percent of aggressive brain cancer patients treated with Prophage ... Prophage Series vaccines are individualized cancer vaccines. Each Prophage Series vaccine is manufactured using a patients own ... Agenus said the next phase of development is underway with an NCI funded, large-scale, randomized trial investigating Prophage ... Prophage Series vaccines are currently being studied in both newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM. ...

https://www.rttnews.com/2240110/agenus-says-phase-2-study-of-brain-cancer-vaccine-shows-improved-survival.aspx

A Prophage in Diabetic Foot Ulcer-Colonizing Staphylococcus aureus Impairs Invasiveness by Limiting Intracellular Growth. J ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237378-guidelines

An important category of small replicons are the prophages, phages and other virus types. Further, no bacterium has yet been ... The incorporation of plasmids or prophages into the bacterial chromosomes is called transfection. The incorporation of only ... In nearly all prokaryotes, it occurs commonly through the intermediary of an infectious form of prophage, the temperate ... In this state a phage genome is referred to as a prophage. ... pathogenic because of virulence genes brought by a prophage or ...

https://answersingenesis.org/who-is-god/god-is-good/did-god-make-pathogenic-viruses/

Prophage integrase IntA plasmid pKpCol17FII. 39 ISL3 family transposase ISKpn25-like 40 R. Rel102253ORF5536P (99% identity) ...

http://tools.neb.com/genomes/summary.php?genome_id=55072

Genes Genomes Induction Lytic Genome Phage Bacteria Strains Integrase Superantigens Protein PHASTER Phages Incomplete Escherichia Resistance Gene Sequence Pathogenesis Resistant Differ Strain Study Cell Conditions Evolution

Consequently, the att L recombination region overlaps with the integrase promoter, and the integrase and RDF genes do not share a common activated promoter upon lytic induction as in the lambda prophage. (prelekara.sk)
In silico analysis revealed that overlap of the att L region with the integrase promoter is widely encountered in prophages present in prokaryotic genomes, suggesting a general occurrence of negatively autoregulated integrase genes. (prelekara.sk)
Here, we screened the presence of prophages genes (integrases and holin) in a set of 73 H. pylori Portuguese clinical strains by PCR assays. (uminho.pt)
EU H2020 Project 'PROPHARG (Evolution of Prophages that carry Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and. (fabiodisconzi.com)
An important mechanism of transferring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among bacteria are temperate bacteriophages (prophages), viruses that can incorporate their own genetic material into the bacterial chromosome, thereby providing their bacterial host (which is now called a 'lysogen') with additional genes, such as ARGs. (fabiodisconzi.com)
For example, many nonpathogens and pathogens only differ by prophages that encode exotoxin genes [ 5 ]. (plos.org)
Strain may stabilize certain target genes whose products may cause the loss of the DE3 prophage. (emdmillipore.com)

Phages can be reversibly integrated into the host bacterial genome as prophages and, in the case of H. pylori, previous studies have identified the integrase gene in about 20 % of the genomes. (uminho.pt)
The genomes of positive strains were sequenced and prophages content was analysed using the PHASTER tool. (uminho.pt)
3) I will sequence the evolved lysogens including their prophage genomes to detect underlying genomic changes associated with bacterial adaptation to prophage carriage. (fabiodisconzi.com)
Phages affect microbial evolution by inserting themselves into genomes as prophages. (plos.org)
For example, bacteria can become infected with viruses that integrate into their genomes, becoming genetic elements called prophages. (uofmhealth.org)

2008 Host responses influence on the induction of lambda prophage. (prelekara.sk)
Prophage induction by ciprofloxacin has been linked to pathogenesis and horizontal gene transfer in several bacterial species. (mdc-berlin.de)
Together, our findings show that ciprofloxacin treatment of S. maltophilia leads to the secretion of a heterogeneous pool of MVs and the induction of prophages that are potentially involved in adverse side-effects during antibiotic treatment. (mdc-berlin.de)
Molecular Mechanisms Governing "Hair-Trigger" Induction of Shiga Toxin-Encoding Prophages. (nih.gov)
Many of these bacteria are infected with predicted prophages, and we show that the expression of their ClbS homologs provides immunity from colibactin-triggered induction. (biorxiv.org)

Specifically, using constructed lysogens (carrying prophage lambdaARG) of E. coli bacteria, I will (1) use competitive fitness assays to determine the costs/benefits for bacteria of carrying prophages that encode AR and how these costs depend on environmental antibiotic concentrations and the frequency with which the prophage enters the lytic cycle (i.e. the prophage becomes active, replicates and lyses the host cell). (fabiodisconzi.com)
I predict that the net effect of a prophage that encodes an ARG on the growth and evolution of its host bacterium will strongly depend on both the frequency with which the phage enters the lytic cycle and the costs/benefits of the ARG. (fabiodisconzi.com)
The Bacillus subtilis PBSX prophage lytic cassette protein XepA adopts a dumbbell shaped pentamer. (iucr.org)
Here, we discover that colibactin targets bacteria carrying prophages, inducing lytic development via the bacterial SOS response. (biorxiv.org)

For most, passive replication of the phage genome relies on integration into the host's chromosome and becoming a prophage. (prelekara.sk)
Prophages remain silent in the absence of stress and replicate passively within their host genome. (prelekara.sk)
Phage infection of bacteria can lead to lysis of the host, or to a state in which the phage genome has integrated into bacterial DNA as a prophage. (virology.ws)
Secondly, a method we call IdentiPhage was established describing the prediction of integrated prophages in bacterial genome hosts. (uni-goettingen.de)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Effects of prophages HPlcl & a defective prophage carried by Haemophilus influenza Rd on transfection by phage S2 DNA. (who.int)
2) I will follow the evolution of these lysogens that carry AR-encoding prophages using a serial transfer experiment in the presence/absence of antibiotics and compounds that induce phage lysis. (fabiodisconzi.com)
The prophage-inducing effects we observe apply broadly across taxonomically diverse phage-bacteria systems. (biorxiv.org)
An example is a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that contains a 40 kb prophage (pictured) and is resistant to infection by phage P22. (virology.ws)
A variety of prophages from different bacteria appear to encode similar phage defense systems with cognate immunity. (virology.ws)
A phage P22 gene controlling integration of prophage. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Expert Opinion on Three Phage Therapy Related Topics: Bacterial Phage Resistance, Phage Training and Prophages in Bacterial Production Strains. (dsmz.de)

Therefore I will study the evolution of ARG-carrying prophages and their host bacteria. (fabiodisconzi.com)
Deleting the prophage makes the bacteria susceptible to infection by P22. (virology.ws)
Remove the polyphosphate or the nucleoid-associated protein, said Jakob, and the bacteria suddenly mobilizes these prophages resulting in significant mutations. (uofmhealth.org)
Joining PCR fragments using λ prophage Red recombination system extracted from bacteria is easier and also cheaper! (hackaday.com)
Cooperation among Conflict: Prophages Protect Bacteria from Phagocytosis. (bvsalud.org)

The prophage forms small uniform plaques (1mm diameter) in five of the 76 H. pylori strains tested. (uminho.pt)
Prophages often account for most of the difference between strains of the same microbial species [ 4 ], and they can dramatically change the phenotype of the hosts via lysogenic conversion. (plos.org)
Both emm 3 and emm 4 strains in this study possessed 2 prophage-associated superantigens. (cdc.gov)

In the KplE1 prophage, site-specific recombination is mediated by the IntS integrase and the TorI recombination directionality factor (RDF). (prelekara.sk)
Tight Regulation of the Gene of the KplE1 Prophage: A New Paradigm for Integrase Gene Regulation. (prelekara.sk)

The capacity of North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) to cause scarlet fever has been linked epidemiologically to the presence of novel prophages, including prophage ΦHKU.vir encoding the secreted superantigens SSA and SpeC and the DNase Spd1. (edu.au)

A protein called BstA, encoded in the prophage, is essential for defense against superinfection. (virology.ws)

We predicted and annotated all open reading frames (ORFs) of the prophages by PHASTER and BLASTp. (cdc.gov)

Cyanophages and a newly discovered clade of single-stranded DNA phages dominated the Sargasso Sea sample, whereas prophage-like sequences were most common in the Arctic. (plos.org)
We show that IdentiPhagecan locate prophages without any sequence similarities to known phages by testing the method on a set of experimentally identified Inoviridae phages infecting various Vibrio alginolyticus species. (uni-goettingen.de)

Total : 0 prophage regions have been identified, of which 0 regions are intact, 0 regions are incomplete, 0 regions are questionable. (wishartlab.com)
Despite their vast abundance in nature, our understanding of the evolution of ARG-carrying prophages is still incomplete. (fabiodisconzi.com)

Inactivation of prophage in ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli: dependence on recA gene activity. (wikigenes.org)

She pursued a PhD on the subject of prophage-encoded bacteriophage resistance mechanisms in the dairy bacterium Lactococcus lactis . (ucc.ie)

Tight Regulation of the Gene of the KplE1 Prophage. (prelekara.sk)

Examination of the prophage revealed a 63 base pair DNA sequence that is essential for allowing the prophage to reproduce in the presence of BstA. (virology.ws)

These results offer insight into the pathogenesis of scarlet fever-causing GAS mediated by prophage ΦHKU.vir exotoxins. (edu.au)

Glioblastoma tumors are often resistant to standard therapies and the extended survival observed in patients treated with Prophage Series vaccine is very promising," said Andrew Parsa, corresponding author of the study and chair of neurological surgery at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and Michael Marchese Professor and chair of the department of neurological surgery at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University. (rttnews.com)

subtilis,'' they differ in the amount and location of prophages, transposable elements, extracellular enzymes, and secondary metabolic pathway operons. (kenyon.edu)

Employing UV radiation for 60 seconds as an inducing agent, we were able to isolate a new H. pylori prophage from the lysate of clinical strain 11057, using another H. pylori (11507) as the indicator host. (uminho.pt)

Biotechnology company Agenus Inc. ( AGEN ) Monday said a Phase 2 study result showed that more than 90 percent of aggressive brain cancer patients treated with Prophage Series G-200 were alive at six months after surgery and 30 percent were alive at twelve months. (rttnews.com)

Under certain conditions, these prophages can lead to the death of the bacterial cell. (uofmhealth.org)
The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence. (bvsalud.org)

However, when stressful conditions occur, a prophage excises itself and resumes the viral cycle. (prelekara.sk)

By using a novel approach that has been neglected so far (evolution of ARG-carrying prophages) this project will improve our understanding of AR evolution. (fabiodisconzi.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms61

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes77

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Health Care7

Geographicals2

Inhibition of spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli cultures: simple procedures with possible biotechnological applications. (1/408)

Pilot study of the genetic diversity of the pneumococcal nasopharyngeal flora among children attending day care centers. (2/408)

Phenotypes of lexA mutations in Salmonella enterica: evidence for a lethal lexA null phenotype due to the Fels-2 prophage. (3/408)

The Shiga-toxin VT2-encoding bacteriophage varphi297 integrates at a distinct position in the Escherichia coli genome. (4/408)

Transcription analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus phages in the lysogenic state. (5/408)

Genome analysis of an inducible prophage and prophage remnants integrated in the Streptococcus pyogenes strain SF370. (6/408)

Use of real-time quantitative PCR for the analysis of phiLC3 prophage stability in lactococci. (7/408)

Genesis of variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor: role of the CTXphi array and its position in the genome. (8/408)

Lysogeny

Bacteriophages

Attachment Sites, Microbiological

Virus Activation

Siphoviridae

Streptococcus Phages

Coliphages

Bacteriophage lambda

Salmonella Phages

Genome, Bacterial

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Escherichia coli

Bacteriophage mu

DNA, Viral

DNA, Bacterial

Bacteriophage P2

Bacteriolysis

Transduction, Genetic

Genome, Viral

Recombination, Genetic

Molecular Sequence Data

Myoviridae

Mitomycin

SOS Response (Genetics)

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Shiga Toxin

Mitomycins

Plasmids

Base Sequence

Virus Integration

Staphylococcus Phages

Viral Proteins

Genes, Viral

Bacillus subtilis

Mutation

Bacillus Phages

Genes, Bacterial

Gene Order

DNA Viruses

Defective Viruses

Escherichia coli O157

Genetics, Microbial

Chromosome Mapping

Inovirus

Bacteriophage P1

Vibrio cholerae

Bacterial Proteins

Shiga Toxin 2

Open Reading Frames

Vibrio cholerae O1

Gene Transfer, Horizontal

Interspersed Repetitive Sequences

Pseudomonas Phages

Genomic Islands

Ultraviolet Rays

Proviruses

Integrases

Virus Replication

Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Virulence

Salmonella typhimurium

DNA Transposable Elements

Rec A Recombinases

Genes

Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins

Lactococcus lactis

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Roseobacter

Escherichia coli Proteins

Streptococcus pyogenes

Virulence Factors

Phylogeny

N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase

Tectiviridae

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Escherichia coli K12

Operon

Transformation, Genetic

Repressor Proteins

Klebsiella oxytoca