Proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Medical search

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

A DNA-binding protein that consists of 5 polypeptides and plays an essential role in DNA REPLICATION in eukaryotes. It binds DNA PRIMER-template junctions and recruits PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and DNA POLYMERASES to the site of DNA synthesis.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS.

A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms but may be present in higher organisms. Use also for a more complex form of DNA polymerase III designated as DNA polymerase III* or pol III* which is 15 times more active biologically than DNA polymerase I in the synthesis of DNA. This polymerase has both 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activities, is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, and has the same template-primer dependence as pol II. EC 2.7.7.7.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Endonucleases that remove 5' DNA sequences from a DNA structure called a DNA flap. The DNA flap structure occurs in double-stranded DNA containing a single-stranded break where the 5' portion of the downstream strand is too long and overlaps the 3' end of the upstream strand. Flap endonucleases cleave the downstream strand of the overlap flap structure precisely after the first base-paired nucleotide, creating a ligatable nick.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

Phase of the CELL CYCLE following G1 and preceding G2 when the entire DNA content of the nucleus is replicated. It is achieved by bidirectional replication at multiple sites along each chromosome.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A species in the genus RHADINOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from patients with AIDS-related and "classical" Kaposi sarcoma.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.

A DNA-dependent DNA polymerase characterized in E. coli and other lower organisms. It may be present in higher organisms and has an intrinsic molecular activity only 5% of that of DNA Polymerase I. This polymerase has 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is effective only on duplex DNA with gaps or single-strand ends of less than 100 nucleotides as template, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 2.7.7.7.

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. It exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

An expression of the number of mitoses found in a stated number of cells.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

A single-stranded DNA-binding protein that is found in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. It is required for DNA REPLICATION; DNA REPAIR; and GENETIC RECOMBINATION.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A ubiquitously expressed sequence-specific transcriptional repressor that is normally the target of signaling by NOTCH PROTEINS.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A class of enzymes that form a thioester bond to UBIQUITIN with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES. They transfer ubiquitin to the LYSINE of a substrate protein with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.

A histone chaperone protein that plays a role in the deposition of NUCLEOSOMES on newly synthesized DNA. It is comprised of three different subunits of 48, 60, and 150 kDa molecular size. The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. (1/3288)

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/Cip1 is a downstream effector of the p53-dependent cell growth arrest. We report herein that p21 was cleaved by caspase-3/CPP32 at the site of DHVD112L during the DNA damage-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. The cleaved p21 fragment could no more arrest the cells in G1 phase nor suppress the cells undergoing apoptosis because it failed to bind to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and lost its capability to localize in the nucleus. Thus, caspase-3-mediated cleavage and inactivation of p21 protein may convert cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis, leading to the acceleration of chemotherapy-induced apoptotic process in cancer cells. (+info)

Differential roles for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in the mechanisms of senescence and differentiation in human fibroblasts. (2/3288)

The irreversible G1 arrest in senescent human diploid fibroblasts is probably caused by inactivation of the G1 cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes responsible for phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). We show that the Cdk inhibitor p21(Sdi1,Cip1,Waf1), which accumulates progressively in aging cells, binds to and inactivates all cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes in senescent cells, whereas in young cells only p21-free Cdk2 complexes are active. Furthermore, the senescent-cell-cycle arrest occurs prior to the accumulation of the Cdk4-Cdk6 inhibitor p16(Ink4a), suggesting that p21 may be sufficient for this event. Accordingly, cyclin D1-associated phosphorylation of pRb at Ser-780 is lacking even in newly senescent fibroblasts that have a low amount of p16. Instead, the cyclin D1-Cdk4 and cyclin D1-Cdk6 complexes in these cells are associated with an increased amount of p21, suggesting that p21 may be responsible for inactivation of both cyclin E- and cyclin D1-associated kinase activity at the early stage of senescence. Moreover, even in the late stage of senescence when p16 is high, cyclin D1-Cdk4 complexes are persistent, albeit reduced by +info)

Double-strand break repair in yeast requires both leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases. (3/3288)

Mitotic double-strand break (DSB)-induced gene conversion at MAT in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed molecularly in mutant strains thermosensitive for essential replication factors. The processivity cofactors PCNA and RFC are essential even to synthesize as little as 30 nucleotides following strand invasion. Both PCNA-associated DNA polymerases delta and epsilon are important for gene conversion, though a temperature-sensitive Pol epsilon mutant is more severe than one in Pol delta. Surprisingly, mutants of lagging strand replication, DNA polymerase alpha (pol1-17), DNA primase (pri2-1), and Rad27p (rad27 delta) also greatly inhibit completion of DSB repair, even in G1-arrested cells. We propose a novel model for DSB-induced gene conversion in which a strand invasion creates a modified replication fork, involving leading and lagging strand synthesis from the donor template. Replication is terminated by capture of the second end of the DSB. (+info)

Studies on the interactions between human replication factor C and human proliferating cell nuclear antigen. (4/3288)

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a processivity factor required for DNA polymerase delta (or epsilon)-catalyzed DNA synthesis. When loaded onto primed DNA templates by replication factor C (RFC), PCNA acts to tether the polymerase to DNA, resulting in processive DNA chain elongation. In this report, we describe the identification of two separate peptide regions of human PCNA spanning amino acids 36-55 and 196-215 that bind RFC by using the surface plasmon resonance technique. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues within these regions in human PCNA identified two specific sites that affected the biological activity of PCNA. Replacement of the aspartate 41 residue by an alanine, serine, or asparagine significantly impaired the ability of PCNA to (i) support the RFC/PCNA-dependent polymerase delta-catalyzed elongation of a singly primed DNA template; (ii) stimulate RFC-catalyzed DNA-dependent hydrolysis of ATP; (iii) be loaded onto DNA by RFC; and (iv) activate RFC-independent polymerase delta-catalyzed synthesis of poly dT. Introduction of an alanine at position 210 in place of an arginine also reduced the efficiency of PCNA in supporting RFC-dependent polymerase delta-catalyzed elongation of a singly primed DNA template. However, this mutation did not significantly alter the ability of PCNA to stimulate DNA polymerase delta in the absence of RFC but substantially lowered the efficiency of RFC-catalyzed reactions. These results are in keeping with a model in which surface exposed regions of PCNA interact with RFC and the subsequent loading of PCNA onto DNA orients the elongation complex in a manner essential for processive DNA synthesis. (+info)

Replication-dependent marking of DNA by PCNA facilitates CAF-1-coupled inheritance of chromatin. (5/3288)

Chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) is required for inheritance of epigenetically determined chromosomal states in vivo and promotes assembly of chromatin during DNA replication in vitro. Herein, we demonstrate that after DNA replication, replicated, but not unreplicated, DNA is also competent for CAF-1-dependent chromatin assembly. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a DNA polymerase clamp, is a component of the replication-dependent marking of DNA for chromatin assembly. The clamp loader, replication factor C (RFC), can reverse this mark by unloading PCNA from the replicated DNA. PCNA binds directly to p150, the largest subunit of CAF-1, and the two proteins colocalize at sites of DNA replication in cells. We suggest that PCNA and CAF-1 connect DNA replication to chromatin assembly and the inheritance of epigenetic chromosome states. (+info)

Effect of leukocytes on corneal cellular proliferation and wound healing. (6/3288)

PURPOSE: To establish whether fucoidin, by blocking the adhesion of leukocytes on the limbal vascular endothelium, prevents extravasation of the cells from the blood stream into the limbal stroma and the wounded area after corneal injury. Successful leukocyte blocking enabled investigation of the influence of leukocytes on corneal cellular proliferation after corneal wounding. METHODS: Thirty-two New Zealand White rabbits were used. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and a standardized alkali corneal wound were used as models in two sets of experiments. In half of the injured rabbits fucoidin was used to prevent leukocytes from leaving the local vessels. The efficiency of the blocking technique was evaluated by counting the number of leukocytes in the limbal and wounded corneal areas. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a marker for proliferative activity. RESULTS: The infiltration of leukocytes into the limbus and the cornea after PRK and alkali injuries can be blocked by fucoidin. The healing rate of corneal epithelium after alkali burn was retarded in the absence of leukocytes. PCNA expression was enhanced in the presence of leukocytes. Fucoidin per se had no influence on corneal cell proliferation and wound healing. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) can be prevented from entering the cornea in vivo by fucoidin after PRK and after alkali burn. The corneal epithelial healing rate is delayed in the absence of PMNs in vivo, and PCNA expression increases in the presence of leukocytes. (+info)

Protective effects of transient HO-1 overexpression on susceptibility to oxygen toxicity in lung cells. (7/3288)

Rat fetal lung cells (RFL-6) were transiently transfected with a full-length rat heme oxygenase (HO)-1 cDNA construct and then exposed to hyperoxia (95% O2-5% CO2) for 48 h. Total HO activity and HO-1 protein were measured as well as cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and total glutathione to measure oxidative injury. HO-1 overexpression resulted in increased total HO activity (2-fold), increased HO-1 protein (1.5-fold), and increased cell proliferation. Immunohistochemistry revealed perinuclear HO-1 localization, followed by migration to the nucleus by day 3. Decreased cell death, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation but increased LDH release and glutathione depletion were seen with HO-1 overexpression. Reactive iron content could not explain the apparent loss of cell membrane integrity. With the addition of tin mesoporphyrin, total HO activity was decreased and all changes in injury parameters were normalized to control values. We conclude that moderate overexpression of HO-1 is protective against oxidative injury, but we speculate that there is a beneficial threshold of HO-1 expression. (+info)

p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma: its relationship with p53, cell proliferation and survival. (8/3288)

The expression of p21, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was analysed by immunohistochemistry in a consecutive series of 369 clinical stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma patients. Correlation of the detected expression levels with each other, with clinicopathological data and with melanoma survival were statistically evaluated. p21 expression was significantly associated with p53 and PCNA expression levels. In addition, high levels of p53 and PCNA were significantly interrelated. Tumour thickness, recurrent disease, high TNM category and older (> or = 55 years) age at diagnosis were inversely associated with p21 expression. Gender, bleeding, tumour thickness, Clark's level of invasion, TNM category and p53 index were all important predictors of both recurrence-free and overall survival of melanoma. In Cox's multivariate analysis including 164 patients with a complete set of data, only high tumour thickness and bleeding predicted poor recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0042 and 0.0087 respectively) or overall survival (P = 0.0147 and 0.0033 respectively). Even though elevated p21 expression may be associated with more favourable prognosis in clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma, our results suggest that cell cycle regulatory effects of p21 can be overcome by some other and stronger, partly yet unknown, mechanisms. (+info)

"Multiple roles of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen: DNA replication, repair and cell cycle control". Progress in Cell ... Shivji KK, Kenny MK, Wood RD (April 1992). "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision repair". Cell. 69 ( ... Prelich G, Kostura M, Marshak DR, Mathews MB, Stillman B (1987). "The cell-cycle regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... "Human gene for proliferating cell nuclear antigen has pseudogenes and localizes to chromosome 20". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 15 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen

Differential role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (50): 39458-39465. doi: ... B cell-committed progenitors, T cell-committed progenitors, antibody-secreting plasma cells, cardiac muscle cells, and neurons ... June 2005). "Seliciclib (CYC202, R-Roscovitine) induces cell death in multiple myeloma cells by inhibition of RNA polymerase II ... Conditional deletion of Mcl-1 depletes a wide variety of cells, including hematopoietic stem cells, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCL1

PCNA - Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, expressed during the DNA synthesis. Immunofluorescent antibody staining against ... "Cell cycle dependent expression and stability of the nuclear protein detected by Ki-67 antibody in HL-60 cells". Cell ... in HeLa cells. Dividing cells show strong Ki-67 staining in cell nuclei while all cells contain large amounts of tubulin, the ... "Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation". Int. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-67_(protein)

The encoded protein also interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Some transcripts of this gene overlap in a tail-to- ... that interacts with the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen". The Journal of Biological ... September 2007). "The cell adhesion receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 regulates ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070. S2CID 8235923. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLDIP2

Shivji, Mahmud K.K. (1992). "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision repair". Cell. 69 (2): 367-374. ... identifying proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as part of the NER complex and identifying mammalian repair polymerases. ... The NER DNA repair pathway is a complex mechanism that cells use to repair DNA damage caused by ultraviolet sun exposure. The ... Seki, M.; Marini, F.; Wood, R. D. (2003). "POLQ (Pol θ), a DNA polymerase and DNA‐dependent ATPase in human cells". Nucleic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wood_(molecular_biologist)

Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A (April 1994). "D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". The ... Baldin V, Lukas J, Marcote MJ, Pagano M, Draetta G (May 1993). "Cyclin D1 is a nuclear protein required for cell cycle ... Cyclin D1 is expressed in all adult human tissues with the exception of cells derived from bone marrow stem cell lines (both ... Amplification of the CCND1 gene is present in: non-small cell lung cancers (30-46%) head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (30- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_D1

"Human SHPRH suppresses genomic instability through proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination". The Journal of Cell ... "Human SHPRH is a ubiquitin ligase for Mms2-Ubc13-dependent polyubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHPRH

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a protein involved in DNA synthesis. Under normal physiological conditions PCNA is ... Ishikura S, Weissman AM, Bonifacino JS (July 2010). "Serine residues in the cytosolic tail of the T-cell antigen receptor alpha ... Skaar JR, Pagano M (December 2009). "Control of cell growth by the SCF and APC/C ubiquitin ligases". Current Opinion in Cell ... The loss of p53 and Rb in cells allows limitless cell proliferation to occur. Gene amplification often occur in various tumor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin

Flores-Rozas H, Clark D, Kolodner RD (November 2000). "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Msh2p-Msh6p interact to form an ... proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in an orientation-specific manner, such that one face of the donut-shape protein is ... "The MutSalpha-proliferating cell nuclear antigen interaction in human DNA mismatch repair". The Journal of Biological Chemistry ... Larrea AA, Lujan SA, Kunkel TA (May 2010). "SnapShot: DNA mismatch repair". Cell. 141 (4): 730-730.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair

... and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 AND Gadd45-mediated negative growth ... Yi YW, Kim D, Jung N, Hong SS, Lee HS, Bae I (May 2000). "Gadd45 family proteins are coactivators of nuclear hormone receptors ... Koonin EV (Apr 1997). "Cell cycle and apoptosis: possible roles of Gadd45 and MyD118 proteins inferred from their homology to ... Sakaue M, Adachi H, Jetten AM (Apr 1999). "Post-transcriptional regulation of MyD118 and GADD45 in human lung carcinoma cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADD45B

1994). "Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen". Science. 266 (5189): 1376-80 ... 2000). "Characterization of MyD118, Gadd45, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes ... and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) interacting domains. PCNA impedes MyD118 AND Gadd45-mediated negative growth ... and its interactions with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Aurora A kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (29): 22196-201. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADD45A

2004). "Human NTH1 physically interacts with p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 321 (1 ... 2004). "AP endonuclease-independent DNA base excision repair in human cells". Mol. Cell. 15 (2): 209-20. doi:10.1016/j.molcel. ... Cell. Biol. 31 (22): 4623-32. doi:10.1128/MCB.05715-11. PMC 3209256. PMID 21930793. Jiang Z, Hu J, Li X, Jiang Y, Zhou W, Lu D ... 2000). "Cell-cycle regulation, intracellular sorting and induced overexpression of the human NTH1 DNA glycosylase involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTHL1

Pleomorphic pattern is caused by antibodies to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Indirect immunofluorescence has been ... T-cells and B-cells) and antigen presenting cells. These cells coordinate an immune response upon the detection of foreign ... The sp100 antigen is found within nuclear bodies; large protein complexes in the nucleus that may have a role in cell growth ... Nuclear dot patterns show between 13 and 25 nuclear dots in interphase cells and are produced by anti-sp100 antibodies. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinuclear_antibody

... interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a DNA polymerase accessory factor, and plays a regulatory role in ... Podust VN, Podust LM, Goubin F, Ducommun B, Huebscher U (1995). "Mechanism of inhibition of proliferating cell nuclear antigen- ... 1994). "Cdk-interacting protein 1 directly binds with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and inhibits DNA replication catalyzed ... of cell transformation by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57KIP2 requires binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21

"Human HLTF functions as a ubiquitin ligase for proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination". Proceedings of the ... Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. ... "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... Cell. 127 (3): 635-48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573. (Genes on human chromosome 3, Genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD18

"Human HLTF functions as a ubiquitin ligase for proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination". Proceedings of the ... Cell. 122 (6): 957-68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070. S2CID 8235923. Wen R ... in in vitro differentiation and cell cycle behavior of HT-29-M6 intestinal mucosecretory cells". Molecular and Cellular Biology ... Stewart MD, Ritterhoff T, Klevit RE, Brzovic PS (April 2016). "E2 enzymes: more than just middle men". Cell Research. 26 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBE2V2

It exhibits increased processivity when interacting with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). As well, the ... Lujan SA, Williams JS, Kunkel TA (September 2016). "DNA Polymerases Divide the Labor of Genome Replication". Trends in Cell ... Molecular Cell. 59 (2): 163-175. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.038. PMC 4517859. PMID 26145172. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_delta

"Polyubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen by HLTF and SHPRH prevents genomic instability from stalled ... "Human HLTF functions as a ubiquitin ligase for proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination". Proceedings of the ... Cell. 134 (4): 668-78. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.039. PMID 18724939. S2CID 3955385. Conze DB, Wu CJ, Thomas JA, Landstrom A, ... Cell. 122 (6): 957-68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070. S2CID 8235923. Stolfi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_C

2002). "A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a protein involved in post-replication MMR. It has been shown that PCNA binds to ... 2001). "Functional interaction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with MSH2-MSH6 and MSH2-MSH3 complexes". J. Biol. Chem. ... Cell. Biol. 18 (11): 6616-23. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.11.6616. PMC 109246. PMID 9774676. Ceccotti S, Ciotta C, Fronza G, et al. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSH3

"Human HLTF functions as a ubiquitin ligase for proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U ... Cell. 15 (6): 853-65. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.016. PMID 15383276. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573. Fukuoka T, Hibi K, Nakao A (2006). "Aberrant methylation is ... 2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635-48. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLTF

... with proliferating cell nuclear antigen impedes negative growth control". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (4): 2766-74. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... GADD45G and GADD45A act redundantly to control cell growth, allow the cells to move from pluripotentcy helping cells ... inhibits cell growth and induces cell cycle G2/M arrest for hepatoma Hep-G2 cell lines". Mol. Biol. Rep. 30 (4): 249-53. doi: ... It acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC cells by promoting cell death or growth arrest. When GADD45G expression is low, liver ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADD45G

"Human HLTF functions as a ubiquitin ligase for proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U ... Cell. 14 (3): 289-301. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00236-9. PMID 15125833. Colland F, Jacq X, Trouplin V, Mougin C, Groizeleau C ... Cell. 96 (5): 645-53. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80575-9. PMID 10089880. S2CID 17117789. Deng L, Wang C, Spencer E, Yang L, ... Cell. 103 (2): 351-61. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00126-4. PMID 11057907. S2CID 18154645. Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBE2N

"Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase is negatively regulated by direct interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen". ... lambda polymerase and terminal transferase activities are differentially coordinated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and ... which possess the antigen, while mature lymphoid cells are always TdT-negative. While TdT-positive cells are found in small ... pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma cells. TdT adds N-nucleotides to the V, D, and J exons of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_deoxynucleotidyl_transferase

A bypass platform is provided to these polymerases by Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Under normal circumstances, ... proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-like group, two serine/threonine(S/T) kinases and their adaptors. Central to all DNA ... After DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoints are activated. Checkpoint activation pauses the cell cycle and gives the cell time to ... Thus, in a population of cells composing a tissue with replicating cells, mutant cells will tend to be lost. However, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

"Esophagin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are biomarkers of human esophageal neoplastic progression". ... Katou F, Shirai N, Kamakura S, Tagami H, Nagura H, Motegi K (May 2003). "Differential expression of cornified cell envelope ... Cell Death and Differentiation. 6 (9): 916-30. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400568. PMID 10510474. Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski- ... Molecules and Cells. 17 (3): 477-84. PMID 15232223. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPRR3

Ghosal G, Leung JW, Nair BC, Fong KW, Chen J (October 2012). "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding protein ... In order for cancer cells to retain their ability to proliferate without limitations, they can regulate the telomeres of their ... When SLX4IP was depleted from treated cells, they were found to accumulate in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle where the ... Cell. 138 (1): 78-89. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.029. PMC 2861413. PMID 19596236. Panier S, Maric M, Hewitt G, Mason-Osann E, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLX4IP

"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... Clark AB, Valle F, Drotschmann K, Gary RK, Kunkel TA (Nov 2000). "Functional interaction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... Clark AB, Valle F, Drotschmann K, Gary RK, Kunkel TA (Nov 2000). "Functional interaction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... Christmann M, Kaina B (Nov 2000). "Nuclear translocation of mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6 as a response of cells to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSH6

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen). PCNA forms typical patterns in the nucleus of the cell through which the current cell ... In a diploid cell in G1 phase of the cell cycle, such a molecule is present in the form of the homologous chromosome. However, ... This protein error may cause processes in the cell to fail. For example, a receptor of the cell that can receive a signal to ... The HDR mechanism can only be used by the cell when there is a homologous piece of DNA present in the nucleus, mostly in G2 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_directed_repair

"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... "A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... "Replication factor C interacts with the C-terminal side of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". The Journal of Biological ... "Replication factor C interacts with the C-terminal side of proliferating cell nuclear antigen". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC5

The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleolar antigen expressed in proliferating cells. It is not detectable in non- ... "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (33): 12130-5. Bibcode: ... "Cell cycle regulated expression of nucleolar antigen P120 in normal and transformed human fibroblasts". J. Cell. Physiol. 154 ( ... Larson RG, Henning D, Haidar MA, Jhiang S, Lin WL, Zhang WW, Busch H (1990). "Genomic structure of the human proliferating cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOL1

... several viral microRNAs that promote host cells to proliferate, inhibit these cells' apoptosis, and stimulate the ... are also infected with EBV and therefore evidence malignant cells that express products of this virus such as EBER1/2 nuclear ... or one of the various tests for hepatitis C antigen. Extracavitary PEL is diagnosed based on findings that their mass lesions ... other malignant cells that have the morphology of anaplastic cells (i.e., large pleomorphic cells) or the Reed-Sternberg cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphoma

"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... Fuss J, Linn S (2002). "Human DNA polymerase epsilon colocalizes with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and DNA replication ... Cell. Biol. 17 (4): 1817-23. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.4.1817. PMC 232028. PMID 9121429. Coll JM, Hickey RJ, Cronkey EA, Jiang HY, ... Post SM, Tomkinson AE, Lee EY (Oct 2003). "The human checkpoint Rad protein Rad17 is chromatin-associated throughout the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLE_(gene)

Y-box binding protein 1 binds preferentially to cisplatin-modified DNA and interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen". ... Y-box binding protein 1 binds preferentially to cisplatin-modified DNA and interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen". ... modulates transcriptional activity of JCVCY in glial cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (4): 2712-23. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2712. PMC ... Cell. Biol. 15 (9): 5092-9. doi:10.1128/mcb.15.9.5092. PMC 230756. PMID 7651426. Chen NN, Chang CF, Gallia GL, et al. (1995). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1

... working on the leading and lagging strands are coupled by the DNA processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA ... Endogenous is generated by cell-cell signaling (e.g. during cell differentiation early in development), while exogenous is a ... Chandler VL (February 2007). "Paramutation: from maize to mice". Cell. 128 (4): 641-645. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.007. PMID ... Probst AV, Dunleavy E, Almouzni G (March 2009). "Epigenetic inheritance during the cell cycle". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance

July 2009). "Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is protected from degradation by forming a complex with MutT Homolog2". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUDT15

Further research implicates the supplementary role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to DNA ligase I's function of ... This is because the FFAA mutation prevents the FEN1 from interacting with PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), ... Eukaryotes have a clamp loader complex and a six-unit clamp called the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The efficient ... "An interaction between DNA ligase I and proliferating cell nuclear antigen: implications for Okazaki fragment synthesis and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okazaki_fragments

... cells, so if they are inactivated by mutation the virus will only be able to replicate in proliferating cells, such as cancer ... Efforts to induce this phenomenon have used cancer vaccines (derived from cancer cells or selected cancer antigens), or direct ... Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 53 (4): 647-54. doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.090886. PMID 22414636. Turnbull S, West EJ, Scott KJ, ... "Cell Cycle Control by Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors: Driving the Transformation of Normal Cells into Cancerous Cells". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic_virus

"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... "A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... "Mediation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-dependent DNA replication through a conserved p21(Cip1)-like PCNA- ... "Mediation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-dependent DNA replication through a conserved p21(Cip1)-like PCNA- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLD3

"Entrez Gene: SART1 squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a ... This gene encodes two proteins, the SART1(800) protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, and the ... 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (33): 12130-5. ... 2000). "Expression of the SART1 tumor rejection antigen in renal cell carcinoma". Urol. Res. 28 (3): 178-84. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SART1

"Replication protein A stimulates proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent repair of abasic sites in DNA by human cell ... "Reconstitution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites with purified human ... "The DNA repair endonuclease XPG binds to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and shares sequence elements with the PCNA- ... "The DNA repair endonuclease XPG binds to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and shares sequence elements with the PCNA- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_structure-specific_endonuclease_1

... of cell transformation by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57KIP2 requires binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... of cell transformation by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57KIP2 requires binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... It encodes a cell cycle inhibitor that binds to G1 cyclin-CDK complexes. Thus p57KIP2 causes arrest of the cell cycle in G1 ... A mutation of this gene may lead to loss of control over the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. p57KIP2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_1C

In acquiring the humoral response to tumour antigens such as survivin, CD4+ T cells are activated to induce B cells to produce ... Proliferating Daoy cells were placed on a glass coverslip, fixed and stained with fluorescent antibodies for survivin and alpha ... At prometaphase when the nuclear membrane dissociates and spindle microtubules cross over the nuclear region, survivin stays ... as it is an antigen that is expressed mostly in cancer cells and absent in normal cells. This is because survivin is deemed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivin

"Replication factor C interacts with the C-terminal side of proliferating cell nuclear antigen" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 272 (3): ... a cell cycle checkpoint gene required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. This protein ... Cell cycle checkpoint protein RAD17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD17 gene. The protein encoded by this gene ... Post S, Weng YC, Cimprich K, Chen LB, Xu Y, Lee EY (2001). "Phosphorylation of serines 635 and 645 of human Rad17 is cell cycle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD17

In the presence of ATP, RFC can load Proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] and DNA polymerase to form DNA-RFC-PCNA-DNA ... as well as cell cycle checkpoints. To minimize somatic genetic alterations, checkpoint mechanisms stimulate a cell cycle halt ... RFC2 gene product required for a cell cycle checkpoint. RFC is a heteropentamer in budding yeast, it is encoded either by RFC1 ... RFC is involved in the maintenance of telomeres, nuclear DNA replication, mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision repair. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_factor_C

"Interaction of human AP endonuclease 1 with flap endonuclease 1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen involved in long-patch ... All cells, from simple prokaryotes to humans, have evolved systems to identify and repair such sites. Class II AP endonucleases ... Fritz G (September 2000). "Human APE/Ref-1 protein". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 32 (9): 925-9. ... encodes the major AP endonuclease in human cells. Splice variants have been found for this gene; all encode the same protein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX1

"A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... "A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. ... Verma SC, Bajaj BG, Cai Q, Si H, Seelhammer T, Robertson ES (November 2006). "Latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's ... Muller SJ, Caradonna S (January 1993). "Cell cycle regulation of a human cyclin-like gene encoding uracil-DNA glycosylase". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_O

... and not deeper down in proliferating epithelial cells. In domesticated rabbits, the viral antigens were present in much smaller ... L2 proteins gather at PML body nuclear structures and recruit L1 proteins during virus assemblage. L2 proteins are not ... The investigation proposed that the virus is only present in proliferating cell nuclei during early development, containing a ... The papillomavirus life cycle begins with cells actively multiplying in epithelial cells of basal and parabasal layers. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shope_papilloma_virus

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) (a protein which stimulates infected cells to make >300 gene products some of ... which cause infected cells to produce interleukin 6 (a protein that stimulates these cells to proliferate) and interleukin 10 ( ... "Phase I CD19/CD22 Chimeric Antigen Receptor(CAR) T-Cells in Adults With Recurrent/Refractory B Cell Malignancies - Full Text ... Most of these large cells should be B-cells as identified by their expression of B-cell marker proteins (e.g. CD20, CD79a, PAX5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma_associated_with_chronic_inflammation

Cdc7-Dbf4 promotes the interaction of the p150 subunit of chromatin assembly factor 1 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... Kumagai H, Sato N, Yamada M, Mahony D, Seghezzi W, Lees E, Arai K, Masai H (Jul 1999). "A novel growth- and cell cycle- ... Wu X, Lee H (Nov 2002). "Human Dbf4/ASK promoter is activated through the Sp1 and MluI cell-cycle box (MCB) transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBF4

... has shown to mediate DNA repair mechanisms and does so by activating repair factors such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen ... cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. In 1993, Beach ... Chk1 is a central component of genome surveillance pathways and is a key regulator of the cell cycle and cell survival. Chk1 is ... Chk1 impacts various stages of the cell cycle including the S phase, G2/M transition and M phase. In addition to mediating cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHEK1

Infected cells have large numbers of abnormal chloroplasts, mitochondria and hypertrophied nuclei. Cells of CPsV-EG infected ... The nuclei have several dark stained bodies, which are displaced toward nucleus periphery along the nuclear envelope. Sometimes ... Additionally, the disease has the potential to proliferate through root grafting or infected seeds. The best management ... that uses a specific antibody to determine the antigen, polymerase chain reaction to amplify target sequences, and detecting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_psorosis_ophiovirus

... cells because these antigens are different from person to person. When non-self antigens are encountered, the immune system ... partly functional cell that may be capable of proliferating and developing into cancer, especially if tumor suppressor genes ... Low-dose exposures, such as living near a nuclear power plant, are generally believed to have no or very little effect on ... Gene mutations are classified as germline or somatic depending on the cell type where they appear (germline cells include the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_cancer

Clinical significance of high expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in non-small cell lung cancer. Ye X, et al. ... HIV-1 Tat upregulates the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in Jurkat cells. PubMed ... proliferating cell nuclear antigenprovided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:8729 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000132646 MIM: ... PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Gene ID: 5111, updated on 6-Nov-2022 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5111

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) CLIA Kit from Gentaur Clia Kits. Cat Number: G-EC-02070. USA, UK & Europe Distribution. ... Rat PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) CLIA Kit , G-EC-02070. Rating * Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars ( ... Rat PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) CLIA Kit , G-EC-02070. Gentaur Clia ... Rat PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) CLIA Kit , G-EC-02070 , Gentaur Clia Kits ...

https://caslab.com/rat-pcna-proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-clia-kit-g-ec-02070/?setCurrencyId=3

... of cell transformation by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57KIP2 requires binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. ...

https://www.addgene.org/browse/article/1921/

... epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in pterygia. J. E. Thompson, M. R. Powers, B. OBrien, ... EGF-R and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). 6 samples were doubled labeled with antibodies to bFGF and tryptase (a ... EGF-R and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). 6 samples were doubled labeled with antibodies to bFGF and tryptase (a ... EGF-R and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). 6 samples were doubled labeled with antibodies to bFGF and tryptase (a ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/immunolocalization-of-basic-fibroblast-growth-factor-fibroblast-g-2

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also known as cyclin, is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-δ, and the level of ... Obstructive jaundice alters proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in rat small intestine. / Sheen-Chen, Shyr Ming; Ho, ... Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also known as cyclin, is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-δ, and the level of ... Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also known as cyclin, is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-δ, and the level of ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/obstructive-jaundice-alters-proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-ex

Epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in astrocytomas.. Authors: Maiti, Arpan K. Ghosh, Keya ... Since EGFR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are involved in mitogenic signal transduction and cellular ... Epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in astrocytomas. Neurology India. 2008 Oct-Dec; 56(4): ... and PCNA labeling index increase with increasing grades of astrocytomas with a significantly high percentage of cells showing ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/121664

Sharawy, MM, Ali, AM & Choi, WS 2002, Immunohistochemical Localization and Distribution of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ... Mandibular condyles were excised two weeks following surgery and processed for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) ... Dive into the research topics of Immunohistochemical Localization and Distribution of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in ... Mandibular condyles were excised two weeks following surgery and processed for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/immunohistochemical-localization-and-distribution-of-proliferatin

Architecture of the DNA polymerase B-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-DNA ternary complex. ... Architecture of the DNA polymerase B-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-DNA ternary complex. Mayanagi K, Kiyonari S, ... proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). This replication enzyme consists of the polymerase and exonuclease moieties ...

https://polbase.neb.com/references/5865

... including proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunostaining. [7] In KAs, cells that stain positive with proliferating-cell ... In contrast, cells within an SCC that stain positive with proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunostaining are more diffusely ... Proliferating cell nuclear antigen distribution in keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1993 Oct. 20(5 ... These proliferating cells exhibit no cytologic abnormalities and have a normal nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. The surrounding ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1295325-195306/what-is-dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans-dfsp

Crystal structure of the shrimp proliferating cell nuclear antigen: Structural complementarity with WSSV DNA polymerase PIP-Box ... Crystal structure of the shrimp proliferating cell nuclear antigen: Structural complementarity with WSSV DNA polymerase PIP-Box ... T1 - Crystal structure of the shrimp proliferating cell nuclear antigen. T2 - Structural complementarity with WSSV DNA ... Dive into the research topics of Crystal structure of the shrimp proliferating cell nuclear antigen: Structural ...

https://scholars.mssm.edu/en/publications/crystal-structure-of-the-shrimp-proliferating-cell-nuclear-antige-2

Witzgall, R., Brown, D., Schwarz, C. & Bonventre, J. V. Localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, vimentin, c-Fos, ... Louis, MO); anti-podocalyxin (AF1556, R&D Systems, USA); anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (MAB424, Millipore, USA ... 5D) demonstrated that not only the percentage of proliferating cells in these tubules was 6- to 118-fold greater than that in ... While adult stem cells provide an alternative to embryonic sources, neither kidney-derived nor extra-renal adult stem cells ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep02890?error=cookies_not_supported

Human gene for proliferating cell nuclear antigen has pseudogenes and localizes to chromosome 20. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 15: ... Structure of the human gene for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 7466-7472, 1989. PubMed: 2565339 ... Cell products*Microbe products*Services*Federal solutions*Make a deposit*. Policies *Privacy policy*Product use policies*Terms ... Cell Products. *. Microbe Products. *. Services. *. Federal Solutions. *. The Science. *. About Us. *Quick Order. ...

https://www.atcc.org/products/61054

PCNA; proliferating cell nuclear antigen. 5981 RFC1; replication factor C subunit 1. ... DNA Polymerase and Mismatch Repair Exert Distinct Microsatellite Instability Signatures in Normal and Malignant Human Cells. ...

https://www.genome.jp/entry/N01432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_deoxynucleotidyl_transferase

proliferating cell nuclear antigen. PCNA. 47. PDGFB. platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide. PDGFB. ... nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2. NFE2L2. 82. NFKB1. nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1. ... nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100). NFKB2. ... nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha. NFKBIA. ...

https://genomics.senescence.info/genes/query.php?show=4&sort=2

... accumulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen); apoptosis (accumulation of Bax); and release of progesterone (P), ... Rutin administered alone reduced cell viability and apoptosis, and promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, rutin prevented ... testosterone (T), and estradiol (E) in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Cell viability; proliferation; apoptosis; and ... Daidzein promoted cell viability, proliferation, P release, but not apoptosis and T or E release. Daidzein induced the ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/plant-isoflavones-can-prevent-adverse-effects-benzene-porcine-ovarian-activity

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was also upregulated in the alveolar epithelium. This was correlated with increased ... Total protein and cell content in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) increased 2-fold following silica treatment. The cellular ... expression of the Type II cell marker, proSP-C, suggesting that silica induces Type II cell hyperplasia. The effects of silica ... Exposure-levels; Exposure-methods; Inhalation-studies; Laboratory-animals; Laboratory-testing; Lung-cells; Lung-disorders; Lung ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=silica&t3=2&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=silicosis&terms=4&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=TI&t2=2&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&s3=animals&f3=TI&s4=rats&EndYear=&f4=TI&whichdate=DP&D1=10&PageNo=27&RecNo=262&View=f&

... but decreased number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) stained cells. Administration of SME debilitated the ... nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2), heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), Bcl-2, and PCNA. In addition, the SME treated ... B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) gene was detected. Immunohistochemistry of the testicular tissue possessed positive immunostaining for ... Shivji, K.K.; Kenny, M.K.; Wood, R.D. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for DNA excision repair. Cell 1992, 69, ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/5/957/htm

Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell-cycle progression by a 20-residue peptide from p16CDKN2/INK4A by R. Fåhraeus et al. ... defines the site of interaction between the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. * ... The cell cycle in mammalian cells is regulated by a series of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The G1/S checkpoint ... Cell division is controlled by a series of positive and negative regulators which act at sequential points throughout the cell ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inhibition-of-pRb-phosphorylation-and-cell-cycle-by-F%C3%A5hraeus-Paramio/bfba3f77bdb9a8520398ffd7c0d56f99c1d1bb49

Single-particle cryo-EM structures reveal a multistep process of how DNA is loaded into the DNA sliding clamp proliferating ... cell nuclear antigen by the canonical clamp loader replication factor C. ... Analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) loading activity of RFC-1ΔN.. (A) ATPase activity of RFC-1ΔN in the ... Loading for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA by replication factor C (RFC).. (A) Model for PCNA loading onto ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/78253/figures

... proliferating cell nuclear antigen. ... 5). Such cells would be in late G1 or the S phase of the cell ... Although I3C dramatically reduced the number of proliferative cells, PCNA-positive cells could still be detected in cells other ... The presence of the PCNA, a component of the δ DNA polymerase, was used to determine which cells were proliferating. Five-μm ... 5,A), many cells in the basal layer and suprabasal cells were positive for PCNA, whereas PCNA was only barely detectable in the ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/59/16/3991/505373/Indole-3-Carbinol-Prevents-Cervical-Cancer-in

4C), the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) strongly decreased only in combination group compared ... 1B); TAE226 11.7 µM for HepG2 cells and 4.1 µM for Huh7 cells (Fig. 1C); SOR 11.3 µM for HepG2 cells and 5.7 µM for Huh7 cells ... proliferating cell nuclear antigen; ECM: extracellular matrix; NuRD: nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase; IP: ... PND1886 7.1 µM for HepG2 cells and 10 µM for Huh7 cells (Fig. 1A); PF431396 10.3 µM for HepG2 cells and 5µM for Huh7 cells (Fig ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-892488/v1

PCNA and DNAM-1 ligands CD112 and/or CD155 as commonly expressed antigens that could be efficiently targeted by GM NK cells. ... These results support the broad therapeutic potential of DNAM-1+ or NKG2D+ GM NK-92 cells and GM human NK cells for the ... Enhanced degranulation of DNAM-1+ or NKG2D+ GM NK-92 cells was observed against the majority of tumor cell lines tested. In ... Using GM NK-92 cells against primary sarcoma explants (n = 12) revealed that DNAM-1 over-expression on NK-92 cells led to ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00040/full?report=reader

Vaccinia virus G8R protein: a structural ortholog of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Da Silva M, Upton C. Da Silva M ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=14747564+25855734+10666270+19421403+15367589+21084474+10729156+20116821+17619043+11001589+17336362+12213661+10854161+18089571+10640560+10625702+12490386+16877059+10753713+20206959+17376501+19477201+10773740+15890954+11287554+10753714+10562495+23891157+24606709+10781095+16186219+14656458+19553304+19946139+23476017+9696793+28747503+11160663+12917449+12167348+15518812+11452001+10769065+27189950

... and on cell proliferation, as determined by tritiated thymidine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression ... Moreover, continuous acid exposure blocked cell proliferation in BE, whereas, an acid-pulse enhanced cell proliferation, as ... Since acid is a major component of refluxate, we investigated its effects ex vivo on cell differentiation as determined by ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/119018

Upregulation of cell cycle progression, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways were more limited to certain region(s) of the pathway. ... Melanin biosynthesis genes were solely expressed in the cells of melanocytic origin, indicating the feasibility of using the ... E14 embryonic stem cells, and E17.5 embryo). Gene expression levels as represented by PET counts were compared across melanoma ... which we hypothesize aims to downgrade the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and the dependency of cancer cells on angiogenesis. ...

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-7-109

We show for the first time that proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein levels were specifically reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. ... We show for the first time that proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein levels were specifically reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. ... We show for the first time that proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein levels were specifically reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. ... We show for the first time that proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein levels were specifically reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/125-dihydroxyvitamin-dsub3sub-regulation-of-cardiac-myocyte-proli

... and up-regulated the proliferating cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis on RSC96 Schwann cells ... fruits in RSC96 Schwann cell proliferation. Our current results showed that treatment with the extract of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq ... fruits facilitate the survival and proliferation of RSC96 cells via insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. ... The expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A increased in a dose-dependent manner. ...

https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-017-1695-2

... proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 status, p21 status, Bcl-2, Ki-67, transcription factor nuclear factor kB (NF-kB ... Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen predicts response of esophageal squamous ... Abbreviations: CRT, chemoradiotherapy; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; ERCC1 ... It has been reported that chemoradiotherapy induces cancer cell death through tumor antigen-specific T cell response [40]. Thus ...

https://jcancer.org/v06p1179.htm

Formalin fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of pterygia (N=12) were studied immunohistochemically with antibodies to bFGF, bFGF-R2 (bek), EGF-R and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). (elsevier.com)
PCNA was immunolocalized to epithelial cells and some endothelial cells in the subepithelial region. (elsevier.com)
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), also known as cyclin, is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase-δ, and the level of synthesis correlates directly with rates of cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis. (elsevier.com)
Nuclear immunohistochemical expression of PCNA in small bowel was evaluated. (elsevier.com)
The PCNA-labeling index [(PCNA-positive cells/500 cells) × 100] was quantified. (elsevier.com)
Since EGFR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are involved in mitogenic signal transduction and cellular proliferation pathway, we have studied the correlation between the expression of EGFR and PCNA labeling index in astrocytic tumors. (who.int)
RESULTS: Both the EGFR expression and PCNA labeling index increase with increasing grades of astrocytomas with a significantly high percentage of cells showing positive staining for both EGFR and PCNA in GBM and Grade III astrocytomas compared to Grade II astrocytomas. (who.int)
Mandibular condyles were excised two weeks following surgery and processed for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. (elsevier.com)
In control and sham operated condyles, PCNA was localized in the nuclei of chondroblasts of the reserve cell layer, chondrocytes of the upper hypertrophic layer and bone marrow cells of the subchondral bone. (elsevier.com)
In contrast to control joints, the PCNA positive cells of the experimental joints were located throughout the osteoarthritic condylar cartilage. (elsevier.com)
Reference: Architecture of the DNA polymerase B-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-DNA ternary complex. (neb.com)
DNA replication in archaea and eukaryotes is executed by family B DNA polymerases, which exhibit full activity when complexed with the DNA clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). (neb.com)
Structures of replication factor C (RFC) in active states in complex with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). (elifesciences.org)
Replication factor C (RFC) stabilizes proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the open conformation. (elifesciences.org)
Analysis of tumors from 32 sarcoma patients identified the proliferative marker PCNA and DNAM-1 ligands CD112 and/or CD155 as commonly expressed antigens that could be efficiently targeted by genetically modified (GM) NK cells. (frontiersin.org)
The CDKN1C gene variants that cause IMAGe syndrome replace single amino acids in a region known as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding domain near the end of the gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Orthologous to human PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen). (zfin.org)
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential protein in the cell. (ed.ac.uk)
Malkas believed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which plays an essential role in the replication and repair of cells, would be a less toxic cancer therapy that targets mutated cancer cells while leaving normal cells alone. (worldhealth.net)
The treatment has been shown in preclinical research to target PCNA and inhibit the growth and spread of a broad range of human cancer cells. (worldhealth.net)
PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (bvsalud.org)
At the molecular level, MWCNT exposure significantly increased the expression of the cell proliferation markers Ki-67 and PCNA and a panel of cell cycle-controlling genes in the lungs in a TIMP1-dependent manner. (cdc.gov)

The replication of damaged DNA before cell division can lead to the incorporation of wrong bases opposite damaged ones. (wikipedia.org)
DNA elongation by the human DNA polymerase lambda polymerase and terminal transferase activities are differentially coordinated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and replication protein A. (ox.ac.uk)
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) cancers achieve immortality by reelongating their telomeres in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle through a specialized break-induced replication (BIR) pathway (1, 2). (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)

Total protein and cell content in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) increased 2-fold following silica treatment. (cdc.gov)
Transduced p16INK4a peptides inhibit hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle progression prior to activation of Cdk2 complexes in late G1. (semanticscholar.org)
We show for the first time that proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein levels were specifically reduced by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . (umn.edu)
Furthermore, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 increased myocyte protein levels and increased cell size, suggesting that it induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. (umn.edu)
Transfection with a small interfering RNA blocked the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and induced down-regulation both on the mRNA and protein levels, which resulted in a reduction of the expression of the survival factor B-cell lymphoma 2. (biomedcentral.com)
As a sirtuin (SIRT) 1 activator, resveratrol elevated SIRT1 protein expression and its enzyme activity and decreased expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑phosphoinositide‑3‑kinase (PI3K), p‑AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT), and its downstream target p‑Forkhead Box O3a in HepG2 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition to inhibition of cancer cell migration, tumor suppressor gene DLC1 Rho GTPase activating protein level was upregulated and its phosphorylation was enhanced by AKT with resveratrol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Resveratrol suppresses tumor cell growth and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells by targeting SIRT1 protein and regulating NF-κB signaling pathway ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
SIRT1 might regulate cell apoptosis by deacetylating FoxOs protein. (spandidos-publications.com)
This protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it keeps cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. (medlineplus.gov)
These changes increase the amount of the protein that is available to restrain cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
Description: Host cell factor 2(HCFC2) is a cytoplasmic protein. (gentaurtop.com)
XIII" YMR047C 3 13 3 YMR047C "Nuclear pore complex protein that is member of GLFG repeat-containing family of nucleoporins and is,XIII" YMR049C 3 13 4 YMR049C "Ymr049cp,XIII" YMR051C 3 13 5 YMR051C "TyA Gag protein. (davidson.edu)

These findings suggest that bFGF may contribute to the cellular proliferation in pterygia and mast cells are a source of this growth factor. (elsevier.com)
The EGF-R results suggest that transforming growth factor-α or epidermal growth factor could also contribute to the epithelial cell proliferation in pterygia. (elsevier.com)
It was concluded that surgical induction of ADD in the rabbit CMJ leads to an increase in mitosis of chondrocytes, which lead to cell proliferation and subsequent hyperplasia of the condylar cartilage. (elsevier.com)
In: Chemically induced cell proliferation: Implications for risk assessment. (cdc.gov)
Benzene did not affect apoptosis, but reduced ovarian cell viability and P and E release, and promoted proliferation and T output. (greenmedinfo.com)
Daidzein promoted cell viability, proliferation, P release, but not apoptosis and T or E release. (greenmedinfo.com)
Rutin administered alone reduced cell viability and apoptosis, and promoted cell proliferation. (greenmedinfo.com)
The regulation of cell cycle and proliferation has been extensively studied in the last few years and a consensus paradigm of cell cycle regulation has been developed [1,2]. (semanticscholar.org)
and on cell proliferation, as determined by tritiated thymidine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. (jci.org)
Moreover, continuous acid exposure blocked cell proliferation in BE, whereas, an acid-pulse enhanced cell proliferation, as compared to pH 7.4. (jci.org)
When neonatal myocytes were grown in a serum-supplemented medium, cell number approximately doubled, and treating these myocytes with 1,25(OH) 2 Da 3 inhibited their proliferation by 56.56% after 4 days. (umn.edu)
Finally, the data demonstrate that the mechanism by which 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 regulates myocyte proliferation involves blocking entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. (umn.edu)
fruits in RSC96 Schwann cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
fruits facilitate the survival and proliferation of RSC96 cells via insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Schwann cells are capable of dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation, the expression of growth-promoting factors and the myelination of regenerating axons. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, enhancing Schwann cell proliferation might be a potential approach for neuron regeneration in neuron injury. (biomedcentral.com)
The fact that lower concentrations were more effective at inducing proliferation than higher concentrations (which suppressed cell growth), indicates that Roundup is a potent endocrine disrupter, and further highlights why conventional toxicological risk assessments are inadequate because they do not account for the fact that as concentrations are reduced certain types of toxicity - e.g. endocrine disruption - actually increase . (healthimpactnews.com)
It is important to emphasize that while the researchers observed cell proliferation-associated changes in the expression of the Ca2+- binding proteins S100A6/A9 following glyphosate exposure to human skin cells, the implications of these findings reach beyond the skin cell lineage. (healthimpactnews.com)
The study included a diagram (shown below) representing graphically the multiple ways in which glyphosate disrupts cellular structure/function to contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation. (healthimpactnews.com)
It was demonstrated that resveratrol inhibited the viability and proliferation of HCC cells assessed by MTT and EdU assays. (spandidos-publications.com)
These findings suggested that resveratrol inhibits proliferation and migration through SIRT1 mediated post‑translational modification of PI3K/AKT pathway in HCC cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
MWCNT-stimulated cell proliferation was most prominent in fibroblasts but not myofibroblasts. (cdc.gov)
When hosts suffer influenza virus infection, the TNFSF14-HVEM signaling pathway can stimulate the maturation and proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells, which helps the host immune system stimulate a second immune response against respiratory virus infection. (bvsalud.org)

The expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A increased in a dose-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
In conclusion, in this study, we demonstrated that glyphosate may possibly exert proliferative effect in HaCaT cells by activating Ca2+ binding proteins to promote the imbalance of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and lessen SOD1 to increase ROS generation. (healthimpactnews.com)
Clustered DNA damage, influence on damage excision by XRS5 nuclear extracts and Escherichia coli Nth and Fpg proteins. (ox.ac.uk)
Macrolactin R impacted the membrane structure of Botrytis cinerea, resulting in changes in membrane permeability and leakage of proteins and nucleic acids, then cell death. (bvsalud.org)

The diversity introduced by TdT has played an important role in the evolution of the vertebrate immune system, significantly increasing the variety of antigen receptors that a cell is equipped with to fight pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
We also applied a functional screening approach to identify relevant NK cell receptor/ligand interactions that induce efficient anti-tumor responses using a panel NK-92 cell lines GM to over-express 12 different activating receptors. (frontiersin.org)

detected abnormal differentiation and hyperproliferation of the conjunctival epithelium associated with increased expression of cytokeratins 10,13,14 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. (aao.org)
Role of silver staining nucleolar organizer regions, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, and c-myc in differentiation and prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
Its inhibition in human ES cells results in enhanced spontaneous differentiation. (silverchair.com)
The relationship between B cells and CD4 T cells has been carefully studied, revealing a collaborative effort in which B cells promote the activation, differentiation, and expansion of CD4 T cells while the so-called "helper" cells provide signals to B cells, influencing their class switching and fate. (bvsalud.org)
that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)

Inhibition of pRb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression by an antennapedia-p16(INK4A) fusion peptide in pancreatic cancer cells. (semanticscholar.org)
Role of cell cycle control and cyclin-dependent kinases in breast cancer. (semanticscholar.org)
In conclusion, DNAM-1 or NKG2D over-expression elicited a dynamic increase in NK cell degranulation against all sarcoma explants and cancer cell lines tested, including those that failed to induce a notable response in WT NK-92 cells. (frontiersin.org)
The highly correlated results unmistakably point to a systematic downregulation of mitochondrial activities, which we hypothesize aims to downgrade the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and the dependency of cancer cells on angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The new study, published in the peer-reviewed journal ISRN Dermatology , [ii] sought out to clarify the exact mode of tumorigenic action, finding the likely mechanism behind glyphosate's cancer promoting properties is through the downregulation of mitochondrial apoptotic (self-destructive) signaling pathways, as well as through the disruption of a wide range of cell signaling and regulatory components. (healthimpactnews.com)
Resveratrol (RES, trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenol compound derived from grapes, berries, peanuts and other sources, and it has inhibitory effects on several types of cancer cell lines such as colon, lung and prostate and affects diverse molecular targets ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Resveratrol has been shown to inhibit activation of multiple survival pathways including PI3K/AKT pathway to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells ( 9 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Can chymase-positive mast cells play a role in the progression of gastric cancer via angiogenesis? (wjgnet.com)
Western Blot: Cyclin D1 Antibody (SPM587) [NBP2-32840] - analysis of Cyclin D1 in human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cell lysate using anti-Cyclin D1. (novusbio.com)
The research protocol notes that AOH1996 is not toxic to healthy cells and that treatment with this medicine both pauses cell DNA synthesis and inhibits DNA repair, leading to a type of cell death known as apoptosis in the cancer cells. (worldhealth.net)
This is a new way of trying to kill cancer cells or at least to slow it down. (worldhealth.net)
Previous studies have shown that around 85 of cancer cells upregulate the telomerase enzyme through a different mechanism to lengthen telomeres. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)
Sirtuins might therefore be of therapeutic significance, as they are overexpressed in cancer cells, and sirtuin inhibitors inhibit the development of thymic lymphomas in murine models. (silverchair.com)

DNA Polymerase and Mismatch Repair Exert Distinct Microsatellite Instability Signatures in Normal and Malignant Human Cells. (genome.jp)
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase ( TdT ), also known as DNA nucleotidylexotransferase ( DNTT ) or terminal transferase , is a specialized DNA polymerase expressed in immature, pre-B, pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia /lymphoma cells. (wikipedia.org)
TUNEL assay revealed that resveratrol induced cell apoptosis by increasing HCC apoptosis rate from 3±0.78% to 16±1.12% with upregulation of B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2 associated X, apoptosis regulator and cleaved‑poly (ADP‑Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), and downregulation of Bcl‑2, caspase‑3, caspase‑7 and PARP. (spandidos-publications.com)

Combined TAE226 and SOR treatment reduced HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo by affecting tumour-promoting gene expression and inducing epigenetic changes via dysregulation of the nuclear interactome of FAK. (researchsquare.com)
We applied the robust Gene Identification Signature Paired-End diTag technology (GIS-PET) to reveal the global pathway aberrations in melanoma by using the murine melanoma cell line B16F1 as a model system. (biomedcentral.com)
It uses mRNAs from a given cell line or tissue to generate a labeled target sample, which is hybridized to a large number of DNA sequences, each representing a gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Daughter cells that inherit these wrong bases carry mutations from which the original DNA sequence is unrecoverable (except in the rare case of a back mutation , for example, through gene conversion ). (wikipedia.org)
Because this gene normally restrains cell growth and division, a reduction in its activity leads to overgrowth and the other features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutant p53 tumor suppressor gene product was found in 2 of 9 cases in epithelial displasia and 30 of 38 cases in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of oral mucosa. (nii.ac.jp)
Up to now, research in to the biology of inositol phosphate kinases continues to be well-served by hereditary research, including gene knock-outs both in microorganisms and cultured cells. (immune-source.com)

Upregulation of cell cycle progression, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways were more limited to certain region(s) of the pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
fruits triggers the phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor- phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase pathway, and up-regulated the proliferating cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
The phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway plays an important role in cell survival and PI3K activity has been linked to a variety of human cancers ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Inhibition of PI3K pathway leads to dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of active FoxOs, which induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Regardless of the particular lineage pathway involved, differentiated human ES cells downregulate sirtuin 1, a histone deacetylase. (silverchair.com)

This was correlated with increased expression of the Type II cell marker, proSP-C, suggesting that silica induces Type II cell hyperplasia. (cdc.gov)
Despite the strong expression of CD112 and CD155 on sarcoma cells, characterization of freshly dissociated sarcomas revealed a general decrease in tumor-infiltrating NK cells compared to the periphery, suggesting a defect in the endogenous NK cell response. (frontiersin.org)
Using GM NK-92 cells against primary sarcoma explants ( n = 12) revealed that DNAM-1 over-expression on NK-92 cells led to efficient degranulation against all tested explants ( n = 12). (frontiersin.org)
Mast cell density and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p185, estrogen receptor, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in gastric carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
In this study, we demonstrate that PARK7-binding Comp23 reduces the oxidative damage of duodenal epithelial cells, via increased expression of NRF2- and P53-regulated genes. (hindawi.com)
The tumor cell differntiation and the degree of E-cad expression were significantly corresponded. (nii.ac.jp)
Tenascin expression in adenoid bosal cell carcinoma of the skin. (nii.ac.jp)

Melanin biosynthesis genes were solely expressed in the cells of melanocytic origin, indicating the feasibility of using the PET approach for transcriptome comparison. (biomedcentral.com)

Sharawy, MM, Ali, AM & Choi, WS 2002, ' Immunohistochemical Localization and Distribution of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in the Rabbit Mandibular Condyle Following Experimental Induction of Anterior Disk Displacement ', Cranio - Journal of Craniomandibular Practice , vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 111-115. (elsevier.com)
Immunohistochemical localization was confined to cell nuclei, and limited in epithelial dysplasia, and basal and parabasal area in SCC.Ratio of mutant p53 positive cells in SCC cells was correlated with malignancy of SCCs. (nii.ac.jp)

Silica exposure alters mouse lung mechanics through inflammation and Type II cell hyperplasia. (cdc.gov)
Cell cycle analysis on RSC96 Schwann cells showed that, after exposure to Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (biomedcentral.com)
CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)

Apigenin did not affect cell viability, but stimulatedproliferation and T and E release, and inhibited apoptosis and P secretion. (greenmedinfo.com)
Cell viability was measured by MTT, LDH, and Annexin V apoptosis assays. (hindawi.com)

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Cyclin D1 Antibody (SPM587) [NBP2-32840] - Formalin-paraffin human Mantle Cell Lymphoma stained with Cyclin D1 Ab (Clone SPM587). (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: Cyclin D1 Antibody (SPM587) [NBP2-32840] - Flow Cytometric analysis of human Cyclin D1 on MCF-7 cells. (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: Cyclin D1 Antibody (SPM587) [NBP2-32840] - Flow Cytometric analysis of human Cyclin D1 on Jurkat cells. (novusbio.com)
This antibody is useful in identifying mantle cell lymphomas (cyclin D1 positive) from CLL/SLL and follicular lymphomas (cyclin D1 negative). (novusbio.com)

Addgene: Suppression of cell transformation by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57KIP2 requires binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. (addgene.org)

6 samples were doubled labeled with antibodies to bFGF and tryptase (a mast cell marker) to determine if mast cells are a source of bFGF in pterygia. (elsevier.com)

In the present study, we investigated the role of increased PARK7 level on the epithelial cell and mucosal integrity of the small intestine. (hindawi.com)

Squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive epithelial malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract comprising 90% of all head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). (jomfp.in)

Histologically, the fully formed domelike lesion reveals a mass of proliferating squamous epithelial cells, which created the central core of keratin. (medscape.com)
KA lesions can easily be mistaken for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). (medscape.com)
[ 7 ] In KAs, cells that stain positive with proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunostaining are distributed only in the outer edges of the tumor, corresponding to the proliferating squamous epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
Several randomized clinical trials have testified a significant survival benefit for neoadjuvant CRT in patients with squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus [ 2 - 4 ]. (jcancer.org)
Forty-eight resected specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were received. (jomfp.in)
The risk is increased 1000-fold for squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and fibrosarcoma and is increased 10-fold to 20-fold for other tumors. (medscape.com)

Neuron injury stimulates various physiological responses that facilitate nerve cell regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)

[16] Cell lines derived from these patients served as one of the first sources of pure TdT and lead to the discovery that differences in activity exist between human and bovine isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
Among them TAE226, emerging as the most effective FAKi, was then tested alone or in combination with SOR using 2D/3D human HCC cell line cultures and HCC xenograft murine models. (researchsquare.com)
In this study, we investigated the NK cell receptor/ligand immune profile of primary human sarcoma explants. (frontiersin.org)
These results support the broad therapeutic potential of DNAM-1 + or NKG2D + GM NK-92 cells and GM human NK cells for the treatment of sarcomas and other malignancies. (frontiersin.org)
[1] In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in tens of thousands of individual molecular lesions per cell per day. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers from the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research have recently confirmed the carcinogenic potential of Roundup herbicide using human skin cells (HaCaT ) exposed to extremely low concentrations of the world's best selling herbicide. (healthimpactnews.com)
Cyclin D1, one of the key cell cycle regulators, is a putative proto-oncogene overexpressed in a wide variety of human neoplasms. (novusbio.com)
In vitro study, human tongue carcinoma cells line (SCCKN), human salivary adenocarcinoma cell (SGT-1) and NIH3T3-3 had enhanced secretion of TN in the presence of transforming growth factor beta in a dose dependent manner and TN itself was found to possess a growth-enhancing activity. (nii.ac.jp)
He went on to discuss that numerous microRNA promoters are unmethylated in human ES cells. (silverchair.com)

Comp23 treatment reduced the H 2 O 2 -induced intracellular accumulation of ROS, thus preserving the integrity of the cytoskeleton and also the viability of the FHs74Int cells. (hindawi.com)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a potent mitogenic peptide for a variety of cell types. (elsevier.com)

Journal of Cell Biology. (elsevier.com)
Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.org)

Fibronectin (FN) stained in salivary duct cells and stromal connective tissue. (nii.ac.jp)
Upon tissue injury, fibroblasts are activated, and activated fibroblasts migrate to the injured sites, proliferate and differentiate into myofibroblasts. (cdc.gov)
When ES cells differentiate into different lineages, different sets of microRNA-encoding loci become methylated,providing evidence for the tissue-specific methylation of these loci. (silverchair.com)
Participating in the process are lymphoid tissue initiator, lymphoid tissue inducer, and lymphoid tissue organizer cells. (aai.org)
The wound is rapidly covered by skin cells within the first 24 hours after the injury, protecting the reconstructing tissue underneath. (regenerativemedicine.net)

These proliferating cells exhibit no cytologic abnormalities and have a normal nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. (medscape.com)
In culture, cells from affected individuals exhibit elevated rates of chromosomal breakage or instability, leading to chromosomal rearrangements. (medscape.com)
Interactions between B cells and CD8 T cells are not as well studied, although CD8 T cells exhibit an accelerated contraction after certain infections in B-cell-deficient mice. (bvsalud.org)

After injury, the Schwann cells from the periphery migrate to the injured site to facilitate the repair processes [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitutively sample self-Ags and migrate to draining LNs even in the steady state. (aai.org)

The sites of organized lymphoid cell accumulations are termed primary and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) 3 . (aai.org)
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) or, more accurately, tertiary lymphoid tissues are accumulations of lymphoid cells that arise in the adult. (aai.org)

and release of progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E) in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. (bvsalud.org)

Primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas mimicking KAs have been reported. (medscape.com)
Here, we find that B cells significantly enhance primary CD8 T cell responses after vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
We also show that interleukin-27 production by B cells contributes to their impact on primary, but not memory, CD8 responses. (bvsalud.org)

The levels of filaggrin, inflammatory T helper 2 polarizing cytokines (thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin 33 (IL-33)) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27 (CCL27), histological severity markers, T-cell and dendritic cell counts in biopsies from lesional skin of severe atopic dermatitis patients with and without filaggrin mutation and healthy skin were quantified by immunohistochemistry. (medicaljournals.se)

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was also upregulated in the alveolar epithelium. (cdc.gov)
There the microbe encounters the alveolar macrophage (AMac) and submucosal dendritic cell (DC). (intechopen.com)

The effect of PND1186, PF431396, TAE226 on cell viability was compared to SOR. (researchsquare.com)
These mechanisms altogether moderate the oxidative damage of intracellular macromolecules, promote repair processes, and enhance the viability of the affected cells. (hindawi.com)

The aim of this study was to compare the KC innate immune functions, and T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) counts in the lesional skin of patients with severe AD with genetic or acquired FLG loss. (medicaljournals.se)
The outcome of the ensuing battle will determine whether the infection will remain locally limited within the engulfing cells of the innate immune system, or will continue to spread, causing the individual to become a clinically active TB patient [ 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. (intechopen.com)
1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)
NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in astrocytomas. (who.int)
Maiti AK, Ghosh K, Chatterjee U, Chakrobarti S, Chatterjee S, Basu S. Epidermal growth factor receptor and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in astrocytomas. (who.int)

Furthermore, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis indicated that SPRY1 binds to nuclear factor kappa B1 (NF-κB1) to prevent nuclear translocation of p65, inhibit activation of NF-κB signaling, prevent excessive inflammatory reaction in the testis, and protect the integrity of the blood-testis barrier. (bvsalud.org)

These findings suggest that the immune-mediated skin inflammation (represented by keratinocyte-derived factors, T-cell and dendritic cell counts) is similar in the 2 patient groups with severe atopic dermatitis, and that immune activation is connected to the severity of the disease rather than to the origin of barrier alterations. (medicaljournals.se)

In this article we review the structure, function, development, and maintenance of SLOs where T and B cells encounter Ag to generate effector cells or tolerance. (aai.org)

Natural Killer (NK) cells exert anti-tumor activity upon detection of a complex array of tumor ligands, but this has not been thoroughly explored in the context of sarcoma immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)

1991. Control of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced crypt hyperplasia by naturalkiller cells and its relevance to carcinogenics. (cdc.gov)

The growth factors that are produced by Schwann cells play an important role in peripheral nerve repair. (biomedcentral.com)
To investigate the role of oxidative stress, FHs74Int cells were treated with H 2 O 2 in the absence or presence of Comp23, a PARK7-binding compound. (hindawi.com)
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible role of PARK7 in the pathomechanism of CD, with particular attention on oxidative damage of intestinal epithelial cells. (hindawi.com)
The local tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the ability of tumor cells to proliferate and metastasize. (bioone.org)
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (bvsalud.org)

While interactions among various cell types are known to be important for tumor growth, most in vitro models utilize only tumor cells, ignoring the importance of tumor-stroma interactions, as well as the contribution of immune cells, which may be important for potential therapies. (bioone.org)
Better understanding of the interactions between CD8 T cells and B cells may aid in the design of more effective future vaccine strategies. (bvsalud.org)

It is indicated that p21-mediated inhibition of cdk2 contributes to the cell cycle arrest imposed by p16 and is a potential point of cooperation between the p16/pRB and p14ARF/p53 tumor suppressor pathways. (semanticscholar.org)
We annotated PETs to pathways of KEGG database and compared the murine B16F1 melanoma transcriptome with three non-melanoma murine transcriptomes (Melan-a2 melanocytes, E14 embryonic stem cells, and E17.5 embryo). (biomedcentral.com)

In moderately differentiated SCC,tumor cells in central foci have positive staining and peripheral area negative. (nii.ac.jp)

It is concluded that cyclin D:Cdk4/6 activity is required for early G1 phase cell cycle progression up to, but not beyond, activation of cyclin E:C DK2 complexes at the restriction point and is thus nonredundant with cyclin Cdk2 in late G1. (semanticscholar.org)
The cell cycle in mammalian cells is regulated by a series of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (semanticscholar.org)
Flow cytometry revealed that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 reduced the percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle by 31.39% after 4 days. (umn.edu)

bFGF was immunolocalized in blood vessels, epithelium, and a subset of mononuclear cells. (elsevier.com)

TdT is absent in fetal liver HSCs , significantly impairing junctional diversity in B-cells during the fetal period. (wikipedia.org)
Results Telomeres length of T helper, T cytotoxic, natural killer and B cells increased significantly by over 20 following HBOT. (hilfenetzwerk-cic.de)

Anatomy20

Organisms14

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21Waf1/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. (1/3288)

Differential roles for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 in the mechanisms of senescence and differentiation in human fibroblasts. (2/3288)

Double-strand break repair in yeast requires both leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases. (3/3288)

Studies on the interactions between human replication factor C and human proliferating cell nuclear antigen. (4/3288)

Replication-dependent marking of DNA by PCNA facilitates CAF-1-coupled inheritance of chromatin. (5/3288)

Effect of leukocytes on corneal cellular proliferation and wound healing. (6/3288)

Protective effects of transient HO-1 overexpression on susceptibility to oxygen toxicity in lung cells. (7/3288)

p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma: its relationship with p53, cell proliferation and survival. (8/3288)

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens

Antigens

Replication Protein C

Antigens, Viral

Antigens, Neoplasm

Antigens, Bacterial

Antigens, Surface

Antigens, Nuclear

DNA Polymerase III

DNA Replication

Cell Division

Nuclear Proteins

Immunohistochemistry

Herpesvirus 4, Human

Molecular Sequence Data

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

Antigens, Protozoan

Cell Proliferation

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

Cell Line

Flap Endonucleases

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Amino Acid Sequence

HLA Antigens

Antigens, CD

DNA

Ki-67 Antigen

Bromodeoxyuridine

Antigens, Fungal

Base Sequence

Cell Cycle

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21

Autoantigens

DNA-Binding Proteins

Antigens, Helminth

Cell Nucleus

Cyclins

S Phase

H-2 Antigens

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Protein Binding

Apoptosis

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Cells, Cultured

DNA Repair

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

Epitopes

Herpesvirus 8, Human

Hyperplasia

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

HLA-DR Antigens

DNA Damage

Blotting, Western

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

B-Lymphocytes

Histocompatibility Antigens

HeLa Cells

Ultraviolet Rays

T-Lymphocytes

Cell Cycle Proteins

RNA, Messenger

Burkitt Lymphoma

DNA Polymerase II

Antibodies, Antinuclear

Recombinant Proteins

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Pyrococcus furiosus

Immunoglobulin G

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Prostate-Specific Antigen

O Antigens

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Liver Regeneration

DNA Ligases

Mitotic Index

In Situ Nick-End Labeling

Tumor Cells, Cultured