Progesterone. Medical search

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.

PROGESTERONE-producing cells in the CORPUS LUTEUM. The large luteal cells derive from the GRANULOSA CELLS. The small luteal cells derive from the THECA CELLS.

An acyclic state that resembles PREGNANCY in that there is no ovarian cycle, ESTROUS CYCLE, or MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Unlike pregnancy, there is no EMBRYO IMPLANTATION. Pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form DECIDUOMA in the UTERUS.

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Steroids containing the fundamental tetracyclic unit with no methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and with no side chain at C-17. The concept includes both saturated and unsaturated derivatives.

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

Ducts that serve exclusively for the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the exterior of the body. In non-mammals, they are termed oviducts. In mammals, they are highly specialized and known as FALLOPIAN TUBES.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Degradation of CORPUS LUTEUM. In the absence of pregnancy and diminishing trophic hormones, the corpus luteum undergoes luteolysis which is characterized by the involution and cessation of its endocrine function.

Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-hydroxysteroids, such as from a 20-ketosteroid to a 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.149) or to a 20-beta-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.53).

The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.

Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.

Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of PREGNANCY.

A glycoprotein migrating as alpha 1-globulin, molecular weight 70,000 to 120,000. The protein, which is present in increased amounts in the plasma during pregnancy, binds mainly progesterone, with other steroids including testosterone competing weakly.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.

Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

(9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.

An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.

Occurrence or induction of ESTRUS in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with ESTROUS CYCLE.

The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Process of maintaining the functions of CORPORA LUTEA, specifically PROGESTERONE production which is regulated primarily by pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in cycling females, and by PLACENTAL HORMONES in pregnant females. The ability to maintain luteal functions is important in PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.

The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate DNA transcription.

Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.

A synthetic progestational hormone with no androgenic or estrogenic properties. Unlike many other progestational compounds, dydrogesterone produces no increase in temperature and does not inhibit OVULATION.

The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.

Cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

An enzymes that catalyzes the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-alpha-hydroxysteroids, such as from PROGESTERONE to 20-ALPHA-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.

Unsaturated derivatives of the ESTRANES with methyl groups at carbon-13, with no carbon at carbon-10, and with no more than one carbon at carbon-17. They must contain one or more double bonds.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Delay in the attachment and implantation of BLASTOCYST to the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The blastocyst remains unattached beyond the normal duration thus delaying embryonic development.

Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.

Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.

The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.

Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.

A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy. It produces relaxation of the pubic symphysis and dilation of the uterine cervix in certain animal species. Its role in the human pregnant female is uncertain. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.

Unsaturated androstanes which are substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position in the ring system.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.

One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.

The period following ESTRUS during which the phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in which pregnancy or pseudopregnancy does not occur.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogenic compounds.

Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.

Sexual activities of animals.

Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the PLACENTA during PREGNANCY. These proteins may be pregnancy-specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy-associated (present during pregnancy or under other conditions such as hormone therapy or certain malignancies.)

Formation of CORPUS LUTEUM. This process includes capillary invasion of the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE, hypertrophy of the GRANULOSA CELLS and the THECA CELLS, and the production of PROGESTERONE. Luteinization is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

Chemical compounds causing LUTEOLYSIS or degeneration.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)

Contraction of the UTERINE MUSCLE.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

Transport of the OVUM or fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) from the mammalian oviduct (FALLOPIAN TUBES) to the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION in the UTERUS.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.

Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.

Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of estradiol.

An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.

An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A serpin family member that binds to and transports GLUCOCORTICOIDS in the BLOOD.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An infraclass of MAMMALS, also called Metatheria, where the young are born at an early stage of development and continue to develop in a pouch (marsupium). In contrast to Eutheria (placentals), marsupials have an incomplete PLACENTA.

Devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. Pessaries are used in conditions such as UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYSTOCELE; or RECTOCELE.

Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the ACROSOME of a sperm (SPERMATOZOA). Acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the ZONA PELLUCIDA and enter the OVUM during FERTILIZATION.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.

The refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum. It is used as a solvent and oleaginous vehicle for drugs and has been used internally as a laxative and externally as a skin softener. It is used also in the manufacture of margarine, soap, and cosmetics. (Dorland, 28th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.

Excision of the uterus.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Plantaginaceae which yield cardiotonic DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES. The most useful species are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.

Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

A family of herbivorous leaping MAMMALS of Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands. Members include kangaroos, wallabies, quokkas, and wallaroos.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.

Proteins, generally found in the CYTOPLASM, that specifically bind ANDROGENS and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Liquid components of living organisms.

The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of five named species: PAPIO URSINUS (chacma baboon), PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (yellow baboon), PAPIO PAPIO (western baboon), PAPIO ANUBIS (or olive baboon), and PAPIO HAMADRYAS (hamadryas baboon). Members of the Papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. Some authors consider MANDRILLUS a subgenus of Papio.

Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.

Methods for recognizing the state of ESTRUS.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.

The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.

General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.

In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (1/8319)

Glucocorticoids, at physiological concentration, inhibit cell division and thymidine incorporation in three lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture. At steroid concentrations sufficient to inhibit thymidine incorporation 50%, little or no effect is seen on protein synthesis 48 hr after hormone addition. All three of these lines are shown to have glucocorticoid receptors demonstrable by competitive protein binding assays. Receptors are extensively characterized in one line by sucrose density gradient analysis and binding specificity studies. Good correlation between receptor-binding specificity and biological activity is found except for progesterone, which binds to glucocorticoid receptor but is noninhibitory. Cross-competition and quantification studies demonstrate a separate receptor for progesterone. This receptor has limited binding specificities restricted largely to progestational agents, whereas the glucocorticoid receptor bound both glucocorticoids and progesterone. Two other human breast cancer lines neither contain glucocorticoid receptor nor are inhibited by glucocorticoids. It is concluded that in some cases glucocorticoids can directly limit growth in human breast cancer in vitro without requiring alterations in other trophic hormones. (+info)

Progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced cyclin D1 and cdk4 nuclear translocation, cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activation, and cell proliferation in uterine epithelial cells in mice. (2/8319)

The response of the uterine epithelium to female sex steroid hormones provides an excellent model to study cell proliferation in vivo since both stimulation and inhibition of cell proliferation can be studied. Thus, when administered to ovariectomized adult mice 17beta-estradiol (E2) stimulates a synchronized wave of DNA synthesis and cell division in the epithelial cells, while pretreatment with progesterone (P4) completely inhibits this E2-induced cell proliferation. Using a simple method to isolate the uterine epithelium with high purity, we have shown that E2 treatment induces a relocalization of cyclin D1 and, to a lesser extent, cdk4 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and results in the orderly activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinases and hyperphosphorylation of pRb and p107. P4 pretreatment did not alter overall levels of cyclin D1, cdk4, or cdk6 nor their associated kinase activities but instead inhibited the E2-induced nuclear localization of cyclin D1 to below the control level and, to a lesser extent, nuclear cdk4 levels, with a consequent inhibition of pRb and p107 phosphorylation. In addition, it abrogated E2-induced cyclin E-cdk2 activation by dephosphorylation of cdk2, followed by inhibition of cyclin A expression and consequently of cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activity and further inhibition of phosphorylation of pRb and p107. P4 is used therapeutically to oppose the effect of E2 during hormone replacement therapy and in the treatment of uterine adenocarcinoma. This study showing a novel mechanism of cell cycle inhibition by P4 may provide the basis for the development of new antiestrogens. (+info)

Progesterone alters biliary flow dynamics. (3/8319)

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that progesterone alters sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder function and, therefore, bile flow dynamics. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although the effects of progesterone on the biliary tract have been implicated in the increased incidence of gallstones among women, the specific effects of prolonged elevation of progesterone levels, such as occurs with contraceptive progesterone implants and during pregnancy, on the sphincter of Oddi and biliary flow dynamics are still incompletely understood. METHODS: Adult female prairie dogs were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous implants containing either progesterone or inactive pellet matrix only. Hepatic bile partitioning and gallbladder emptying were determined 14 days later using 99mTc-Mebrofenin cholescintigraphy. RESULTS: Significantly less hepatic bile partitioned into the gallbladder in progesterone-treated than in control animals. The gallbladder ejection fraction was significantly reduced from 73+/-6% in controls to 59+/-3% in the progesterone-treated animals. The rate of gallbladder emptying was significantly reduced from 3.6+/-0.3%/minute to 2.9+/-0.1%/minute. CONCLUSIONS: Progesterone administered as subcutaneous implants alters partitioning of hepatic bile between gallbladder and small intestine and, therefore, gallbladder filling. Progesterone also significantly impairs gallbladder emptying in response to cholecystokinin. The effects of progesterone on the sphincter of Oddi and the gallbladder may contribute to the greater prevalence of gallstones and biliary motility disorders among women. (+info)

Delay of preterm delivery in sheep by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates. (4/8319)

A positive correlation has been shown between dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in late pregnancy and gestation length in pregnant women and experimental animals. To determine whether omega-3 fatty acids have an effect on preterm labor in sheep, a fish oil concentrate emulsion was continuously infused to six pregnant ewes from 124 days gestational age. At 125 days, betamethasone was administered to the fetus to produce preterm labor. Both the onset of labor and the time of delivery were delayed by the fish oil emulsion. Two of the omega-3-infused ewes reverted from contractions to nonlabor, an effect never previously observed for experimental glucocorticoid-induced preterm labor in sheep. Maternal plasma estradiol and maternal and fetal prostaglandin E2 rose in control ewes but not in those infused with omega-3 fatty acid. The ability of omega-3 fatty acids to delay premature delivery in sheep indicates their possible use as tocolytics in humans. Premature labor is the major cause of neonatal death and long-term disability, and these studies present information that may lead to a novel therapeutic regimen for the prevention of preterm delivery in human pregnancy. (+info)

Endocrine biomarkers of early fetal loss in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) following exposure to dioxin. (5/8319)

This study examines the endocrine alterations associated with early fetal loss (EFL) induced by an environmental toxin, TCDD (2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), in the cynomolgus macaque, a well-documented reproductive/developmental model for humans. Females were administered single doses of 1, 2, and 4 microgram/kg TCDD (n = 4 per dose group) on gestational day (GD) 12. Urinary estrogen metabolites (estrone conjugates) were monitored to establish the day of ovulation, and serum hormones (estradiol, progesterone, chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin) were measured to assess ovarian and placental endocrine status before and after treatment. EFL occurred between GDs 22 and 32 in 10 of the 12 animals treated with TCDD. The primary endocrine alterations associated with TCDD treatment were significant decreases in serum estradiol and bioactive chorionic gonadotropin concentrations (p < 0.02). Less pronounced decreases in serum progesterone (p = 0.10) and relaxin (p < 0.08) also followed TCDD treatment. In contrast, immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin concentrations were not reduced by TCDD exposure at any level, indicating that TCDD targets specific components of the chorionic gonadotropin synthesis machinery within the trophoblast to alter the functional capacity of the hormone. These data demonstrate the value of endocrine biomarkers in identifying a toxic exposure to primate pregnancy many days before direct signs of reproductive toxicity were apparent. The increased EFL that occurred after exposure to TCDD might reflect a toxic response initially mediated via endocrine imbalance, leading to placental insufficiency, compromised embryonic circulation, and subsequent EFL. (+info)

Steroid regulation of retinol-binding protein in the ovine oviduct. (6/8319)

Two studies were conducted to identify retinol-binding protein (RBP) expression in the ovine oviduct and to determine the role of ovarian steroids in its regulation. Ewes were salpingectomized on Days 1, 5, or 10 of their respective estrous cycles, and oviducts were homogenized for RNA analysis, fixed for immunocytochemistry (ICC), or cultured for 24 h for protein analysis. ICC localized RBP to the epithelium of all oviducts. RBP synthesis was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled RBP from the medium of oviductal explant cultures. Explant culture medium from oviducts harvested on Day 1 contained significantly more RBP than medium from oviducts collected on Days 5 or 10. Slot-blot analysis demonstrated that steady-state RBP mRNA levels were significantly higher on Day 1 than Day 5 or 10. In the second experiment, ovariectomized ewes were treated with estradiol-17beta (E2), progesterone (P4), E2+P4 (E2+P4), or vehicle control, and oviducts were analyzed as above. P4 alone or in combination with E2 significantly reduced steady-state RBP mRNA levels compared to those in E2-treated animals. Oviductal explants from E2- and E2+P4-treated animals released 3- to 5-fold more RBP into the medium than control and P4 treatments as determined by ELISA. RBP synthesis of metabolically labeled RBP was increased by E2 and E2+P4 treatments. This study demonstrates that P4 applied on an estradiol background negatively regulates RBP gene expression in the oviduct whereas estradiol appears to stimulate RBP synthesis and secretion. (+info)

Luteinizing hormone inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in luteal cells from rats on day 19 of pregnancy. (7/8319)

We have previously reported that intrabursal ovarian administration of LH at the end of pregnancy in rats induces a decrease in luteal progesterone (P4) synthesis and an increase in P4 metabolism. However, whether this local luteolytic effect of LH is exerted directly on luteal cells or on other structures, such as follicular or stromal cells, to modify luteal function is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of LH on isolated luteal cells obtained on Day 19 of pregnancy. Incubation of luteal cells with 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ng/ml of ovine LH (oLH) for 6 h did not modify basal P4 production. The addition to the culture medium of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22R-HC, 10 microgram/ml), a membrane-permeable P4 precursor, or pregnenolone (10(-2) microM) induced a significant increase in P4 accumulation in the medium in relation to the control value. When luteal cells were preincubated for 2 h with oLH, a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the 22R-HC- or pregnenolone-stimulated P4 accumulation was observed. Incubation of luteal cells with dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM, a cAMP analogue) plus isobutylmethylxanthine (1 mM, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) also inhibited pregnenolone-stimulated P4 accumulation. Incubation with an inositol triphosphate synthesis inhibitor, neomycin (1 mM), or an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, (8,9-N, N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (1 mM), did not prevent the decrease in pregnenolone-stimulated P4 secretion induced by oLH. It was concluded that the luteolytic action of LH in late pregnancy is due, at least in part, to a direct action on the luteal cells and that an increase in intracellular cAMP level might mediate this effect. (+info)

Identification and cloning of xp95, a putative signal transduction protein in Xenopus oocytes. (8/8319)

A 95-kDa protein in Xenopus oocytes, Xp95, was shown to be phosphorylated from the first through the second meiotic divisions during progesterone-induced oocyte maturation. Xp95 was purified and cloned. The Xp95 protein sequence exhibited homology to mouse Rhophilin, budding yeast Bro1, and Aspergillus PalA, all of which are implicated in signal transduction. It also contained three conserved features including seven conserved tyrosines, a phosphorylation consensus sequence for the Src family of tyrosine kinases, and a proline-rich domain near the C terminus that contains multiple SH3 domain-binding motifs. We showed the following: 1) that both Xp95 isolated from Xenopus oocytes and a synthetic peptide containing the Src phosphorylation consensus sequence of Xp95 were phosphorylated in vitro by Src kinase and to a lesser extent by Fyn kinase; 2) Xp95 from Xenopus oocytes or eggs was recognized by an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, and the relative abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated Xp95 increased during oocyte maturation; and 3) microinjection of deregulated Src mRNA into Xenopus oocytes increased the abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated Xp95. These results suggest that Xp95 is an element in a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that may be involved in progesterone-induced Xenopus oocyte maturation. (+info)

Since eggs release progesterone, sperm may use progesterone as a homing signal to swim toward eggs (chemotaxis). As a result, ... Progesterone can be taken by mouth, through the vagina, and by injection into muscle or fat, among other routes. Progesterone ... Progesterone is the most important progestogen in the body. As a potent agonist of the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) ( ... A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor. In addition, progesterone inhibits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone

Progesterone antagonists prevent the structural reconfiguration. After progesterone binds to the receptor, restructuring with ... Membrane progesterone receptor Selective progesterone receptor modulator Phytoprogestogen GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... Progesterone is necessary to induce the progesterone receptors. When no binding hormone is present the carboxyl terminal ... the physiological effects of progesterone depend completely on the presence of the human progesterone receptor (hPR), a member ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor

A progesterone elevation may refer to: Any elevation in progesterone Specifically, a progesterone level above 0.8 ng/ml on the ... as a biomarker in in vitro fertilization This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Progesterone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_elevation

... , or progesterone 3,20-dioxime (P4-3,20-DO), also known as 3,20-di(hydroxyimino)pregn-4-en-3-one, is a ... Progesterone C3 and C20 oxime conjugates have been found to be water-soluble prodrugs of progesterone and pregnane ... List of progestogen esters § Oximes of progesterone derivatives J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical ... It is a progestogen oxime - specifically, the C3 and C20 dioxime of the progestogen progesterone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_dioxime

... may refer to: Quantification of the content of progesterone in a sample Progestin challenge This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Progesterone test. If an internal link led you here, you may wish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_test

The progesterone ethers quingestrone (progesterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether) and progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether are among the ... Sublingual progesterone tablets were marketed under the brand names Progesterone Lingusorbs and Progesterone Membrettes by 1951 ... In contrast to oral progesterone, non-oral progesterone-which can achieve much higher progesterone levels-has not been assessed ... In addition, C3 and C20 conjugates of progesterone, such as progesterone carboxymethyloxime (progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)

... , or progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime (P4-3-CMO), is a progestin which was never marketed. ... These properties of progesterone are thought to be caused by its low water solubility and high metabolic clearance rate due to ... It is an oral prodrug of progesterone with improved pharmacokinetic properties. The compound was developed in an attempt to ... Basu, Krishnakali; Kildsig, Dane O.; Mitra, Ashim K. (1988). "Synthesis and kinetic stability studies of progesterone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_carboxymethyloxime

In enzymology, a progesterone monooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction progesterone + AH2 ... This enzyme is also called progesterone hydroxylase. Rahm MA, Sih CJ (August 1966). "Mechanisms of steroid oxidation by ... O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } testosterone acetate + A + H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are progesterone, AH2, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_monooxygenase

... , or progesterone monoxime, is an oxime conjugate of progesterone and may refer to: Progesterone 3-oxime (3-( ... Progesterone dioxime Progestogen ester § Progestogen oximes List of progestogen esters § Oximes of progesterone derivatives ... hydroxyimino)pregn-4-en-3-one) Progesterone 20-oxime (20-(hydroxyimino)pregn-4-en-3-one) ... Progesterone (medication) § Derivatives This set index page lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. If ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_oxime

... inhibit the conversion of pregnenolone into progesterone Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis can also reduce progesterone ... A progesterone synthesis inhibitor, or progestogen synthesis inhibitor, is a type of drug which inhibits the enzymatic ... Examples of such agents include the 3β-HSD inhibitors azastene (WIN-17625) and epostane (WIN-32729). Since progesterone is a ... Progesterone synthesis inhibitors have been researched for medical applications including use as contraceptives, abortifacients ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_synthesis_inhibitor

A progesterone vaginal ring and progesterone intrauterine device are also available as pharmaceutical products. Progesterone is ... or an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like endogenous progesterone. Progesterone ... Progesterone has been evaluated by the intranasal route, in the form of a nasal spray, in one study. Progesterone levels were ... Progesterone levels measured by RIA or LC-MS after a single dose of 100 mg oral or vaginal micronized progesterone in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_progesterone

... delta (mPRδ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAQR6 gene. Membrane progesterone ... The discovery of a membrane located progesterone receptor (mPR) unrelated to the classical progesterone receptor (PR) in fish ... like most of the classical functions of progesterone mediated by progesterone receptors PR-A and PR-B, which mediate ... Membrane progesterone receptor gamma (mPRγ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAQR5 gene. A study about the mPRγ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_progesterone_receptor

A progesterone vaginal ring and progesterone intrauterine device are also available as pharmaceutical products. Progesterone is ... A study of a vaginal progesterone ring that released almost 10 mg/day progesterone and maintained mean progesterone levels of ... In another study, a progesterone vaginal ring that released about 10 mg/day progesterone and produced progesterone levels of ... or an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like endogenous progesterone. Progesterone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of_progesterone

... may appear as urticarial papules, deep gyrate lesions, papulovesicular lesions, an ... Its relapsing-remitting pattern in women correspond to the progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle, which spike twice a ... eczematous eruption, or as targetoid lesions.: 82 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis initially manifests with eye symptoms, e.g ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_progesterone_dermatitis

... can be divided into: Pharmacodynamics of progesterone Pharmacokinetics of progesterone ... Pharmacokinetics of estradiol This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pharmacology of progesterone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_progesterone

The progesterone receptor A (PR-A) is one of three known isoforms of the progesterone receptor (PR), the main biological target ... Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL (2009). "Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor ( ... "Progesterone receptors, their isoforms and progesterone regulated transcription". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 357 (1-2): 18-29. doi: ... The other isoforms of the PR include the PR-B and PR-C. Membrane progesterone receptor Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB (2012). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_A

The progesterone receptor B (PR-B) is one of three known isoforms of the progesterone receptor (PR), the main biological target ... Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL (2009). "Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor ( ... "Progesterone receptors, their isoforms and progesterone regulated transcription". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 357 (1-2): 18-29. doi: ... The other isoforms of the PR include the PR-A and PR-C. Membrane progesterone receptor Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB (2012). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_B

In enzymology, a progesterone 5alpha-reductase (EC 1.3.1.22) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5alpha-pregnan-3 ... Other names in common use include steroid 5-alpha-reductase, and Delta4-steroid 5alpha-reductase (progesterone). This enzyme ... Cheng YJ, Karavolas HJ (1975). "Subcellular distribution and properties of progesterone (delta4-steroid) 5alpha-reductase in ... Cheng YJ, Karavolas HJ (1975). "Properties and subcellular distribution of delta4-steroid (progesterone) 5alpha-reductase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_5alpha-reductase

In enzymology, a progesterone 11alpha-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (11alpha-hydroxylating). This ... V. 11-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone by cell-free preparations of Aspergillus ochraceus". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 202 (1 ... H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are progesterone, AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, A, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_11alpha-monooxygenase

The progesterone receptor C (PR-C) is one of three known isoforms of the progesterone receptor (PR), the main biological target ... Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL (2009). "Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor ( ... "Progesterone receptors, their isoforms and progesterone regulated transcription". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 357 (1-2): 18-29. doi: ... The other isoforms of the PR include the PR-A and PR-B. Membrane progesterone receptor Jacobsen BM, Horwitz KB (2012). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor_C

... (P4-3-O), also known as 3-(hydroxyimino)pregn-4-en-3-one, is a progesterone derivative which was never ... Progesterone C3 and C20 oxime conjugates, like progesterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime, have been found to be water-soluble ... List of progestogen esters § Oximes of progesterone derivatives Shoppee, C. W.; Lack, Ruth E.; Newman, B. C. (1964). "640. Aza- ... It is a progestogen oxime - specifically, the C3 oxime of the progestogen progesterone. ...

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ISBN 978-3-540-69742-8. Klijn JG, Setyono-Han B, Foekens JA (2000). "Progesterone antagonists and progesterone receptor ... It is a silent antagonist of the progesterone receptor (PR), in contrast to the related antiprogestogen mifepristone (which is ... a progesterone receptor antagonist, as first-line therapy in primary breast cancer". Eur. J. Cancer. 35 (2): 214-8. doi:10.1016 ... "Progesterone Receptor Action". Innovative Endocrinology of Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 630. pp ...

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The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. This educational content is not medical or diagnostic advice. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. © 2005-2022 Everyday Health, Inc., a Ziff Davis company. ...

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I would say "since my hcg levels indicate a viable pregnancy but my progesterone level is low and decreasing, would you be able to call in a progesterone supplement. (babycenter.com)
WPI ), today announced that Columbia has submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for PROCHIEVE® (progesterone gel) for the reduction of risk of preterm birth in women with short uterine cervical length in the mid-trimester of pregnancy. (prnewswire.com)
In early April 2011 , Ultrasound and Obstetrics and Gynecology published data from a pivotal Phase III clinical trial of PROCHIEVE® (progesterone gel) to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women with a cervical length between 10 and 20 mm as measured by transvaginal ultrasound at mid-pregnancy. (prnewswire.com)
However, new research suggests that a dose of progesterone may help women to successfully carry the pregnancy to term. (medicalnewstoday.com)
New research from the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, CT, in collaboration with the University of Illinois at Chicago, examines the role of progesterone in helping mothers to carry a pregnancy successfully to term. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Overall, the pregnancy success rate was also higher among women who were treated with progesterone, compared with the control group. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Women who took progesterone had a 68 percent pregnancy success rate, compared with 51 percent in the control group. (medicalnewstoday.com)
When we give progesterone back to these women, the endometrium makes more nutrients and prevents their pregnancy loss. (medicalnewstoday.com)
We are very pleased to find that these results reinforce the evidence that progesterone could be a very beneficial, inexpensive, and safe treatment for many women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss," adds Dr. Stephenson. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The positive results show us that next we need to study progesterone as a treatment for recurrent pregnancy loss with a prospective randomized trial to validate the findings. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Progesterone is a hormone that maintains pregnancy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
This hormone exhibits its action via progesterone receptor, which is specifically expressed in the endometrial stroma throughout pregnancy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
WEDNESDAY, Aug. 30 (HealthDay News) -- Elevated follicular progesterone is associated with early pregnancy loss after natural conceptions in healthy women, according to a study published in the August issue of Fertility and Sterility . (healthday.com)
The researchers found that luteal progesterone levels were similar in women who experienced early pregnancy loss after five weeks and those with sustained conceptions. (healthday.com)
But they found that follicular progesterone levels were significantly higher in women who experienced early pregnancy loss. (healthday.com)
Our results argue that more attention should be directed to follicular progesterone levels in the study of early pregnancy loss and to the factors that may stimulate adrenal production of progesterone,' the authors conclude. (healthday.com)
A better understanding of the role of adrenal progesterone may help to reduce the risk of early pregnancy loss in both assisted reproductive technologies and spontaneous conceptions. (healthday.com)
So when women go through high progesterone states like pregnancy, they often get very loose and limber because their muscles are really relaxed. (mindbodygreen.com)
Especially if you're concerned with the normal progesterone levels in early pregnancy twins are expected to have. (twinstuff.com)
In a nutshell, progesterone is known as "the pregnancy hormone. (twinstuff.com)
Progesterone is a hormone produced by the ovaries that help the uterus prepare for pregnancy. (twinstuff.com)
What are the Normal Progesterone Levels in Pregnancy? (twinstuff.com)
Progesterone levels during the early stages of pregnancy are different from the levels in the final stages. (twinstuff.com)
To understand why this happens, we would need to understand how progesterone specifically works during the various stages of pregnancy. (twinstuff.com)
Within the first two weeks of pregnancy, progesterone levels will be around 1-1.5 ng/ml. (twinstuff.com)
This is when the body starts preparing for a pregnancy resulting in progesterone. (twinstuff.com)
Within the seventh to fourteenth week , the placenta now begins producing progesterone until the end of the pregnancy. (twinstuff.com)
Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. (t-vox.org)
Progesterone is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads - specifically after ovulation in the corpus luteum -, the brain, and - during pregnancy - in the placenta. (t-vox.org)
In humans, increasing amounts of progesterone are produced during pregnancy, initially the source is the corpus luteum that has been "rescued" by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) from the conceptus, but after the 8th week production of progesterone shifts over to the placenta. (t-vox.org)
If pregnancy occurs, progesterone levels are maintained at luteal levels initially. (t-vox.org)
With the onset of the luteal-placental shift in progesterone support of the pregnancy levels start to rise further and may reach 100-200 ng/ml at term. (t-vox.org)
If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels will decrease leading to menstruation in the human. (t-vox.org)
During implantation and gestation, progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy. (t-vox.org)
In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy. (t-vox.org)
The Cochrane had a review current as of 2008 that included four trials of progesterone treatment for women who had a preterm birth in a prior pregnancy. (lamaze.org)
Progesterone, a hormone essential in pregnancy, helps in maintaining the lining of the womb. (indianexpress.com)
During pregnancy, the hormone progesterone helps to prevent the uterus from contracting and going into labor prematurely. (nih.gov)
This occurs through molecular signaling involving progesterone receptor types A and B, referred to as PGR-A and PGR-B. In this first-of-its-kind study, the scientists showed how unbalanced PGR-A and PGR-B signaling can affect pregnancy duration. (nih.gov)
Progesterone measurements are used in documenting ovulation and in the management of difficulties during the first trimester of pregnancy. (biovendor.com)
Levels of progesterone may be useful in the evaluation of sterility due to luteal phase defects, prediction of impending abortion, and the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. (biovendor.com)
Two recent studies have renewed interest in the usefulness of progesterone supplementation during pregnancy for the prevention of preterm delivery. (medscape.com)
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of vaginal progesterone in the prolongation of duration of pregnancy in women at highrisk of developing preterm labor. (who.int)
Women with singleton pregnancy having history of preterm labor, uterine malformation, prophylactic cerclage, currently suffering from premature pains were given daily vaginal progesterone 200 mg from 24 weeks and discontinued at 34 weeks of gestation. (who.int)
So it's no surprise that oral contraceptives, which increase estrogen and/or progesterone levels in the body to prevent pregnancy, impact dental health, too. (huffpost.com)

The women were administered 100-200 milligrams of progesterone every 12 hours, and the treatment was initiated 3 days after a surge in the luteinizing hormone indicated that ovulation was due to begin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Progesterone also controls gonadotropin secretion, activates sexual behavior and triggers ovarian events leading to ovulation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
My understanding is that because breastfeeding suppression ovulation, it also suppresses progesterone production. (progesteronetherapy.com)
In the third and fourth week, which is the time after ovulation, the ovaries start producing more progesterone so it rises to 2 ng/ml. (twinstuff.com)
In female-bodied people, progesterone levels are low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, rise after ovulation, and are elevated during the luteal phase. (t-vox.org)
A dog progesterone test is a useful way of ascertaining the accurate ovulation date for the dog. (pethealthandcare.com)
For breeders and dog owners who are interested in whelping, using the dog progesterone test to determine the ovulation period is a good idea. (pethealthandcare.com)
What's happening in your body is that post-ovulation, progesterone begins to rise. (health.com)
After ovulation, estrogen levels drop and progesterone levels rise. (clevelandclinic.org)

A new study suggests that women who have suffered miscarriages might have better chances of having a baby if they are given the hormone progesterone. (indianexpress.com)
These include birth control pills and an injectable form of the hormone progesterone that's given once every 3 months. (abraxane.com)

Vaginal progesterone, a hormone treatment considered the standard of care for preventing preterm birth in at-risk pregnant women, may not be effective, according to UT Southwestern Medical Center researchers. (news-medical.net)
In premenopausal women being treated for luteal phase defects, 100 mg a day of vaginal progesterone cream is needed to raise serum levels significantly ( 3 ).Thus the 20 mg a day recommended by Dr. Lee is a somewhat low dose compared to that needed to show a rise in blood levels. (wdxcyber.com)
The efficacy of vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix has been questioned after publication of the OPPTIMUM study. (ajog.org)

Progesterone is in a class of medications called progestins (female hormones). (medlineplus.gov)
Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestagens , and is the major naturally occurring human progestagen. (t-vox.org)
Progesterone, like all other steroid hormones, is synthesized from pregnenolone, a derivative of cholesterol. (t-vox.org)
One cause of progesterone imbalance is estrogen dominance by outside factors such as environmental hormones (i.e., xenoestrogen) found in the foods you eat. (bodylogicmd.com)
BodyLogicMD's hormone replacement therapy program begins by measuring the levels of hormones in your body, including progesterone, estrogen and more. (bodylogicmd.com)
As you get near to the menopause, the amount of the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone in your body goes down. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
BIJUVA is the first and only FDA-approved combination of bio-identical hormones, offering a proven balance of bio-identical estradiol to reduce moderate to severe hot flashes combined with bio-identical progesterone to reduce the risks to the endometrium. (apnews.com)
For example, researchers in one 2013 study studied the effects of estrogen and progesterone on female and male mice to determine if the hormones caused constipation. (healthline.com)
Surgical removal of both ovaries removes the hormones they make, which include estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. (swedish.org)
Progesterone cream use can further skew hormones. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Progesterone and Prevention of Preterm Labor. (who.int)

Another study looked at twice the recommended dose, 20 mg twice a day and they found a slight change in the blood level of a metabolite of progesterone but no change in FSH, estradiol or testosterone levels ( 2 ). (wdxcyber.com)
The approval of BIJUVA finally supports the science of combination bio-identical estradiol and progesterone," said Kelly S. Selby, R.Ph. (apnews.com)

While the late luteal phase is characterized by declining progesterone and estrogen, how these hormonal profiles relate to menstrual bleeding patterns is not well understood. (cdc.gov)

He suggests being off for 5 or 6 days each month to allow the progesterone receptors not become desensitized by a constant dose of progesterone. (wdxcyber.com)
Progesterone has received less attention as a potential neuroprotective molecule, even though progesterone receptors are broadly expressed throughout the whole brain, affecting cognitive capabilities and neurogenesis [ 8 ], as well as motivation and anxiolytic effects [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Most patients had positive estrogen and progesterone receptors. (who.int)
Estrogen and progesterone receptors in temporomandibular joint discs of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons: a preliminary study. (bvsalud.org)

This is important because if any positive effect of progesterone is because of metabolism to an estrogen substance, thereby negating the intent of using it in the first place, you would expect both FSH and testosterone levels to lessen somewhat which is what they do if estrogen is given. (wdxcyber.com)
Negli androgeni deasolfato, delta 4 androstenedione, testosterone, oltre che in estrogeni e progesterone, ad opera di altri enzimi. (mussalleminvestments.com)

I will say that not all practices believe in progesterone supplementation. (babycenter.com)
Every woman between the ages of 13 and 117 needs to seriously consider supplementation with a natural progesterone creme. (jonbarron.org)
Although this study was able to show a significant decrease in the rate of preterm delivery (an intermediate variable), it was not large enough to address the more important question of whether progesterone supplementation can reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)

A proper diet and stress management are necessary components of normal progesterone levels. (bodylogicmd.com)

The symptoms of progesterone deficiency who are not pregnant are migraines, headaches, depression, mood changes, ovarian cysts, and an irregular menstrual cycle. (twinstuff.com)
In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced in low levels. (biovendor.com)
Hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle may cause autoimmune progesterone-induced stomatitis. (uib.no)
Your menstrual cycle is the result of continued adjustments in your body's estrogen and progesterone levels. (healthline.com)

Progesterone Cream: Is It Worth It? (wdxcyber.com)
Two years ago, I watched a very convincing video by Dr. John Lee about the advisability of using progesterone cream to regulate the estrogen level in a woman's body. (wdxcyber.com)
He maintains that he has established that progesterone cream use by his patients alleviated many of their menopause-related problems, and reversed or prevented bone loss, heart problems, and many other health problems for which HRT is normally recommended. (wdxcyber.com)
I have been using progesterone cream for 2+ years. (wdxcyber.com)
It has appeared to alleviate my (minor) menopause problems, but I wonder if there is any other medical evidence that the progesterone cream will keep me healthy into old age. (wdxcyber.com)
Dr Lee addresses the use of progesterone (natural progesterone and not synthetic progestins) cream as an alternative to estrogen both pre-menopausally and post-menopausally. (wdxcyber.com)
Since you are asking about its use after menopause, let us confine our discussion to the postmenopausal use of progesterone cream. (wdxcyber.com)
The scientific data which specifically address the use of progesterone cream applied to the skin are not very extensive but there is some work that has been done. (wdxcyber.com)
Is the progesterone cream absorbed from the skin? (wdxcyber.com)
Does progesterone cream prevent hot flashes and osteoporosis? (wdxcyber.com)
One controlled scientific trial which compared the 20 mg a day dose of progesterone cream recommended by Dr Lee to a placebo in 102 women after menopause found that the progesterone cream did improve hot flashes significantly (83% reduction vs 19% reduction) but neither placebo or the cream produced an improvement in bone density such as you would expect for estrogen ( 4 ). (wdxcyber.com)
This was the only study I could find that directly examined the effect of progesterone cream on osteoporosis. (wdxcyber.com)
I began using progesterone cream and eventually recovered last time. (progesteronetherapy.com)
How do people wean off progesterone cream? (progesteronetherapy.com)
Hello, I am about to start 20mg/day of natural progesterone cream. (progesteronetherapy.com)
If I start the progesterone cream, how would I know to wean off it, or is this something I am to take forever? (progesteronetherapy.com)
To test out her theory, she recommended I apply a small amount of natural OTC progesterone cream ( Emerita Pro-Gest , derived from the wild yam and a much lower concentration than prescription progesterone) to the thin skin on my wrists and arms every day for the two weeks leading up to my period. (mindbodygreen.com)
But before I sing the praises of this natural progesterone cream, let's take a step back. (mindbodygreen.com)
Pure-Gest is a professionally formulated Natural Progesterone Cream. (needs.com)
A natural progesterone cream or pill may be prescribed if your body is too low on the hormone. (bodylogicmd.com)
1 full pump dispenses about 1.3 g of cream, providing 20 mg of USP progesterone. (puritan.com)
Here in this article, we covered List of Top Ten Best Progesterone Cream . (macvideo.tv)
We researched from 45249 products and shared below Comparison of Progesterone Cream. (macvideo.tv)
Source Naturals Progesterone Cream - Women's Health Support - High Purity, Paraben Free - 4 Ounce. (macvideo.tv)
Progesterone Cream (Bioidentical) for Menopause Relief 3000 mg - Made in USA - Bio-Identical. (macvideo.tv)
I do use natural progesterone cream but may stop using it if this works. (earthclinic.com)

In the progesterone group, the incidence of preterm delivery was 13.8% (10/72) compared with 28.5% (20/70) in the control group ( P = .03). (medscape.com)

Does Progesterone Treatment Prevent Preterm Birth? (lamaze.org)
This is off my usual beat, but a relative asked me to investigate progesterone treatment to prevent preterm birth. (lamaze.org)

The control group received the standard medical care at the time for the disease, whereas the experimental group received standard care plus twice-daily injections of 100 milligrams of progesterone for 5 days while they were hospitalized. (pharmacytimes.com)

In addition to previous research in animals showing the early administration of progesterone in reducing cerebral edema and behavioral deficits after TBI, two early-phase, single-center trials involving humans further showed decreased mortality and improved outcomes compared with placebo. (medscape.com)
Our results suggest that early administration of progesterone possibly activates genomic mechanisms that promote neuroprotection subchronically. (hindawi.com)

Progesterone should not be confused with progestins , which are synthetically produced progestagens. (t-vox.org)
It is proposed that progesterone analogues strongly deserve to be investigated in experimental models of glioblastoma alone and in combination with immunostimulating agents and certain progestins were reported to stimulate meningioma growth in anecdotal reports, but same agents at much higher doses reduced mening ioma cell proliferation in pilot clinical studies. (semanticscholar.org)

Progesterone had shown promise in addressing the complex injury mechanisms associated with acute TBI, showing anti-inflammatory properties of inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, and reducing levels of inflammation-related factors, such as complement factor C3 fragments and inhibiting the activation of microglial cells, the authors explained. (medscape.com)
In addition, progesterone has been shown to prevent excitotoxicity and limit apoptosis by preventing bio-chemical insults, such as calcium (Ca 2+ ) flux and nitric oxide production, and by decreasing levels of caspase 3. (medscape.com)
The women with high nCyclinE levels received treatment with natural micronized progesterone, administered vaginally, whereas those with normal levels made up the control group. (medicalnewstoday.com)
I had a mc in August, so my dr. had my progesterone levels checked this week. (babycenter.com)
One scientific study using 64 mg a day on the skin showed a rise in salivary levels of progesterone but not in blood levels ( 1 ). (wdxcyber.com)
Wray, I am curious what research you have regarding nursing and its effects on progesterone levels. (progesteronetherapy.com)
But then those stop and I am left with low progesterone levels. (progesteronetherapy.com)
And that stress, paired with the fact that I was still getting over a chronic health condition (another stressor on the body), was apparently what caused my progesterone levels to take a nose-dive. (mindbodygreen.com)
Talking about progesterone levels can be intimidating but it is necessary. (twinstuff.com)
Note, however, that there are different averages for progesterone levels and the values above are merely guidelines. (twinstuff.com)
Are Progesterone Levels Higher with Twins? (twinstuff.com)
When we talk about twins, if a woman is pregnant with multiples, having higher levels of progesterone is to be expected. (twinstuff.com)
It is in week three that fertilization occurs so progesterone levels may reach 3 ng/ml everyday or every other day until it reaches the peak at 10-29 ng/ml. (twinstuff.com)
In weeks five and six, progesterone levels are at an average of 10-29 ng/ml. (twinstuff.com)
After the tenth week , progesterone levels increase reaching a peak of 15-60 ng/ml before the third trimester. (twinstuff.com)
Given these normal progesterone level projections for singleton pregnancies, expect that in twin pregnancies, progesterone levels are higher. (twinstuff.com)
What Happens if I Have Low Progesterone Levels? (twinstuff.com)
Having low levels of progesterone may cause some problems getting pregnant or staying pregnant. (twinstuff.com)
If, for example, an egg is released from the ovary, progesterone levels should rise to thicken the uterus to receive the fertilized egg. (twinstuff.com)
Ghandehari added that some published research had indicated that premenopausal women, who generally have higher progesterone levels, had less severe COVID-19 disease than did postmenopausal women, who have lower progesterone levels. (pharmacytimes.com)
The problem comes when high levels of estrogen (natural and synthetic) are unopposed by sufficient amounts of natural progesterone, which leads to continuous, unrestrained cell stimulation. (jonbarron.org)
The half-life of etonogestrel is 25 hours, 6 which means that the etonogestrel levels may decline more than 50% in 2 days, further explaining peripheral changes within 2 days of progesterone discontinuation. (psychiatrist.com)
Whether a decrease in progesterone levels is critical for the initiation of labour has been argued and may be species-specific. (t-vox.org)
After delivery of the placenta and during lacation, progesterone levels are very low. (t-vox.org)
Progesterone levels are low in children, male-bodied people, and postmenopausal female-bodied people. (t-vox.org)
A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labour. (t-vox.org)
The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production. (t-vox.org)
it can result in symptoms such as anxiety, breast tenderness, headaches, sleeplessness, weight gain (caused by improper levels of progesterone which prevent your thyroid from functioning properly) and more. (bodylogicmd.com)
Chronic stress is also a big contributor to progesterone levels. (bodylogicmd.com)
Because progesterone is the precursor to cortisol, when cortisol levels increase, progesterone levels decrease. (bodylogicmd.com)
As stated above, high stress levels can lead to reduced progesterone as cortisol demand increases. (bodylogicmd.com)
If the egg goes without being fertilized, menstrual bleeding occurs and progesterone levels drop. (brighthub.com)
A pregnant woman's progesterone levels are approximately ten times higher than it is in a woman who is not pregnant. (brighthub.com)
If your dog has given birth to a lot of dead puppies , there is a possibility that the progesterone levels in the dog's blood are not normal. (pethealthandcare.com)
A lot of breeders underestimate the importance of knowing the progesterone levels of dogs . (pethealthandcare.com)
13 ] have shown that chronic administration of progesterone induces an increase in brain levels of ALLO in injured rats. (hindawi.com)
In fact, progesterone levels are higher in brain tissue than anywhere else in the body. (plattwellness.com)
Could this condition possibly be related to low progesterone levels? (plattwellness.com)
Another possibility for long cycles could also be low progesterone levels. (justanswer.com)

Because of this, we get this phenomenon called 'progesterone steal,' where instead of progesterone being made as the final product, the precursor [pregnenolone] gets shunted to make cortisol because that's the priority at that moment. (mindbodygreen.com)
Progesterone is the precursor of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and after conversion to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (another natural progestogen) of cortisol and androstenedione . (t-vox.org)
Pregnenolone is a precursor hormone used to make progesterone and the stress hormone cortisol. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

Progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries. (sigmaaldrich.com)

So, too much stress in a woman's life can lead to a progesterone deficiency , causing the estrogen dominance symptoms mentioned above. (bodylogicmd.com)
Chronic stress causes pregnenolone steal, a situation that causes progesterone deficiency and hormonal imbalances. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

The progesterone in Utrogestan is also used with another medicine called oestrogen. (canadapharmacyonline.com)
This study investigated some of the effects of oestrogen and progesterone on the testis of adult male Wistar rats. (who.int)

It's the sharp drop in progesterone which causes this. (progesteronetherapy.com)

It didn't occur with you it seems, but now that the oxytocin has dropped, the lack of progesterone is making itself felt. (progesteronetherapy.com)
Visual examination of the cervix during estrus reveals it to be moist, hyperemic, and relaxed, which reflects the lack of progesterone and the presence of estrogen. (merckvetmanual.com)

New research from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center found that progesterone may improve clinical outcomes for certain hospitalized men with COVID-19. (pharmacytimes.com)
We found that progesterone, in addition to an apparent neuroprotective effect, also increased ipsilateral expression and activity of 3 α -hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase. (hindawi.com)

tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to progesterone, oral contraceptives (birth control pills), hormone replacement therapy, any other medications, or peanuts. (medlineplus.gov)

T he psychiatric effects of progesterone and its primary metabolite allopregnanolone are well-documented in anxiety, 1 premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, 2 and postpartum depression. (psychiatrist.com)
There is a growing amount of evidence for a neuroprotective role of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolite, allopregnanolone, in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. (hindawi.com)
Also, in order to find potential explanatory mechanisms, we studied expression and activity of nigrostriatal 3 α -hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, the enzyme that catalyzes progesterone to its active metabolite allopregnanolone. (hindawi.com)
Some functions of progesterone in CNS could be attributed to its metabolite allopregnanolone (ALLO), one of the most studied neuroactive steroids [ 10 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
These beneficial premotor effects led us to inquire whether or not the neuroprotective effects of progesterone and/or its metabolite ALLO on premotor conditions could be extended to motor manifestations in a model of hemiparkinsonism in rats. (hindawi.com)
On this examine, a analysis crew led by LI Zhenfei of the CAS Middle for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science of the Chinese language Academy of Sciences investigated alteration within the metabolomics of abiraterone-resistant sufferers and located that one metabolite-;progesterone-;elevated considerably. (visualassembler.com)

Although this is an observational study and cannot therefore establish causality, the researchers hypothesize that the progesterone stimulated endometrial secretions, which in turn fed the embryo. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hydroxy Progesterone(Makena) generic Retaine (2 ml) is a synthetic hormone, prescribed for miscarriage, uterine bleeding, and endometrial cancer. (medindia.net)

My symptoms didn't do that in the past, however I have had to take progesterone with all three of my pregnancies to prevent miscarriage, so it seems that my cycle returning wouldn't help anything, as I don't make enough progesterone in a normal cycle. (progesteronetherapy.com)

You will probably take progesterone on a rotating schedule that alternates 10 to 12 days when you take progesterone with 16 to 18 days when you do not take the medication. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will tell you exactly when to take progesterone. (medlineplus.gov)
To help you remember to take progesterone, take it around the same time in the evening. (medlineplus.gov)
Take progesterone exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
Continue to take progesterone as directed even if you feel well. (medlineplus.gov)

How chronic health conditions and stress can lower progesterone. (mindbodygreen.com)

Progesterone is used as a part of hormone replacement therapy in women who have passed menopause (the change of life) and have not had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus). (medlineplus.gov)
Progesterone is also used to bring on menstruation (period) in women of childbearing age who have had normal periods and then stopped menstruating. (medlineplus.gov)
It works to bring on menstruation by replacing the natural progesterone that some women are missing. (medlineplus.gov)
For some women, low progesterone can result in intense mood swings and cramping, poor sleep quality, a general lack of resiliency, and anxiety. (mindbodygreen.com)
Although the bodies of both men and women naturally produce progesterone, women produce much more of the hormone during their reproductive years, according to the study. (pharmacytimes.com)
Abstract Based on the results of a French cohort of postmenopausal women, it has been claimed that micronized progesterone does not enhance breast cancer risk. (semanticscholar.org)
It was a vaginal suppository trial of progesterone versus placebo in 157 women. (lamaze.org)
If the study was supposed to determine whether progesterone prevented it, those women should not have been excluded. (lamaze.org)
They were given progesterone, while another group, consisting of a similar number of women, were given placebo, or dummy pill. (indianexpress.com)
New research by the National Institutes of Health found that unbalanced progesterone signals may cause some pregnant women to experience preterm labor or prolonged labor. (nih.gov)
Utrogestan (Progesterone) is used in women undergoing treatment for in vitro fertilization (IVF). (canadapharmacyonline.com)
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among wom- but not in limited-resource settings with weak health en worldwide, affecting 2.1 million women annually and systems (4) . (who.int)
To assess the benefits and risks of progesterone therapy for women at increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth (SPB) and to make recommendations for the use of progesterone to reduce the risk of SPB and improve postnatal outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
To administer or withhold progesterone therapy for women deemed to be at high risk of SPB. (bvsalud.org)

Please make sure you use enough progesterone, I recommend 100-200mg/day, more if symptoms are severe. (progesteronetherapy.com)
Yes, progesterone needs to be used a minimum of twice a day, more often if symptoms are severe. (progesteronetherapy.com)
Why was my progesterone low in the first place, and how was it even causing these weird symptoms? (mindbodygreen.com)
For me, I had nearly all of these symptoms just before my period (when progesterone is supposed to be highest), plus ankle and knee pain. (mindbodygreen.com)

If you become pregnant while taking progesterone, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
Low progesterone also causes abnormal bleeding in the uterus when a woman is not pregnant. (twinstuff.com)
However, a couple of weeks before the patient's discharge, the progesterone contraceptive implant, etonogestrel (Nexplanon), was secretly removed by the patient so that she could become pregnant despite cautions against teratogenic effects of divalproex sodium. (psychiatrist.com)
Pregnant for the second time, this woman had been told that progesterone injections would be given weekly beginning at 20 weeks to prevent a second occurrence. (lamaze.org)
The progesterone in Utrogestan helps you to become pregnant and to stay pregnant. (canadapharmacyonline.com)

It is derived from progesterone via 17α-hydroxylase and is a chemical intermediate in the biosynthesis of several other steroids, including cortisol. (cdc.gov)
This means that if stress is always high, it "steals" pregnenolone from progesterone to make cortisol in order to meet the demands of stress. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

The impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer risk and a high prevalence of occult breast carcinomas at the time of menopause suggest an involvement of endogenous progesterone in the development of breast cancer. (semanticscholar.org)

This stage is when progesterone starts stimulating blood vessel growth in the uterus to make the placenta healthy. (twinstuff.com)
This rise in progesterone helps the fertilized egg implant into your uterus if conception occurs. (clevelandclinic.org)

A common misconception about the progestin IUD's is that they are the same as naturally occurring progesterone (that beautiful hormone that helps sustain pregnancies and makes you feel calm). (premom.com)

If progesterone does make you dizzy or drowsy, take your daily dose at bedtime. (medlineplus.gov)
Would you recommend breaking up the progesterone dose? (progesteronetherapy.com)
Nel map test viene somministrato medrossi-progesterone alla dose di 1 cp da 10 mg. (mussalleminvestments.com)

2022) Inhibiting 3bHSD1 to eradicate the oncogenic results of progesterone in prostate most cancers. (visualassembler.com)

The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate, and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation, but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and is used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids. (t-vox.org)
At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone/day. (t-vox.org)

This causes an imbalance between progesterone and estrogen. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

5 Of note, the implant's removal did not result in menstruation, which rules out behavioral dysregulation due to hormonal changes other than progesterone. (psychiatrist.com)

Progesterone helps to prevent this thickening and decreases the risk of developing uterine cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine musculature. (t-vox.org)

Some other things that your body can interpret as stress, which can also lead to progesterone steal: chronic viral infections, hidden food allergies, and super-intense exercise. (mindbodygreen.com)
Other causes of diminished progesterone include insulin resistance, chronic stress, poor nutrition, and insufficient exercise. (bodylogicmd.com)
Although a variety of factors can cause hormonal imbalances and PMS, one of the more common is low progesterone caused by long term chronic stress. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

Progesterone exerts its action via the intracellular progesterone receptor. (t-vox.org)

I had very low progesterone with my angel, I believe it was a 7, this time around Dr. checked my progesterone at 5 weeks and it was 13 and he said he considers that low and put me on progesterone suppositories just to be safe, in two days my number jumped to 40! (babycenter.com)
My progesterone was 16.9 at 4 weeks and my OB put me on Cronine - progesterone suppositories, she likes it above 20 or 25. (babycenter.com)
In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, subjects were given 100 mg progesterone vaginal suppositories daily or an identical-looking placebo. (medscape.com)
The authors noted a significant reduction in the number of preterm births (defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation) in the patients treated with progesterone suppositories. (medscape.com)

Takingcontrol58: Metformin & restoring Progesterone Receptor Status? (cancer.org)
Takingcontrol58, I have bookmarked several of your posts and, in my head, I am crediting you with pointing out studies that show Metformin is/may be effective in re-booting a depleted Progesterone Receptor Status. (cancer.org)
Provera is what put my adrenal gland into hibernation and if it is true that it kept me in remission for several years, I conclude that my progesterone receptor status has faded and that's why I had a recurrence this year. (cancer.org)

Progesterone for the Prevention of Preterm Delivery? (medscape.com)

The foetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. (t-vox.org)

If the bleeding is related to hormonal changes, a prescription of progesterone will usually treat the issue. (justanswer.com)

In many cases, a girl who has excessive bleeding will be prescribed a birth control pill that has both estrogen and progesterone. (justanswer.com)
One UK site recommends changing to a pill with a lower concentration of progesterone, though no research has been conducted on this specific proposal. (huffpost.com)

Progesterone, like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, belongs to the group of neurosteroids that are found in high concentrations in certain areas in the brain and are synthesized there. (t-vox.org)
It's better to address the causes of low progesterone, which is typically stress-induced pregnenolone steal. (floridafunctionalmedicine.com)

They did find a statistically significant higher risk associated with current or recent use of estrogens combined with progesterone or dydrogesterone. (who.int)

If the presence of tumor is confirmed, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) expression/amplification should be evaluated. (cancer.gov)
In a male breast cancer series, 99% of the tumors were estrogen receptor positive, 82% were progesterone receptor positive, 9% were HER2 positive, and 0.3% were triple negative. (cancer.gov)
Tumor size, lymph node involvement, and grade are anatomical prognostic factors, while estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 status are predictive of response to therapy. (cancer.gov)
We performed a cost-minimization analysis to compare the cost of biomarker analysis for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status with immunohistochemistry versus STRAT4. (bvsalud.org)

A competitive enzyme immunoassay for screening and quantitative analysis of medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) in bovine kidney fat. (r-biopharm.com)
They recognized the enzyme 3bHSD1 as a possible therapeutic goal for eliminating the technology of progesterone. (visualassembler.com)

For the double-blind, multicenter PROTECT III trial, patients with severe, moderate-to-severe, or moderate acute TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12, on a scale from 3 to 15) and a mean age of 35 years were randomly assigned to intravenous progesterone or placebo, initiated within 4 hours after injury and administered for a total of 96 hours. (medscape.com)
The study involved 1195 patients aged 16 to 70 years with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less, who were also randomly assigned to progesterone or placebo, with dosing beginning 8 hours after injury and continuing for 120 hours. (medscape.com)
In the progesterone group, 50.4% had a favorable outcome of good recovery or moderate disability on the Glasgow Outcome Scale, nearly identical to the 50.5% in the placebo group. (medscape.com)
Finally, the authors noted that the mean number of contractions for each gestational week studied was significantly lower in the progesterone group compared with the placebo group. (medscape.com)

Progesterone is necessary to negate the effects of estrogen and vice versa. (bodylogicmd.com)

The only natural balancer to excessive estrogen in the body is natural progesterone - not more estrogen. (jonbarron.org)
Progesterone is a natural substance, and as such cannot be patented. (jonbarron.org)
This means that a lack of natural progesterone or an excess of it wreaks havoc on the body. (bodylogicmd.com)
Considering the importance of natural progesterone, it is crucial to maintain the hormone within a normal and healthy range. (bodylogicmd.com)
Recently I heard of the benefits of natural progesterone and that is how I came to use your amazing product. (progesteronetherapy.com)

Anatomy33

Organisms14

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care4

The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (1/8319)

Progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced cyclin D1 and cdk4 nuclear translocation, cyclin E- and cyclin A-cdk2 kinase activation, and cell proliferation in uterine epithelial cells in mice. (2/8319)

Progesterone alters biliary flow dynamics. (3/8319)

Delay of preterm delivery in sheep by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates. (4/8319)

Endocrine biomarkers of early fetal loss in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) following exposure to dioxin. (5/8319)

Steroid regulation of retinol-binding protein in the ovine oviduct. (6/8319)

Luteinizing hormone inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in luteal cells from rats on day 19 of pregnancy. (7/8319)

Identification and cloning of xp95, a putative signal transduction protein in Xenopus oocytes. (8/8319)

Estradiol

Corpus Luteum

Progesterone Congeners

Mifepristone

Progestins

Estrus

Luteinizing Hormone

Uterus

Pregnancy

Ovariectomy

Luteal Phase

Pregnancy, Animal

Ovulation

Endometrium

Receptors, Estrogen

Ovary

Hormone Antagonists

Estrogens

Dinoprost

Menstrual Cycle

Hydroxyprogesterones

Luteal Cells

Pseudopregnancy

Chorionic Gonadotropin

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Gonanes

Granulosa Cells

20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Ovarian Follicle

Norpregnadienes

Oviducts

Steroids

Estrous Cycle

Follicular Phase

Sheep

Luteolysis

Castration

Administration, Intravaginal

Pregnenolone

Breast Neoplasms

20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Myometrium

Prolactin

Oxytocin

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Radioimmunoassay

Cattle

Androstenedione

5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Testosterone

Diestrus

Pregnancy Maintenance

Progesterone-Binding Globulin

Medroxyprogesterone

Pregnanolone

Progesterone Reductase

Embryo Implantation

Menstruation

Anestrus

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Prostaglandins F

Estrone

Proestrus

Estrus Synchronization

Labor, Obstetric

Pregnanediol

Immunohistochemistry

Pregnanediones

RNA, Messenger

Corpus Luteum Maintenance

Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme

Postpartum Period

Gonadotropins, Equine

Hormones

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone

Follicular Fluid

Time Factors

Receptors, Estradiol