'Primates' is a taxonomic order comprising various species of mammals, including humans, apes, monkeys, and others, distinguished by distinct anatomical and behavioral characteristics such as forward-facing eyes, grasping hands, and complex social structures.
Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of five named species: PAPIO URSINUS (chacma baboon), PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (yellow baboon), PAPIO PAPIO (western baboon), PAPIO ANUBIS (or olive baboon), and PAPIO HAMADRYAS (hamadryas baboon). Members of the Papio genus inhabit open woodland, savannahs, grassland, and rocky hill country. Some authors consider MANDRILLUS a subgenus of Papio.
A genus of the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing seventeen species.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce immunodeficiencies in primates, including humans.
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of the following five families: CHEIROGALEIDAE; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; LEMURIDAE; and LORISIDAE.
The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.
A genus of the family Lemuridae consisting of five species: L. catta (ring-tailed lemur), L. fulvus, L. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), L. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and L. variegatus (white lemur). Most members of this genus occur in forested areas on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).
A family of New World monkeys in the infraorder PLATYRRHINI, consisting of nine subfamilies: ALOUATTINAE; AOTINAE; Atelinae; Callicebinae; CALLIMICONINAE; CALLITRICHINAE; CEBINAE; Pithecinae; and SAIMIRINAE. They inhabit the forests of South and Central America, comprising the largest family of South American monkeys.
A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing five genera. All inhabitants of Madagascar, the genera are: Allocebus, Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), Microcebus (mouse lemurs), Mirza, and Phaner.
The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.
A genus of the family CEBIDAE consisting of four species: S. boliviensis, S. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), S. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and S. ustus. They inhabit tropical rain forests in Central and South America. S. sciureus is used extensively in research studies.
An infraorder of New World monkeys, comprised of the families AOTIDAE; ATELIDAE; CEBIDAE; and PITHECIIDAE. They are found exclusively in the Americas.
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.
A species of orangutan, family HOMINIDAE, found in the forests on the island of Borneo.
Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).
This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.
A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A genus of the family Lorisidae having four species which inhabit the forests and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara and some nearby islands. The four species are G. alleni, G. crassicaudatus, G. demidovii, and G. senegalensis. There is another genus, Euoticus, containing two species which some authors have included in the Galago genus.
A genus of the family HYLOBATIDAE consisting of six species. The members of this genus inhabit rain forests in southeast Asia. They are arboreal and differ from other anthropoids in the great length of their arms and very slender bodies and limbs. Their major means of locomotion is by swinging from branch to branch by their arms. Hylobates means dweller in the trees. Some authors refer to Symphalangus and Nomascus as Hylobates. The six genera include: H. concolor (crested or black gibbon), H. hoolock (Hoolock gibbon), H. klossii (Kloss's gibbon; dwarf siamang), H. lar (common gibbon), H. pileatus (pileated gibbon), and H. syndactylus (siamang). H. lar is also known as H. agilis (lar gibbon), H. moloch (agile gibbon), and H. muelleri (silvery gibbon).
A subfamily in the family ATELIDAE, comprising three genera: woolly monkeys (Lagothrix), spider monkeys (Ateles), and woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles).
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
A genus in the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE consisting of 12 species and found in Panama as well as South America. Species seen most frequently in the literature are S. oedipus (cotton-top marmoset), S. nigricollis, and S. fusicollis.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE. They inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. This subfamily contains the following genera: CERCOCEBUS; CERCOPITHECUS; ERYTHROCEBUS; MACACA; PAPIO; and THEROPITHECUS.
A species of macaque monkey that mainly inhabits the forest of southern India. They are also called bonnet macaques or bonnet monkeys.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE with a somewhat different social structure than PAPIO HAMADRYAS. They inhabit several areas in Africa south of the Sahara.
A subfamily in the family CEBIDAE that consists of four genera: CALLITHRIX (marmosets), CALLIMICO (Goeldi's monkey), LEONTOPITHECUS (lion tamarins), and SAGUINUS (long-tusked tamarins). The members of this family inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central America.
The single family of PRIMATES in the infraorder TARSII, suborder HAPLORHINI. It is comprised of one genus, Tarsius, that inhabits southern Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE, which has a well-studied trilevel social structure consisting of troops, bands, and clans.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE found in southern Africa. They are dark colored and have a variable social structure.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
An infraorder of PRIMATES comprised of the families CERCOPITHECIDAE (old world monkeys); HYLOBATIDAE (siamangs and GIBBONS); and HOMINIDAE (great apes and HUMANS). With the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in Africa and Asia.
A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.
A family of New World monkeys in the infraorder PLATYRRHINI consisting of two subfamilies: Callicebinae and Pitheciinae.
The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE found in southern equatorial and east Africa. They are smaller than PAPIO ANUBIS and have a thinner mane.
A family of the New World monkeys inhabiting the forests of South and Central America. There is a single genus and several species occurring in this family, including AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS (Northern night monkeys).
A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa and Asia. The genera COLOBUS (Procolobus; colobus), Nasalis (proboscis monkey), Presbytis (Semnopithecus; leaf monkey), Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus; snub-nosed monkey), and Simias (pig-tailed langur) all belong to this subfamily.
A genus of orangutans in the family HOMINIDAE, comprising two species. Among the PRIMATES, the orangutan is second in size only to the gorilla (GORILLA GORILLA).
Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
'Zoo animals' are various species of captive wild animals, housed and displayed in a facility for the purpose of public education, conservation, research, and recreation.
A species in the family AOTIDAE, inhabiting the forested regions of Central and South America (from Panama to the Amazon). Vocalizations occur primarily at night when they are active, thus they are also known as Northern night monkeys.
A family of Primates of the suborder Strepsirhini containing six genera. The family is distributed in parts of Africa, India, Asia, and the Philippines. The six genera are: Arctocebus (golden potto), GALAGO (bush babies), Loris (slender loris), Nycticebus (slow loris), and Perodicticus (potto). Lorises and pottos are relatively common except for Arctocebus, the golden potto. All are arboreal and nocturnal.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
A genus of Old World monkeys of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the mountainous regions of Ethiopia. The genus consists of only one species, Theropithecus gelada.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as mangabeys.
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever, clinically very similar to MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE, caused by EBOLAVIRUS, first occurring in the Sudan and adjacent northwestern (what was then) Zaire.
A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.
The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.
Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.
Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.
A species of DELTARETROVIRUS that includes the strains SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3.
A species of SPUMAVIRUS causing non-pathogenic infections in chimpanzees and humans.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A genus in the family FILOVIRIDAE consisting of several distinct species of Ebolavirus, each containing separate strains. These viruses cause outbreaks of a contagious, hemorrhagic disease (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA) in humans, usually with high mortality.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
An animal's cleaning and caring for the body surface. This includes preening, the cleaning and oiling of feathers with the bill or of hair with the tongue.
Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.
'Laboratory animals' are non-human creatures that are intentionally used in scientific research, testing, and education settings to investigate physiological processes, evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs or medical devices, and teach anatomy, surgical techniques, and other healthcare-related skills.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, comprising two species: the drill (M. leucophaeus) and the mandrill (M. sphinx). They are usually found in thick rainforest and have a gentle disposition despite their ferocious reputation. Some authors consider Mandrillus a subgenus of PAPIO.
Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.
An order of the class MAMMALS that consists of one family, TUPAIIDAE (tree shrews), 5 genera (one of which is TUPAIA), and 16 species. Their recent distribution is from India to the Philippines, southern China to Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali, and other islands in those regions.
One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Artiodactyla is an order of mammals characterized by an even number of digits (two or four) on each foot, hooves as terminal appendages, and a specialized stomach for fermentative digestion, which includes taxonomic families such as Suidae, Cervidae, Bovidae, and Camelidae among others.
A bundle of NERVE FIBERS connecting each posterior horn of the spinal cord to the opposite side of the THALAMUS, carrying information about pain, temperature, and touch. It is one of two major routes by which afferent spinal NERVE FIBERS carrying sensations of somaesthesis are transmitted to the THALAMUS.
A genus of tree shrews of the family TUPAIIDAE which consists of about 12 species. One of the most frequently encountered species is T. glis. Members of this genus inhabit rain forests and secondary growth areas in southeast Asia.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
A species of the genus ERYTHROCEBUS, subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE. It inhabits the flat open arid country of Africa. It is also known as the patas monkey or the red monkey.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.
Retroviruses that have integrated into the germline (PROVIRUSES) that have lost infectious capability but retained the capability to transpose.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
The pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. Its common name is Bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of PAN TROGLODYTES. Its range is confined to the forests of the central Zaire basin. Despite its name, it is often of equal size to P. troglodytes.
The science devoted to the comparative study of man.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.
The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A condition caused by the neurotoxin MPTP which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
Sounds used in animal communication.
A family of the suborder HAPLORHINI comprising only one genus, HYLOBATES (also called Nomascus or Symphalangus).
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing four genera which inhabit Madagascar and the Comoro Island. Most of the lemurs prefer wooded areas. The four genera are Hapalemur, LEMUR, Lepilemur, and Varecia.
Genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. Its species have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, horses, and sea lions. Spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. SIMIAN FOAMY VIRUS is the type species.

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (1/1999)

Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of beta-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein + zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only beta-carotene despite moderately high lutein + zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function.  (+info)

The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species. (2/1999)

A total of 375 fecal samples of 56 mammalian species belonging to 17 families of 4 orders were examined for the detection of Balantidium coli from December 1994 to August 1995. As a result, B. coli was found from 6 species belonging to 4 families of 2 orders (Primates and Artiodactyla) of host animals examined. White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciurea) and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) were new hosts for B. coli. All the wild boar (Sus scrofa) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) examined were positive. The highest number of B. coli was obtained from a chimpanzee (1,230/g feces). No B. coli was detected from the animals of orders Rodentia and Carnivora including dogs and cats. The rarity of B. coli infection in breeding animals in Japan. suggests that there is no serious problem in controlling infections.  (+info)

Optimality of position commands to horizontal eye muscles: A test of the minimum-norm rule. (3/1999)

Six muscles control the position of the eye, which has three degrees of freedom. Daunicht proposed an optimization rule for solving this redundancy problem, whereby small changes in eye position are maintained by the minimum possible change in motor commands to the eye (the minimum-norm rule). The present study sought to test this proposal for the simplified one-dimensional case of small changes in conjugate eye position in the horizontal plane. Assuming such changes involve only the horizontal recti, Daunicht's hypothesis predicts reciprocal innervation with the size of the change in command matched to the strength of the recipient muscle at every starting position of the eye. If the motor command to a muscle is interpreted as the summed firing rate of its oculomotor neuron (OMN) pool, the minimum-norm prediction can be tested by comparing OMN firing rates with forces in the horizontal recti. The comparison showed 1) for the OMN firing rates given by Van Gisbergen and Van Opstal and the muscle forces given by Robinson, there was good agreement between the minimum-norm prediction and experimental observation over about a +/-30 degrees range of eye positions. This fit was robust with respect to variations in muscle stiffness and in methods of calculating muscle innervation. 2) Other data sets gave different estimates for the range of eye-positions within which the minimum-norm prediction held. The main sources of variation appeared to be disagreement about the proportion of OMNs with very low firing-rate thresholds (i.e., less than approximately 35 degrees in the OFF direction) and uncertainty about eye-muscle behavior for extreme (>30 degrees ) positions of the eye. 3) For all data sets, the range of eye positions over which the minimum-norm rule applied was determined by the pattern of motor-unit recruitment inferred for those data. It corresponded to the range of eye positions over which the size principle of recruitment was obeyed by both agonist and antagonist muscles. It is argued that the current best estimate of the oculomotor range over which minimum-norm control could be used for conjugate horizontal eye position is approximately +/-30 degrees. The uncertainty associated with this estimate would be reduced by obtaining unbiased samples of OMN firing rates. Minimum-norm control may result from reduction of the image movement produced by noise in OMN firing rates.  (+info)

Retinotopic mapping of lateral geniculate nucleus in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. (4/1999)

Subcortical nuclei in the thalamus, which play an important role in many functions of the human brain, provide challenging targets for functional mapping with neuroimaging techniques because of their small sizes and deep locations. In this study, we explore the capability of high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla for mapping the retinotopic organization in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Our results show that the hemifield visual stimulation only activates LGN in the contralateral hemisphere, and the lower-field and upper-field visual stimulations activate the superior and inferior portion of LGN, respectively. These results reveal a similar retinotopic organization between the human and nonhuman primate LGN and between LGN and the primary visual cortex. We conclude that high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging is capable of functional mapping of suborganizations in small nuclei together with cortical activation. This will have an impact for studying the thalamocortical networks in the human brain.  (+info)

Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus. (5/1999)

Two very small late Eocene anthropoid primates, Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae, from Fayum, Egypt show evidence of substantial sexual dimorphism in canine teeth. The degree of dimorphism suggests that these early anthropoids lived in social groups with a polygynous mating system and intense male-male competition. Catopithecus and Proteopithecus are smaller in estimated body size than any living primates showing canine dimorphism. The origin of canine dimorphism and polygyny in anthropoids was not associated with the evolution of large body size.  (+info)

Xenotransplantation. (6/1999)

As transplantation waiting lists lengthen because of the shortage of donor organs, the death rates of patients continue to rise. Xenotransplantation offers the potential to solve the problem of organ shortage br providing an unlimited supply of healthy donor organs. However, there are several barriers to xenotransplantation, including graft rejection, potential xenozoonosis, physiologic incompatibilities and ethical concerns. Experimental xenotransplantation studies continue in several areas, ranging from tissue to whole- organ grafting. Clinical studies continue in the area of tissue xenotransplantation. Trials with extracorporeal xenografts in an acute setting to support fulminant organ failure are likely to begin in the near future. The reintroduction of whole-organ xenotransplantation must be based on sound scientific analysis with broad societal input so as to offer the maximal benefit to transplant recipients and their families.  (+info)

High polymorphism at the human melanocortin 1 receptor locus. (7/1999)

Variation in human skin/hair pigmentation is due to varied amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and phaeomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by the melanocytes. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a regulator of eu- and phaeomelanin production in the melanocytes, and MC1R mutations causing coat color changes are known in many mammals. We have sequenced the MC1R gene in 121 individuals sampled from world populations with an emphasis on Asian populations. We found variation at five nonsynonymous sites (resulting in the variants Arg67Gln, Asp84Glu, Val92Met, Arg151Cys, and Arg163Gln), but at only one synonymous site (A942G). Interestingly, the human consensus protein sequence is observed in all 25 African individuals studied, but at lower frequencies in the other populations examined, especially in East and Southeast Asians. The Arg163Gln variant is absent in the Africans studied, almost absent in Europeans, and at a low frequency (7%) in Indians, but is at an exceptionally high frequency (70%) in East and Southeast Asians. The MC1R gene in common and pygmy chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and baboon was sequenced to study the evolution of MC1R. The ancestral human MC1R sequence is identical to the human consensus protein sequence, while MC1R varies considerably among higher primates. A comparison of the rates of substitution in genes in the melanocortin receptor family indicates that MC1R has evolved the fastest. In addition, the nucleotide diversity at the MC1R locus is shown to be several times higher than the average nucleotide diversity in human populations, possibly due to diversifying selection.  (+info)

Branching out in locomotion: the mechanics of perch use in birds and primates. (8/1999)

Many animals use thin perches, such as the branches of trees, as locomotory substrates. In this paper, I have reviewed the literature concerned with measurements of locomotory forces made by birds and primates on thin and flexible substrates. Through a knowledge of the locomotory forces exerted by animals when using different substrates, the mechanical cost of their use can be established. We are just beginning to learn about the magnitude and patterns of force production in various branch-using vertebrates, primarily as a result of the development of instrumented perches. Instrumented perches have been designed to measure the forces produced by birds and primates when leaping from rigid and flexible horizontal and flexible vertical perches, and also from instrumented handgrips during brachiation. The development of these techniques for birds and primates allows us to compare the way in which they use perches as locomotory substrates. In both birds and primates, the magnitudes of landing forces are smaller than those during take-off. Two explanations have been proposed; the difference is either a consequence of perch compliance or it is a strategic decision to be cautious of 'new' perches. Leaps from flexible perches may be somewhat inefficient because considerable energy is dissipated in bending the perch, and this energy may remain unrecovered when the animal leaves contact with the perch.  (+info)

In a medical or scientific context, "Primates" is a biological order that includes various species of mammals, such as humans, apes, monkeys, and prosimians (like lemurs and lorises). This group is characterized by several distinct features, including:

1. A forward-facing eye position, which provides stereoscopic vision and depth perception.
2. Nails instead of claws on most digits, except for the big toe in some species.
3. A rotating shoulder joint that allows for a wide range of motion in the arms.
4. A complex brain with a well-developed cortex, which is associated with higher cognitive functions like problem-solving and learning.
5. Social structures and behaviors, such as living in groups and exhibiting various forms of communication.

Understanding primates is essential for medical and biological research since many human traits, diseases, and behaviors have their origins within this group.

Primatology is the study of primates, which includes humans and non-human primates such as monkeys, apes, and lemurs. Primate diseases refer to the range of infectious and non-infectious health conditions that affect these animals. These diseases can be caused by various factors including bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, genetics, environmental conditions, and human activities such as habitat destruction, hunting, and keeping primates as pets.

Examples of primate diseases include:

1. Retroviral infections: Primates are susceptible to retroviruses, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) which is the precursor to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
2. Herpesviruses: Many primate species are infected with herpesviruses that can cause a range of diseases from mild skin infections to severe neurological disorders.
3. Tuberculosis: Primates can contract tuberculosis, which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect multiple organs.
4. Malaria: Primates are hosts to various species of Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria.
5. Hepatitis: Primates can be infected with hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis B and C.
6. Respiratory infections: Primates can suffer from respiratory infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
7. Gastrointestinal diseases: Primates can develop gastrointestinal disorders due to bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.
8. Neurological disorders: Primates can suffer from neurological conditions such as encephalitis and meningitis caused by various pathogens.
9. Reproductive diseases: Primates can experience reproductive health issues due to infectious agents or environmental factors.
10. Cancer: Primates, like humans, can develop cancer, which can be caused by genetic predisposition, viral infections, or environmental factors.

Understanding primate diseases is crucial for the conservation of endangered species, managing zoonotic diseases that can spread from animals to humans, and advancing medical research, particularly in the fields of infectious diseases and cancer.

"Macaca mulatta" is the scientific name for the Rhesus macaque, a species of monkey that is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia. They are often used in biomedical research due to their genetic similarity to humans.

"Macaca fascicularis" is the scientific name for the crab-eating macaque, also known as the long-tailed macaque. It's a species of monkey that is native to Southeast Asia. They are called "crab-eating" macaques because they are known to eat crabs and other crustaceans. These monkeys are omnivorous and their diet also includes fruits, seeds, insects, and occasionally smaller vertebrates.

Crab-eating macaques are highly adaptable and can be found in a wide range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands. They are also known to live in close proximity to human settlements and are often considered pests due to their tendency to raid crops and steal food from humans.

These monkeys are social animals and live in large groups called troops. They have a complex social structure with a clear hierarchy and dominant males. Crab-eating macaques are also known for their intelligence and problem-solving abilities.

In medical research, crab-eating macaques are often used as animal models due to their close genetic relationship to humans. They are used in studies related to infectious diseases, neuroscience, and reproductive biology, among others.

"Papio" is a term used in the field of primatology, specifically for a genus of Old World monkeys known as baboons. It's not typically used in human or medical contexts. Baboons are large monkeys with robust bodies and distinctive dog-like faces. They are native to various parts of Africa and are known for their complex social structures and behaviors.

Callithrix is a genus of New World monkeys, also known as marmosets. They are small, active primates found in the forests of South and Central America. The term "Callithrix" itself is derived from the Greek words "kallis" meaning beautiful and "thrix" meaning hair, referring to their thick, vibrantly colored fur.

Marmosets in the genus Callithrix are characterized by their slender bodies, long, bushy tails, and specialized dental structures that allow them to gouge tree bark to extract sap and exudates, which form a significant part of their diet. They also consume fruits, insects, and small vertebrates.

Some well-known species in this genus include the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), the white-headed marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi), and the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita). Marmosets are popular subjects of research due to their small size, short gestation period, and ease of breeding in captivity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Macaca" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus that includes several species of monkeys, commonly known as macaques. These primates are often used in biomedical research due to their similarities with humans in terms of genetics and physiology. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

Lentiviruses are a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic diseases with long incubation periods. Primate lentiviruses specifically refer to those that primarily infect primates, including humans. There are four main types of primate lentiviruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and puma (or lion) lentivirus (PLV).

HIV-1 is the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans, while HIV-2 is less virulent and prevalent. SIV infects various species of non-human primates, causing an AIDS-like disease. PLV infects wild pumas and domestic cats, causing a slow, progressive immune deficiency.

Primate lentiviruses have complex life cycles involving both DNA and RNA stages. They can integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome, leading to persistent infection and potential oncogenic effects. These viruses primarily target cells of the immune system, such as CD4+ T-cells and macrophages, ultimately leading to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

Strepsirhini is a term used in primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and galagos (bushbabies). This group is characterized by several features, including a wet nose, a grooming claw on the second digit of the hind foot, and a toothcomb - a set of lower incisors and canines specialized for grooming.

The term Strepsirhini comes from the Greek words "streptos" meaning twisted and "rhinos" meaning nose, referring to the wet, rhinarium (naked, moist snout) found in these primates. This is one of the two major divisions within the infraorder Lemuriformes, the other being Haplorhini, which includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

Cercopithecidae is a family of Old World primates, which includes monkeys such as baboons, macaques, and langurs. These primates are characterized by their adaptations for arboreal or terrestrial living, and they have complex social structures. The family Cercopithecidae is divided into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae (guenons, macaques, and langurs) and Colobinae (leaf monkeys and colobus monkeys). These primates are found in Africa and Asia, and they play important ecological roles in their environments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Lemur" is not typically used in medical definitions. It is a common name that refers to primates belonging to the infraorder Lemuriformes. They are native to Madagascar and are divided into five families: Cheirogaleidae (dwarf lemurs), Daubentoniidae (aye-aye), Indriidae (indris, sifakas, and avahis), Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs), and Lemuridae (true lemurs). If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help!

Haplorhini is a term used in the field of primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of simian primates, which includes humans, apes (both great and small), and Old World monkeys. The name "Haplorhini" comes from the Greek words "haploos," meaning single or simple, and "rhinos," meaning nose.

The defining characteristic of Haplorhini is the presence of a simple, dry nose, as opposed to the wet, fleshy noses found in other primates, such as New World monkeys and strepsirrhines (which include lemurs and lorises). The nostrils of haplorhines are located close together at the tip of the snout, and they lack the rhinarium or "wet nose" that is present in other primates.

Haplorhini is further divided into two infraorders: Simiiformes (which includes apes and Old World monkeys) and Tarsioidea (which includes tarsiers). These groups are distinguished by various anatomical and behavioral differences, such as the presence or absence of a tail, the structure of the hand and foot, and the degree of sociality.

Overall, Haplorhini is a group of primates that share a number of distinctive features related to their sensory systems, locomotion, and social behavior. Understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of this group is an important area of research in anthropology, biology, and psychology.

Cebidae is a family of primates that includes monkeys and capuchins found in the tropical rainforests and woodlands of Central and South America. This family is divided into two subfamilies: Cebinae (capuchin monkeys) and Saimiriinae (squirrel monkeys). These animals are known for their adaptability, complex social structures, and diverse behaviors. They have a varied diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. Some notable members of this family include the white-faced capuchin, the black-capped squirrel monkey, and the golden lion tamarin.

Cheirogaleidae is a family of small primates also known as dwarf lemurs or mouse lemurs. They are native to Madagascar and are characterized by their rodent-like appearance and nocturnal behavior. This family includes several genera and species, such as Cheirogaleus, Microcebus, Mirza, and Allocebus. These primates are known for their ability to adapt to various environments, from forests to dry regions, and have a varied diet that includes fruits, insects, and small vertebrates. They are also known for their unique hibernation behavior during the dry season, where they lower their metabolic rate and body temperature to conserve energy.

"Pan troglodytes" is the scientific name for a species of great apes known as the Common Chimpanzee. They are native to tropical rainforests in Western and Central Africa. Common Chimpanzees are our closest living relatives, sharing about 98.6% of our DNA. They are highly intelligent and social animals, capable of using tools, exhibiting complex behaviors, and displaying a range of emotions.

Here is a medical definition for 'Pan troglodytes':

The scientific name for the Common Chimpanzee species (genus Pan), a highly intelligent and social great ape native to tropical rainforests in Western and Central Africa. They are our closest living relatives, sharing approximately 98.6% of our DNA. Known for their complex behaviors, tool use, and emotional expression, Common Chimpanzees have been extensively studied in the fields of anthropology, psychology, and primatology to better understand human evolution and behavior.

"Saimiri" is the genus name for the group of primates known as squirrel monkeys. These small, agile New World monkeys are native to Central and South America and are characterized by their slim bodies, long limbs, and distinctive hairless faces with large eyes. They are omnivorous and known for their active, quick-moving behavior in the trees. There are several species of squirrel monkey, including the Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii) and the much more widespread common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

Platyrrhini is a biological term that refers to a New World monkey group, primarily characterized by their wide, flattened noses. The name "Platyrrhini" comes from the Greek words "platys," meaning flat or broad, and "rhinos," meaning nose.

This paraphyletic group includes five families: Cebidae (capuchin monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and titi monkeys), Aotidae (night monkeys), Pitheciidae (tamarins, marmosets, sakis, and uakaris), Atelidae (spider monkeys, howler monkeys, woolly monkeys, and muriquis), and Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins).

Platyrrhini monkeys are native to Central and South America. They have a diverse range of physical characteristics, diets, and behaviors. Some notable differences between Platyrrhini and Old World monkeys include their opposable thumbs, claws instead of nails on some digits, and a unique digestive system that allows them to metabolize various plant materials efficiently.

There is no single medical definition for "Monkey Diseases." However, monkeys can carry and be infected with various diseases that are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans. Some examples include:

1. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV): A virus similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS in monkeys. It is not typically harmful to monkeys but can cause AIDS in humans if transmitted, which is rare.
2. Herpes B Virus: Also known as Macacine herpesvirus 1 or Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, it is a virus that commonly infects macaque monkeys. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with an infected monkey's saliva, eye fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid, causing a severe and potentially fatal illness called B encephalitis.
3. Tuberculosis (TB): Monkeys can contract and transmit tuberculosis to humans, although it is not common.
4. Simian Retrovirus (SRV): A virus that can infect both monkeys and great apes, causing immunodeficiency similar to HIV/AIDS in humans. It is not known to infect or cause disease in humans.
5. Various parasitic diseases: Monkeys can carry and transmit several parasites, including malaria-causing Plasmodium species, intestinal worms, and other parasites that can affect human health.

It's important to note that while monkeys can carry and transmit these diseases, the risk of transmission is generally low, and most cases occur in individuals who have close contact with monkeys, such as primatologists, zookeepers, or laboratory workers. Always follow safety guidelines when interacting with animals, including monkeys, to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

"Cebus" is a genus of New World monkeys, also known as capuchin monkeys. They are small to medium-sized primates that are native to Central and South America. Capuchin monkeys are named after the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, because of their similarity in color to the robes worn by the friars.

Capuchin monkeys are highly intelligent and social animals, living in groups of up to 30 individuals. They have a diverse diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. Capuchin monkeys are known for their problem-solving abilities and have been observed using tools in the wild.

There are several species of capuchin monkeys, including the white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons), the tufted capuchin (Cebus apella), and the weeper capuchin (Cebus olivaceus). They vary in size, coloration, and behavior, but all share the characteristic cap of hair on their heads that gives them their name.

"Pongo pygmaeus" is the scientific name for the Bornean orangutan, a great ape species native to the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. They are one of the two species of orangutans, with the other being "Pongo abelii," the Sumatran orangutan. Bornean orangutans are highly intelligent and exhibit advanced tool use, social behaviors, and emotional expressions. They have a reddish-brown fur coat, long arms, and a distinctively shaped face. Unfortunately, they are critically endangered due to habitat loss and hunting.

Hominidae, also known as the "great apes," is a family of primates that includes humans (Homo sapiens), orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei), bonobos (Pan paniscus), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). This family is characterized by their upright walking ability, although not all members exhibit this trait. Hominidae species are known for their high intelligence, complex social structures, and expressive facial features. They share a common ancestor with the Old World monkeys, and fossil records suggest that this split occurred around 25 million years ago.

"Gorilla gorilla" is the scientific name for the Western Gorilla, a subspecies of the Gorilla genus. Western Gorillas are divided into two subspecies: the Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Western Gorillas are native to the forests of central Africa, with Western Lowland Gorillas found in countries such as Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, and Equatorial Guinea, and Cross River Gorillas having a more restricted range along the border region of Nigeria and Cameroon.

Western Lowland Gorillas are the most numerous and widespread of all gorilla subspecies, but they still face significant threats from habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Cross River Gorillas are one of the world's 25 most endangered primates, with only a few hundred individuals remaining in the wild. Conservation efforts are underway to protect both subspecies and their habitats, including anti-poaching patrols, habitat restoration, and community education programs.

"Macaca nemestrina," also known as the pig-tailed macaque, is not a medical term but a species name in biology. It refers to a specific species of monkey that is native to Southeast Asia. The pig-tailed macaque is a medium-sized monkey with a reddish-brown fur and a distinctive tail that resembles a pig's tail. They are omnivorous and live in social groups that can range from a few individuals to several hundred.

While "Macaca nemestrina" may not have a direct medical definition, these monkeys have been used as models in biomedical research due to their close genetic relationship with humans. Some studies involving pig-tailed macaques have contributed to our understanding of various human diseases and conditions, such as infectious diseases, neurological disorders, and reproductive health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic, and ethical considerations must be taken into account when conducting such studies.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

"Galago" is not a term used in human or animal medicine. It is the scientific name for a group of small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa, also known as bushbabies or nagapies. They are not typically associated with medical conditions or treatments. If you have any questions about primatology or zoology, I would be happy to try and help answer those!

"Hylobates" is not a medical term, but a biological genus name. It refers to a group of small, tailless primates known as gibbons or lesser apes, which are native to the forests of Southeast Asia. They are known for their agility in moving through trees by brachiation (arm-over-arm swinging).

There are currently 10 species recognized in the genus Hylobates, including the lar gibbon, agile gibbon, and siamang. While not a medical term, understanding the natural history of animals like gibbons can be important for medical professionals who work with them or study their diseases, as well as for conservationists and others interested in their welfare.

'Atelinae' is a biological classification category, specifically a tribe, that includes several genera of New World monkeys. These monkeys are characterized by their lack of a tail-grasping reflex and the presence of ischial callosities, which are thickened areas of skin on their buttocks that they use for sitting.

The tribe Atelinae includes the following genera:

* Ateles (spider monkeys)
* Brachyteles (muriquis or woolly spider monkeys)
* Lagothrix (woolly monkeys)
* Oreonax (the yellow-tailed woolly monkey)

These monkeys are native to Central and South America, where they inhabit a variety of forest habitats. They are generally arboreal, spending most of their time in trees, and have a varied diet that includes fruits, leaves, flowers, and insects. Many species of Atelinae are endangered due to habitat loss and hunting.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

"Saguinus" is a genus of small, New World monkeys that are commonly known as tamarins. They are native to the forests of Central and South America. Tamarins have a slender body with long limbs, a specialized claw-like nail on their second digit of the foot, and a distinct coat coloration that varies between species. They primarily feed on fruits, insects, and exudates from trees. Tamarins are also known for their social structure, typically living in family groups consisting of a mated pair and their offspring.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Cercopithecinae is a subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes a diverse group of species, such as macaques, baboons, geladas, and langurs. These monkeys are characterized by their complex social structures, distinct coloration patterns, and adaptations to various habitats across Africa and Asia. Some notable features of Cercopithecinae include their tail-tufts, cheek pouches for food storage, and a variety of vocalizations used in communication.

"Macaca radiata" is a species of monkey that is native to India. It is often referred to as the "bonnet macaque" due to the distinctive cap of hair on its head. This species is widely studied in the field of primatology and has been an important model organism in biomedical research, particularly in the areas of neuroscience and infectious disease. However, I couldn't find a specific medical definition for "Macaca radiata".

"Papio anubis" is the scientific name for the Olive Baboon, which is a species of Old World monkey found in savannas, open woodlands, and hills in East Africa. The term "Papio" refers to the genus of baboons, while "anubis" is the specific name for this particular species.

The Olive Baboon is named for its distinctive olive-gray fur, which can vary in color depending on the subspecies. They have a distinct dog-like face with a pink or red area around their mouths and noses. Adult males typically have a large, rough cheek pad on either side of their faces, which they use to display dominance during social interactions.

Olive Baboons are highly social animals that live in large troops consisting of several adult males, females, and their offspring. They have a complex social hierarchy based on age, size, and rank, and engage in various behaviors such as grooming, playing, and communication to maintain social bonds.

While "Papio anubis" is a medical or scientific term, it is not typically used in clinical settings. However, understanding the behavior and ecology of primates like Olive Baboons can provide valuable insights into human evolution, behavior, and disease transmission.

Callitrichinae is a subfamily of New World monkeys that includes marmosets and tamarins. These small primates are known for their claw-like nails (called "tegulae"), which they use for grooming and climbing, as well as their small size and social behavior. They are native to the forests of Central and South America. Some notable species in this subfamily include the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tarsiidae" is not a medical term. It is actually the scientific name of a family of small primates known as tarsiers. Tarsiers are small, nocturnal creatures found in Southeast Asia. They have large eyes, long fingers, and a specialized adaptation for vertical clinging and leaping. If you have any questions about medical terminology or topics, I'd be happy to help!

"Papio hamadryas" is a species of old world monkey, also known as the Hamadryas baboon. It is not a medical term or concept. Here's a brief overview of its biological significance:

The Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. They are highly social primates, living in large groups called troops. These troops can consist of hundreds of individuals, but they are hierarchically structured with multiple adult males, harems of females, and their offspring.

Hamadryas baboons have a distinctive appearance, characterized by their dog-like faces, hairless calluses on their rumps, and long, flowing manes. They primarily feed on plants, but they are also known to consume small vertebrates and invertebrates. Their gestation period is approximately six months, and females typically give birth to a single offspring.

In captivity, Hamadryas baboons have been used as subjects in various biomedical research studies due to their close phylogenetic relationship with humans. However, the term 'Papio hamadryas' itself does not have a medical definition.

"Papio ursinus" is the scientific name for the Chacma Baboon, which is a species of baboon that is native to southern Africa. They are Old World monkeys that are found in various habitats such as savannas, woodlands, and mountainous regions. Chacma Baboons are known for their social structure, intelligence, and adaptability. They have a distinctive dog-like face with a heavy build and a dog-like muzzle. Adult males can weigh between 33 to 90 kg (73 to 198 lb), while adult females are smaller and weigh between 15 to 27 kg (33 to 59 lb). Chacma Baboons primarily feed on plants, but they also eat insects, small vertebrates, and fruits. They are an important species in the ecosystem and play a significant role in seed dispersal and nutrient cycling.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Catarrhini is a taxonomic group within the order Primates, which includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. This group is defined by several distinct anatomical features, most notably the presence of a specific type of nose and throat structure that results in a downward-facing nostril and a narrow nasopharynx.

The term "catarrhine" comes from the Greek words "kata," meaning "downwards," and "rhis," meaning "nose." This refers to the distinctive shape of the nose and throat, which is different from that of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), which have a wider nasopharynx and outward-facing nostrils.

Other features that distinguish Catarrhini from other primates include a more complex brain, a greater reliance on color vision, and a more varied diet that includes both plants and animals. Within the Catarrhini group, there are two main subgroups: Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes and humans).

Overall, the medical definition of "Catarrhini" refers to a specific taxonomic group within the order Primates that includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans, and is characterized by distinct anatomical features such as downward-facing nostrils and a narrow nasopharynx.

"Colobus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that are native to the forests of Africa. The name "Colobus" is derived from the Greek word "kolobos," which means "mutilated" or "maimed." This refers to the distinctive absence or reduction of thumbs in these primates, which is a characteristic feature of their anatomy.

Colobus monkeys are known for their striking black and white fur coats, which vary in pattern depending on the species. They have a long, bushy tail that can be as long as their body, and they use it for balance while moving through trees. Colobus monkeys are herbivores and primarily feed on leaves, fruits, and seeds.

There are several species of Colobus monkeys, including the black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza), the red colobus (Piliocolobus badius), and the Angola colobus (Colobus angolensis), among others. These primates are social animals and live in groups that can range from a few individuals to several hundred, depending on the species and availability of resources.

Colobus monkeys face various threats to their survival, including habitat loss due to deforestation, hunting for bushmeat, and disease. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these fascinating primates and ensure their continued survival in the wild.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pitheciidae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category used in biology, specifically in the classification of primates. Pitheciidae is the family that includes titis, sakis, and uakaris - small to medium-sized New World monkeys found in Central and South America. If you have any questions about biological terms or concepts, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

Comparative anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that deals with the study and comparison of the structures and functions of different species, including humans. It involves the examination of similarities and differences in the anatomy of various organisms to understand their evolutionary relationships and adaptations. This field helps scientists to understand the development and function of body structures, as well as the evolutionary history of different species. By comparing and contrasting the anatomy of different organisms, researchers can gain insights into the functions and workings of various bodily systems and how they have evolved over time.

"Papio cynocephalus" is a scientific name for a species of old world monkey, commonly known as the yellow baboon. It's not typically used in a medical context, but I can provide some general biological information about it if that would be helpful.

Yellow baboons are native to the savannas and woodlands of eastern and southern Africa. They have a distinct appearance with a dog-like face (hence the species name "cynocephalus," which means "dog-headed" in Greek) and a long, close-set coat that is yellowish-brown or olive green in color. Adult males can weigh between 33 to 82 pounds (15 to 37 kg), while females are smaller and typically weigh between 14 to 33 pounds (6 to 15 kg).

Yellow baboons live in large social groups called troops, which can consist of up to 200 individuals. They have a complex hierarchical social structure based on age, sex, and dominance. Their diet is omnivorous, consisting of fruits, seeds, nuts, insects, and small vertebrates.

In terms of medical relevance, yellow baboons are sometimes used as animal models in biomedical research due to their close genetic relationship with humans (they share about 96% of their DNA sequence with us). However, it's important to note that using non-human primates in research is a controversial topic and subject to ethical considerations.

Aotidae is a family of nocturnal primates also known as lorises or slow lorises. They are native to Southeast Asia and are characterized by their small size, round head, large eyes, and a wet-nosed face. Slow lorises have a toxic bite, which they use to defend themselves against predators. They are currently listed as vulnerable or endangered due to habitat loss and hunting.

Colobinae is a subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes species such as colobus monkeys, langurs, and proboscis monkeys. These monkeys are characterized by their specialized stomachs for fermenting plant material, particularly leaves, and a lack of thumbs to assist in grasping branches. They are primarily found in Africa and Asia.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pongo" is not a recognized medical term. It is sometimes used informally to refer to a human being, especially in the context of belonging to the species Homo sapiens. In zoological terms, "Pongo" is the genus name for orangutans. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!

I'm not aware of a specific medical term called "Ape diseases." However, many primates, including apes, can suffer from diseases that are similar to those that affect humans. Some examples include:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): Both humans and apes can be infected with this bacterial disease, which primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body.
2. Hepatitis: Apes can contract various forms of hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and C, just like humans. These viral infections affect the liver and can cause acute or chronic illness.
3. Respiratory infections: Both apes and humans are susceptible to respiratory infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
4. Gastrointestinal diseases: Apes can suffer from gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea, due to various bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.
5. Retroviral infections: Some apes are known to be infected with retroviruses, like simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which is similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SIV can lead to a condition called simian AIDS in apes.
6. Zoonotic diseases: Apes can contract zoonotic diseases, which are transmitted from animals to humans, such as Ebola and Marburg viruses.
7. Cardiovascular diseases: Apes can develop heart conditions similar to those seen in humans, including hypertension and atherosclerosis.
8. Neurological disorders: Some apes may suffer from neurological issues, like Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, although research on these topics is still ongoing.

It's important to note that while apes can contract many of the same diseases as humans, there are also numerous diseases specific to each species due to differences in genetics, environment, and behavior.

"Animals, Zoo" is not a medical term. However, it generally refers to a collection of various species of wild animals kept in enclosures or exhibits for the public to view and learn about. These animals are usually obtained from different parts of the world and live in environments that attempt to simulate their natural habitats. Zoos play an essential role in conservation efforts, education, and research. They provide a unique opportunity for people to connect with wildlife and understand the importance of preserving and protecting endangered species and their ecosystems.

'Aotus trivirgatus' is a species of New World monkey, also known as the owl monkey or the white-bellied night monkey. It is native to South America, particularly in countries like Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. This nocturnal primate is notable for being one of the few monogamous species of monkeys, and it has a diet that mainly consists of fruits, flowers, and insects.

The medical community may study 'Aotus trivirgatus' due to its use as a model organism in biomedical research. Its genetic similarity to humans makes it a valuable subject for studies on various diseases and biological processes, including infectious diseases, reproductive biology, and aging. However, the use of this species in research has been controversial due to ethical concerns regarding animal welfare.

Lorisidae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic family in the order Primates. It includes various species of slow lorises, which are small, nocturnal primates found primarily in Southeast Asia. They have a round head, large eyes, and a wet nose, which helps them to have an excellent sense of smell. Slow lorises have a toxic bite, produced by mixing their saliva with the secretions from glands located on their elbows.

While not directly related to medical terminology or healthcare, understanding the classification and characteristics of different animal species can be important in fields such as zoonotic disease research, public health, and wildlife conservation.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) is a retrovirus that primarily infects African non-human primates and is the direct ancestor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2). It is similar to HIV in its structure, replication strategy, and ability to cause an immunodeficiency disease in its host. SIV infection in its natural hosts is typically asymptomatic and non-lethal, but it can cause AIDS-like symptoms in other primate species. Research on SIV in its natural hosts has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and potential strategies for prevention and treatment of AIDS.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

"Theropithecus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that includes the extinct species "Theropithecus oswaldi" and the currently existing species "Theropithecus gelada." These monkeys are native to Africa and are known for their distinctive long, pointed canines in males. The term "Theropithecus" comes from the Greek words "ther," meaning beast, and "pithekos," meaning ape.

It is important to note that "Theropithecus" species are not to be confused with "Theropoda," which is a group of dinosaurs that includes modern birds and their extinct relatives. The similarity in the names is purely coincidental.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

"Cercocebus" is a genus of Old World monkeys that includes several species, such as the sooty mangabey and the gray-cheeked mangabey. These monkeys are native to central Africa and are known for their distinctive appearance, with a long tail, dark fur, and light cheek whiskers. They are omnivorous and live in social groups. The name "Cercocebus" comes from the Greek words "kerkos," meaning tail, and "kephale," meaning head, referring to their long tails.

In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.

Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. It is one of the five identified subtypes of the Ebolavirus. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.

The early symptoms include sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding.

Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.

The virus is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as fruit bats, porcupines and non-human primates. Then it spreads in communities through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials contaminated with these fluids.

Healthcare workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD due to a lack of adequate infection prevention and control measures.

There are currently no approved specific antiviral drugs or vaccines for Ebola. Several promising treatments and vaccine candidates are being evaluated.

"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.

While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.

Alu elements are short, repetitive sequences of DNA that are found in the genomes of primates, including humans. These elements are named after the restriction enzyme Alu, which was used to first identify them. Alu elements are derived from a 7SL RNA molecule and are typically around 300 base pairs in length. They are characterized by their ability to move or "jump" within the genome through a process called transposition.

Alu elements make up about 11% of the human genome and are thought to have played a role in shaping its evolution. They can affect gene expression, regulation, and function, and have been associated with various genetic disorders and diseases. Additionally, Alu elements can also serve as useful markers for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among primates.

Visual pathways, also known as the visual system or the optic pathway, refer to the series of specialized neurons in the nervous system that transmit visual information from the eyes to the brain. This complex network includes the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar, and the primary and secondary visual cortices located in the occipital lobe of the brain.

The process begins when light enters the eye and strikes the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, converting the light energy into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to bipolar cells and subsequently to ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve. The fibers from each eye's nasal hemiretina cross at the optic chiasma, while those from the temporal hemiretina continue without crossing. This results in the formation of the optic tract, which carries visual information from both eyes to the opposite side of the brain.

The majority of fibers in the optic tract synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a part of the thalamus. The LGN sends this information to the primary visual cortex, also known as V1 or Brodmann area 17, located in the occipital lobe. Here, simple features like lines and edges are initially processed. Further processing occurs in secondary (V2) and tertiary (V3-V5) visual cortices, where more complex features such as shape, motion, and depth are analyzed. Ultimately, this information is integrated to form our perception of the visual world.

An animal model in medicine refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments to understand, predict, and test responses and effects of various biological and chemical interactions that may also occur in humans. These models are used when studying complex systems or processes that cannot be easily replicated or studied in human subjects, such as genetic manipulation or exposure to harmful substances. The choice of animal model depends on the specific research question being asked and the similarities between the animal's and human's biological and physiological responses. Examples of commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates.

Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.

Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.

The visual cortex is the part of the brain that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe, which is at the back of the brain. The visual cortex is responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the retina, which are then transmitted through the optic nerve and optic tract.

The visual cortex contains several areas that are involved in different aspects of visual processing, such as identifying shapes, colors, and movements. These areas work together to help us recognize and understand what we see. Damage to the visual cortex can result in various visual impairments, such as blindness or difficulty with visual perception.

Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3 (PTLV-3) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, it's possible that you are referring to Primate T-cell Leukemia Virus type 3 (PTLV-3), which is a retrovirus that primarily infects non-human primates. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). PTLV-3, like other T-cell leukemia viruses, has been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, particularly adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in its natural host species. However, there is no known human infection with PTLV-3 to date.

Simian Foamy Virus (SFV) is a type of retrovirus, specifically a member of the Spumavirus genus. It's also known as SFV or foamy virus because of the distinctive 'foamy' appearance of the infected cells in cell culture.

SFV is widespread among non-human primates, and it's believed to be non-pathogenic, meaning it doesn't cause disease in its natural hosts. However, it can infect other mammalian species, including humans, through close contact with bodily fluids such as saliva or blood.

In humans, SFV infection is usually asymptomatic and does not lead to any known diseases. Once a human is infected, the virus remains in the body for life, but it's believed to pose no significant health risk. It's primarily a research interest due to its use as a model retrovirus and its potential implications for understanding retroviral evolution and pathogenesis.

Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS) is not recognized as a medical condition in humans. However, it is a disease that affects non-human primates like African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys. SAIDS is caused by the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), which is similar to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in humans.

In non-human primates, SIV infection can lead to a severe immunodeficiency state, characterized by the destruction of CD4+ T cells and impaired immune function, making the host susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers. However, it is important to note that most non-human primates infected with SIV do not develop SAIDS spontaneously, unlike humans who acquire HIV infection.

In summary, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS) is a disease affecting non-human primates due to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection, characterized by immunodeficiency and susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers. It should not be confused with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in humans.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Ebolavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. It is named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), where the virus was first identified in 1976. There are six species of Ebolavirus, four of which are known to cause disease in humans: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, and Tai Forest ebolavirus (formerly Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus). The fifth species, Reston ebolavirus, is known to cause disease in non-human primates and pigs, but not in humans. The sixth and most recently identified species, Bombali ebolavirus, has not been associated with any human or animal diseases.

Ebolaviruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of Ebolavirus.

The symptoms of Ebolavirus disease (EVD) typically include fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, and sore throat, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. The case fatality rate of EVD is variable but has been historically high, ranging from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks depending on the species and the quality of medical care. There are no licensed specific treatments or vaccines available for EVD, although several promising candidates are currently under development.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

In the context of human behavior, grooming typically refers to the act of cleaning or maintaining one's own or another person's appearance or hygiene. However, in the field of forensic psychology and child protection, "grooming" has a specific meaning. It refers to the process by which an abuser gradually gains the trust of a potential victim, or the victim's family or friends, with the intent to manipulate or coerce the victim into sexual activity.

This can involve various behaviors such as complimenting, giving gifts, attention, and affection, gradually increasing in intimacy and inappropriateness over time. The grooming process can take place in person, online, or a combination of both. It's important to note that grooming is a criminal behavior and is often used by abusers to exploit and victimize children and vulnerable adults.

Pseudogenes are defined in medical and genetics terminology as non-functional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes, such as protein-coding genes or RNA genes, but have lost their ability to be expressed or produce a functional product. They are often characterized by the presence of mutations, such as frameshifts, premature stop codons, or deletions, that prevent them from being transcribed or translated into functional proteins or RNAs.

Pseudogenes can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication followed by degenerative mutations, retrotransposition of processed mRNA, and the insertion of transposable elements. While they were once considered "genomic fossils" with no biological relevance, recent research has shown that pseudogenes may play important roles in regulating gene expression, modulating protein function, and contributing to disease processes.

It's worth noting that there is ongoing debate in the scientific community about the precise definition and functional significance of pseudogenes, as some may still retain residual functions or regulatory potential.

'Laboratory animals' are defined as non-human creatures that are used in scientific research and experiments to study various biological phenomena, develop new medical treatments and therapies, test the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other products. These animals are kept under controlled conditions in laboratory settings and are typically purpose-bred for research purposes.

The use of laboratory animals is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure their humane treatment and welfare. The most commonly used species include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and fish. Other less common species may also be used depending on the specific research question being studied.

The primary goal of using laboratory animals in research is to advance our understanding of basic biological processes and develop new medical treatments that can improve human and animal health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding their welfare and potential for suffering.

"Mandrillus" is a genus of primates that includes two species: the mandrill (M. sphinx) and the drill (M. leucophaeus). These Old World monkeys are native to the rainforests of central Africa, particularly in Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Congo.

Mandrills are known for their distinctive appearance, with males having brightly colored faces and rear ends. They are also the largest and most sexually dimorphic monkeys, with males being significantly larger and more brightly colored than females.

Mandrills are primarily frugivorous, feeding on a diet that consists mainly of fruits, but they also eat other plant materials, insects, and occasionally small vertebrates. They live in large, hierarchical groups called troops, which can consist of several hundred individuals.

Mandrills have a complex social structure, with males competing for dominance and access to females. They are known for their loud, distinctive calls, which can be heard up to a mile away and are used to communicate with other members of their troop.

Overall, Mandrillus species are important indicators of the health and diversity of tropical rainforests in central Africa, and they play a critical role in seed dispersal and forest regeneration.

Mammals are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Mammalia, characterized by the presence of mammary glands (which produce milk to feed their young), hair or fur, three middle ear bones, and a neocortex region in their brain. They are found in a diverse range of habitats and come in various sizes, from tiny shrews to large whales. Examples of mammals include humans, apes, monkeys, dogs, cats, bats, mice, raccoons, seals, dolphins, horses, and elephants.

Scandentia, also known as tree shrews, is not typically considered a part of human or animal medicine. It is a distinct order of small mammals that are closely related to primates and other placental mammals. They primarily consist of tropical rainforest dwellers found in Southeast Asia.

However, from a zoological perspective, Scandentia is a group of small, omnivorous mammals that include tree shrews. They are characterized by their small size, pointed snouts, and large eyes. Some researchers have suggested that they might be useful models for studying certain human diseases due to their close evolutionary relationship with primates. But, again, this is more related to biological research than medical practice.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Madagascar" is not a medical term. It is actually the fourth-largest island country in the world, located in the Indian Ocean, off the southeastern coast of Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior (frontal) part of the frontal lobe in the brain, involved in higher-order cognitive processes such as planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It also plays a significant role in working memory and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is divided into several subregions, each associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in various impairments, including difficulties with planning, decision making, and social behavior regulation.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Artiodactyla is an order of mammals that includes even-toed ungulates, or hooved animals, with an odd number of toes. This group includes animals such as pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelopes, and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats. The primary identifying feature of Artiodactyls is the presence of a pair of weight-bearing toes located in the middle of the foot, with the other toes being either reduced or absent. This arrangement provides stability and adaptability for these animals to thrive in various habitats worldwide.

The spinothalamic tracts are a pair of white matter tracts in the spinal cord that carry sensory information from the body to the brain. They are responsible for transmitting pain, temperature, and crude touch sensation. The tracts consist of two components: the lateral spinothalamic tract, which carries information about pain and temperature, and the anterior spinothalamic tract, which carries information about touch and pressure. These tracts decussate (cross to the opposite side) at the level of the spinal cord where they enter, and then ascend to the thalamus, where the information is relayed to the sensory cortex for processing.

"Tupaia" is not a term found in general medical terminology. It is most likely referring to a genus of small mammals known as tree shrews, also called "tupaias." They are native to Southeast Asia and are not closely related to shrews, but rather belong to their own order, Scandentia.

However, if you're referring to a specific medical condition or concept that uses the term "Tupaia," I would need more context to provide an accurate definition.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

'Erythrocebus patas' is a scientific name for the Patas monkey, also known as the hussar monkey or red monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to the savannas and woodlands of central Africa. The Patas monkey is known for its long legs, slender body, and reddish-brown fur. It is the fastest primate, capable of reaching speeds up to 34 miles per hour (55 kilometers per hour).

The medical community may not have a specific definition related to 'Erythrocebus patas' as it is primarily studied by zoologists and biologists. However, understanding the characteristics and habits of this species can contribute to broader scientific knowledge and potentially inform research in fields such as comparative medicine or evolutionary biology.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

Carnivora is an order of mammals that consists of animals whose primary diet consists of flesh. The term "Carnivora" comes from the Latin words "caro", meaning flesh, and "vorare", meaning to devour. This order includes a wide variety of species, ranging from large predators such as lions, tigers, and bears, to smaller animals such as weasels, otters, and raccoons.

While members of the Carnivora order are often referred to as "carnivores," it is important to note that not all members exclusively eat meat. Some species, such as raccoons and bears, have an omnivorous diet that includes both plants and animals. Additionally, some species within this order have evolved specialized adaptations for their specific diets, such as the elongated canines and carnassial teeth of felids (cats) and canids (dogs), which are adapted for tearing and shearing meat.

Overall, the medical definition of Carnivora refers to an order of mammals that have a diet primarily consisting of flesh, although not all members exclusively eat meat.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are DNA sequences that have integrated into the genome of germ cells and are therefore passed down from parent to offspring through generations. These sequences are the remnants of ancient retroviral infections, where the retrovirus has become a permanent part of the host's genetic material.

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that replicate by reverse transcribing their RNA genome into DNA and integrating it into the host cell's genome. When this integration occurs in the germ cells, the retroviral DNA becomes a permanent part of the host organism's genome and is passed down to future generations.

Over time, many ERVs have accumulated mutations that render them unable to produce infectious viral particles. However, some ERVs remain capable of producing functional viral proteins and RNA, and may even be able to produce infectious viral particles under certain conditions. These active ERVs can play a role in various biological processes, both beneficial and detrimental, such as regulating gene expression, contributing to genome instability, and potentially causing disease.

It is estimated that up to 8% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviral sequences, making them an important component of our genetic makeup.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pan paniscus" is actually the scientific name for a species of primate, specifically the Bonobo or "Pygmy Chimpanzee." Here is the medical/scientific definition:

Pan paniscus, also known as the Bonobo or Pygmy Chimpanzee, is one of the two extant species in the genus Pan, the other being Pan troglodytes (the Common Chimpanzee). Bonobos are native to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Central Africa. They are smaller than Common Chimpanzees and have a more gracile build, darker coat, and distinctive hair parting down the middle of their head.

Bonobos share approximately 98.7% of their DNA with humans, making them our closest living relatives alongside Common Chimpanzees. They are highly social animals, living in complex fission-fusion communities with fluid membership. Bonobos exhibit unique behaviors such as sexual interactions to reduce tension and promote social bonding, which sets them apart from other primates, including Common Chimpanzees.

If you have any questions about veterinary medicine or animal health, please feel free to ask!

Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and present. It includes the study of language, culture, biology, and archaeology. In a medical context, anthropologists may study how cultural factors influence health and illness, health care practices and beliefs, and the impact of medical systems on individuals and communities. This field is known as medical anthropology.

A genetic vector is a vehicle, often a plasmid or a virus, that is used to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell as part of genetic engineering or gene therapy techniques. The vector contains the desired gene or genes, along with regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers, which are needed for the expression of the gene in the target cells.

The choice of vector depends on several factors, including the size of the DNA to be inserted, the type of cell to be targeted, and the efficiency of uptake and expression required. Commonly used vectors include plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria. They are often used as cloning vectors to amplify and manipulate DNA fragments. Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of host cells, including human cells. They are commonly used as gene therapy vectors because they can efficiently transfer genes into both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Retroviruses and lentiviruses are RNA viruses that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome. This allows for stable expression of the transgene over time. Lentiviruses, a subclass of retroviruses, have the advantage of being able to infect non-dividing cells, making them useful for gene therapy applications in post-mitotic tissues such as neurons and muscle cells.

Overall, genetic vectors play a crucial role in modern molecular biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study gene function, develop new therapies, and modify organisms for various purposes.

A saccade is a quick, rapid, and ballistic conjugate eye movement that shifts the point of fixation from one target to another. It helps in rapidly repositioning the fovea (the central part of the retina with the highest visual acuity) to focus on different targets of interest in the visual scene. Saccades are essential for efficient scanning and exploration of our environment, allowing us to direct our high-resolution vision towards various points of interest. They typically take only about 20-200 milliseconds to complete and can reach peak velocities of up to 500 degrees per second or more, depending on the amplitude of the movement. Saccades are a critical component of normal visual function and are often studied in fields such as ophthalmology, neurology, and neuroscience.

Dentition refers to the development, arrangement, and appearance of teeth in the dental arch. It includes the number, type, size, and shape of teeth, as well as their alignment and relationship with each other and the surrounding structures in the oral cavity. Dentition can be classified into two main types: deciduous (primary) dentition and permanent (secondary) dentition. Deciduous dentition consists of 20 temporary teeth that erupt during infancy and childhood, while permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth and last for a lifetime, excluding the wisdom teeth which may or may not erupt. Abnormalities in dentition can indicate various dental and systemic conditions, making it an essential aspect of oral health assessment and diagnosis.

Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) poisoning is a rare neurological disorder that occurs due to the accidental exposure or intentional intake of MPTP, a chemical compound that can cause permanent parkinsonian symptoms. MPTP is metabolized into MPP+, which selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain, leading to Parkinson's disease-like features such as rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremors, and postural instability. MPTP poisoning can be a model for understanding Parkinson's disease pathophysiology and developing potential treatments.

Genetic selection, also known as natural selection, is a fundamental mechanism of evolution. It refers to the process by which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population over successive generations due to differential reproduction of organisms with those traits.

In genetic selection, traits that increase an individual's fitness (its ability to survive and reproduce) are more likely to be passed on to the next generation, while traits that decrease fitness are less likely to be passed on. This results in a gradual change in the distribution of traits within a population over time, leading to adaptation to the environment and potentially speciation.

Genetic selection can occur through various mechanisms, including viability selection (differential survival), fecundity selection (differences in reproductive success), and sexual selection (choices made by individuals during mating). The process of genetic selection is driven by environmental pressures, such as predation, competition for resources, and changes in the availability of food or habitat.

Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.

In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.

Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.

Color perception refers to the ability to detect, recognize, and differentiate various colors and color patterns in the visual field. This complex process involves the functioning of both the eyes and the brain.

The eye's retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to light and dark changes and help us see in low-light conditions, but they do not contribute much to color vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color perception and function best in well-lit conditions.

There are three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a particular range of wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red colors. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide spectrum of colors.

The brain then interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of different colors and hues. It is important to note that color perception can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, personal experiences, and even language. Some individuals may also have deficiencies in color perception due to genetic or acquired conditions, such as color blindness or cataracts.

Animal vocalization refers to the production of sound by animals through the use of the vocal organs, such as the larynx in mammals or the syrinx in birds. These sounds can serve various purposes, including communication, expressing emotions, attracting mates, warning others of danger, and establishing territory. The complexity and diversity of animal vocalizations are vast, with some species capable of producing intricate songs or using specific calls to convey different messages. In a broader sense, animal vocalizations can also include sounds produced through other means, such as stridulation in insects.

Hylobatidae is not a medical term, but a biological classification. It refers to a family of primates commonly known as gibbons or lesser apes. These are small, arboreal apes found in the forests of Southeast Asia. They are known for their long arms and extraordinary ability to brachiate, or swing, through the trees.

The medical community might be interested in Hylobatidae in the context of zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans) or comparative studies in primate anatomy, physiology, and behavior.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lemuridae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic family that includes lemurs, which are primates native to the island of Madagascar. In animal taxonomy, Lemuridae is part of the infraorder Lemuriformes and superfamily Lemuroidea.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or healthcare topics, please feel free to ask!

Spumavirus is actually referred to as " foamy virus" in medical terminology. It's a type of retrovirus, which means it uses RNA as its genetic material and has the ability to integrate its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell.

Spumaviruses are unique among retroviruses because they don't cause the same kind of diseases that other retroviruses do, like HIV. Instead, they're associated with a slow-growing, non-cancerous infection in various animal species, including cats and non-human primates. They're called "foamy viruses" because of the foamy or bubbly appearance of the infected cells when viewed under a microscope.

It's important to note that while spumaviruses can infect human cells in laboratory experiments, there's no evidence that they cause disease in humans.

... met in 2010. Throughout college they both played Guitar in wedding bands, and for a range of acts such as Krept ... 2018 saw Space Primates release their debut record as artists, "My Life" which has seen over three million streams across all ... Space Primates are a DJ/songwriting/production duo from England composed of Marc Sibley and Nathan Cunningham. They have made ... "Space Primates". ICMP. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2021-10-24. Green Eggs and Ham (TV Series 2019- ) - IMDb, retrieved 2021-12-21 " ...
Primates is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of primatology, and an official journal of the Japan Monkey Center at ... "Primates". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2021. Official website (Articles with short ... Yamada, Munemi (1957). "A case of acculturation in a subhuman society of Japanese monkeys". Primates. 1 (1): 30-46. doi:10.1007 ... Furuya, Yoshio (1957). "Grooming behavior in the wild Japanese monkeys". Primates. 1 (1): 47-72. doi:10.1007/bf01667198. S2CID ...
... were one of the original post-punk / rock bands to come out of Athens, Georgia in the mid 1980s. Their loud, fast ... The Primates consisted of Eric Sales - bass and vocals, Greg Reece - guitar and vocals, and LH Sales Jr. - drums and vocals. ... Before going three-piece, early in the first years The Primates had a second rockabilly-style guitarist, Mike Whigham. They at ... Flagpole Magazine "That Beat in Time - The Primates" John Keane Studios Clients List Athens Walking Tour, 393 Oconee Street - ...
... a primatologist with laboratory experience of non-human primates. A primate veterinarian, Dr. Michele Martino, also joined the ... Primarily Primates Newsletter Summer 2011 A Match Made In Heaven: the story of Jordan the Lemur Britches.org info Archived 2014 ... Settlement for Primarily Primates Means Refuge Can Move On Archived 2007-08-10 at the Wayback Machine Press release dated 04/27 ... Primarily Primates (PPI) is a non-profit organization in Bexar County, Texas, that operates an animal sanctuary, housing 347 ...
In addition, many primates live in multi-female groups, and it has been proposed that these females live together to reduce the ... Female catarrhine primates such as Hanuman langurs have evolved an extended estrous state with variable ovulation in order to ... Primates from outside of familial groups might infiltrate areas and kill infants from other groups to eliminate competition for ... Primate infanticide motivated by resource competition can also involve cannibalizing the infant as a source of nutrition. ...
Purgatorius is the genus of the four extinct species believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a ... Charlestown, RI: Primate Conservation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-04-27. Roach, John (March 3, 2008). "Oldest Primate Fossil in North ... The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 57-90 million years. One of the oldest known primate-like mammal ... Evolution of mammals List of fossil primates Primate#Evolution Timeline of human evolution Maxwell 1984, p. 296 Rui Zhang; Yin- ...
Cambridge University primate experiments came to public attention in 2002 after the publication that year of material from a ... Non-human primate experiments "Witness the Cutting Edge of British Medical Research". British Union for the Abolition of ... "Response by the BUAV to a review by the Chief Inspector into aspects of non-human primate research at Cambridge University". ... Parkinson JA, Crofts HS, McGuigan M, Tomic DL, Everitt BJ, Roberts AC (October 2001). "The role of the primate amygdala in ...
Primates portal Mammals portal Animals portal List of human evolution fossils List of fossil primates List of primates of ... List of primates contains the extant species in the order Primates and currently contains 16 families and 72 genera. For ... extinct species see the list of fossil primates. Genus Cheirogaleus Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus andysabini Furry ...
Izard, M. Kay (2006). "Nursery-reared Prosimian Primates". In Sackett, Gene P. (ed.). Nursery rearing of nonhuman primates in ... A study on the phylogeny of primate behaviour has revealed that the use of tree holes or nests are important in the life- ... Humans build structures that can serve the same function as non-human primate nests. Modern constructions can be built with a ... Use of nests for leaving young is thought to have evolved from nocturnal primates with solitary habits which possibly led to ...
This list of fictional primates is a subsidiary to the list of fictional animals. The list is restricted to notable non-human ... and other primates. Rajang (Monster Hunter) An ape-goat cross that is also a Fanged Beast. Fatz Geronimo, a keyboard-playing ... primate characters from the world of fiction including chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, bonobos, gibbons, monkeys, lemurs, ...
This is a list of fossil primates-extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have ... There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the ... Cartmill, M. (2010). "Primate Classification and Diversity". In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A (eds.). Primate Neuroethology. Oxford ... This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate ...
The 2011 Primates' Meeting was held in Dublin, Ireland. It was attended by the primates of only 23 of the 38 provinces of the ... The primates of Mexico and Burma said that they were not well. Four primates cited other engagements: Kenya, North India, Sudan ... The primates issued a communiqué at the close of the meeting. In February 2005, Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting was held ... The Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings are regular meetings of the primates in the Anglican Communion, i.e. the principal ...
... at Curlie Primate Info Net Primates at Animal Diversity Web Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University High- ... Primates are also the most intelligent animals and non-human primates are recorded to use tools. They may communicate using ... All primate infants are breastfed by their mothers (with the exception of some human cultures and various zoo raised primates ... Primate Taxonomy listed about 350 species of primates in 2001; the author, Colin Groves, increased that number to 376 for his ...
Primate Specialist Group West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA) African Primates: Status Survey and Conservation ... human List of primates "Primates-SG - Primate Diversity by Region". Garbutt, N. (2007). Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide ... This is a list of African primates, containing all recent species of primates found in Africa including Madagascar. According ... Petter, J. J., & Desbordes, F. (2013). Primates of the World: An Illustrated Guide. Princeton University Press. Nowak, R. M. ( ...
This is a list of primate species by estimated global population. This list is not comprehensive, as not all primates have had ... Kurt Gron (July 22, 2010). "Greater bamboo lemur". Primate Info Net. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) Library at the ... "Japanese macaque". Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Retrieved 2022-09-15. IUCN (2015-11-21). "Macaca fuscata: ... portal Lists of organisms by population Lists of mammals by population Human population The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates ...
Anglican primates may be attached to a fixed see (e.g., the Archbishop of Canterbury is invariably the Primate of All England ... The junior primates of these churches do not normally participate in the Primates' Meeting. This is a list of the 42 current ... In England, the Archbishop of Canterbury is known as the "Primate of All England" while the Archbishop of York as "Primate of ... the Primate of the Anglican Church of Australia), or who may have no see (as in the Anglican Church of Canada). Primates are ...
... pushes back the evolutionary lineage of New World primates. Colombia portal Biology portal Primates portal List of Central ... The primates of Colombia include 41 extant species in 13 genera and five families. Additionally, 12 fossil species in 10 genera ... As of 2013, of the 30 fossil primate species found in South America dating to the Late Oligocene (26 Ma) to the Pleistocene, ... a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America", Folia Primatol, 44 (2): 96-101, doi:10.1159/ ...
... (Slovak: Primaciálne námestie) is a square situated in the middle of the Old Town of Bratislava, the capital ... There are several buildings around the square: Primate's Palace Old Town Hall New Town Hall - built in 1948 at the place of a ... It is named after the Primate's Palace which stands on the southern side of the square. A Tourist Information Visitors Centre ... after Cardinal Joseph Batthyány who had the Primate's Palace built in 1787). The center of the square features a linden tree ...
... s can be particularly effective for conservation efforts when employed in areas where primates had ... Chapman, C. A.; Onderdonk, D. A. (1998). "Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency". American Journal of ... Primate reintroduction is associated with primate rehabilitation which is a form of wildlife rehabilitation that provides care ... "Welfare based primate rehabilitation as a potential conservation strategy: does it measure up?". Primates. 55 (1): 139-147. doi ...
An example of a global city that is also a primate city is Istanbul in Turkey. Istanbul serves as the primate city of Turkey ... The law of the primate city was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939. He defines a primate city as being "at ... However, not all regions and countries possess a primate city. The United States has never had a primate city on a national ... Sub-national divisions can also have primate cities. For instance, New York City is New York State's primate city because it ...
Primate is a special service area within the Rural Municipality of Eye Hill No. 382, Saskatchewan, Canada that held village ... Primate incorporated as a village on April 5, 1922. It restructured on December 31, 2015, relinquishing its village status in ... In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Primate had a population of 35 living in 17 of its 19 total ... In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Primate recorded a population of 52 living in 21 of its 24 ...
... may refer to the following buildings: Primate's Palace, Bratislava, Slovakia. Primate's Palace, Warsaw, Poland ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Primate's Palace. If an internal link led you here, you may ...
... is the second extended play by American rapper Apathy. It was released on August 23, 2011 through Demigodz ... Dre Tracklisitng Bonus Disc Archived 2014-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Honkey Kong released with Primate Mindstate EP ( ...
... is the study of the intellectual and behavioral skills of non-human primates, particularly in the fields of ... Animal cognition Deep social mind Hominid intelligence Great ape language Primate empathy Primate archaeology Michael Tomasello ... Primates are capable of high levels of cognition; some make tools and use them to acquire foods and for social displays; some ... Primates in particular have been the focus of g research due to their close taxonomic links to humans. A principal component ...
... is an area of primatology that aims to study the interactions between three main elements of a primate social ... Examples of primate species with multilevel societies: hamadryas baboons, geladas, snub-nosed monkeys Primate social structures ... Strier, Karen B. (2017). Primate Behavioural Ecology, Fifth Edition. London & New York: Routledge. Lindenfors P 2018 Primate ... These two primates are part of the callitrichidae family and have been observed to demonstrate pair-bonding systems in some ...
... 's main focus is on the study of the non-human primates that have been observed using tools in the wild: ... This method allows primate archaeologists to know the exact foods that non-human primates are processing with stones, even if ... Primate archaeology has the unique opportunity to observe the tool-use behaviors of extant non-human primates and the formation ... For example, a recent[when?] primate archaeology example of the use of non-human primates as viable models is the consolidation ...
... the primate had also been a Reichsfürst, a ruling prince of the Holy Roman Empire, entitled Prince Primate. He was the chief ... resulting in his being titled prince primate. The primate was entitled to hold national synods, was Legatus Natus of the Holy ... The primate was also chief priest and chancellor of the Hungarian national Order of St. Stephen, established in 1764. As first ... To the primate also belonged the right (delegated regalia) to superintend the royal mint at Kremnica (German: Kremnitz, ...
... that set-out the specific rights and function of the Abbot Primate. Firstly, the Abbot Primate would reside in Rome to serve as ... The Abbot Primate has appointed the Rev. Doroteo Toić, O.S.B. as the present Rector of the church. Engelbert, Pius (2015). ... When the Abbot Primate appoints his Prior, this monk also serves concurrently as the Rector of the college. The present Rector ... The Abbot Primate is officially the "Grand Chancellor" of the Athenaeum and the present Rector of the Athenaeum is Rev. ...
A primate is any member of the biological order of Primates, including monkeys, apes, and humans. Primate may also refer to: ... especially the Peloponnese Primate's Palace, a palace in Slovakia Primate, Saskatchewan, a former village in Canada Primate, a ... by Frederick Wiseman Primate city All pages with titles beginning with Primate All pages with titles containing Primate This ... Primate (bishop), a title/rank bestowed on (arch)bishops within some Christian churches Primates (journal), a scientific ...
"Pyramid Review: Terra Primate". Pyramid. Steve Jackson Games. 27 December 2002. Retrieved 2007-10-13. Terra Primate at Eden ... Davenport, Dan (June 2003). "Review of Terra Primate". RPGnet. Retrieved 2007-10-13. Proctor, Daniel. "Terra Primate Capsule ... Terra Primate (ISBN 978-1-891153-76-1) uses the Unisystem and is based on movies such as Planet of the Apes and the focus of ... Terra Primate is an American role-playing game, designed by Patrick Sweeny, David F. Chapman, Al Bruno III and C.J. Carella, ...
Space Primates met in 2010. Throughout college they both played Guitar in wedding bands, and for a range of acts such as Krept ... 2018 saw Space Primates release their debut record as artists, "My Life" which has seen over three million streams across all ... Space Primates are a DJ/songwriting/production duo from England composed of Marc Sibley and Nathan Cunningham. They have made ... "Space Primates". ICMP. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2021-10-24. Green Eggs and Ham (TV Series 2019- ) - IMDb, retrieved 2021-12-21 " ...
Appropriate guidelines for management of newly imported primates have been sent to all U.S. primate importation and quarantine ... Ebola Virus Infection in Imported Primates -- Virginia, 1989 In late November 1989, Ebola virus was isolated from cynomolgus ... The only previous documentation of transmission of this family of virus from primates to humans occurred in 1967, when African ... During quarantine in a primate facility in Virginia, numerous macaques died, some with findings consistent with simian ...
All images and content property of Pacific Primate Sanctuary ©2020 ...
Primates, Poly Memory: Primates, PIP, Poly Puzzle: Predators, PIP 2, Poly Memory: Predators, PIP 3, Pettys Adventure: Desert, ... Title: Poly Puzzle: Primates. Genre: Adventure, Casual, Indie, Simulation, Strategy. Developer: Cute Hannahs Games ... Poly Puzzle: Primates- cute, relaxing puzzle game. The players goal - puzzle pieces together to get a beautiful picture.. In ... Primates, Poly Jigsaw: Furries, Poly Jigsaw: Furries 2, Pettys Adventure: Volcano, Twizzle Puzzle: Dogs ...
Researchers analyzed more than 1,200 interactions with groups of chimps and bonobos in zoos and found that they commonly exchange gazes or swap gestures to share their intentions about social .... ...
primate (plural primates) *(zoology) A mammal of the order Primates, including simians and prosimians. Primates range from ... Hyphenation: pri‧mate. Etymology 1[edit]. From French primate, from Latin primas ("one of the first, chief, excellent, noble") ... primate (plural primates) *(ecclesiastical) In the Catholic Church, a rare title conferred to or claimed by the sees of certain ... From Middle English primate, primat, from Old French primat, from Late Latin prīmās ("chief bishop"), substantivisation of ...
The primates combine these calls into long vocal sequences which allow them to convey messages about social cohesion or various ... Syntax in our primate cousins. Date:. December 13, 2009. Source:. CNRS. Summary:. Monkeys of a certain forest-dwelling species ... "Syntax in our primate cousins." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2009. /. 12. /. 091212144710.htm (accessed ... The primates combine these calls into long vocal sequences which allow them to convey messages about social cohesion or various ...
Pope John Paul II named Polish primate Jozef Glemp a cardinal. The Pope named 17 other new cardinals as well during his weekly ... Pope John Paul II named Polish primate Jozef Glemp a cardinal. The Pope named 17 other new cardinals as well during his weekly ...
Primates are mammals such as apes and monkeys that belong to the order Primates. Learn more about primates at HowStuffWorks. ... Primates. Primates are placental mammals that include gorillas, monkeys and chimpanzees, as well as humans. Other than humans, ... The Tarsier Is One Weird Primate, and Yes, Were Related. Never heard of the tarsier? Well its one of the smallest primates in ... Langurs Are Primates That Love to Monkey Around. There are over 60 species of langur in the world, all of which eat a plant- ...
How primates got big brains March 29, 2017 12:00 am , Updated 04:12 am IST - New York ... Large brain sizes in primates may have been a result of their diverse diet, which included fruits and vegetables, rather than ... "Are humans and other primates big-brained because of social pressures and the need to think about and track our social ... The findings reinforce the notion that human and primate brain evolution may be driven by differences in feeding rather than in ...
CDC policy for the treatment of Plasmodium infections in nonhuman primates (NHP) imported into the United States during the CDC ... CDC policy statement: Treatment of Plasmodium infections in nonhuman primates (NHPs) imported under 42 CFR § 71.53 ... Treatment of Plasmodium Infections in Nonhuman Primates Imported under 42 CFR § 71.53. ... administers regulations governing the importation of nonhuman primates (NHPs) into the United States. ...
... mice and primates, but varied less among primates. Only a modest fraction of the genes identified as markers of specific ... In the primate neocortex, dozens of genes showed spatial expression gradients among interneurons of the same type, which ... We also found a notable subcortical innovation: an abundant striatal interneuron type in primates that had no molecularly ... Primates and rodents, which descended from a common ancestor around 90 million years ago1, exhibit profound differences in ...
A new analysis of brains from a variety of mammal species indicates that frontal-cortex expansion has occurred in all primates ... Lemurs, gibbons, chimpanzees, and other primates have roughly the same proportion of brain tissue devoted to the frontal cortex ...
Pages in category "Primates". The following 35 pages are in this category, out of 35 total. ... Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Category:Primates&oldid=964540 ...
Adapted from the new Primates 2016 website: The Archbishop of Canterbury is asking people to pray for the primates of the ... Archbishop Welby says: "As we approach the Primates Meeting we need to recognize that were going to be dealing with some very ... The agenda will be set by common agreement with all primates. It is likely to include the issues of religiously motivated ...
On this page you will find the Large primates crossword clue answers and solutions. This clue was last seen on November 21 2023 ... Large primates. Here is the answer for the: Large primates crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on November 21 ... The solution we have for Large primates has a total of 9 letters. ...
These primate ancestors were totally chill with a colder climate. They may not be Arctic monkeys, but they could offer clues to ... The Arctic primate relatives likely had to eat tougher harder material like nuts and seeds, as opposed to softer snacks like ... "No primate relative has ever been found at such extreme latitudes," study co-author Kristen Miller, a doctoral student with the ... The northern primates were bigger than the southern ones, but all of them appear to be around rodent size. ...
... the largest primate testing lab in the U.S. ... An exclusive investigation into the treatment of primates at ... The New Iberia Research Center, part of the University of Louisiana, houses more than 6,000 primates and one of the largest ... The Federal Animal Welfare Act, the law designed to protect these primates, requires labs to ensure that procedures avoid or ... EXCLUSIVE: Ex-Employees Claim Horrific Treatment of Primates at Lab. EXCLUSIVE: Humane Society says video shows abuse of ...
They even named our blood group after them! - Macaques; Credit: © Shutterstock The diversity of primates is legion, but within ... The diversity of primates is legion, but within each species is a diversity that has enabled them to conquer continents, forest ... One primate however is legions ahead in variation. Needing 80,000 to maintain the effective current population genetic base, ... Who are the most successful primates? - well, us, just! by Dave Armstrong 02 Jul 2012 ...
An alarm sounds in London: will it matter? , The emergency meeting of the primates of the Anglican Communion ended yesterday ... Pre-Weblog: Early Responses to the Anglican Primates Statement. Both sides seem happy as the Episcopal Church USA promises to ... This will tear the fabric of our communion , Anglican communion has reached critical point, say primates, but final decision ... American Anglican Council applauds bold stand of the mainstream Anglican Primates (American Anglican Council News). ...
This dearth of evidence, particularly among primates, limits our understanding of the evolution of deception and punishment. ... study presents the first systematic evidence of tactical deception and punishment of reproductive cheating in a wild primate, ... How to cite this article: le Roux, A. et al. Evidence for tactical concealment in a wild primate. Nat. Commun. 4:1462 doi: ... le Roux, A., Snyder-Mackler, N., Roberts, E. et al. Evidence for tactical concealment in a wild primate. Nat Commun 4, 1462 ( ...
Cosmos and The Science of Everything are registered trademarks in Australia and the USA, and owned by The Royal Institution of Australia Inc. ...
A controversial new statistical model concludes that the common ancestor of primates lived 81.5 million years ago, about 16 ... Using a new statistical model of primate evolution, the scientists conclude that the oldest common ancestor of todays primates ... Fossils suggest early primates lived in a once-swampy Arctic By Freda Kreier. January 25, 2023. ... When and why did masturbation evolve in primates? A new study provides clues By Darren Incorvaia. June 6, 2023. ...
Hormone suppresses hunger in primates and people. At a Glance. *Researchers found that a hormone called LCN2 suppressed hunger ... References: Lipocalin-2 is an anorexigenic signal in primates. Petropoulou PI, Mosialou I, Shikhel S, Hao L, Panitsas K, ... LCN2 also bound to hypothalamus tissue samples taken from both primate and human brains. ...
... primate center:. The primate center at OHSU should just shut down and spare monkeys and taxpayers any further pain. New federal ... PETA Statement: OHSU Should Shut Down Primate Center. Share Post Share. Donate ... The primate center has been propped up for too long by funds that should be going to cutting-edge, human-relevant research. ...
"This is the grand pattern of evolution that we see in the fossil record of North American primates. The first primates came to ... Life sciences/Organismal biology/Animals/Vertebrates/Mammals/Primates/Nonhuman primates * /Life sciences/Evolutionary biology/ ... But the timing and appearance of this primate in the North American fossil record are quite unusual. It appears suddenly in the ... The KU researchers said their discovery is not only exciting in terms of discovering a new primate species from late Eocene ...
... on the Primate Info Net this phrase specifically refers to nonhuman primates. This website, from the National Primate Research ... and career resources related to primates and working with primates. The “about the primates” section of the website ... p, While it is true that the heading “primates in the news” is appropriate to just about all news headlines, ... Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, provides site visitors with not only the latest primate news, but also a lot of ...
South Primates are wary of Welby. THE Primates of Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda did not attend a meeting with the Archbishop of ... Global South Primates agree to Welby meeting. THE GAFCON Primates have accepted the Archbishop of Canterburys invitation to ... But truth that is spoken with a deep sense of love for the other, not as a thing, a Primate, but as a person, loved by God ... Referring to speculation and "even threats" in the press, he urged the Primates, now in the same room, to "speak truth to each ...
Primates brain sizes are influenced by other aspects besides social complexity: factors such as diet may explain them too. And ... Dunbar became convinced that there was a ratio between brain sizes and group sizes through his studies of non-human primates. ... an important social behaviour of primates. Dunbar concluded that the size, relative to the body, of the neocortex - the part of ...
  • This website, from the National Primate Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, provides site visitors with not only the latest primate news, but also a lot of educational, research, and career resources related to primates and working with primates. (genengnews.com)
  • An academic video from the University of Wisconsin: "Ricki Colman, PhD, reviews the long-term health benefits of caloric restriction (CR) using data from a 20 year study in non-human primates at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center . (fightaging.org)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Global Migration Health (DGMH) administers regulations governing the importation of nonhuman primates (NHPs) into the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • While it is true that the heading "primates in the news" is appropriate to just about all news headlines, on the Primate Info Net this phrase specifically refers to nonhuman primates. (genengnews.com)
  • Inspection of the four major holding facilities in the Philippines, including the facility that had supplied the monkeys in Virginia, did not identify unusual illness compatible with Ebola virus disease in either workers or nonhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
  • Nonetheless, CDC has developed the following interim guidelines that update and modify the procedures used in the transportation and quarantine of nonhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
  • Single-dose VSV-based vaccine protects against Kyasanur Forest disease in nonhuman primates. (bvsalud.org)
  • Editorial Note: The episodes documented in Virginia and Pennsylvania are the first known instances of Ebola-related filovirus infection in imported primates in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Primates are placental mammals that include gorillas, monkeys and chimpanzees, as well as humans. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Lemurs, gibbons, chimpanzees, and other primates have roughly the same proportion of brain tissue devoted to the frontal cortex as people do, say Eliot C. Bush and John M. Allman of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. (sciencenews.org)
  • The New Iberia Research Center, part of the University of Louisiana, houses more than 6,000 primates and one of the largest captive populations of chimpanzees in the world. (go.com)
  • Shu Shu got her name from a veterinarian at the now defunct Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates (LEMSIP), which housed some 300 chimpanzees and nearly 300 monkeys. (primarilyprimates.org)
  • Shumaker considers himself lucky that his mother shared his interest in great apes - a class of primates consisting of bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans - and encouraged him to pursue his dream of working with them. (businessrecord.com)
  • The research facilities at Lund University Primate Research Station Furuvik are part of the normal housing of the orangutans and chimpanzees and allow flexible ways of studying them through dedicated solutions that have research conditions in mind. (lu.se)
  • 2018 saw Space Primates release their debut record as artists, "My Life" which has seen over three million streams across all platforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Are humans and other primates big-brained because of social pressures and the need to think about and track our social relationships, as some have argued? (thehindu.com)
  • Ebola diseases (EBOD) are rare, but severe and often fatal viral diseases that affects humans and other primates. (who.int)
  • The Archbishop of Canterbury is asking people to pray for the primates of the Anglican Communion , who will meet in Canterbury on January 11-16. (livingchurch.org)
  • Archbishop Welby says: "As we approach the Primates' Meeting we need to recognize that we're going to be dealing with some very, very difficult issues within the life of the Anglican Communion, but also hugely difficult issues that are affecting the whole Church of Christ and our whole world. (livingchurch.org)
  • Graham Kings, Mission Theologian in the Anglican Communion, considers seven interweaving themes of the Primates' Meeting. (fulcrum-anglican.org.uk)
  • Primarily Primates' landscape is settled on 77 acres surrounded by tall, lush trees. (primarilyprimates.org)
  • The model also suggested female masturbation existed prior to the split from tarsiers - a small species of primate that has barely changed in the last 45 million years. (livescience.com)
  • Scientists announced the discovery of a new species of primate, the skywalker hoolock gibbon ( Hoolock tianxing ), in the American Journal of Primatology on Tuesday . (nationalgeographic.com)
  • A primate is a country's highest-ranking Roman Catholic churchman. (csmonitor.com)
  • CAO BANG CITY, Vietnam - Vietnam is home to some of the world's most endangered primates, many of which live in the country's mountainous, heavily forested far-northern provinces. (mongabay.com)
  • Meanwhile, Lam believes raising awareness among local communities remains a key factor in preserving the country's rare primates. (mongabay.com)
  • Certainly, evidence for tactical deception is difficult to document in wild primates where experimental manipulations can be challenging. (nature.com)
  • Consequently, the question arises as to whether this constitutes an absence-of-evidence or rather evidence-of-absence for tactical deception in wild primates. (nature.com)
  • However, these theories can't explain why wild primates masturbate, or why primates masturbate when willing partners are around, the study authors wrote. (livescience.com)
  • The oldest known primate fossils were dated to just after the extinction event 66 million years ago-suggesting some primate ancestors lived even longer ago. (nationalgeographic.com)
  • Masturbation occurs in a wide variety of animals, from rodents to reptiles, but is especially common among primates, and even more so in primates in captivity. (livescience.com)
  • The only previous documentation of transmission of this family of virus from primates to humans occurred in 1967, when African monkeys infected with Marburg virus were imported into Europe (4). (cdc.gov)
  • The primate center at OHSU should just shut down and spare monkeys and taxpayers any further pain. (peta.org)
  • Researchers reconstructed the evolutionary origins of primate masturbation and found it was an ancestral trait that goes back to the ancestor of all monkeys and apes. (livescience.com)
  • Masturbation in primates is deeply rooted in evolution, with the behavior likely going back at least 40 million years, to the ancestor of all monkeys and apes, new research suggests. (livescience.com)
  • We know that amongst the primates, the ancestor of all monkeys and apes after the split from tarsiers probably masturbated, meaning it was present around 40 million years ago," Brindle told Live Science in an email. (livescience.com)
  • In November 1989, infections caused by a filovirus closely related to Ebola virus were detected in cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys imported from the Philippines and held in a primate quarantine facility in Virginia (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Extensive investigation at transit points in Amsterdam and New York did not implicate cross-infection of the monkeys by African primates. (cdc.gov)
  • In December, a telephone survey of 40 other U.S. primate importers identified another shipment of cynomolgus monkeys that had arrived in Pennsylvania from the Philippines on November 28 and in which a number of unexplained deaths had occurred shortly after arrival. (cdc.gov)
  • When and why did masturbation evolve in primates? (sciencenews.org)
  • The study researchers found that masturbation is an ancient trait in primates and speculated that it may drive reproductive success. (livescience.com)
  • As a result, scientists in the past have assumed masturbation in primates was an aberrant activity produced by the stress of captivity, or simply a byproduct of a high libido, the researchers wrote in the study. (livescience.com)
  • To understand why primates engage in such "autosexuality," Matilda Brindle , an anthropologist at University College London, and colleagues created a huge dataset of primate masturbation using hundreds of publications, 150 questionnaires and observations from zoo keepers and primatologists. (livescience.com)
  • Researchers now want to gather more evidence to better understand primate masturbation - particularly among females. (livescience.com)
  • Popsicles, frozen water bottles, juice cubes and blocks, and frozen fruit are a huge hit among all primates at the sanctuary. (primarilyprimates.org)
  • This fall, Robert Shumaker joined the Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary as head of orangutan research, the latest step in a career he dreamed of as a child. (businessrecord.com)
  • He left the Smithsonian National Zoo to join the Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary. (businessrecord.com)
  • The intense periods of darkness of the Arctic Circle may have triggered both of these species to evolve a surprising trait compared to their other primate relatives: more robust teeth and jaws. (popsci.com)
  • The team believes that some of the adaptations that Arctic near-primate species took during another period of global warming demonstrates how some animals could evolve new traits-lessons that animals could be undergoing due to climate change today. (popsci.com)
  • How did ancient primates evolve resistance to venom? (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Appropriate guidelines for management of newly imported primates have been sent to all U.S. primate importation and quarantine facilities, and surveillance for hemorrhagic disease in staff members and in recently imported primates is being instituted. (cdc.gov)
  • DIVISIONS in the worldwide Church are an "obscenity", the Archbishop of Canterbury told Primates on Monday, at the start of high-stakes gathering in Canterbury. (churchtimes.co.uk)
  • Archbishop Welby put his remarks to the Primates in Canterbury in the context of the "darkness, lostness, and suffering" in the world. (churchtimes.co.uk)
  • Embark on an exciting adventure as you get to go trekking with chimpanzee in Kibale National Park, housing the greatest variety and concentration of primates found anywhere in East Africa including 12 species of primates such as the rare red colobus monkey, grey-cheeked mangabey, olive baboon and red-tailed monkey. (andbeyond.com)
  • During quarantine in a primate facility in Virginia, numerous macaques died, some with findings consistent with simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF). (cdc.gov)
  • An artist's reconstruction of the newly proposed common ancestor of primates shows a mother and her clinging baby. (sciencenews.org)
  • Using a new statistical model of primate evolution, the scientists conclude that the oldest common ancestor of today's primates lived approximately 81.5 million years ago. (sciencenews.org)
  • Large brain sizes in primates may have been a result of their diverse diet, which included fruits and vegetables, rather than living complex social lives, scientists have found. (thehindu.com)
  • Scientists have found new specimens that are the oldest near-primate remains that have been found north of the Arctic Circle to date. (popsci.com)
  • Primates have been masturbating for around 40 million years, scientists say. (livescience.com)
  • Perhaps scientists hoped that bestowing a pop cultural name on these primates would help them to draw conservation attention. (nationalgeographic.com)
  • In a presentation on April 23 at the 2023 Association for Research and Vision Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, scientists at regenerative medicine biotech Life Biosciences and Harvard Medical School revealed data showing that the company's gene therapy platform could restore vision loss in primate models of NAION. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • The people who live in association with the forests which support these primate populations are generally exceedingly poor and often ethnic minorities, so they're socially and economically marginalized," Benjamin Rawson, conservation and program development director at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Vietnam, told Mongabay. (mongabay.com)
  • Previous descriptive work on deciduous dentition of primates has focused disproportionately on great apes and humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Paleontologists generally think that the first primates appeared about 65 million years ago, whereas genetic analyses of the DNA from living primates yield an estimate of 90 million years. (sciencenews.org)
  • This project focuses on a very distinctive fossil primate known to paleontologists since the 1960s," said lead author Kathleen Rust, a doctoral candidate in paleontology at KU's Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum. (eurekalert.org)
  • The findings reinforce the notion that human and primate brain evolution may be driven by differences in feeding rather than in socialisation. (thehindu.com)
  • Here we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile RNA expression in 188,776 individual interneurons across homologous brain regions from three primates (human, macaque and marmoset), a rodent (mouse) and a weasel (ferret). (nature.com)
  • LCN2 also bound to hypothalamus tissue samples taken from both primate and human brains. (nih.gov)
  • Dunbar became convinced that there was a ratio between brain sizes and group sizes through his studies of non-human primates. (bbc.com)
  • When all four Yamanaka factors are expressed together, have been shown to fully reprogram differentiated human , mouse and primate cells back into pluripotent stem cells, erasing their cell identity and resetting DNA methylation to an embryonic state. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • To understand which aspects of human cognition are shared with other primates and which are uniquely human, we must understand cognition and its ontogeny in non-human primates. (mpg.de)
  • To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory ability, we tested 421 non-human primates across 41 species in a pre-registered, experimental delayed-response task. (lu.se)
  • Some 44,000 fatal emerging infectious disease common in man and non-human children travelled to towns and commuted freely back and forth primates. (who.int)
  • 70% and intermediate hosts including, non-human primates. (who.int)
  • Ebolaviruses are transmitted to people from wild animals such as fruit bats, porcupines and non-human primates. (who.int)
  • [ 2 ] An additional meta-analysis involving PEP in non-human primates demonstrated a significant association between earlier timing of PEP and reduced seroconversion rates. (medscape.com)
  • The dataset corresponding to the study is freely accessible and constitutes an important resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition. (lu.se)
  • The team then used a computer model to estimate how long the behavior had been a part of the primate repertoire. (livescience.com)
  • Where can you find CWU Primate Behavior students? (cwu.edu)
  • These results call into question "the social brain hypothesis," which has posited that humans and primates are big-brained due to factors pertaining to social living. (thehindu.com)
  • However, if the question is: 'Which factor, diet or sociality, is more important when it comes to determining the brain size of primate species? (thehindu.com)
  • Researchers, including Scott Williams, assistant professor of anthropology at NYU, examined more than 140 primate species - or more than three times as many as previous studies - and incorporated more recent evolutionary trees, or phylogenies. (thehindu.com)
  • The evolutionary roots of primates, the group of mammals that gave rise to humans, are murky. (sciencenews.org)
  • When we were working there, we had absolutely no idea that we would find an animal that was closely related to this bizarre primate from North America, but literally as soon as I picked up the jaw and saw it, I thought, 'Wow, this is it,'" Beard said. (eurekalert.org)
  • If this singular case is removed from the roster of evidence for primate tactical deception, the evidence supporting such behaviour is reduced to anecdotes from the wild and reports from captive studies (with one possible exception of 'functional' deception in the context of food competition 21 ). (nature.com)
  • Their findings, published June 7 in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B , showed that within captive primates, 74% of females and 87% masturbated. (livescience.com)
  • This ratio was mapped out using neuroimaging and observation of time spent on grooming, an important social behaviour of primates. (bbc.com)
  • Usually, the expression primate refers to the first hierarch of an autocephalous or autonomous Orthodox church. (wiktionary.org)
  • The Arctic primate relatives likely had to eat tougher harder material like nuts and seeds, as opposed to softer snacks like fruit, which could have impacted their unique dentistry. (popsci.com)
  • So named due to the belief that primates are the "highest" order of mammals/animals. (wiktionary.org)
  • The researchers found that visual function was restored nearly back to baseline in the treated primates' eyes, while it remained unchanged in untreated animals. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • For our primates and animals that enjoy splashing in water, we set up misters and sprinklers as enrichments. (primarilyprimates.org)
  • Their findings showed primates have likely been masturbating for tens of millions of years. (livescience.com)
  • Armed with their findings, they set out to see if the platform could also work for NAION in primates too. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • Complex foraging strategies, social structures, and cognitive abilities, are likely to have co-evolved throughout primate evolution," said Alex DeCasien, an NYU doctoral candidate. (thehindu.com)
  • Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. (lu.se)
  • The mangabey genus Cercocebus is genetically linked to mandrills and includes the Sanje mangabey, one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world, found in the same mountains as the newly discovered highland mangabey. (nsf.gov)
  • But the timing and appearance of this primate in the North American fossil record are quite unusual. (eurekalert.org)
  • It appears suddenly in the fossil record of the Great Plains more than 4 million years after the extinction of all other North American primates, which occurred around 34 million years ago. (eurekalert.org)
  • In the course of the work, Rust was able to draw conclusions about how Ekgmowechashala came to be discovered in Nebraska, millions of years after its fellow primates died out in the continent's fossil record. (eurekalert.org)
  • In the primate neocortex, dozens of genes showed spatial expression gradients among interneurons of the same type, which suggests that regional variation in cortical contexts shapes the RNA expression patterns of adult neocortical interneurons. (nature.com)
  • This dearth of evidence, particularly among primates, limits our understanding of the evolution of deception and punishment. (nature.com)
  • Hoolock gibbons are about 32 inches tall, have no tail, and, depending on the sex, weigh an average of 13 pounds (female) or 15 pounds (male), according to the Wisconsin Primate Research Center Library . (nationalgeographic.com)
  • Educating local communities about forest conservation and its impact on protecting rare primates is widely seen as a key measure for preservation and species recovery. (mongabay.com)
  • The KU researchers said their discovery is not only exciting in terms of discovering a new primate species from late Eocene China - but also in settling the origin story of Ekgmowechashala. (eurekalert.org)
  • At one, two, three and five weeks after inducing the NAION-like injury, the researchers assessed the primates' vision using a method called a pattern electroretinogram, or pERG, and compared it to pre-laser baseline readings. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • Though the researchers plan to assess whether their platform works on glaucoma in primates as well, they wanted to use a disease with a very precise timeline. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • The truly gluttonous should also revisit Wednesday's Weblog, " Where Else to Go for News and Analysis of the Anglican Primates' Meeting . (christianitytoday.com)
  • In an attempt to address conservative Primates' criticism of the Church of England's "drift from the biblical faith" ( News, 17 April ), he set out the case for its orthodoxy. (churchtimes.co.uk)
  • Fig. 3: Cortical LHX6 + LAMP5 + interneurons are much more numerous in primates and are molecularly similar to conserved hippocampal interneurons. (nature.com)
  • That presents major challenges for species conservation, including for the rare primates that live there. (mongabay.com)
  • The rugged terrain of Cao Bằng Province provides a habitat for rare primates, but also creates challenges for conservation. (mongabay.com)
  • Yet poverty remains a major concern, presenting opportunities for conservation and livelihood development efforts to work together to improve the outlook for both primates and people. (mongabay.com)
  • In a very Church of England manner the primates meeting in Newry, Northern Ireland, yesterday tried to put an emollient gloss on their decision to ask the offending Episcopal Church in the US and the Church of Canada to withdraw their representatives from the governing body of the worldwide church, saying that the withdrawal was only "temporary" to give them time to reconsider their position. (thinkinganglicans.org.uk)
  • For the majority of the primates called together for this meeting, however, there can be no temporising with the traditional interpretation of the scriptures. (thinkinganglicans.org.uk)
  • No primate relative has ever been found at such extreme latitudes," study co-author Kristen Miller, a doctoral student with the University of Kansas' Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum, said in a statement . (popsci.com)
  • Moreover, at least one study on a wild primate reports a lack of tactical deception in a context (that is, sneak copulations), where it would presumably benefit a subordinate male 22 . (nature.com)
  • Other than humans, primates are found mostly in Central and South America, Africa, and South Asia. (howstuffworks.com)
  • We also found a notable subcortical innovation: an abundant striatal interneuron type in primates that had no molecularly homologous counterpart in mice or ferrets. (nature.com)
  • The closest relatives of these species were likely a group of primates called plesiadapiforms , which were found further to the south during this time period. (popsci.com)
  • This is the main challenge to [the primates]. (mongabay.com)
  • Fig. 4: A primate striatal interneuron type not observed in mouse or ferret. (nature.com)
  • Humans, one type of primate, have more than 600 muscles, accounting for approximately 40 percent of the average male's weight. (microscopyu.com)
  • The primates combine these calls into long vocal sequences which allow them to convey messages about social cohesion or various dangers, including predation. (sciencedaily.com)