Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure due to the weight of fluid.Blood Pressure Determination: Techniques for measuring blood pressure.Transducers, Pressure: Transducers that are activated by pressure changes, e.g., blood pressure.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.Intraocular Pressure: The pressure of the fluids in the eye.Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory: Method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of HYPERTENSION, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in the VEINS. It is usually measured to assess the filling PRESSURE to the HEART VENTRICLE.Arterial Pressure: The blood pressure in the ARTERIES. It is commonly measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the BRACHIAL ARTERY.Ventricular Pressure: The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Central Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in the central large VEINS of the body. It is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity.Pulmonary Wedge Pressure: The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a CATHETER in a small PULMONARY ARTERY; believed to reflect the PRESSURE in the pulmonary CAPILLARIES.Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Osmotic Pressure: The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.Systole: Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.Vascular Resistance: The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an ARTERY produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of BLOOD from the left ventricle of the HEART as it contracts.Diastole: Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Manometry: Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: Manometric pressure of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.Positive-Pressure Respiration: A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: A technique of respiratory therapy, in either spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated patients, in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle by pressurization of the ventilatory circuit. (On-Line Medical Dictionary [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne(UK): The University Dept. of Medical Oncology: The CancerWEB Project; c1997-2003 [cited 2003 Apr 17]. Available from: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/)Cardiac Output: The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).Portal Pressure: The venous pressure measured in the PORTAL VEIN.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Hypotension: Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.Renin: A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.Rats, Inbred SHR: A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.Lower Body Negative Pressure: External decompression applied to the lower body. It is used to study orthostatic intolerance and the effects of gravitation and acceleration, to produce simulated hemorrhage in physiologic research, to assess cardiovascular function, and to reduce abdominal stress during childbirth.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Baroreflex: A response by the BARORECEPTORS to increased BLOOD PRESSURE. Increased pressure stretches BLOOD VESSELS which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. The net response of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral VASCULAR RESISTANCE and by lowering CARDIAC OUTPUT. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.Posture: The position or attitude of the body.Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Respiration: The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure: A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Respiratory Mechanics: The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.Monitoring, Physiologic: The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Tonometry, Ocular: Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Cardiovascular System: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.Sphygmomanometers: Instruments for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a gauge showing the blood pressure. (Stedman, 26th ed)Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Models, Cardiovascular: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.Pulsatile Flow: Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a BLOOD VESSEL or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Hypertension, Renal: Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.Rats, Inbred WKY: A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).Angiotensin II: An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.Ventricular Function, Left: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.Perfusion: Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Vasoconstriction: The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.Respiration, Artificial: Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Sodium Chloride, Dietary: Sodium chloride used in foods.Blood Volume: Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.Equipment Design: Methods of creating machines and devices.Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.Blood Gas Analysis: Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.Telemetry: Transmission of the readings of instruments to a remote location by means of wires, radio waves, or other means. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hypertension, Pulmonary: Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Renal Circulation: The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Myocardial Contraction: Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.Vasoconstrictor Agents: Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular: Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.Vasodilation: The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Diet, Sodium-Restricted: A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.Sodium, Dietary: Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.Cardiomegaly: Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.Cerebrovascular Circulation: The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.Renin-Angiotensin System: A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.Heart Ventricles: The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.Natriuresis: Sodium excretion by URINATION.Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.Vapor Pressure: The contribution to barometric PRESSURE of gaseous substance in equilibrium with its solid or liquid phase.Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena: Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.Blood Circulation: The movement of the BLOOD as it is pumped through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Glaucoma: An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.Constriction: The act of constricting.Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Cardiac Catheterization: Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Intubation, Intratracheal: A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.Inhalation: The act of BREATHING in.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Heart Failure: A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.Biomechanical Phenomena: The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.Valsalva Maneuver: Forced expiratory effort against a closed GLOTTIS.Lung Compliance: The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)Stress, Mechanical: A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.Ventilators, Negative-Pressure: Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").Aldosterone: A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.Electrocardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.Echocardiography, Doppler: Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.Anoxia: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.Hypertension, Renovascular: Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.Exercise: Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.Nitroprusside: A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.Pulmonary Gas Exchange: The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.Photoplethysmography: Plethysmographic determination in which the intensity of light reflected from the skin surface and the red cells below is measured to determine the blood volume of the respective area. There are two types, transmission and reflectance.Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.Hypotension, Orthostatic: A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Sleep Apnea, Obstructive: A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Lung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.TetrazolesCatheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.Esophagus: The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Work of Breathing: RESPIRATORY MUSCLE contraction during INHALATION. The work is accomplished in three phases: LUNG COMPLIANCE work, that required to expand the LUNGS against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and AIRWAY RESISTANCE work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. Work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p406)Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.Physical Exertion: Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Laser-Doppler Flowmetry: A method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of MICROCIRCULATION. The technique is based on the values of the DOPPLER EFFECT of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates.Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Denervation: The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Anesthesia, General: Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Diuretics: Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.Pulmonary Edema: Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.African Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.Glaucoma, Open-Angle: Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.Microcirculation: The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.Capillary Resistance: The vascular resistance to the flow of BLOOD through the CAPILLARIES portions of the peripheral vascular bed.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Lung Volume Measurements: Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Foot: The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.Aorta, Thoracic: The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.
Effect of intravenous dextran 70 and pneumatic leg compression on incidence of postoperative pulmonary embolism. (1/6480)
The incidence of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis was measured in 50 matched pairs of patients undergoing common surgical procedures with preoperative and postoperative ventilation-perfusion lung scans and the fibrinogen uptake test. One patient in each pair was treated with intravenous dextran 70 and pneumatic leggings. The incidence of pulmonary embolism among the treated patients was significantly reduced from 24% to 8%, but the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was not significantly reduced (34% to 24%). (+info)Acute renal failure caused by nephrotoxins. (2/6480)
Renal micropuncture studies have greatly changed our views on the pathophysiology of acute renal failure caused by nephrotoxins. Formerly, this type of renal insufficiency was attributed to a direct effect of the nephrotoxins on tubule epithelial permeability. According to that theory, glomerular filtration was not greatly diminished, the filtrate formed being absorbed almost quantitatively and nonselectively across damaged tubule epithelium. Studies in a wide variety of rat models have now shown glomerular filtration to be reduced to a level which will inevitably cause renal failure in and of itself. Passive backflow of filtrate across tubular epithelium is either of minor degree or nonexistent even in models where frank tubular necrosis has occurred. This failure of filtration cannot be attributed to tubular obstruction since proximal tubule pressure is distinctly subnormal in most models studied. Instead, filtration failure appears best attributed to intrarenal hemodynamic alterations. While certain facts tend to incriminate the renin-angiotensin system as the cause of the hemodynamic aberrations, others argue to the contrary. The issue is underactive investigation. (+info)Chronic compartment syndrome affecting the lower limb: MIBI perfusion imaging as an alternative to pressure monitoring: two case reports. (3/6480)
Intracompartmental pressure monitoring remains the primary method of diagnosing chronic compartment syndrome. MIBI perfusion imaging is widely available and offers a radionuclear imaging technique for diagnosing this condition. Although the results are not identical with those from pressure monitoring, MIBI may offer a useful screening test for this condition. (+info)Sperm transport in the human female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hysterosalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography. (4/6480)
The transport function of the uterus and oviducts and its modulation by oxytocin has been examined using hysterosalpingoscintigraphy, recording of intrauterine pressure, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography of the Fallopian tubes. After application to the posterior vaginal fornix, a rapid (within minutes) uptake of the labelled particles into the uterus was observed during the follicular and during the luteal phase of the cycle in all patients. Transport into the oviducts, however, could only be demonstrated during the follicular phase. Transport was directed predominantly into the tube ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the dominant follicle; the contralateral oviduct appeared to be functionally closed. The proportion of patients exhibiting ipsilateral transport did increase concomitant with the increase of the diameter of the dominant follicle. That ipsilateral transport has biological significance is suggested by the observation that the pregnancy rate following spontaneous intercourse or insemination was significantly higher in those women in whom ipsilateral transport could be demonstrated than in those who failed to exhibit lateralization. Oxytocin administration was followed by a dramatic increase in the amount of material transported to the ipsilateral tube, as demonstrated by radionuclide imaging and by Doppler sonography following instillation of ultrasound contrast medium. Continuous recording of intrauterine pressure before and after oxytocin administration did show an increase in basal tonus and amplitude of contractions and a reversal of the pressure gradient from a fundo-cervical to a cervico-fundal direction. These actions of oxytocin were accompanied by an increase in amplitude of potentials recorded by electrohysterography. These data support the view that uterus and Fallopian tubes represent a functional unit that is acting as a peristaltic pump and that the increasing activity of this pump during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is reflected by an increased transport into the oviduct ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the dominant follicle. In addition, they strongly suggest a critical role of oxytocin in this process. Failure of this mechanism appears to be a cause of subfertility or infertility, as indicated by the low pregnancy rate following intrauterine insemination or normal intercourse in the presence of patent Fallopian tubes. It may be regarded as a new nosological entity for which we propose the term tubal transport disorder (TTD). Since pregnancy rate of such patients is normal when treated with in-vitro fertilization (IVF), hysterosalpingoscintigraphy seems to be useful for the choice of treatment modalities in patients with patent Fallopian tubes suffering from infertility. (+info)Morphology of intraepithelial corpuscular nerve endings in the nasal respiratory mucosa of the dog. (5/6480)
Corpuscular nerve endings in the nasal respiratory mucosa of the dog were investigated by immunohistochemical staining specific for protein gene product 9.5 by light and electron microscopy. In the nasal respiratory mucosa, complex corpuscular endings, which displayed bulbous, laminar and varicose expansions, were distributed on the dorsal elevated part of the nasal septum and on the dorsal nasal concha. The endings were 300-500 microm long and 100-250 microm wide. Some axons gave rise to a single ending while others branched into 2 endings. Cryostat sections revealed that the corpuscular endings were located within the nasal respiratory epithelium. On electron microscopy, immunoreactive nerve terminals that contained organelles, including mitochondria and neurofilaments, were observed within the epithelial layer near the lumen of the nasal cavity. Some terminals contacted the goblet cell. Such terminal regions were covered by the cytoplasmic process of ciliated cells and were never exposed to the lumen of the nasal cavity. These nerve endings are probably activated by pressure changes. (+info)Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. I. Receptive fields and discharge patterns. (6/6480)
Three adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys weighing between 3.5 and 4 kg were trained to use a precision grip to grasp a metal tab mounted on a low friction vertical track and to lift and hold it in a 12- to 25-mm position window for 1 s. The surface texture of the metal tab in contact with the fingers and the weight of the object could be varied. The activity of 386 single cells with cutaneous receptive fields contacting the metal tab were recorded in Brodmann's areas 3b, 1, 2, 5, and 7 of the somatosensory cortex. In this first of a series of papers, we describe three types of discharge pattern, the receptive-field properties, and the anatomic distribution of the neurons. The majority of the receptive fields were cutaneous and covered less than one digit, and a chi2 test did not reveal any significant differences in the Brodmann's areas representing the thumb and index finger. Two broad categories of discharge pattern cells were identified. The first category, dynamic cells, showed a brief increase in activity beginning near grip onset, which quickly subsided despite continued pressure applied to the receptive field. Some of the dynamic neurons responded to both skin indentation and release. The second category, static cells, had higher activity during the stationary holding phase of the task. These static neurons demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity to rates of pressure change on the skin. The percentage of dynamic versus static cells was about equal for areas 3b, 2, 5, and 7. Only area 1 had a higher proportion of dynamic cells (76%). A third category was identified that contained cells with significant pregrip activity and included cortical cells with both dynamic or static discharge patterns. Cells in this category showed activity increases before movement in the absence of receptive-field stimulation, suggesting that, in addition to peripheral cutaneous input, these cells also receive strong excitation from movement-related regions of the brain. (+info)Low temperature and pressure stability of picornaviruses: implications for virus uncoating. (7/6480)
The family Picornaviridae includes several viruses of great economic and medical importance. Poliovirus replicates in the human digestive tract, causing disease that may range in severity from a mild infection to a fatal paralysis. The human rhinovirus is the most important etiologic agent of the common cold in adults and children. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. These viruses have in common a capsid structure composed of 60 copies of four different proteins, VP1 to VP4, and their 3D structures show similar general features. In this study we describe the differences in stability against high pressure and cold denaturation of these viruses. Both poliovirus and rhinovirus are stable to high pressure at room temperature, because pressures up to 2.4 kbar are not enough to promote viral disassembly and inactivation. Within the same pressure range, FMDV particles are dramatically affected by pressure, with a loss of infectivity of more than 4 log units observed. The dissociation of polio and rhino viruses can be observed only under pressure (2.4 kbar) at low temperatures in the presence of subdenaturing concentrations of urea (1-2 M). The pressure and low temperature data reveal clear differences in stability among the three picornaviruses, FMDV being the most sensitive, polio being the most resistant, and rhino having intermediate stability. Whereas rhino and poliovirus differ little in stability (less than 10 kcal/mol at 0 degrees C), the difference in free energy between these two viruses and FMDV was remarkable (more than 200 kcal/mol of particle). These differences are crucial to understanding the different factors that control the assembly and disassembly of the virus particles during their life cycle. The inactivation of these viruses by pressure (combined or not with low temperature) has potential as a method for producing vaccines. (+info)Effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on left ventricular function in the rat isolated perfused heart: possible mechanisms for a decline in cardiac function. (8/6480)
1. The cardiac depressant actions of TNF were investigated in the isolated perfused rat heart under constant flow (10 ml min(-1)) and constant pressure (70 mmHg) conditions, using a recirculating (50 ml) mode of perfusion. 2. Under constant flow conditions TNF (20 ng ml(-1)) caused an early (< 25 min) decrease in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), which was maintained for 90 min (LVDP after 90 min: control vs TNF; 110 +/- 4 vs 82 +/- 10 mmHg, P < 0.01). 3. The depression in cardiac function seen with TNF under constant flow conditions, was blocked by the ceramidase inhibitor N-oleoylethanolamine (NOE), 1 microM, (LVDP after 90 min: TNF vs TNF with NOE; 82 +/- 10 vs 11 +/- 5 mmHg, P < 0.05). 4. In hearts perfused at constant pressure, TNF caused a decrease in coronary flow rate (change in flow 20 min after TNF: control vs TNF; -3.0 +/- 0.9 vs -8.7 +/- 1.2 ml min(-1), P < 0.01). This was paralleled by a negative inotropic effect (change in LVDP 20 min after TNF: control vs TNF; -17 +/- 7 vs -46 +/- 6 mmHg, P < 0.01). The decline in function was more rapid and more severe than that seen under conditions of constant flow. 5. These data indicate that cardiac function can be disrupted by TNF on two levels, firstly via a direct, ceramidase dependant negative inotropic effect, and secondly via an indirect coronary vasoconstriction. (+info)
Global High Pressure Cell Disrupter Market Projected To Grow At a Steady CAGR During Forecast Period | Medgadget
IGMA VENTILATION
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Amazon Best Sellers: Best Pressure WashersDiastolicAtmosphericTemperature2016TransducersManometerIntracranial pressureArteriesMillibarVariationsNewtons per squareDefensiveGauge pressureIncreasesDecreaseHigh blood pressure diaMeasurementMeltYokogawa CorporationReadingsPoundsBehaviorLowerPeerExertsAtmosphereWashersSymptomsDensityMeasurementsNegativeStroke2018RisesCentersTransmitters featureApparatusPerpendicular to the surfaceCooker designScalar quantityFluidIntenseSensorsSensorPulsatileTemperaturesDifferentialLevelAccuratelyComplicationsSoresDemandsPrevent high blood prAdultsMoleculesDecreases
Diastolic16
- The study, which monitored 8801 participants over the age of 65 in the French Three-City study, found that systolic and diastolic blood pressure values differed significantly across the four seasons of the year and according to the distribution of outdoor temperature. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Systolic blood pressure, for example, decreased with increasing temperature, with an 8.0 mmHg decrease between the lowest (High blood pressure, defined as a systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher, or a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or higher, was detected in 33.4 per cent of participants during winter and 23.8 percent during summer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This is called diastolic pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
- Whether or not the mothers smoked during pregnancy didn't affect the baby's diastolic blood pressure. (webmd.com)
- The bottom number is called the diastolic pressure which measures the stress when the heart is at rest, between beats. (philly.com)
- Dozens of studies have reported a link between exercise and lowered blood pressure: Some have found reductions of up to 10 mm Hg (systolic) and 6 to 10 mm Hg (diastolic) blood pressure units in people who already have hypertension. (baltimoresun.com)
- In general, reductions are not as great for people with blood pressure in the normal range: A Belgian review of scores of studies found that for people with high blood pressure, average reductions from exercise were 6.9 mm Hg systolic and 4.9 mm Hg diastolic, and for participants who did not have high blood pressure, only 1.9 mm Hg and 1.6 mm Hg. (baltimoresun.com)
- In one study, exercise did not reduce systolic blood pressure in older people -- ages 55 to 75 -- although it did reduce diastolic pressure. (baltimoresun.com)
- Someone with a systolic pressure of 120 and a diastolic pressure of 80 has a blood pressure of 120/80, or "120 over 80. (webmd.com)
- The researchers found that those participants who had a median of 368 mg of magnesium daily for an average of 3 months recorded a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 2.00 mm Hg and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 1.78 mm Hg. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The second, diastolic pressure, represents the minimum arterial pressure during diastole. (nih.gov)
- A third value, mean arterial pressure, can be calculated from the systolic and diastolic pressures. (nih.gov)
- As the cuff continues to deflate to the level of the diastolic pressure, pulsatile blood flow occurs smoothly, and Korotkoff sounds disappear. (nih.gov)
- Thus, the systolic pressure is indicated by the origination of Korotkoff sounds, and the diastolic pressure is indicated by their disappearance . (nih.gov)
- Of note, medical professionals should be aware of the auscultatory gap, a phenomenon which can result in the premature recording of the diastolic pressure. (nih.gov)
- Only the final disappearance of Korotkoff sounds should be used for recording of the diastolic pressure . (nih.gov)
Atmospheric23
- E. Ridge - an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure. (weather.gov)
- F. Trough - an elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure. (weather.gov)
- Pressure cookers are especially useful at high altitudes, where they alleviate the problem of low temperature boiling caused by reduced atmospheric pressure . (britannica.com)
- If the lower of the pressures is the pressure of the atmosphere, the total, or absolute, pressure is the sum of the gauge and atmospheric pressures. (britannica.com)
- Because of the large deflections for small pressure changes, bellows instruments are particularly suitable for pressures below atmospheric. (britannica.com)
- Two corrugated diaphragms sealed at their edges to form a capsule, which is evacuated, are used in aneroid barometers to measure atmospheric pressure ( see altimeter ). (britannica.com)
- Bourdon tube pressure gauges , vehicle tire gauges and many other types of pressure gauges are zero referenced to atmospheric pressure, which means that they measure the pressure above atmospheric pressure. (tau.ac.il)
- Thus, the absolute pressure of any system is the gauge pressure of the system plus the local atmospheric or ambient pressure . (tau.ac.il)
- A tire pressure gauge might read 220 kPa as the gauge pressure, but that means the pressure is 220 kPa above atmospheric pressure. (tau.ac.il)
- Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 101 kPa, the absolute pressure in the tire is therefore about 321 kPa. (tau.ac.il)
- For instance, if the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa: a gas at 200 kPa (gauge), which is 301 kPa (absolute), is 50 percent more dense than the same gas at 100 kPa (gauge), which is 201 kPa (absolute). (tau.ac.il)
- While pressures are generally positive, when describing a system operating under a vacuum , the system pressure may be stated as being an absolute pressure of 80 kPa (for example) or it may be described as a gauge pressure of −21 kPa (i.e., 21 kPa below an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa). (tau.ac.il)
- A statement such as the system operates at a vacuum of 100 mmHg will lead to confusion because it might mean an absolute pressure 100 mmHg or a gauge pressure of −100 mmHg (i.e., 100 mm below an atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg). (tau.ac.il)
- Everything you need to understand or teach Atmospheric pressure . (bookrags.com)
- Atmospheric Pressure Aristotle, whose teachings sometimes otherwise inhibited the advancement of science, was right on target in his belief that the atmosphere surrounding the Earth had weight. (bookrags.com)
- Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure is the weight that the atmosphere exerts upon us. (bookrags.com)
- The measured value of the atmospheric pressure fluctuates slightly in response to moving weather systems, an. (bookrags.com)
- Atmospheric (air) pressure at sea level will support a column of mercury that is about 76 cm (30 in. (infoplease.com)
- Some meteorologists prefer the hectopascal (hPa) for atmospheric air pressure, which is equivalent to the older unit millibar (mbar). (wikipedia.org)
- When the glottis is opened and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs, alveolar pressure is equal atmospheric pressure (zero cmH2O). (wikipedia.org)
- During inspiration, the increased volume of alveoli as a result of lung expansion decrease the intra-alveolar pressure to a value below atmospheric pressure about -1 cmH2O. (wikipedia.org)
- At the end of inspiration, the alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure (zero cmH2O). (wikipedia.org)
- By the end of expiration, the pressure drops gradually and become atmospheric again. (wikipedia.org)
Temperature23
- 5. In addition air pressure changes caused by variations of temperature and water vapor content, air pressure can also be influenced by the circulation pattern of air. (weather.gov)
- G. These circulation features usually dominate, but don't forget other features that affect pressure (e.g., temperature and water vapor content. (weather.gov)
- The three remaining measurements can be inferred from pressure-flow (orifice plates, pitot tube, venturi), level (hydrostatic 'Head' pressure), and temperature (pressure thermometer). (slideshare.net)
- The higher temperature of a pressure cooker penetrates food quickly, reducing cooking time without diminishing vitamin and mineral content. (britannica.com)
- Such devices include devices for direct pressure limitation, such as safety valves and bursting discs etc, and limiting devices which either activate the means for correction or provide for shutdown or shutdown and lock out, such as pressure switches or temperature switches etc. (hse.gov.uk)
- How temperature effects the height of pressure. (weather.gov)
- This change in pressure is caused by changes in air density, and air density is related to temperature. (weather.gov)
- Similar to food steamers, pressure cooking uses high temperature water vapor and circulates it within the cooker to thoroughly cook the dish quickly and efficiently, drawing the least amount of power amongst all other cooking methods. (jcpenney.com)
- A French study reported in the 12th January issue of Archives of Internal Medicine has found a strong correlation between blood pressure and outdoor temperature in a large sample of the elderly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The higher the temperature, the greater the decrease in blood pressure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although our study does not demonstrate a causal link between blood pressure and external temperature, the observed relationship nevertheless has potentially important consequences for blood pressure management in the elderly," the authors state. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Because the risk of stroke or aneurysmal rupture is highest in the elderly, improved protection against these diseases by close monitoring of blood pressure and antihypertensive medication when outdoor temperature is very low could be considered. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Outdoor Temperature in a Large Sample of Elderly Individuals: The Three-City Study. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although much is known about gas permeation as function of temperature and pressure, only very limited data under supercritical conditions are available, although this determines the ultimate process configuration and associated economics. (bath.ac.uk)
- Pressure cookers work by pressurizing the steam inside the unit, increasing the boiling temperature of the liquid inside, which lowers cooking time. (ehow.com)
- This profile more closely resembles the hot soak phenomena where the pressure rises, with under-hood temperature, holds for a length of time and then drops off as the system cools. (sae.org)
- A cryogenic pressure sensor calibration facility has been set up at Pressure Systems, Inc. for calibrating cryogenic pressure sensors in the temperature range 1.5 - 400 K. This paper presents a brief review of this calibration facility together with the low temperature characteristics of the cryogenic piezoresistive pressure sensors. (springer.com)
- F. Breimesser et al, KPY12 - A Pressure Transducer Suitable for Low Temperature Use, in: "8th International Conference on Magnet Technology," Grenoble, (1983). (springer.com)
- R. M. Igra et al, Simultaneous Pressure and Temperature Measurement on Helium in the High Speed Rotating Frame, in: "Advances in Cryogenic Engineering," Vol. 31, Plenum Press, New York (1986). (springer.com)
- Pressure transducers suitable for monitoring such process pressures are known but known transducers tend to be somewhat inaccurate due for example to temperature dependence. (google.com)
- In chemistry, standard condition for temperature and pressure (informally abbreviated as STP ) are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements, to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. (princeton.edu)
- The current version of IUPAC's standard is a temperature of 0 °C (273.15 K , 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (14.504 psi , 0.986 atm), [ 1 ] while NIST's version is a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi, 1 atm). (princeton.edu)
- In industry and commerce , standard conditions for temperature and pressure are often necessary to define the standard reference conditions to express the volumes of gases and liquids and related quantities such as the rate of volumetric flow (the volumes of gases vary significantly with temperature and pressure). (princeton.edu)
20161
- 2016 The high performance differential pressure transmitter EJX110A features single crystal silicon resonant sensor and is suitable to measure liquid, gas, or steam flow as well as liquid level, density and pressure. (slideshare.net)
Transducers3
- For rapidly changing pressures, electrical pressure transducers that convert pressure to an electrical signal are more suitable. (britannica.com)
- Electromechanical transducers , which are used in hydraulic controllers, where speed and power are needed, convert changes in pressure of fluid to electrical signals. (britannica.com)
- This invention relates to pressure transducers, especially to those used in processing industries such as plastics, rubber and food for sensing the pressure to which the materials are subjected during their forming processes. (google.com)
Manometer5
- Pressure U-shaped Mercury manometer to measure pressure. (britannica.com)
- The simplest device for measuring static pressures up to about 90 pounds per square inch (62 newtons per square cm) is a U-tube manometer (shown in the figure ), in which one column of a liquid in the tube is open to a region of high pressure and the other column to a region of low pressure . (britannica.com)
- Two types of pressure gauge(Left) A U-tube manometer, in which differential pressure is measured as the difference h between the high-pressure reading and the low-pressure reading, multiplied by the density of the liquid in the tube. (britannica.com)
- Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer. (wikipedia.org)
- Because pressure is commonly measured by its ability to displace a column of liquid in a manometer, pressures are often expressed as a depth of a particular fluid (e.g., centimetres of water, millimetres of mercury or inches of mercury). (wikipedia.org)
Intracranial pressure7
- Apart from its mean value, the pulse waveform of intracranial pressure (ICP) is an essential element of pressure recording. (medscape.com)
- Intracranial pressure is more than a number. (medscape.com)
- What Determines Outcome in Patients That Suffer Raised Intracranial Pressure After Traumatic Brain Injury? (springer.com)
- Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring uses a device placed inside the head. (medlineplus.gov)
- The catheter may be hard to get into place when the intracranial pressure is high. (medlineplus.gov)
- Oddo M, Vincent J-L. Intracranial pressure monitoring. (medlineplus.gov)
- Robba C. Intracranial pressure monitoring. (medlineplus.gov)
Arteries9
- High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a condition in which the pressure of the blood pumping through the arteries is abnormally high. (cedars-sinai.edu)
- Researchers believe several factors together may create higher pressure in the arteries. (cedars-sinai.edu)
- According to research, teenagers who are obese and have high blood pressure may develop thicker arteries by age 30. (heart.org)
- Blood pressure is defined as the pressure at which your blood moves through your arteries, away from the heart. (draxe.com)
- High blood pressure (hypertension) is a common medical condition where the pressure inside your arteries is higher than it should be. (bupa.co.uk)
- Every time your heart beats, it pumps blood under pressure to the rest of your body through your arteries. (bupa.co.uk)
- Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. (medlineplus.gov)
- A possible reason: Systolic blood pressure increases as arteries grow stiffer, which happens as people age, and exercise did not reduce artery stiffness in the study participants. (baltimoresun.com)
- Blood pressure is a measure of how hard the blood pushes against the walls of your arteries as it moves through your body. (webmd.com)
Millibar1
- 3. Meteorology has used the millibar for air pressure since 1929. (weather.gov)
Variations5
- V. There is pressure variations at all time scales. (weather.gov)
- [ 1 ] Changes in venous CBV due to variations in intrathoracic pressures are responsible for the respiratory component of ICP. (medscape.com)
- The variations in pressure of a gas are more complicated. (infoplease.com)
- Thus changes in air pressure depend upon both the variations in the density of air and changes in the altitude at which it is measured. (infoplease.com)
- An advantage of invasive monitoring is the ability to display blood pressure variations with each heartbeat. (nih.gov)
Newtons per square3
- Pressure gauge , instrument for measuring the condition of a fluid (liquid or gas) that is specified by the force that the fluid would exert, when at rest, on a unit area, such as pounds per square inch or newtons per square centimetre . (britannica.com)
- The Bourdon-tube gauge , invented about 1850, is still one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases of all kinds, including steam, water, and air up to pressures of 100,000 pounds per square inch (70,000 newtons per square cm). (britannica.com)
- before that, pressure in SI was expressed simply in newtons per square metre. (wikipedia.org)
Defensive2
- Chicago Bears defensive tackle Anthony Adams pressures Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Michael Vick in the fourth quarter. (sun-sentinel.com)
- Increasingly, offensive players are feeling pressured to play up to the level of their defensive counterparts. (denverpost.com)
Gauge pressure6
- The reading on a gauge, which is the difference between two pressures, is known as the gauge pressure. (britannica.com)
- In technical writing, this would be written as a gauge pressure of 220 kPa or as an absolute pressure of 321 kPa . (tau.ac.il)
- Gauge pressure is also sometimes spelled gage pressure . (tau.ac.il)
- Gauge pressure is the relevant measure of pressure wherever one is interested in the stress on storage vessels and the piping components of fluid flow systems. (tau.ac.il)
- Cold silicon piezoresistive strain gauge pressure sensors have several advantages over the conventional pressure measuring devices/systems used in cryogenics. (springer.com)
- Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Increases7
- Having overweight or obesity increases your risk for high blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
- It's not uncommon to have normal changes in blood pressure during exercise or stressful moments, but when you develop hypertension, it means you have chronically high pressure that increases your risk for heart disease , stroke, diabetes and other conditions. (draxe.com)
- 4. Sinking air increases pressure at surface, and ascent decreases pressure at surface. (weather.gov)
- If more air converges at the surface than ascends, then the air density and air pressure increases. (weather.gov)
- Back on Earth, as elevation increases, the number of molecules decreases and the density of air therefore is less, meaning a decrease in air pressure. (weather.gov)
- The valve described herein accurately regulates oil pressure at low levels and progressively increases pressure, with respect to time, by means of an electronically programmable pressure vs time control to any level up to supply pressure. (sae.org)
- Oceanographers usually measure underwater pressure in decibars (dbar) because pressure in the ocean increases by approximately one decibar per metre depth. (wikipedia.org)
Decrease4
- If more air diverges at the surface than descends from aloft, then the air density and air pressure decrease. (weather.gov)
- However, a person does not need to be a member or be seeking membership of a group to be affected by peer pressure.peer pressure can decrease one's confidence .It can affect the lives of the students drastically. (wikipedia.org)
- Because of this decrease in pressure with height, it makes it very hard to compare the air pressure at ground level from one location to another, especially when the elevations of each site differ. (weather.gov)
- Medications like Beta blockers and Calcium Channel blockers, while excellent medications to help control blood pressure, can decrease the heart rate and also possibly affect exercise tolerance and are typically not used as first line agents for treatment of blood pressure in athletes. (philly.com)
High blood pressure dia1
- How is high blood pressure diagnosed? (medlineplus.gov)
Measurement8
- Ultimately, the drive of any good pressure transmitter is to get an accurate, reliable pressure measurement to the data user quickly, which is what this eBook will discuss. (slideshare.net)
- Typical results from a flow field measurement by a multi-hole probe are shown in images below where the total pressure coefficient, swirl angle and streamwise vorticity are shown. (chalmers.se)
- In general, two values are recorded during the measurement of blood pressure. (nih.gov)
- The original method of determining blood pressure via the auscultation of Korotkoff sounds continues to be a mainstay in blood pressure measurement. (nih.gov)
- As such, the remainder of this review will focus on the previously mentioned methods of blood pressure measurement. (nih.gov)
- If any of these activities have occurred within the last 30 minutes, blood pressure measurement should be postponed until this period has passed. (nih.gov)
- Classical indications such as the intermediate stenosis and guidance of PTCA or stent implantation, have been largely extended and coronary pressure measurement has proven to be useful in multi vessel disease, diffuse disease, long and serial stenosis, after myocardial infarction, and in many other diagnostic and interventional situations encountered in the catheterization laboratory. (springer.com)
- Also in mild and intermediate left main disease, there is a role for coronary pressure measurement in the process of decision making. (springer.com)
Melt2
- We link this change in structure to our finding that the water-silicate system becomes increasingly ideal at high pressure: we find complete miscibility of water and silicate melt throughout almost the entire mantle pressure regime. (nature.com)
- In order to obtain high quality end products, melt pressures which obtain during pressure forming processes such as a plastics extrusion process must be controlled and accordingly they should be carefully monitored. (google.com)
Yokogawa Corporation1
- Kenneth Lee Hamlett Product Manager Pressure Products Yokogawa Corporation of America, Field Instruments "If you can measure that of which you speak and can express it by a number, you must know something of the subject. (slideshare.net)
Readings6
- Since blood pressure readings can vary widely, it may take several readings or several days' readings to confirm the diagnosis. (cedars-sinai.edu)
- If these approaches are not effective, the patient may need to take daily medications to keep blood pressure readings in the normal range and prevent damage to the body's organs. (cedars-sinai.edu)
- If your blood pressure is high, they may recommend you have more readings over a longer period to make a definite diagnosis. (bupa.co.uk)
- Blood pressure readings above 180 /120 are dangerously high and require immediate medical attention. (medlineplus.gov)
- You may have to check your blood pressure at home if there is reason to think the readings in the doctor's office aren't accurate. (webmd.com)
- The most insignificant activities can result in substantial changes in blood pressure readings. (nih.gov)
Pounds3
- Therefore, the air pressure is the same in the space station as the earth's surface (14.7 pounds per square inch). (weather.gov)
- The pressure put out by a power washer is measured in PSIs, pounds per square inch. (homedepot.com)
- Other units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch and bar, are also in common use. (wikipedia.org)
Behavior2
- An insight is that children can monitor and intervene in their peers' behavior through pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- At lower pressures, permeation follows the behavior described in literature. (bath.ac.uk)
Lower19
- Preventing high blood pressure , which is also called hypertension, can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke . (cdc.gov)
- The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan external icon is a healthy diet plan with a proven record of helping people lower their blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
- Physical activity can help keep you at a healthy weight and lower your blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
- 2 ) The good news is that high blood pressure can usually be reversed naturally, specifically through lifestyle changes and consuming foods that lower blood pressure. (draxe.com)
- In fact, I'm going to tell you about 13 foods, including everything from snacks to juice to herbs, that have been scientifically proven to lower blood pressure. (draxe.com)
- Instead of rushing toward conventional medicine, give these foods that lower blood pressure a try. (draxe.com)
- If you're at risk for high blood pressure or have already started experiencing high levels, implementing natural ways to lower blood pressure and eating these foods that lower blood pressure is a great place to start. (draxe.com)
- One of the most desirable benefits of pomegranate juice includes the ability it has to lower blood pressure naturally. (draxe.com)
- But sometimes the changes do not control or lower your high blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your high blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or medicine, treating that condition or stopping the medicine may lower your blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
- While lifestyle modifications are great for your overall health, they may only help to lower the blood pressure by about 10 points, which may not be enough. (philly.com)
- The air pressure in a typical room is the same everywhere, but it is noticeably lower at the top of a mountain than at sea level. (infoplease.com)
- You can help lower your blood pressure by making healthy changes in your lifestyle. (webmd.com)
- A healthy diet rich in green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains could lower blood pressure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Many dyslexic children come from families with a history of lower blood pressure - adding weight to theories of a common cause of the disorder. (bbc.co.uk)
- Scientists at Oxford University's Laboratory of Physiology decided to test the theory by seeing whether there was a correlation between dyslexic children and lower blood pressure in their families. (bbc.co.uk)
- However, they say that it adds further weight to the theory that PAF is somehow involved in both dyslexia and lower blood pressure. (bbc.co.uk)
- NEW YORK (MarketWatch) - Canadian stocks closed lower Tuesday pressured by weakness south of the border after the U.S. Federal Reserve voiced concerns about inflation fears as it moved to raise interest rates. (marketwatch.com)
- The symbol for it is p or P. The IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case p. (wikipedia.org)
Peer8
- For other uses, see Peer pressure (disambiguation) . (wikipedia.org)
- Peer pressure (or social pressure ) is the direct influence on people by peers , or the effect on an individual who gets encouraged to follow their peers by changing their attitudes , values or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. (wikipedia.org)
- Peer pressure can affect individuals of all ethnicities, genders and ages, however. (wikipedia.org)
- Peer pressure has moved from strictly face-to-face interaction to digital interaction as well. (wikipedia.org)
- Research suggests that not just individuals but also organizations, such as large corporations, are susceptible to peer pressures, such as pressures from other firms in their industry or headquarters city. (wikipedia.org)
- She'd just had a big dose of peer pressure. (kidshealth.org)
- But you probably hear adults - parents, teachers, guidance counselors, etc. - talk about peer pressure more than the benefits of belonging to a peer group. (kidshealth.org)
- It's not just humans who succumb to peer pressure - rats do too. (newscientist.com)
Exerts2
- Warm air is thus lighter (less dense) than cold air and consequently exerts less pressure. (weather.gov)
- A fluid exerts a pressure on all bodies immersed in it. (infoplease.com)
Atmosphere2
- In the atmosphere, air pressure can be exerted in all directions. (weather.gov)
- the atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. (wikipedia.org)
Washers9
- A man from Illinois just won a $1,000 reward for his Pressure Washers Direct video review of a Campbell Hausfeld professional 2900 PSI pressure washer. (prweb.com)
- Pressure washers make deep cleaning jobs easy. (homedepot.com)
- Power washers use a pump to push the water out at variable pressure. (homedepot.com)
- For small jobs consider electric pressure washers , there's no upkeep, no fumes, and most can fit into a closet. (homedepot.com)
- Skip the local coin car wash, car pressure washers make cleaning your vehicle easy and can keep them in great condition, especially in areas that use salt on the roads. (homedepot.com)
- Gas-powered pressure washers typically put out more PSI pressure compared with electric models. (homedepot.com)
- Commercial pressure washers are great for the toughest of stains and paint prep. (homedepot.com)
- For the toughest deep-cleaning jobs consider 3100 PSI pressure washers . (homedepot.com)
- Be careful when using the more powerful pressure washers, they can spray water concentrated enough to cause injuries. (homedepot.com)
Symptoms11
- Contact your doctor if your blood pressure is higher than usual or if you have symptoms of preeclampsia . (cdc.gov)
- Just like high blood pressure in adults, there are often no symptoms and early diagnosis and treatment are key. (heart.org)
- High blood pressure is often referred to as a "silent killer," due in large part to the absence of high blood pressure symptoms . (draxe.com)
- Unlike general high blood pressure, hypertensive crises often appear with symptoms, such as severe headache, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, severe anxiety, and even loss of consciousness or heart attack (and several other extremely dangerous conditions) when it isn't treated quickly enough. (draxe.com)
- Most people with high blood pressure don't have any symptoms and aren't aware of their condition. (bupa.co.uk)
- If you have high blood pressure and it causes complications, you may get symptoms linked to those. (bupa.co.uk)
- High blood pressure usually has no symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- High blood pressure is called a "silent killer,'' because it doesn't usually cause symptoms while it is causing this damage. (webmd.com)
- High blood pressure doesn't usually cause symptoms. (webmd.com)
- These symptoms can also be caused by dangerously high blood pressure called malignant high blood pressure . (webmd.com)
- Labeled the "silent killer," due to often having no warning signs or symptoms, high blood pressure is a common and often dangerous condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Density8
- The decreasing air density then lowers the pressure exerted by the air. (weather.gov)
- Conversely, If less air converges at the surface than ascends, then the air density and air pressure decreases. (weather.gov)
- It can even be used to infer density (pressure for a given volume) and weight (load cells). (slideshare.net)
- The differential pressure is indicated by the difference in level between the two columns of liquid, and it is calculated as the difference in level multiplied by the density of the liquid. (britannica.com)
- High performance differential pressure transmitters feature a single crystal silicon resonant sensor and are suitable to measure liquid, gas, or steam flow as well as liquid level, density and pressure. (slideshare.net)
- pressure-depth profile In the Earth , the relationship between pressure and depth is controlled by the density of the rocks and the gravitational acceleration at each point along the profile. (encyclopedia.com)
- For a fluid at rest the difference in pressure between two points in it depends only upon the density of the fluid and the difference in depth between the two points. (infoplease.com)
- For example, since air has such a low density compared to a liquid, a change in its pressure is only measurable between points that have a great height difference. (infoplease.com)
Measurements4
- The American Heart Association recommends that all children have yearly blood pressure measurements in order to allow for early detection and intervention. (heart.org)
- The most accurate method of obtaining blood pressure measurements is with the use of an invasive probe that is inserted directly into the lumen of an artery. (nih.gov)
- During these two years, the number of coronary pressure measurements performed worldwide both during diagnostic and interventional procedures has increased almost exponentially. (springer.com)
- The monitor senses the pressure inside the skull and sends measurements to a recording device. (medlineplus.gov)
Negative1
- This slight negative pressure is enough to move 500 ml of air into the lungs in 2 seconds required for inspiration. (wikipedia.org)
Stroke8
- For many people, making these healthy changes can help keep blood pressure low and protect against heart disease and stroke. (cdc.gov)
- Smoking raises your blood pressure and puts you at higher risk for heart attack and stroke. (cdc.gov)
- Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis is linked to an increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke. (cdc.gov)
- If you had high blood pressure during pregnancy, you have a higher risk for stroke and other problems after delivery. (cdc.gov)
- 1 ) One of the most common conditions leading to heart disease and stroke (the No. 2 killer) is the all-too familiar issue of high blood pressure. (draxe.com)
- A report from the Framingham Heart Study published in 2008 found that moderate vitamin D deficiency nearly doubles the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure over a mean of 5.4 years in patients with high blood pressure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When your blood pressure stays high over time, it causes the heart to pump harder and work overtime, possibly leading to serious health problems such as heart attack , stroke , heart failure , and kidney failure . (medlineplus.gov)
- With high blood pressure affecting around 70 million people in the U.S. and increasing the risk of two of the leading causes of death for Americans - heart disease and stroke - preventing or controlling blood pressure is an essential healthcare objective. (medicalnewstoday.com)
20181
- Design Under Pressure was created in 2018 in Patras and is active in the field of graphic design and visual communication. (behance.net)
Rises3
- The pressure rises to about 100 GPa at the core-mantle boundary and reaches 375 GPa at the centre of the Earth. (encyclopedia.com)
- Sept. 18 - Investors pile pressure on Spain to request aid and trigger an ECB bond-buying programme as the 10-year benchmark bond rises above 6 percent. (reuters.com)
- The lung alveoli collapse before air is expelled from them, The alveolar pressure rises to about +1 cm H2O. (wikipedia.org)
Centers1
- While a majority of the conversation about high blood pressure (HBP or hypertension) centers on adults, children of all ages, from birth to teens, can have high blood pressure. (heart.org)
Transmitters feature1
- 32CS Series transmitters feature a thicker diaphragm and a pressure restrictor to withstand the rigors of cavitation or extreme pressure spikes, improving stability and reliability in pulsating applications. (prweb.com)
Apparatus2
- An apparatus used to measure pressure in a tyre , pressurised tank , boiler etc. (wiktionary.org)
- A pressure transducer comprising an elongate hollow outer housing having a pressure sensor diaphragm and externally positioned fixing means which facilitates pressure tight introduction of the diaphragm into a pressure sensing port provided in apparatus capable of generating pressures to be sensed, two. (google.com)
Perpendicular to the surface2
- Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. (wikipedia.org)
- Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area. (wikipedia.org)
Cooker design2
- Modern innovations in pressure cooker design include safety locks, pressure regulators, portable cookers, and low-pressure fryers. (britannica.com)
- A Tower pressure cooker is a steam-operated pressure cooker design for use on standard cook tops. (ehow.com)
Scalar quantity1
- Pressure is a scalar quantity. (wikipedia.org)
Fluid2
- The possibility of dam failure in these situations depends on the respective build-up and dissipation of the fluid pore pressure in the soil. (3ds.com)
- Pressure is distributed to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. (wikipedia.org)
Intense3
- Each of these behemoths has done its own acquisitions and, in combination, they are building intense pressure on others to do so as well. (forbes.com)
- of a situation) characterized by intense pressure. (wiktionary.org)
- THE chief reason for the European Central Bank's abrupt change of tack on interest rates was intense pressure from Germany, according to European Union officials. (telegraph.co.uk)
Sensors6
- 06 Pressure Sensors. (slideshare.net)
- Gems Sensors & Controls introduces new series of pressure transmitters, CSA certified intrinsically safe for use in hazardous areas within Canada and the USA. (prweb.com)
- February 2013: Gems Sensors & Controls announces the introduction of the 31CS and 32CS Series intrinsically safe pressure transmitters. (prweb.com)
- The pressure sensors calibrated so far include 202 k Pa absolute (30 psia), 202 k Pa differential (30 psid) and 1013 k Pa absolute (150 psia) range devices. (springer.com)
- These calibrations are linear and are repeatable to within +/− 0.1% and +/− 0.5% full scale outputs for 202 k Pa and 1013 k Pa range pressure sensors respectively. (springer.com)
- P. L. Walstrom et al, "Use of Siemens Pressure Sensors at Liquid Helium Temperatures. (springer.com)
Sensor3
- Its highly accurate and stable sensor can also measure the static pressure which can be shown on the integral indicator or remotely monitored via BRAIN or HART communications. (slideshare.net)
- Your provider will use a gauge, a stethoscope or electronic sensor, and a blood pressure cuff. (medlineplus.gov)
- Boyd C., Juanarena D., Rao M.G. (1990) Cryogenic Pressure Sensor Calibration Facility. (springer.com)
Pulsatile2
- Pulsatile changes in arterial CBV evoke the pulse pressure waveform of ICP. (medscape.com)
- When the pressure in the cuff falls to the level of the systolic pressure, pulsatile blood flow begins to re-establish. (nih.gov)
Temperatures1
- To address this, we experimentally investigated the CO2 permeability of three types of dense membranes, Nafion®, natural rubber and PDMS at a range of pressures (up to 195 bar) and temperatures (up to 55 °C) mostly focusing on supercritical conditions. (bath.ac.uk)
Differential5
- Standard output is a 4 to 20 mA DC signal corresponding to the measured differential pressure. (slideshare.net)
- EJX110A Differential Pressure Transmitter Yokogawa Electric Corporation 2-9-32, Nakacho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8750 Japan Tel.: 81-422-52-5690 Fax. (slideshare.net)
- 7. A pressure transducer according to claim 6 in which the transducer means comprises a strain gauge element which is arranged to be responsive to differential movement between the elongate members to produce an electrical signal. (google.com)
- 9. A pressure transducer according to claim 1 in which the transducer means comprises an optical detector arrangement responsive to differential movement between the elongate members, the optical detector arrangement including photo-detectors for enabling the production of an electrical signal. (google.com)
- 10. A pressure transducer according to claim 9 in which the two elongate members each have a graticule secured thereto, illumination means being provided such that light shines through the graticules onto the photo-detectors whereby the electrical signal is produced consequent upon differential movement between the two elongate members. (google.com)
Level8
- Depending on the level of blood pressure elevation, a combination of blood pressure medications often is needed to control hypertension. (cedars-sinai.edu)
- At sea level, standard air pressure in inches of mercury is 29.92. (weather.gov)
- At sea level, standard air pressure in millibars is 1013.2. (weather.gov)
- The flow transmitter, liquid level transmitter, and pressure thermometer use the measured pressure to infer another process parameter. (slideshare.net)
- Pressure Transmitter Pressure Thermometer Flow Transmitter Liquid Level Transmitter What is Pressure? (slideshare.net)
- At observation stations around the world the air pressure reading, regardless of the observation station elevation, is converted to a value that would be observed if that instrument were located at sea level. (weather.gov)
- These two factors combine to reduce the air pressure at an altitude of 5,500 m (18,000 ft) to one half its value at sea level. (infoplease.com)
- It is approximately equal to typical air pressure at Earth mean sea level and is defined as 7005101325000000000♠101325 Pa. (wikipedia.org)
Accurately4
- Accurately measuring pressure is a powerful piece of process data. (slideshare.net)
- The ability to quickly, accurately, and reliably measure pressure is invaluable when trying to control a process. (slideshare.net)
- During the investigation of an electronic transmission control system for agricultural, off highway and, heavy duty on highway vehicles, it became apparent that a key element in the hydraulic system was the need to accurately regulate oil pressure to the various clutches in the gear train. (sae.org)
- Given its importance in directing care, it is essential to measure blood pressure accurately and consistently. (nih.gov)
Complications2
- Choose healthy meal and snack options to help you avoid high blood pressure and its complications. (cdc.gov)
- What are high blood pressure complications during pregnancy? (cdc.gov)
Sores1
- This page provides information, tools, and resources about preventing and treating pressure ulcers (commonly referred to as bed sores). (in.gov)
Demands1
- But at times, there are more demands and pressures than we can handle. (kidshealth.org)
Prevent high blood pr2
- Practice healthy living habits, like being physically active, to help prevent high blood pressure. (cdc.gov)
- What can you do to prevent high blood pressure? (webmd.com)
Adults6
- Race - Like African-American adults, African-American children are also at a higher risk for high blood pressure. (heart.org)
- Social media offers opportunities for adolescents and adults alike to instill and/or experience pressure everyday. (wikipedia.org)
- In adults, normal blood pressure is less than 120/80. (philly.com)
- About 1 out of 3 adults in the United States has high blood pressure. (webmd.com)
- Around one third of adults in the United States have high blood pressure, only half of whom have their high blood pressure under control. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Although 82 percent of the magnesium supplement dosages in the study were equal to or greater than the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults, the American Heart Association (AHA) say that magnesium, as a supplement, may not be necessary for the desired effect of maintaining blood pressure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Molecules5
- However, when we sum the total forces from the large number of molecules that strike a surface each moment, then the total observed pressure can be considerable. (weather.gov)
- First, simply adding molecules to any particular container will increase the pressure. (weather.gov)
- A larger number of molecules in any particular container will increase the number of collisions with the container's boundary which is observed as an increase in pressure. (weather.gov)
- The molecules therefore move with increased velocity striking the container's boundary with greater force and is observed as an increase in pressure. (weather.gov)
- Since molecules move in all directions, they can even exert air pressure upwards as they smash into object from underneath. (weather.gov)
Decreases1
- Pressure decreases with height. (weather.gov)