Potentiometry
Ion-Selective Electrodes
Methacycline
Electrodes
Membranes, Artificial
Calibration
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Oxidation-Reduction
Influence of a new antiulcer agent, ammonium 7-oxobicyclo (2, 2, 1) hept-5-ene-3-carbamoyl-2-carboxylate (KF-392) on gastric lesions and gastric mucosal barrier in rats. (1/661)
Antiulcer effects of KF-392 were studied in several experimental gastric ulcer models in rats. It was found that KF-392 given orally at 1.0 to 5.0 mg/kg had a marked suppression on the developments of Shay ulcer as well as the aspirin-, stress-, and reserpine-induced gastric lesions. The influence of KF-392 on gastric mucosal barrier was also studied. A back diffusion of H+ into the gastric mucosa and a fall of transmucosal potential difference were induced with KF-392 given orally at the above mentioned doses. KF-392 given s.c. at 5.0 mg/kg showed no inhibition of Shay ulcer and no induction of back diffusion of H+ into the gastric mucosa. (+info)Potential difference across the normal and the abnormal gastric mucosa in man. (2/661)
The mucosal potential difference in the body of the stomach was measured in 18 patients with gastric ulcers, five with gastritis, and three with pernicious anaemia. The results were compared with those of 12 normal volunteers. Significantly lower than normal levels were found in the groups of patients with gastric ulcers and gastritis. The patients with pernicious anaemia had even lower potential differences. In an additional 25 subjects, measurements were made in the duodenal bulb and at five sites in the stomach under direct vision at endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from each site for histology. Subjects with gastritis at the high lesser curve had a significantly lower potential difference at that site than those without gastritis. In the latter group, the potential difference at the high lesser curve was as low as in the antrum, and invariably lower than at the high greater curve. (+info)Characterization of DorC from Rhodobacter capsulatus, a c-type cytochrome involved in electron transfer to dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. (3/661)
The dorC gene of the dimethyl sulfoxide respiratory (dor) operon of Rhodobacter capsulatus encodes a pentaheme c-type cytochrome that is involved in electron transfer from ubiquinol to periplasmic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. DorC was expressed as a C-terminal fusion to an 8-amino acid FLAG epitope and was purified from detergent-solubilized membranes by ion exchange chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography. The DorC protein had a subunit Mr = 46,000, and pyridine hemochrome analysis indicated that it contained 5 mol heme c/mol DorC polypeptide, as predicted from the derived amino acid sequence of the dorC gene. The reduced form of DorC exhibited visible absorption maxima at 551.5 nm (alpha-band), 522 nm (beta-band), and 419 nm (Soret band). Redox potentiometry of the heme centers of DorC identified five components (n = 1) with midpoint potentials of -34, -128, -184, -185, and -276 mV. Despite the low redox potentials of the heme centers, DorC was reduced by duroquinol and was oxidized by dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. (+info)Redox components of cytochrome bc-type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes. I. Characterization of the cytochrome bc1-type complex of the acidophilic ferrous ion-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. (4/661)
The redox components of the cytochrome bc1 complex from the acidophilic chemolithotrophic organism Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were investigated by potentiometric and spectroscopic techniques. Optical redox titrations demonstrated the presence of two b-type hemes with differing redox midpoint potentials at pH 7.4 (-169 and + 20 mV for bL and bH, respectively). At pH 3.5, by contrast, both hemes appeared to titrate at about +20 mV. Antimycin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, and stigmatellin induced distinguishable shifts of the b hemes' alpha-bands, providing evidence for the binding of antimycin A and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide near heme bH (located on the cytosolic side of the membrane) and of stigmatellin near heme bL (located on the periplasmic side of the membrane). The inhibitors stigmatellin, 5-(n-undecyl)-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole, and 2, 5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone affected the EPR spectrum of the Rieske iron-sulfur center in a way that differs from what has been observed for cytochrome bc1 or b6f complexes. The results obtained demonstrate that the T. ferrooxidans complex, although showing most of the features characteristic for bc1 complexes, contains unique properties that are most probably related to the chemolithotrophicity and/or acidophilicity of its parent organism. A speculative model for reverse electron transfer through the T. ferrooxidans complex is proposed. (+info)Redox components of cytochrome bc-type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes. II. The Rieske protein of phylogenetically distant acidophilic organisms. (5/661)
The Rieske proteins of two phylogenetically distant acidophilic organisms, i.e. the proteobacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, were studied by EPR. Redox titrations at a range of pH values showed that the Rieske centers of both organisms are characterized by redox midpoint potential-versus-pH curves featuring a common pK value of 6.2. This pK value is significantly more acidic (by almost 2 pH units) than that of Rieske proteins in neutrophilic species. The orientations of the Rieske center's g tensors with respect to the plane of the membrane were studied between pH 4 and 8 using partially ordered samples. At pH 4, the Sulfolobus Rieske cluster was found in the "typical" orientation of chemically reduced Rieske centers, whereas this orientation changed significantly on going toward high pH values. The Thiobacillus protein, by contrast, appeared to be in the "standard" orientation at both low and high pH values. The results are discussed with respect to the molecular parameters conveying acid resistance and in light of the recently demonstrated long-range conformational movement of the Rieske protein during enzyme turnover in cytochrome bc1 complexes. (+info)Extinction coefficients and midpoint potentials of cytochrome c(6) from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Synechocystis 6803. (6/661)
Cytochrome c(6) is a soluble heme protein that serves as a photosynthetic electron transport component in cyanobacteria and algae, carrying electrons from the cytochrome bf complex to photosystem I. The rapid accumulation of cytochrome c(6) sequence data from a wide range of species, combined with significant advances in determining high resolution three-dimensional structures, provides a powerful database for investigating the relationship between structure and function. The fact that the gene encoding cytochrome c(6) can be readily modified in a number of species adds to the usefulness of cytochrome c(6) as a tool for comparative analysis. Efforts to relate cytochrome c(6) sequence information to structure, and structural information to function depend on knowledge of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the cytochrome from different species. To this end we have determined the optical extinction coefficient, the oxidation/reduction midpoint potential, and the pH dependence of the midpoint potential of cytochrome c(6) isolated from three cyanobacteria, Arthrospira maxima, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Synechocystis 6803. (+info)Donnan potential of rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils I: electrofluorochromometric detection of potential. (7/661)
The fluorescence of the dye CC-6 [(3-hexyl-2-(3-hexyl-2-benzoxazolinylidene)-1-propenyl)-benzoxazolium iodide] has been shown to indicate Donnan potentials in rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils. These results are in agreement with previously published work in which the potentials were measured with microelectrodes on glycerol-extraced muscle fibers. The magnitude of the Donnan potential of the myofibrils has been shown to be dependent on the state (rigor or relaxed) of the system. (+info)A group of thermodynamic potentials applicable to ligand binding by a polyfunctional macromolecule. (8/661)
The binding of ligands by a macromolecule can be well described by a group of potentials derivable from the energy and of which the original binding potential is one. The group is Abelian and is isomorphic with a group of symmetries. Each member corresponds to a particular set of experimental conditions--system open to some, closed to others, of the ligand-and the group as a whole is an immediate source of all possible linkage relations applicable to the macromolecule. Seen in terms of information theory it can be interpreted as a program for the response of the macromolecule to its ligands according to the conditions with which it is faced. The group provides a ready formulation of the effect of a ligand on the equilibrium constant for a reaction involving a set of macromolecules, and it leads to a clear-cut distinction between true and pseudolinkage. (+info)Potentiometry is a method used in analytical chemistry to measure the potential (or voltage) difference between two electrodes, which reflects the concentration of an ion or a particular molecule in a solution. It involves setting up an electrochemical cell with two electrodes: a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working electrode is immersed in the test solution and its potential is measured against the stable potential of the reference electrode.
The Nernst equation can be used to relate the potential difference to the concentration of the analyte, allowing for quantitative analysis. Potentiometry is often used to measure the activity or concentration of ions such as H+, Na+, K+, and Cl-, as well as other redox-active species.
In medical testing, potentiometry can be used to measure the concentration of certain ions in biological fluids such as blood, urine, or sweat. For example, it can be used to measure the pH of a solution (the concentration of H+ ions) or the concentration of glucose in blood using a glucometer.
Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are a type of chemical sensor that measure the activity of specific ions in a solution. They work by converting the chemical response into an electrical signal, which can then be measured and analyzed. The electrode is coated with a membrane that is selectively permeable to a particular ion, allowing for the detection and measurement of that specific ion in the presence of other ions.
ISEs are widely used in various fields such as clinical chemistry, biomedical research, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. In medical diagnostics, ISEs are commonly used to measure the levels of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium in biological samples like blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The response of an ISE is based on Nernst's equation, which relates the electrical potential across the membrane to the activity of the ion being measured. The selectivity of the electrode for a particular ion is determined by the type of membrane used, and the choice of membrane depends on the application and the specific ions to be measured.
Overall, Ion-Selective Electrodes are important tools in medical diagnostics and research, providing accurate and reliable measurements of ion activity in biological systems.
Methacycline is not generally considered a medical term, but it is the name of a medication. Medically, it can be referred to as "Methacycline hydrochloride," which is a type of antibiotic known as a tetracycline. It is used to treat various infections caused by bacteria.
Here's the medical definition:
Methacycline hydrochloride: A synthetic antibiotic belonging to the tetracycline class, used to treat infections caused by susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Its antibacterial spectrum is similar to that of tetracycline, but it has a higher lipid solubility, which may result in better penetration into some tissues. It is no longer commonly used due to the availability of other antibiotics with fewer side effects.
An electrode is a medical device that can conduct electrical currents and is used to transmit or receive electrical signals, often in the context of medical procedures or treatments. In a medical setting, electrodes may be used for a variety of purposes, such as:
1. Recording electrical activity in the body: Electrodes can be attached to the skin or inserted into body tissues to measure electrical signals produced by the heart, brain, muscles, or nerves. This information can be used to diagnose medical conditions, monitor the effectiveness of treatments, or guide medical procedures.
2. Stimulating nerve or muscle activity: Electrodes can be used to deliver electrical impulses to nerves or muscles, which can help to restore function or alleviate symptoms in people with certain medical conditions. For example, electrodes may be used to stimulate the nerves that control bladder function in people with spinal cord injuries, or to stimulate muscles in people with muscle weakness or paralysis.
3. Administering treatments: Electrodes can also be used to deliver therapeutic treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression or deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. In these procedures, electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a device that generates electrical impulses, which can help to regulate abnormal brain activity and improve symptoms.
Overall, electrodes play an important role in many medical procedures and treatments, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions that affect the body's electrical systems.
Artificial membranes are synthetic or man-made materials that possess properties similar to natural biological membranes, such as selective permeability and barrier functions. These membranes can be designed to control the movement of molecules, ions, or cells across them, making them useful in various medical and biotechnological applications.
Examples of artificial membranes include:
1. Dialysis membranes: Used in hemodialysis for patients with renal failure, these semi-permeable membranes filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood while retaining essential proteins and cells.
2. Hemofiltration membranes: Utilized in extracorporeal circuits to remove larger molecules, such as cytokines or inflammatory mediators, from the blood during critical illnesses or sepsis.
3. Drug delivery systems: Artificial membranes can be used to encapsulate drugs, allowing for controlled release and targeted drug delivery in specific tissues or cells.
4. Tissue engineering: Synthetic membranes serve as scaffolds for cell growth and tissue regeneration, guiding the formation of new functional tissues.
5. Biosensors: Artificial membranes can be integrated into biosensing devices to selectively detect and quantify biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, in diagnostic applications.
6. Microfluidics: Artificial membranes are used in microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications, enabling the manipulation and analysis of small volumes of fluids for various medical and biological purposes.
In the context of medicine and medical devices, calibration refers to the process of checking, adjusting, or confirming the accuracy of a measurement instrument or system. This is typically done by comparing the measurements taken by the device being calibrated to those taken by a reference standard of known accuracy. The goal of calibration is to ensure that the medical device is providing accurate and reliable measurements, which is critical for making proper diagnoses and delivering effective treatment. Regular calibration is an important part of quality assurance and helps to maintain the overall performance and safety of medical devices.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."
In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).
The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.
Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.
Spectrophotometry is a technical analytical method used in the field of medicine and science to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance at specific wavelengths. This technique involves the use of a spectrophotometer, an instrument that measures the intensity of light as it passes through a sample.
In medical applications, spectrophotometry is often used in laboratory settings to analyze various biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissues. For example, it can be used to measure the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds in a sample by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted at specific wavelengths.
In addition, spectrophotometry can also be used to assess the properties of biological tissues, such as their optical density and thickness. This information can be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, including skin disorders, eye diseases, and cancer.
Overall, spectrophotometry is a valuable tool for medical professionals and researchers seeking to understand the composition and properties of various biological samples and tissues.
Hazel Rossotti
Electroanalytical methods
Scanning probe microscopy
Contact resistance
Electromotive force
Overpotential
Multi-tip scanning tunneling microscopy
Scanning tunneling microscope
Determination of equilibrium constants
Potentiostat
Carbon paste electrode
Analytical technique
Sodium
Sodium compounds
Glass electrode
Howard Malmstadt
Low-energy electron microscopy
Electrochemical stripping analysis
PH meter
CYP3A4
Electrolyte exclusion effect
Karl Fischer titration
Izaak Kolthoff
Total base number
Huang Bai
Ray Beckwith
List of MeSH codes (H01)
Clinical chemistry
List of MeSH codes (E05)
Analytical chemistry
ISO/DIS 11427 - Jewellery and precious metals - Determination of silver - Potentiometry using potassium bromide
3.2: Potentiometry - Chemistry LibreTexts
IEC 60050 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Details for IEV number 114-04-12: "potentiometry"
Analytical chemistry potentiometry pdf
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Hazel Rossotti - Wikipedia
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Pharmaceutical Science Minor
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Chemistry (CH) | Mississippi Valley State UniversityElectrochemistry2
- 30 Aug 2013 Indicator Electrodes, Potentiometry, Electrochemistry, Electrode Kinetics, Electrogravimetry, Polarography, Square Wave Voltammetry, 4 Apr 2011 Potentiometry is one of the methods used for quantitative analysis in analytical chemistry. (web.app)
- It is based on potentiometry electrochemistry methodology. (aacc.org)
Electrode4
- Lecture notes, lecture 14 - CEM 837 - MSU - StuDocu Potentiometry Schematic diagram showing a combination glass electrode for measuring pH. (web.app)
- Experimental measurements have been made by potentiometry with an amalgam electrode with 1,00 M ionic strength adjusted with NaClO 4 . (usp.br)
- Glass electrode potentiometry and differential pulse voltammetry are used to show that the acidity of the coordinated water is quite high, showing that the mercapto group of PATH, and also in PD, does not cause a decrease in acidity. (uncg.edu)
- The Zn complex of cyclen, as well as other nitrogen donor macrocycles, are studied by glass electrode potentiometry and differential pulse voltammetry to determine the acidity of coordinated water molecules, as well as the formation constants of small ligands with the Zn(II) complex. (uncg.edu)
Spectrophotometry2
- Spectrophotometry potentiometry N N' - bis(benzoin)ethylenediimine complexes. (ajol.info)
- Advanced level survey of instrumental methods of separation and analysis including spectrophotometry, potentiometry, polarography, and chromatography. (worcester.edu)
Polarography1
- Electroanalytical techniques: Potentiometry, Voltametry, Polarography. (freevideolectures.com)
Electroanalytical chemistry2
- Enhanced Potentiometry by Metallic Nanoparticles T. Noyhouzer , I. Valdinger , and D. Mandler * Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel Definition of potentiometry - Chemistry Dictionary Potentiometry is one of the methods of electroanalytical chemistry. (web.app)
- Potentiometry is one of the methods of electroanalytical chemistry. (web.app)
Measurements1
- One approach is to establish such contacts by a multitip STM in order to enable charge transport and scanning potentiometry measurements at self-assembled nanostructures. (aip.org)
Spectroscopy1
- Introduction Can the most prevalent inorganic ions be determined in Lithia water using a representative cross-section of the analytical techniques (e.g. titrimetry, potentiometry, spectroscopy) covered in a typical quantitative analysis course? (asdlib.org)
Chemistry1
- She has published several science books, including: 1969 - Chemical Applications of Potentiometry 1970 - H2O 1971 - Metals 1975 - Air 1975 - Introducing Chemistry 1978 - Study of Ionic Equilibria 1985 - Why the World Isn't Grey 1993 - Fire 1998 - Diverse Atoms 2006 - Chemistry in the Schoolroom: 1806 Davies, John, ed. (2012). (wikipedia.org)
Technique1
- This module provides an introduction to the measurement technique of potentiometry. (web.app)
Equilibrium1
- This site contains materials from a lecture course in Biophysics, covering activity, free energy, equilibrium constants, and effect of pH on redox potentials, potentiometry, and reaction rates. (asdlib.org)
Measurement1
- The Brix degrees measurement was made by refractometry using an Abbé refractometer and the pH was evaluated using potentiometry. (bvsalud.org)
Lecture1
- This courseware module is structured for either a lecture presentation or self-study tutorial on analytical potentiometry. (asdlib.org)
Complexes1
- A selection of nine macrocyclic Fe(III/II) and Co(III/II) transition metal complexes has been chosen to serve as a universal set of mediator-titrants in redox potentiometry of protein samples. (scite.ai)
Detection1
- Whole virus detection using aptamers and paper‐based sensor potentiometry. (utah.edu)
Method2
- If you have ever used a pH meter, then you have already performed potentiometry, an electrochemical method in which the potential of an electrochemical cell is measured while little to no current is passed through the sample. (libretexts.org)
- This document specifies a method for the of chloride content by potentiometry in Lithium carbonate. (iso.org)
Applications1
- Chemical applications of potentiometry. (wikipedia.org)
Transport1
- To this end, potentiometry was used to study ion transport in membranes which were composites of poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene oxide). (bl.uk)
Spectrophotometry1
- This phenomenon, known as pseudohyponatremia, occurs when flame emission spectrophotometry or indirect potentiometry is used to assay serum sodium levels rather than direct potentiometry techniques. (medscape.com)
Selective2
- Electrochemical sensors are devices that measure flue gas constituents (O2, CO, NO, NO2, SO2, H2S) through the principle of ion selective potentiometry The sensor contain a electrolytic matrix that is designed for a specific gas to be detected. (testo.com)
- Potentiometry and ion selective electrodes / editor, Arthur M. James. (hull.ac.uk)
Amperometry1
- Cyclic voltametry, amperometry, potentiometry. (zgora.pl)
Voltammetry1
- The book explains various instrumentation techniques such as potentiometry, polarography, voltammetry, conductometry and coulometry. (phindia.com)
Sensor1
- Whole virus detection using aptamers and paper‐based sensor potentiometry. (utah.edu)
Chemical2
- She has published several science books, including: 1969 - Chemical Applications of Potentiometry 1970 - H2O 1971 - Metals 1975 - Air 1975 - Introducing Chemistry 1978 - Study of Ionic Equilibria 1985 - Why the World Isn't Grey 1993 - Fire 1998 - Diverse Atoms 2006 - Chemistry in the Schoolroom: 1806 Davies, John, ed. (2012). (wikipedia.org)
- Chemical applications of potentiometry. (wikipedia.org)
Study1
- An experimental study based on low-temperature scanning tunneling potentiometry has allowed us to separate different scattering mechanisms in graphene. (uni-goettingen.de)
Studies1
- Isolation of monoflavinylated enzyme containing a single FAD cofactor permitted detailed redox potentiometry and pH-dependence studies of the reaction with L-proline. (figshare.com)
Topic1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Potentiometry" by people in this website by year, and whether "Potentiometry" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
General1
- In some sense, the best, most general way to understand contact voltages is through scanning potentiometry. (blogspot.com)
Materials1
- His group has already shown that when they applied a relatively old technique - scanning tunneling potentiometry, or STP - to 2D materials such as graphene, they could create unexpectedly high-contrast images, where they could track the movement of individual electrons when an electric current was applied. (wisc.edu)
