Potassium chloride. Medical search

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.

Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS which are concentrated in the thick ascending limb at the junction of the LOOP OF HENLE and KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA and HYPERGLYCEMIA.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.

Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.

A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).

Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.

Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. It is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.

Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Polymerization of Acanthamoeba actin. Kinetics, thermodynamics, and co-polymerization with muscle actin. (1/3585)

The kinetics and thermodynamics for the polymerization of purified Acanthamoeba actin were studied and compared to muscle actin. Polymerization was qualitatively similar for the two actins with a rate-limiting nucleation step followed by rapid polymer extension. Polymerization occurred only above a threshold critical concentration which varied with polymerization conditions for each actin. In the presence of 2 mM MgCl2, nucleation of both actins was rapid and their critical concentrations were similarly low and not detectably dependent on temperature. In 0.1 M KCl, the rates of nucleation of both actins were much slower than when Mg2+ was present and were significantly different from each other. Also, under these conditions, the critical concentrations of Acanthamoeba and muscle actin were significantly different and both varied markedly with temperature. These quantitative differences between the two actins could be attributed to differences in both their enthalpies and entropies of polymerization, Acanthamoeba actin having the more positive deltaH and delta S. Co-polymerization of the two actins was also demonstrated. Overall, however, there were no qualitative differences between Acanthamoeba and muscle actin that would suggest a unique role for the monomer-polymer equilibrium of cytoplasmic actin in cell motility. (+info)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/3585)

PNU-151774E [(S)-(+)-2-(4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzylamino)propanamide methanesulfonate], a new anticonvulsant that displays a wide therapeutic window, has a potency comparable or superior to that of most classic anticonvulsants. PNU-151774E is chemically unrelated to current antiepileptics. In animal seizure models it possesses a broad spectrum of action. In the present study, the action mechanism of PNU-151774E has been investigated using electrophysiological and biochemical assays. Binding studies performed with rat brain membranes show that PNU-151774E has high affinity for binding site 2 of the sodium channel receptor, which is greater than that of phenytoin or lamotrigine (IC50, 8 microM versus 47 and 185 microM, respectively). PNU-151774E reduces sustained repetitive firing in a use-dependent manner without modifying the first action potential in hippocampal cultured neurons. In the same preparation PNU-151774E inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive fast sodium currents and high voltage-activated calcium currents under voltage-clamp conditions. These electrophysiological activities of PNU-151774E correlate with its ability to inhibit veratrine and KCl-induced glutamate release in rat hippocampal slices (IC50, 56.4 and 185.5 microM, respectively) and calcium inward currents in mouse cortical neurons. On the other hand, PNU-151774E does not affect whole-cell gamma-aminobutryic acid- and glutamate-induced currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons. These results suggest that PNU-151774E exerts its anticonvulsant activity, at least in part, through inhibition of sodium and calcium channels, stabilizing neuronal membrane excitability and inhibiting transmitter release. The possible relevance of these pharmacological properties to its antiepileptic potential is discussed. (+info)

Electrical and mechanical responses to diltiazem in potassium depolarized myocardium of the guinea pig. (3/3585)

Effects of diltiazem on the electrical and mechanical activities of guinea pig papillary muscle were investigated in K-rich Tyrode's solution (Kc1 12.7 mM). The electrical properties of cell membrane in K-rich solution were also examined in the ventricular muscle fibers. It was found that the overshoot as well as the maximum rate of rise (Vmax) of the action potential were highly sensitive to the extracellular concentration of CaC12 in K-rich solution. Vmax was also affected by NaC1. Diltiazem at a lower concentration (1.1 X 10(-7) M) caused a reduction in the contractile force of K-depolarized papillary muscle without producing significant changes in the resting and action potentials. In the presence of a higher concentration of diltiazem (1.1 X 10(-5) M), the contractile force decreased concurrently with the change in the action potential. Addition of CaC12 restored the original strength of contraction in parallel to the recovery of the action potential, especially in its overshoot and Vmax. From these results, it is inferred that diltiazem may decrease the contractile force of guinea pig papillary muscle either by interfering with the intrasmembrane calcium influx or by intracellularly reducing the free calcium ion concentration in the myoplasm. (+info)

Sodium ion uptake into isolated plasma membrane vesicles: indirect effects of other ions. (4/3585)

Vesicles derived from plasma membrane of corneal endothelium were agitated to their minimum size distribution. When isotonic salt solutions surrounding the vesicles were changed there were alterations to the vesicle size distribution: the modal point of the logarithmic distribution did not change but the log variance did, indicating that substantial fission and fusion of vesicles occurred depending upon the nature of the surrounding solute. Orientation and total membrane area was conserved in the transformed population of vesicles. Although the ions added to the external isotonic salt solutions in the present series of experiments have no direct effect upon sodium membrane transporters in these membranes, kinetics of sodium accumulation into the vesicles were affected in a way that correlated with changes to the vesicle size distribution. Early-saturating (<1 min) intravesicular concentrations of sodium corresponded with apparently stable populations. Late-saturating (>1 min) intravesicular concentrations of sodium corresponded with significant vesicle distribution shifts and included a few seconds of delay. During the linear accumulation phase, both populations showed similar magnitudes of sodium transport. The significance of these data is discussed. (+info)

Identification of mechanosensitive ion channels in the cytoplasmic membrane of Corynebacterium glutamicum. (5/3585)

Patch-clamp experiments performed on membrane fragments of Corynebacterium glutamicum fused into giant liposomes revealed the presence of two different stretch-activated conductances, 600 to 700 pS and 1,200 to 1,400 pS in 0.1 M KCl, that exhibited the same characteristics in terms of kinetics, ion selectivity, and voltage dependence. (+info)

Mechanosensitive channel functions to alleviate the cell lysis of marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, by osmotic downshock. (6/3585)

The mechanosensitive channel with large conductance of Escherichia coli is the first to be cloned among stretch-activated channels. Although its activity was characterized by a patch clamp method, a physiological role of the channel has not been proved. The marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, is sensitive to osmotic stress and cell lysis occurs under osmotic downshock. We introduced an mscL gene into Vibrio alginolyticus, and the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance functions was found to alleviate cell lysis by osmotic downshock. This is the first report to show a physiological role of the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance. (+info)

Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (7/3585)

1. The mechanisms of the sustained vasodilator actions of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and sauvagine (SVG) were studied using rings of endothelium de-nuded rat thoracic aorta (RTA) and the isolated perfused rat superior mesenteric arterial vasculature (SMA). 2. SVG was approximately 50 fold more potent than CRF on RTA (EC40: 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 44 +/- 9 nM respectively, P < 0.05), and approximately 10 fold more active in the perfused SMA (ED40: 0.05 +/- 0.02 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 nmol respectively, P < 0.05). Single bolus injections of CRF (100 pmol) or SVG (15 pmol) in the perfused SMA caused reductions in perfusion pressure of 23 +/- 1 and 24 +/- 2% that lasted more than 20 min. 3. Removal of the endothelium in the perfused SMA with deoxycholic acid attenuated the vasodilatation and revealed two phases to the response; a short lasting direct action, and a sustained phase which was fully inhibited. 4. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (100 microM) L-NMMA (100 microM) or 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea (ETPU, 100 microM) had similar effects on the vasodilator responses to CRF as removal of the endothelium, suggesting a pivotal role for nitric oxide. However the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[l,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 microM) did not affect the response to CRF. 5. High potassium (60 mM) completely inhibited the vasodilator response to CRF in the perfused SMA, indicating a role for K channels in this response. 6. Compared to other vasodilator agents acting via the release of NO, the actions of CRF and SVG are strikingly long-lasting, suggesting a novel mechanism of prolonged activation of nitric oxide synthase. (+info)

Protrusive growth from giant liposomes driven by actin polymerization. (8/3585)

Development of protrusions in the cell is indispensable in the process of cell motility. Membrane protrusion has long been suggested to occur as a result of actin polymerization immediately beneath the cell membrane at the leading edge, but elucidation of the mechanism is insufficient because of the complexity of the cell. To study the mechanism, we prepared giant liposomes containing monomeric actin (100 or 200 microM) and introduced KCl into individual liposomes by an electroporation technique. On the electroporation, the giant liposomes deformed. Most importantly, protrusive structure grew from the liposomes containing 200 microM actin at rates (ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 micrometer/s) similar to those obtained in the cell. The deformation occurred in a time range (30 approximately 100 s) similar to that of actin polymerization monitored in a cuvette (ca. 50 s). Concomitant with deformation, Brownian motion of micron-sized particles entrapped in the liposomes almost ceased. From these observations, we conclude that actin polymerization in the liposomes caused the protrusive formation. (+info)

... (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a ... Potassium is vital in the human body, and potassium chloride by mouth is the common means to treat low blood potassium, ... Along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium. ... In larger quantities, however, potassium chloride is toxic. The LD50 of orally ingested potassium chloride is approximately 2.5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride

... are classified into: Chloride potassium symporter 4, predominating in the kidney. Chloride ... It functions in renal chloride reabsorption to transport chloride across the basolateral membrane. Chloride potassium symporter ... The chloride potassium symporter is a membrane transport protein of the solute carrier family 12 that is present in the S3- ... For example, chloride potassium symporter 5, or KCC2, is expressed through the SLC12A5 gene. Notably, symporters prior to 4 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter

Potassium-chloride transporter member 5 is also known by the names: KCC2 (potassium chloride cotransporter 2) for its ionic ... Potassium-chloride transporter member 5 (aka: KCC2 and SLC12A5) is a neuron-specific chloride potassium symporter responsible ... Na+/K+ chloride cotransporter 1), which moves chloride ions into cells. Thus, during embryonic development, the chloride ... KCC2 utilizes the potassium gradient generated by the Na+/K+ pump to drive chloride extrusion from neurons. In fact, any ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_5

Potassium chloride, also known as potassium salt, is used as a medication to treat and prevent low blood potassium. Low blood ... Potassium chloride, used since the 1950s for the treatment of potassium depletion in humans World Health Organization (2019). ... "Effect of Short-Term Supplementation of Potassium Chloride and Potassium Citrate on Blood Pressure in Hypertensives". ... Potassium chloride is used in lethal injection as the third of a three-drug combination. KCl is also sometimes used in fetal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride_(medical_use)

CdCl2 + 2 Cl− → [CdCl4]2− Solutions of equimolar cadmium chloride and potassium chloride give potassium cadmium trichloride. ... Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic ... F. Wagenknecht; R. Juza (1963). "Potassium cadmium chloride". In G. Brauer (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, ... Cadmium chloride forms a layered structure consisting of octahedral Cd2+ centers linked with chloride ligands. Cadmium iodide, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_chloride

The other molybdenum(II) chloride is potassium octachlorodimolybdate. Rather than adopting a close-packed structure typical of ... metal dihalides, e.g., cadmium chloride, molybdenum(II) chloride forms a structure based on clusters. Molybdenum(II), which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_chloride

potassium chloride or dioxides... But we won't be able to tell without doing an autopsy. / Solid Snake: Damn! KCE Japan. Metal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(1998_video_game)

... potassium chloride from Solikamsk; oil from Volga region. There are also many passenger routes to Moscow, Astrakhan, Rostov, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva

Sodium-Potassium-Chloride+Symporters at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Articles with ... The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the secondary active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride ... It is found specifically in the kidney, where it extracts sodium, potassium, and chloride from the urine so they can be ... Its basolateral location gives NKCC1 the ability to transport sodium, potassium, and chloride from the blood into the cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-K-Cl_cotransporter

Potassium chloride stopped Chapman's heart. At 8:29 p.m. EST, Chapman's skin color had changed noticeably, which indicated that ... The three drugs were sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride. Sodium thiopental rendered Chapman ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Allen_Chapman

Major potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of ... Potassium, in the form of potassium chloride is used as a medication to treat and prevent low blood potassium. Low blood ... potassium oxide (K2O), potassium peroxide (K2O2), potassium superoxide (KO2) and potassium ozonide (KO3). The binary potassium- ... Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate may be useful to control mild hypertension. In 2020, potassium was the 33rd most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium

... but potassium chloride and bicarbonate are common). Rapidly absorbed boluses of liquid potassium are generally needed to abort ... Walker MB (1935). "Potassium chloride in myasthenia gravis". Lancet. 2 (5836): 47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)09382-5. ... IV potassium is seldom justified unless the patient is unable to swallow. Daily potassium dosage may need to be much higher ... Some patients also take potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone to help maintain potassium levels. Paralysis attacks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemic_periodic_paralysis

29.1 ppm sodium chloride NaCl ; 30.8 ppm potassium chloride KCl ; 9.1 ppm magnesium chloride MgCl2 ; 8.5 ppm *These compounds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybeate_Spring,_Mittagong

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94294-6. Walker MB (1935). "Potassium chloride in myasthenia gravis". Lancet. 2 (5836): 47. doi: ... She was also the first to recognise the association between familial periodic paralysis and low blood potassium levels. Mary ... low blood potassium levels). She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis ... and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment. During 1935, her research on myasthenia was incorporated into her MD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Broadfoot_Walker

Examples: potassium chloride and sodium chloride may be considered congeners; also potassium chloride and potassium fluoride. ... For example, titanium(II) chloride (titanium dichloride), titanium(III) chloride (titanium trichloride), and titanium(IV) ... chloride (titanium tetrachloride) may be considered congeners. Congeners can refer to other elements in the same group in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)

"The X-Ray Photochemical Reaction between Potassium Oxalate and Mercuric Chloride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52 (7): 2612-2619. doi: ... Mercurous chloride forms by the reaction of elemental mercury and mercuric chloride: Hg + HgCl2 → Hg2Cl2 It can be prepared via ... By utilizing a light reaction in the presence of mercury(II) chloride and ammonium oxalate, mercury(I) chloride, ammonium ... Other electrodes can vary by 70 to 100 millivolts.[citation needed] Mercurous chloride decomposes into mercury(II) chloride and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride

Iron(II) sulfate, developed by sodium carbonate or potassium ferricyanate. Cobalt(II) chloride, developed by potassium ... Lemon juice, developed by iodine solution (ink turns white, paper turns light blue). Sodium chloride (common table salt), ... Soap solution (carboxylic partially oxidizes) Wine, or vinegar Cobalt chloride, which turns blue when heated and becomes ... Copper sulfate, developed by sodium iodide, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide or potassium ferricyanide. Lead(II) nitrate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_ink

... solution of the aryl chloride in dimethylsulfoxide and anhydrous potassium fluoride. Potassium chloride is generated in the ... In chemistry, the Halex process is used to convert aromatic chlorides to the corresponding aromatic fluorides. The process ... The reaction is mainly applied to nitro-substituted aryl chlorides. The following reactions are practiced commercially in this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halex_process

... and potassium chloride to stop the heart. The 50th convicted killer executed in Georgia since 1973 was Roy Willard Blankenship ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Diagnostic_and_Classification_State_Prison

Potassium chloride and dextrose should be included. The amount of maintenance IV fluid required in 24 hours is based on the ... Physiologic saline solution, or 0.9% sodium chloride solution, is often used because it is isotonic, and therefore will not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_replacement

Silver chloride is slightly soluble in strong potassium chloride solutions, so it is sometimes recommended that the potassium ... Silver chloride is slightly soluble in strong potassium chloride solutions, so it is sometimes recommended the potassium ... The electrode body contains potassium chloride to stabilize the silver chloride concentration. When working in seawater, this ... chloride be saturated with silver chloride to avoid stripping the silver chloride off the silver wire. Silver chloride ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride_electrode

ISBN 1-877058-03-3 Findlay, G.P. and Pallaghy, C.K. (1978). Potassium chloride in the motor tissue of Stylidium. Australian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylidium

... and she stole the morphine and potassium chloride from the hospital where she worked. Riggs injected the potassium chloride ... When she injected her son with potassium chloride, it caused pain but not death, so she smothered both children to death then ... Riggs had planned to give the children a combination of injectable potassium chloride, amitriptyline sedative pills, and the ... She then attempted suicide by taking 28 amitriptyline pills and injecting herself with undiluted potassium chloride. Nineteen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Marie_Riggs

... potassium chloride is widely used for this purpose. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends daily potassium intake of ... "Sodium Chloride". Eat Well, Be Well. UK Government Food Standards Agency. Retrieved 16 May 2010. "Health Canada, Healthy Living ... High sodium consumption (5 g or more of salt per day) and insufficient potassium intake (less than 3.5 grams (0.12 oz) per day ... Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl) and is used in food for both preservation and flavor. Sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt

For example, "she recommended magnesium as a treatment for epilepsy, potassium chloride for certain patients with kidney ... Fatal hyperkalemia from accidental overdose of potassium chloride. JAMA 240:1339, 1978. Schlesinger B, Payne B, Black J. ... Potassium metabolism in gastroenteritis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 24:33-49, 1955. Potassium metabolism in gastroenteritis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelle_Davis

Brown, Madelaine R. (September 1, 1948). "Paroxysmal Cerebral Dysrhythmia Following Large Doses of Potassium Chloride". ... Treatment with Potassium Chloride" (1940, with John H. Talbott) "Alcoholic Polyneuritis: An Evaluation of the Treatment at the ... Treatment with Potassium Chloride". Journal of the American Medical Association. 114 (2). doi:10.1001/jama.1940.02810020029006 ... "Paroxysmal Cerebral Dysrhythmia Following Large Doses of Potassium Chloride" (1948) "The Factor of Heredity in Labyrinthine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelaine_Ray_Brown

"Entrez Gene: solute carrier family 12 (potassium/chloride transporters)". Hewett D, Samuelsson L, Polding J, Enlund F, Smart D ... Solute carrier family 12 member 8 (SLC12A8), also known as cation-chloride cotransporter 9 (CCC9), is a protein that in humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC12A8

Because its degradation leaves behind potassium chloride rather than sodium chloride, its use has been promoted in agriculture ... Another production method is electrolysis of potassium chloride solution. With both methods, the reaction mixture must be kept ... Potassium hypochlorite is produced by the reaction of chlorine with a solution of potassium hydroxide: Cl2 + 2 KOH → KCl + KClO ... Potassium hypochlorite (chemical formula KClO) is the potassium salt of hypochlorous acid. It is used in variable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hypochlorite

The reaction products are potassium chloride, water, and oxygen. Traces of chlorine and iodine are removed from the exhaust ... The aqueous peroxide solution undergoes chemical reaction with chlorine, producing heat, potassium chloride, and oxygen in ... The laser is fed with gaseous chlorine, molecular iodine, and an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_iodine_laser

"Entrez Gene: solute carrier family 12 (potassium/chloride transporters)". Caron L; Rousseau F; Gagnon E; Isenring P (October ... Solute carrier family 12 member 9 (SLC12A9), also known as cation-chloride cotransporter 6 (CCC6) or cation-chloride ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC12A9

Building 1 Alkyd resins for automotive finishes Building 228 Nylon polyamide synthetic polymers Polyvinyl chloride development ... Pedersen Plenish high oleic acid soybean oil Building 356 Potassium titanyl phosphate frequency doubling crystals for eye and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DuPont_Experimental_Station_inventions

the potassium salt KAs2F7 prepared from KF and AsF3 contains AsF4− and AsF3 molecules with evidence of interaction between the ... Arsenic trifluoride is used as a fluorinating agent for the conversion of non-metal chlorides to fluorides, in this respect it ... their preparation and the crystal structure of the potassium salt, Edwards A.J., Patel S.N., J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trifluoride

... potassium chloride) to reduce osmotic stress. Potassium levels are not at equilibrium with the environment, so H. salinarum ... Pérez-Fillol, M; Rodríguez-Valera, F (1986). "Potassium ion accumulation in cells of different halobacteria". Microbiología. 2 ... expresses multiple active transporters that pump potassium into the cell. At extremely high salt concentrations, protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

... potassium carbonate) Salt Sylvinite - a mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (commonly known as rock salt - ... sodium chloride) Gypsum (calcium sulphate) - used for plaster Fluorspar - also known as fluorite (calcium fluoride) Barytes ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_Association_of_the_United_Kingdom

... such as barium chloride or strontium chloride to respectively produce barium azide and strontium azide, which are also ... such as potassium nitrate and silica. In the latter case, innocuous sodium silicates are generated. While sodium azide is still ... Sodium azide can also react with the chloride salts of certain alkaline earth metals in aqueous solution, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_azide

Hygroscopic cloud seeding uses natural salts such as potassium chloride and sodium chloride that pre-exist in the atmosphere ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_seeding_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates

If a hot solution of agar gel also containing a dilute solution of potassium dichromate is poured in a test tube, and after the ... and a solution of hydrochloric acid at the other will show rings of deposited ammonium chloride where the two gases meet, if ... It will then encounter the potassium dichromate and will form a continuous region of precipitate at the top of the tube. After ... Liesegang noted the phenomenon when he dropped a solution of silver nitrate onto a thin layer of gel containing potassium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesegang_rings

... while strontium chloride and potassium nitrate are added as anti-sensitive agents for individuals who have teeth sensitivity. ... It is generally prepared in the form of sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is kept in the saliva after spitting out the mouth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_fluoride

... calcium-dependent chloride channels, monovalent cation:proton antiporters, type 1, and potassium transporters. Potassium ... Chloride channels are present in all types of neurons. With the chief responsibility of controlling excitability, chloride ... Potassium channels are the largest and most diverse class of voltage-gated channels, with over 100 encoding human genes. These ... Potassium channels differ in structure from the other channels in that they contain four separate polypeptide subunits, while ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

Other potassium channels like large conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels and sodium chloride dependent potassium ... Although the exact role of potassium currents is still being investigated, it appears that potassium and sodium leak currents ... Transient A-type potassium currents are more common in neurons that are involved in the inspiration process. When A-type ... Moreover, ATP-dependent potassium channels help neurons detect changes in energy or oxygen levels to modify breathing patterns ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

A practical synthesis involves the tin/HCl-reduction of the naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride. 1-Naphthalenethiol can also be ... Rane, Anil M.; Miranda, Edgar I.; Soderquist, John A. (1994). "Potassium Triisopropylsilanethiolate: Vinyl and Aryl Sulfides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Naphthalenethiol

If the dibromene oxide is allowed to react further with furan, in the presence of n-butyllithium or potassium amide or via an ... In his 1885 dissertation, Adolf Scheufelen published the synthesis of a purer sample using iron(III) chloride FeCl3 as a ... the base potassium carbonate, the phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide, the Heck reagent palladium(II)acetate and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene

Potassium ions usually cause less error than sodium ions. Acidic error range - at a very high concentration of hydrogen ions ( ... usually silver chloride electrode or calomel electrode internal solution, usually a pH=7 buffered solution of 0.1 mol/L KCl for ... maximizing the surface area of the tool by heat treating the platinum with platinum chloride at red heat, thus enabling a much ... pH electrodes or 0.1 mol/L MCl for pM electrodes when using the silver chloride electrode, a small amount of AgCl can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_electrode

Plant macronutrients include potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur, whereas micronutrients include iron, copper, zinc, ... and chloride. In truffle fungi, as in all ectomycorrhizae, the majority of nutrient exchange occurs in the Hartig net, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle

When aldosterone is present, more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted. Ammonia is also absorbed during the ... Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ... Substances secreted include urea, creatinine, potassium, hydrogen, and uric acid. Some of the hormones which signal the tubules ... potassium), parathyroid hormone (calcium, phosphate), atrial natriuretic peptide (sodium) and brain natriuretic peptide (sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

In 1934, Wilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer were the first to achieve pure erbium, by heating erbium chloride with potassium. In ... chloride with potassium at 250 °C. They also determined the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the metal. Klemm's ... About the electrolytic conductivity of molten scandium chloride, 1923) became one of the ten most-cited papers in the history ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Klemm

Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory on the Quai de Javel in Paris, ... Some of the sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the pentahydrate is then obtained by cooling the ... Commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main by-product, as seen in the ... A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate NaOCl·2H 2O by reacting a chloride-free solution of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite

Major dissolved components are chlorine, sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium, and other important components include iron ... Most ore fluids contain chloride as the dominant anion. As the solutions rise the temperature and pressure fall. Eventually a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogene

The most common soil cations are calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, hydrogen, and sodium. The total number of cations a ... it can be co-polymerize with anionic for example Acrylic acid and cationic monomer such as diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conditioner

... potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium sulfate, or disodium phosphate, depending on the product. These occur ... Natural and manufactured carbonated waters may contain a small amount of sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, ... Alkaline salts, such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or potassium citrate, will increase pH. The amount of a gas ... Club soda and sparkling mineral water and some other sparkling waters contain added or dissolved minerals such as potassium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonated_water

After running a second test, however, the coroner confirmed that someone had given MacKenzie potassium chloride to induce a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Guy

... potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH. The osmolarity and ion ... It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, ... Some formulations do not contain potassium and magnesium, while other ones contain calcium and/or magnesium (depending on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-buffered_saline

... with potassium hydroxide. Potassium ferrocyanide is produced industrially from hydrogen cyanide, ferrous chloride, and calcium ... Potassium ferrocyanide is the inorganic compound with formula K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O. It is the potassium salt of the coordination ... Potassium ferrocyanide is used in a mixture with potassium ferricyanide and phosphate buffered solution to provide a buffer for ... In the laboratory, potassium ferrocyanide is used to determine the concentration of potassium permanganate, a compound often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide

... chloride - PtCl2 Platinum(IV) chloride - PtCl4 Plutonium(III) chloride - PuCl3 Potassium chlorate - KClO3 Potassium chloride - ... KHSO3 Potassium carbonate - K2CO3 Potassium calcium chloride - KCaCl3 Potassium chlorate - KClO3 Potassium chloride - KCl ... chloride - CoCl2 Copper(I) chloride - CuCl Copper(II) chloride - CuCl2 Curium(III) chloride - CmCl3 Cyanogen chloride - ClCN ... chloride - IrCl3 Iron(II) chloride - FeCl2 Iron(III) chloride - FeCl3 Lanthanum chloride - LaCl3 Lead(II) chloride - PbCl2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds

Further studies in animal neuropathic pain models have shown that stabilizing the Potassium Chloride Cotranspoter 2 (KCC2) at ... Upon binding, it triggers the GABAA receptor to open its chloride channel to allow chloride ions into the neuron, making the ... Additionally, in the absence of GABA the presence of benzodiazepines alone does not open the chloride channel. Certain ... "Enhancing neuronal chloride extrusion rescues α2/α3 GABAA-mediated analgesia in neuropathic pain". Nat. Commun. 11 (1): 869-92 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

Gold(I) chloride has been used as co-catalyst combined with palladium(II) chloride in the coupling of arenediazonium salts with ... Other bases such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate are occasionally used. In addition, deaerated conditions are ... Chloride and a (Dipyridin-2-ylmethyl)amine-DerivedPalladium(II) Chloride Complex as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the ... and of aryl chlorides, but in very low yields. The dendrimeric catalysts could usually be recovered by simple precipitation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling

... as in the formation of silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride (AgCl) electrodes. Electropolishing, a ... Many plating baths include cyanides of other metals (such as potassium cyanide) in addition to cyanides of the metal to be ... Soon after, John Wright of Birmingham, England discovered that potassium cyanide was a suitable electrolyte for gold and silver ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating

... combat this by retaining compatible solutes such as potassium chloride (KCl) in their intracellular space to allow ... method where the cell accumulates a high internal concentration of potassium. Because of the elevated potassium levels, ... Many haloarchaea also possess related pigments, including halorhodopsin, which pumps chloride ions in the cell in response to ... haloarchaea have specialized proteins that have a highly negative surface charge to tolerate high potassium concentrations. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloarchaea

Kumpf, R.; Dougherty, D. (1993). "A mechanism for ion selectivity in potassium channels: computational studies of cation-pi ... Cores as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Coupling of Aryl Chlorides". Organometallics. 27 (22): 5911. doi:10.1021/om800711g ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-interaction

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?locale-attribute=en&type=mesh&authority=Potassium+Chloride

... was 2 Metric Tons. Discover more data with NationMaster! ... How does French Polynesia rank in Potassium Chloride (MOP) Fertilizer Imports?. #. 158 Countries. Metric Tons. Last. YoY. 5‑ ... Since 2014, French Polynesia Potassium Chloride (MOP) Fertilizer Imports was down by 33.6% year on year. At 2.27 Metric Tons in ... French Polynesia - Potassium Chloride (MOP) Fertilizer Imports Metric Tons - 2002 to 2019 ...

https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/timeseries/french-polynesia-potassium-chloride-mop-fertilizer-imports

Potassium chloride (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCl. It contains potassium ... The sodium gas reacts with the potassium chloride to make potassium gas and sodium chloride. It can be electrolyzed in a water ... It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid, making nitric acid and potassium chloride. It is made when ... potassium burns in chlorine. Uses[change , change source]. It is used to make potassium metal. Potassium chloride is heated ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride

Structure of thrombin in 400 mM potassium chloride. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb2A0Q/pdb ... POTASSIUM ION. K. NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Ligand Interaction. CL. Query on CL. Download Ideal Coordinates CCD File ... Structure of thrombin in 400 mM potassium chloride ... CHLORIDE ION. Cl. VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M. Ligand ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2A0Q

Rate your experience with Sodium-potassium-chloride-citrate-zinc-mag-carbohydrate Oral on WebMD including the side effects, ... Review sodium-potassium-chloride-citrate-zinc-mag-carbohydrate oral Share your opinion and rate this medication. ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/drugreview-168097-sodium-potassium-chloride-citrate-zinc-mag-carbohydrate-oral?writereview=true

potassium chloride 1500 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet. SY. 5. 198116. potassium chloride 1500 MG (potassium 20 mEq) Extended ... potassium chloride 750 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet. SY. 16. 628953. potassium chloride 750 MG (potassium 10 mEq) Extended ... POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (UNII: 660YQ98I10) (POTASSIUM CATION - UNII:295O53K152) POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. 750 mg. ... POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (UNII: 660YQ98I10) (POTASSIUM CATION - UNII:295O53K152) POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. 1500 mg. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6594df99-d8ce-49b9-3fbe-9ec7cdc9199b&audience=consumer

Shop Potassium Chloride, ≥99%, MP Biomedicals at Fishersci.ca ... potassium chloride, potassium chloride kcl, slow-k, sylvite. ... chlorvescent, enseal, kalitabs, klor-con, klotrix, muriate of potash, potassium chloride, potassium chloride kcl, slow-k, ...

https://www.fishersci.ca/shop/products/potassium-chloride-99-mp-biomedicals/ICN19484494

This medication is used to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the body by increasing the amount of potassium in the body ... as these products may contain potassium. Check the labels carefully on all low-sodium food products before consuming. ...

https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/medications/368/Potassium-Chloride

Potassium hydroxide for industrial use - Determination of chlorides content - Mercurimetric method ... The method is applicable to products the chloride content of which is greater than 25 mg/kg. The procedure is based on ... titration of the chloride ions with mercury(II) nitrate in the presence of diphenylcarbazone as indicator. - Replaces ISO ...

https://www.iso.org/standard/5434.html

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Mid-month listing for potassium chloride tab and sodium bicarbonate cap. * News and resources * Back to Consultations and ... Due to the recall of Span-K, the Duro-K brand of potassium chloride tab long-acting 600 mg (8mmol) will be listed from 22 ... Potassium chloride tab long-acting 600 mg (8 mmol). Duro-K. 100. 2513420. $3.71. ... Mid-month listing for potassium chloride tab and sodium bicarbonate cap. 22 November 2016. Medicines Decision ...

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It contains potassium and chloride ions . (wikipedia.org)
The procedure is based on titration of the chloride ions with mercury(II) nitrate in the presence of diphenylcarbazone as indicator. (iso.org)
The resin bed in a water softener is composed of beads that are covered in sodium or potassium ions, depending on which salt is used. (elementfour.com)
The calcium or magnesium ions in hard water displace the potassium or sodium ions and attach themselves to these beads. (elementfour.com)
Once all the beads have become saturated with hard water ions, a solution of either potassium chloride or sodium chloride and water is sent through the system. (elementfour.com)
Potassium chloride is a salt formed by the bonding of potassium and chlorine ions. (zliving.com)
It competes for receptor sites in distal renal tubules and increases water excretion while retaining potassium and hydrogen ions needed to restore acid-base balance. (medscape.com)
Potassium ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intracellular tonicity, the transmission of nerve impulses, the contraction of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle, and the maintenance of normal renal function. (rpsi.ir)
Potassium chloride is absorbed by the body in the form of its constituent ions: potassium and chloride. (healthypig.com.hk)
This protein is involved in moving charged atoms (ions) of potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) across the cell membrane. (medlineplus.gov)
The positively charged potassium ions and negatively charged chlorine ions are moved together (co-transported), so that the charges inside and outside the cell membrane are unchanged (electroneutral). (medlineplus.gov)
The resulting crystals consist of cubes made from six -cyclodextrin molecules that are linked in three dimensions by potassium ions. (nanotech-now.com)
Sodium and chloride are typically viewed as waste ions that plants do not need. (maximumyield.com)

Since 2014, French Polynesia Potassium Chloride (MOP) Fertilizer Imports was down by 33.6% year on year. (nationmaster.com)
At 2.27 Metric Tons in 2019, the country was number 146 among other countries in Potassium Chloride (MOP) Fertilizer Imports. (nationmaster.com)
Globally, potassium chloride accounts for around 90% of potash fertilizer in use today. (elementfour.com)
Potassium Nitrate fertilizer for sale (13:0:45) A water-soluble fertilizer with high Potassium and Nitrogen content along with optimal amount of Sodium. (zhfertilizer.com)
As part of various compounds, Buy potassium nitrate fertilizer online makes up about 2.6% of the Earth's crust by mass and is the seventh most abundant element, similar in abundance to sodium at approximately 1.8% of the crust. (zhfertilizer.com)
Potassium nitrate fertilizer is applicable on fruit and vegetables, rice, wheat and other grains, sugar, corn, soybeans, palm oil and cotton, all of which benefit from the nutrient's quality-enhancing properties. (zhfertilizer.com)
We are leading china manufacturers and suppliers of all forms of potassium fertilizers like Potassium fertilizer, Potassium Nitrate , Potassium Chloride , Monopotassium Phosphate, nitrate fertilizers among others so if you want to buy potassium fertilizers online, you can buy from us because we have potassium sulfate fertilizer for sale . (zhfertilizer.com)
Additionally, the USA's lack of Potash fertilizer has impacted consumer views of Potassium carbonate. (chemanalyst.com)
What is mean by Potassium Chloride Fertilizer? (biofertilizerindia.in)
Potassium chloride fertilizer is widely used in agricultural. (biofertilizerindia.in)
Potassium chloride is most broadly utlize K fertilizer because of it's generally ease because it incorporate more k than most different sources 50 to 52%k and 45 to 47% Cl. (biofertilizerindia.in)
Potash (potassium chloride or KCl) is the most highly-valued and widely-used potassium fertilizer in the world. (klscladmetal.com)
Chloride can be provided by fertilizer in the forms of calcium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride or magnesium chloride. (maximumyield.com)

Some of the tests that may be run to help determine which form of hyponatremia a person has include: Blood urea, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate. (onteenstoday.com)
It is calcium dihydrogen phosphate, wherein the particular gravity of D'mannitol potassium stearate, as well as dihydrogen phosphate is (1.25-5): (0.1-0.4): 1. (robocup2009.org)
Chloride can compete with nitrate, phosphate and sulfate uptake. (maximumyield.com)
triamterene and potassium acid phosphate both increase serum potassium. (medscape.com)

Electrolytes are salts and minerals, such as sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate, which are found in the blood. (onteenstoday.com)
Electrolytes are minerals, such as sodium and potassium, that are found in the body. (onteenstoday.com)
Potassium and chloride are other electrolytes. (onteenstoday.com)
Other names: potassium serum, serum potassium, serum electrolytes, K What is it used for? (onteenstoday.com)
Potassium chloride belongs to a group of drugs called electrolytes, which are compounds that help the body function normally. (rxwiki.com)

It reacts with silver nitrate to make silver chloride . (wikipedia.org)
It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid , making nitric acid and potassium chloride. (wikipedia.org)
Elemental potassium nitrate for sale does not occur in nature because it reacts violently with water. (zhfertilizer.com)

Ammonium chloride is administered to correct severe metabolic alkalosis related to chloride deficiency. (medscape.com)
Ammonium chloride is added to aid in the prevention of kidney stones and urinary calculi. (poulingrain.com)
Offer free choice Lamb N' Kid Pellet (contains Ammonium Chloride and Decoquinate), beginning with small amounts, until 100 lbs body wt. (poulingrain.com)

Potassium sulfate (US) or potassium sulphate (UK), also called sulphate of potash (SOP), arcanite, or archaically potash of sulfur, is the inorganic compound with formula K2SO4, a white water-soluble solid. (zhfertilizer.com)
We are proficient providers of a wide variety of Glucosamine Sulphate Potassium Chloride. (panvo.in)
Glucosamine Sulphate Potassium Chloride is probably the most commonly used Glucosamine salt. (panvo.in)

This medication is used to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the body by increasing the amount of potassium in the body. (healthhub.sg)
Although the amount of potassium in water may seem small, we only need a couple of thousand milligrams per day to stay healthy. (elementfour.com)
So even though the amount of potassium in your water may be low, it is still beneficial to you and your family's health. (elementfour.com)
Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and, under steady-state conditions, the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. (rpsi.ir)
To reduce the risk of high blood pressure, it is permitted to now add a small amount of potassium chloride to substitute sodium chloride present in the salt. (robocup2009.org)

The global Potassium Chloride market size is projected to reach US$ XX million by 2028, from US$ XX million in 2021, at a CAGR of XX% during 2022-2028. (grandresearchstore.com)
With industry-standard accuracy in analysis and high data integrity, the report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Potassium Chloride market to help players in achieving a strong market position. (grandresearchstore.com)
Buyers of the report can access verified and reliable market forecasts, including those for the overall size of the global Potassium Chloride market in terms of revenue. (grandresearchstore.com)
On the whole, the report proves to be an effective tool that players can use to gain a competitive edge over their competitors and ensure lasting success in the global Potassium Chloride market. (grandresearchstore.com)
The analysts who have authored the report took a unique and industry-best research and analysis approach for an in-depth study of the global Potassium Chloride market. (grandresearchstore.com)
The report on the Global Potassium Chloride Market gives an estimation of the development of the market based on historical studies and also provides forecasts on the basis of a comprehensive research. (decisiondatabases.com)

It can be electrolyzed in a water solution to make potassium hydroxide . (wikipedia.org)
It can be made by neutralizing the reactions of stearic and potassium hydroxide. (robocup2009.org)

Patients should be treated with a particular potassium salt such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate , or potassium gluconate. (rxwiki.com)

Potassium is critical for plant vigor and is an essential macronutrient in plants (the K in N-P-K). Potassium, or Potash, exists in most types of organic matter and primarily provides a good ionic environment for plant metabolic processes to happen. (zhfertilizer.com)
Potash forms the upstream for Potassium Chloride. (chemanalyst.com)
Protassium+ has virtually no chloride and has the lowest salt index of all major sources of potash. (protassiumplus.com)
Potash efficiently delivers potassium nutrients to the growing crop. (klscladmetal.com)
Potassium Chloride ( KCl ) also known as Muriate of potash is a metal halide. (ibuychemikals.com)

The acceptable daily intake (ADI) of chloride salts (including potassium chloride) is "unrestricted", which indicates that they are very toxic to humans. (healthypig.com.hk)
As an isotonic solution, the highest concentration of the elements in an unrefined sea salt includes magnesium, potassium, chloride, sodium and calcium, similar to the internal profile of our very own body fluids…I have used and experimented with many unrefined sea salts, unrefined rock salts, and Himalayan pink salts over the years. (healingcuisine.com)

The urea and electrolyte (U&E) blood test, which includes the measurement of sodium and potassium concentration in blood plasma, is the most frequently requested chemical test in clinical practice. (onteenstoday.com)

Ingredients: BEEF GRND CHUCK 80/20 1LB BRCK, TOMATO DICED IN JUICE (Vine Ripened Tomatoes, Tomato Juice, Sea Salt, Calcium Chloride, Citric Acid. (dreamdinners.com)

Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate (Preservatives). (dreamdinners.com)

Potassium chloride naturally occurs a white in color or colorless solid that is in powder form. (biofertilizerindia.in)
US Origin Potassium Supplement (Potassium Chloride Powder), 1KG (35 Ounces), Salt Substitute & Electrolyte Powder, Pure Potassium Chloride Supplement, Helps Lower Blood Pressure, Essential Mineral, Filler Free, Non-GMO and Dissolve Easily. (microingredients.com)

Modulation of quorum sensing activity by copper sulfate, potassium dichromate, and cadmium chloride in biosensor strains. (bvsalud.org)

A low potassium level has many causes but usually results from vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal gland disorders, or use of diuretics. (onteenstoday.com)
Some conditions that can lower your body's potassium level include severe prolonged diarrhea and vomiting, hormone problems such as hyperaldosteronism, or treatment with 'water pills'/diuretics. (blinkhealth.com)

Sodium chloride can be either extracted from the ground or obtained through solar evaporation ponds. (elementfour.com)
Potassium chloride is a mineral that exists in seawater and can be extracted by traditional solar evaporation. (healthypig.com.hk)

0.001) serum potassium levels and urinary potassium excretion (averaging 4.5 mmol per liter and 42.5 mmol per eight hours, respectively) during follow-up than participants given placebo (4.2 mmol per liter and 20.0 mmol per eight hours). (umn.edu)
Potassium depletion will occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake. (rpsi.ir)
However, individuals with special medical conditions related to impaired urinary potassium excretion (such as diabetes, renal failure, severe heart failure, etc.) or who are receiving specific treatment options (such as certain drugs, dietary restrictions, etc.) should consult before eating Before any foods containing potassium chloride, please consult their healthcare professional. (healthypig.com.hk)

K-TAB is a potassium salt indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of hypokalemia with or without metabolic alkalosis in patients for whom dietary management with potassium-rich foods or diuretic dose reduction is insufficient. (nih.gov)
Potassium chloride is a medication that is available only by prescription, mainly to treat a potassium deficiency, called hypokalemia, although it is also used to treat other conditions. (zliving.com)
Given the important roles that potassium plays in the body, low potassium levels (hypokalemia) can result in serious health conditions. (zliving.com)
Hypokalemia is a medical condition which results from low potassium levels in the blood. (zliving.com)
As NaHCO3 delivery to the collecting duct increases, potassium secretion enhances, resulting in hypokalemia. (medscape.com)
Potassium supplements may be used to correct metabolic alkalosis, which is often associated with hypokalemia. (medscape.com)

This medication is a mineral supplement used to treat or prevent low amounts of potassium in the blood. (blinkhealth.com)
Potassium chloride Injection is a medicine used in the treatment of potassium deficiency in the body and This supplement can relieve muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, nausea, and vomiting and It is an essential nutrient of the body which helps in the maintenance of good health. (apindexpharma.com)

Potassium chloride is the third medication. (wikipedia.org)
To investigate whether supplemental potassium chloride (96 mmol of microcrystalline potassium chloride a day) reduced the need for antihypertensive medication in hypertensive men on a restricted-sodium diet, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. (umn.edu)
A total of 287 men 45 to 68 years of age, 142 given potassium chloride and 145 given placebo, were followed for an average of 2.2 years after the withdrawal of their antihypertensive medication. (umn.edu)
We conclude that supplemental potassium chloride does not reduce the need for antihypertensive medication in hypertensive men on a restricted-sodium diet. (umn.edu)
Therefore, potassium chloride medication can help relieve muscle fatigue. (zliving.com)
Taking potassium chloride medication can result in stomach upset. (zliving.com)
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: heart problems, kidney problems, high levels of potassium in the blood, throat/stomach/intestinal problems (such as blockage, narrowing, ulcers). (blinkhealth.com)
Potassium chloride is a prescription medication used to treat and prevent low potassium levels due to poor dietary intake, certain diseases, or other drugs. (rxwiki.com)

Buy Potassium chloride (KCl or potassium salt ) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. (zhfertilizer.com)

Potassium chloride is taken to prevent low levels of potassium in the blood caused by certain medicines or illnesses. (rxwiki.com)

It is made when potassium burns in chlorine . (wikipedia.org)
KCC3 may be involved in regulating the amounts of potassium, chlorine, or water in cells and intercellular spaces. (medlineplus.gov)

Potassium chloride is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology. (orchidsource.com)
Potassium Chloride Analytical Reagent 500gm, Plastic Bottle. (ibuychemikals.com)
If you are looking to buy potassium chloride online in India the best place is ibuychemikals, here you can buy potassium chloride LR (Laboratory Reagent) and AR (Analytical Reagent) grades. (ibuychemikals.com)

Many crops, turfs and ornamentals are particularly sensitive to chloride and salt, so it's naturally a concern when applying potassium fertilizers with a high chloride content or salt index. (protassiumplus.com)
Geraniums, lettuce and poinsettias are sensitive to chloride toxicity while carnation, penstemon, tomato and verbena are less sensitive. (maximumyield.com)

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine War Influence, the global market for Potassium Chloride estimated at US$ XX.X million in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$ XX.X million by 2028, growing at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028. (grandresearchstore.com)
The USA market for Potassium Chloride is estimated to increase from US$ XX.X million in 2022 to reach US$ XX.X million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2023 through 2028. (grandresearchstore.com)

Potassium chloride is mainly used to treat and prevent potassium deficiency in the body. (zliving.com)

Potassium chloride can lead to dangerously high levels of potassium, which could cause the heart to stop beating. (rxwiki.com)

In general healthy people with normal kidney function, excessive intake of potassium from food (for example, higher than AI) is not important because it is easily excreted in the urine. (healthypig.com.hk)

The infrequently observed refilling of imported Potassium chloride, the feedstock used to produce Potassium carbonate, has also interfered with the supply frequency. (chemanalyst.com)

Potassium chloride (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound . (wikipedia.org)
It's made of D-mannitol also known as potassium stearate. (robocup2009.org)

We cannot produce potassium ourselves and rely on our diet to get our daily recommended intake. (elementfour.com)
Clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that the intake of potassium chloride lowers blood pressure. (umn.edu)
Is there a recommended intake of potassium chloride? (healthypig.com.hk)
According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), an adequate dietary intake (AI) level of 4.7 g/day of potassium (all adults) should maintain a low blood pressure level and reduce the adverse effects of sodium chloride intake on blood pressure. (healthypig.com.hk)
At present, the potassium intake of all populations in the United States and Canada is much lower than AI. (healthypig.com.hk)
Therefore, the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends increasing the intake of foods that provide nutrients such as potassium. (healthypig.com.hk)
What about the intake of chloride from potassium chloride? (healthypig.com.hk)
The National China Nutrition Surveys (1982, 1992, and 2002) and the Chinese Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance indicated that about 80% of the Chinese exceeded the Chinese Nutritional Society's (2007) recommended salt (sodium chloride) intake upper level of 6 gram/day. (cdc.gov)

Wood ash is often suggested as a source of potassium, but we do not recommend its use as it is very difficult to know just how much potassium is in the ash and you can unknowingly impact your soil pH. (zhfertilizer.com)
Potassium Chloride is an excellent source of potassium that aids healthy plant growth disease resistance. (klscladmetal.com)

The prices of Potassium Chloride were observed to be hovering around USD 675/ton for technical grade on delivered basis with a monthly escalation of 1.5% as recorded by Chem Analyst pricing team data. (chemanalyst.com)
The purity of the D-mannitolcompound, potassium stearate and calcium dihydrogenphosphate is food grade. (robocup2009.org)

It is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur. (zhfertilizer.com)

How do you measure sodium and potassium levels? (onteenstoday.com)
How are sodium and potassium usually measured? (onteenstoday.com)
What Are The Differences Between Sodium And Potassium Regenerants? (elementfour.com)
There are health and environmental differences between sodium and potassium chlorides. (elementfour.com)

Potassium chloride is often spread into the soil surface prior to planting. (biofertilizerindia.in)
from cosmic radiation (from the sun and adapted from (NCRP1987a) stars), another 8% from terrestrial sources (radioactive material in rocks and soil), and 11% from internal sources (radioactive materials, primarily potassium-40, from food and water consumed in the daily diet). (cdc.gov)

A potassium blood test is often included in a series of routine blood tests called an electrolyte panel. (onteenstoday.com)
These agents may be used to correct potassium deficiency or fluid/electrolyte imbalance. (medscape.com)
Coconut water is a great source of the electrolyte potassium but you want to make sure you are replacing more than one electrolyte. (natures-source.com)

CHEMOLIN CHEMICALS is Manufacturer and Exporters of Dyestuffs, Dyes Intermediates, Pigments, Potassium Chloride 99%, Guar Gums and Traders/ Exporters of Iron ore and Magnetic Iron ore in Bulk. (listcompany.org)

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia (high potassium)? (onteenstoday.com)
High potassium, or hyperkalemia, can cause problems if it is not regulated. (onteenstoday.com)

Potassium chloride, or KCl, is the most widely used table salt substitute that provides a salty taste without adding sodium. (bakerpedia.com)
Suitable candidates include ordinary table salt (sodium chloride), the common salt substitute potassium chloride, or potassium benzoate, an approved preservative. (nanotech-now.com)

What causes lack of potassium in the body? (onteenstoday.com)
Talk to your doctor if you have any of these symptoms and think that lack of potassium is to blame. (zliving.com)

It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite, and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite. (zhfertilizer.com)

In comparison to other known methods this invention offers the advantages of being colorless or slightly white, and does not alter the whiteness of potassium chloride, does not contain cyanide, is non-toxic, and is safe. (robocup2009.org)

This includes all sources of potassium from food (ie, naturally occurring or added ingredients). (healthypig.com.hk)

Sodium Chloride Vs. Potassium Chloride Regenerant: Which One Is Right For Your Water Softener? (elementfour.com)
Sodium chloride and potassium chloride will both soften hard water. (elementfour.com)
A water softener will also need less sodium chloride than potassium chloride to soften equal quantities of water. (elementfour.com)
For people who should adhere to a low sodium diet, it may be advisable to use potassium as a regenerant although the percentage of sodium in softened water is minimal. (elementfour.com)
Sodium chloride is therefore added to the water supply every time you do a regeneration cycle. (elementfour.com)
Plant and aquatic life can suffer from the disposal of sodium chloride softened water. (elementfour.com)
More potassium chloride than sodium chloride is needed in a water softener to produce the same amount of softened water. (elementfour.com)
Although the amount of sodium that enters your drinking water is minimal, it is less healthy for you than potassium, which is an essential mineral for the human body. (elementfour.com)
To prevent stomach upset, you must first mix your dose of potassium with a glass (4 to 8 ounces/120 to 240 milliliters) of cold water or juice as directed by your doctor. (blinkhealth.com)
Take potassium chloride with a full glass of water. (rpsi.ir)
Potassium chloride is usually the preferred materials to meet the needs there is no significant of water or air associated with normal application rate of KCl. (biofertilizerindia.in)
that is, water is injected into the ground where potassium chloride deposits exist, the water dissolves the potassium chloride, the saturated brine is pumped back to the surface, and the water evaporates, leaving behind the potassium chloride. (healthypig.com.hk)
Materials used in production include the short-fiber, water-based adhesive the zinc oxide compound, an anti-aging agents, stearic acid, photoinitiator, Potassium thermo-acetate, potassium stearate in combination with coupling agent and carbon fiber, calculated according to the mass percentage, this innovative non-slip material contains: 5-10 parts of length cord 0.5-5 part of water-based glue. (robocup2009.org)
In some plants, it can be used as a partial replacement for potassium and aids in the opening and closing of stomates, which helps regulate internal water balance. (maximumyield.com)
Chloride is needed in small quantities and aids in plant metabolism, photosynthesis, osmosis (movement of water in and out of plant cells) and ionic balance within the cell. (maximumyield.com)
If sodium or chloride levels are high to excessive in the growing medium, it is most likely coming from the water. (maximumyield.com)
Problems can occur if sodium and chloride levels in water exceed 50 and 70 ppm, respectively. (maximumyield.com)
If sodium or chloride levels in the water exceed 150 or 200 ppm, respectively, then reverse osmosis is the best option. (maximumyield.com)

Potassium helps to keep the nervous system healthy and, therefore, plays a major role in the body's motor system. (zliving.com)
Potassium helps in the metabolism within the body's cells. (zliving.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms7

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs85

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Health Care3

Polymerization of Acanthamoeba actin. Kinetics, thermodynamics, and co-polymerization with muscle actin. (1/3585)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/3585)

Electrical and mechanical responses to diltiazem in potassium depolarized myocardium of the guinea pig. (3/3585)

Sodium ion uptake into isolated plasma membrane vesicles: indirect effects of other ions. (4/3585)

Identification of mechanosensitive ion channels in the cytoplasmic membrane of Corynebacterium glutamicum. (5/3585)

Mechanosensitive channel functions to alleviate the cell lysis of marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, by osmotic downshock. (6/3585)

Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (7/3585)

Protrusive growth from giant liposomes driven by actin polymerization. (8/3585)

Potassium Chloride

Potassium

Chlorides

Potassium Citrate

Potassium Compounds

Hypokalemia

Potassium Channels

Sodium Chloride

Chloride Channels

Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors

Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors

Magnesium Compounds

Sodium

Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal

Triamterene

Symporters

Bendroflumethiazide

Calcium Chloride

Euthanasia, Animal

Condiments

Citrates

Potassium Channel Blockers

Osmolar Concentration

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

Vinyl Chloride

Potassium, Dietary

Bicarbonates

Potassium Deficiency

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Magnesium

Calcium

Membrane Potentials

Acetylcholine

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Spironolactone

Muscle Contraction

Potassium Isotopes

Diuretics

Diet, Sodium-Restricted

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Acidosis

Norepinephrine

Polyvinyl Chloride

Hydrochlorothiazide

Mesenteric Arteries

Vasoconstriction

Pregnancy, Ectopic

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Furosemide

Muscle Relaxation

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Blood Pressure

Hypertension

Kinetics

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Vasodilation

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Rabbits

Kv1.3 Potassium Channel

Mercuric Chloride

Rats, Wistar

Time Factors

Kidney Calculi

Guinea Pigs

Nitroprusside

Potassium Iodide

Muscle, Smooth

Phosphates

Carbachol

Adenosine Triphosphate

Vasodilator Agents

Potassium Radioisotopes

Dogs

Stimulation, Chemical

Ammonium Chloride

Methylene Chloride

Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Shaw Potassium Channels

Indomethacin

Rats, Inbred Strains